第一篇：自動化專業英語試卷及答案

2008年秋冬學期研究生專業英語期末考試試卷參考答案 1.Translate the following words or phrases into Chinese ① Metric

度量 收斂 方差 隨機 等價 動態方程 判據、評價標準 測量模型

偏微分方程

在概率意義上，依概率 ② Convergence③ Covariance④ Stochastic⑤ Equivalence⑥ Dynamic equation⑦ Criteria⑧ Measurement Model⑨ Partial derivative equation⑩ In the sense of probability

2.Explain the following symbols in English

① ?? bmthe second order derivative ofb sub m, b

double prime sub m

②

③

④ A?BA is equivalent toapproaches aB xi?axi y?y?x

xthe partial derivative ofwith respective to

a⑤ ?b

⑥ a‖b

⑦

⑧ 3

?f

fintegral between limits b to a a is parallel to the cube root of set aAbXaaA?X is contained in b d⑨ ?a?b?c?d??edivided by

⑩ e plusminus c multiplied , allequals ??,?N,s.t ai?a as i??for any special ?, there is a respected N,such that

ai

approaches

a

as i approaches

?

二、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese Paragraph A[8 Points]

A subset

d(x,y)?M

A?X

is said to be bounded if there exists

x,y?A

M?R

such that

for all.The diameter of A is defined to be

sup?d(x,y)x,y?A?.A bounded metric space is one for which X itself is bounded.Bounded intervals in R are bounded sets.A discrete metric space is bounded(take

譯文：一個子集A

d(x,y)?M

M?1).?X

被稱為是有界的，如果存在M

x,y?A

?R

使得對所有x,y?

A

有

。A的半徑被定義為sup?d(x,y)?。有界度量空間是指X本

?1）

身有界的空間。

在R上有界的區間是一個有界集。離散度量空間是有界的（取M

Paragraph B[8 Points]

In general, it is not required that the reference dynamic model be exactly the same as the truth dynamics or that the modeling parameter

α

be equivalent to the

true modeling vector.This notation is left in place to simplify the derivation of the Kalman filter formulation.A number of innovative approaches have been developed for adapting reference model parameters to improve fidelity(逼真度)with the unknown real-world system model and can be used to enhance filter operation.譯文：一般來說，并不需要參考動態模型與實際動態模型完全相同，或模型參數

a

與實際模型矢量相等。這個記號保留下來只是為了簡化Kalman 濾波公式的推

導。大量的改進方法也已被開發出來用于調整參考模型的參數使其與未知的實際系統更接近，這些方法也能被用于增強濾波器運行效果。

Paragraph C[8 Points]

It is commonly held among designers of Kalman filters that the implementation of the

formulas listed above represents only a portion of the effort required to develop an accurate and robust Kalman filter application.Once the dynamics, measurements, and partial derivatives have been coded, the task remained is to tune the noise magnitudes represented in the process noise covariance Q and the measurement noise covariance R.While the measurement noise can be based in realistic hardware performance specifications, the process noise is often used as a tuning parameter to ensure that the filter operates correctly.譯文：在Kalman 濾波器的設計者中存在著這樣一個共識：對上文所列出來的公式的實現只是用于建立一個精確且穩健的Kalman濾波器應用的一部分努力。一旦動態方程、測量方程和偏微分方程被編碼，剩下的任務就是調節在過程噪聲方差陣Q和測量噪聲方差陣R中表示的噪聲幅度值的大小。其中測量噪聲的調整可可以立足于實際系統的硬件性能指標，過程噪聲常常被用于調節一些參數，以保證濾波處理過程正確。

Paragraph D[8 Points]

Suppose now that

X1

is given as a fixed function of the random

X1

variablesy(t0),...,y(t).Then

is itself a random variable and its actual value is

known whenever the actual values ofy(t0),...,y(t)are known.In general, the actual value of

X1(t1)

will be different from the(unknown)actual value of

x1(t1).To arrive

at a rational way of determiningX1, it is natural to assign a penalty or loss for incorrect estimates.Clearly, the loss should be a(i)positive,(ii)nondecreasing function of the estimation error ?

?x1(t1)?X1(t1)

.譯文：現在設X1是隨機變量y(t0),...,y(t)的確定函數，則X1本身就是一個隨機變量，其實際取值只有在y(t0),...,y(t)確定后才能確定。一般地，X1(t1)的實際值將與（未知的）x1(t1)的實際值不同。為了尋找確定X1的一個合理的方法，自然會為不準確的估計賦予一個懲罰或損失。顯然，損失應該是估計誤差

??x1(t1)?X

(t1的)

（i）正定、(ii)非遞減 函數。

Paragraph E[8 Points]

Definition:A lead/lag compensator is a rational function of the form

RC(s)?

K(1???s)1??s

?1

forK,?,?

?R

with ???0,1?and

K,??0

.It is a lead compensator when and a lag compensator when?

K(1???s)1??s

?1.譯文定義：一個超前/滯后補償器是一個形如

RC(s)?，K,?,??R，???0,1?，K,?

?0的有理函數。當?償器。

?1時，它是一個超前補償器；當??1時，它是一個滯后補

三、Try to write an abstract for the following article in about 150 words[20 Points]

TCP/IP Communication for Real-Time and Embedded Systems

（Article deleted here）

Abstract

Using a thermal model of a house as an example, this article describes a method for communicating with other devices via TCP/IP.The method is based on using inexpensive TCP/IP-to-serial-conversion hardware.The real-time system is xPC Target?, a bootable kernel that enables real-time execution of Simulink? models on a separate PC.The target computer is an x86 processor Intel?/AMD? standard PC that can use commercial off-the-shelf input/output interface cards.The connectivity approach described here can be used with any real-time or embedded system that supports serial communication.四、Write an Email to a foreign professor according to following requirements（In about 300 words）

Suppose that you are planning to study for a doctor degree in Sci.abroad, and you have got the email address of a famous professor in your intended studying major in an English speaking country.You have never had any contact with this professor and this is the first time you write to him(her).Now please: Write to this professor;Introduce yourself to him(her);Apply for a studying permission, Convince the

professor that you have a reliable financial support or it is worthy for him(her)to afford you a part time job to improve your financial situation if it is possible.參考：

Dear professor:

Thank you very much for your spending a few minutes reading this letter.The only aim that I write this letter is to apply for an opportunity to study for a doctor’s degree under your supervision.I am a Chinese student.My name is Dongfang Jiang.Now I am studying for my master’s degree in major automation in Northwestern Polytechnical University located in Xi’an, a famous city in the heart section of PR.China.I would graduate in April next year.I am a hard-working student;the appended Resume can help you know more about me and my study.My parents have promised to provide me fundamental financial support for my studying in your country.I also believe that I have the ability to improve my financial situation through taking part time work if it is possible.As I want to get a deeper understand of the advanced development of this science direction(which is exactly what your research field), and hope to do some related research work some day, I hope, my wish can be realized.I am looking forward to your kind reply.Your sincerely

Dongfang JiangNov.20, 2008

第二篇：自動化專業英語A-答案

浙江工業大學之江學院2010/2011學年 第一學期《自動控制專業英語》期終試卷答案(A)

（考試類型：閉卷）

一、Translate the following words into Chinese（20%）

1.電阻器2.積分3.放大器4.電勢5.觸發器

6.轉換器，換流器，變流器7.晶閘管

8.換向器，整流器9.變壓器10.鋁

11.激勵12.超調13.矢量14.漸近線15.分貝16.帶寬17.刺激，激勵18.公式化（表達）19.基本原理20.解耦

二、Write English equivalents of the following key word（20%）

1.Passive network2.Integrated circuit

3.Digital electronics technology4.Forward biased5.Transfer function

6.Ordinary differential equation7.Characteristic equation8.Real axis9.Break frequency10.Asymptotically stable

三、Translate the following phrase into Chinese（20%）

1.回路電流2.嵌入式系統3.封鎖電流4.串勵直流電機5.同步調相機

6.集中參數7.調節時間8.雅可比矩陣 9.性能指標10.步進電機

四、Translate the following sentence into Chinese（30%）

1.就電阻來說，電壓——電流的關系由歐姆定律決定。歐姆定律指出：電阻兩端的電壓等于電

之江學院第 1 頁（共 2頁）

阻上流過的電流乘以電阻值。

2.現在我們將簡要地討論一下這些術語之間的關聯，并在此過程中闡明用標示“真”和“假”

來識別一個變量的可能的特殊用途。

3.電力二極管提供不可控的整流電源，這些電源有廣泛的應用，如電鍍、電極氧化、電池充電、焊接、交直流電源和變頻驅動。

4.每種類型的電動機由于其基本電路的不同而具有不同的特征和物理特性。

5.在城市和其它地區，明線存在安全隱患或被認為影響美觀，所以使用絕緣的地下電纜進行配

電。

6.飛行員的反應速度太慢，如果不附加阻尼偏航系統，飛行員就無法通過輕微阻尼的側傾轉向

方式來駕駛飛機。

7.這張表向水平（向右）垂直（向下）方向延伸，直到得到的都是為零為止。

8.．．．．當任意單一參數，如增益或時間常數，從零變化到無窮時。

9.對應于后面的一次和二次滯后的超前環節也是這樣。

10.從易于處理的簡單近似模型到實際一些的模型的轉換存在兩方面問題。

五、Translate the following paragraph into Chinese（10%,字跡潦草扣1-2

分；關鍵詞譯錯一個扣1分）

一臺裝置（或系統）如果能找到一個無約束控制矢量u(t)在有限的時間間隔內將任意初始狀態x(t0)轉化為任意其它狀態x(t)，則這臺裝置（或系統）是完全可控的。因為狀態完全能控性不一定意味著輸出的完全可控，而且反之亦然，所以輸出完全能控性以類似的方式單獨定義。如果可從有限的時間間隔內的輸出c(t)的信息中確定狀態x(t)，則裝置是完全可觀的。

之江學院第 2 頁（共 2頁）

第三篇：自動化專業英語

1)the parameterization of the0controller0isC=X+MQ/Y-NQ。where N,M are right coprime factors of P,X,Y satisfy NX+MY=1,Q∈RH∞

2)According to the right coprime factorization of P, N=,M=,X=,Y=By the performance of the closed-loop system

N(0)[X(0)+M(0)Q(0)]=1 N(10j)[Y(10j)-N(10j)Q(10j)]=0，So take Q in the form Q(s)=x1+x2·1/s+1+x3·1/(x+

1)2

we can get the solution of Q。x1=,x2=,x3=,Q=Finally,the controller is C=

步驟:S=1-λ/λ代人 P(λ)=λ2/6λ2-5λ+1

X=-q2/r2 ,y=1+q1q2/r2 λ=1/s﹢1

N(S)=1/(s+1)2

M(s)=(s-1)(s-2)/(s+1)2 X(s)=19s-11/s+1Y(s)=s+6/s+1

C=X+MQ/Y-NQ

N(0)[X(0)+M(0)Q(0)]=1 N(10j)[Y(10j)-N(10j)Q(10j)]=0

Q(0)=6，Q(10j)=-94+70j Q(s)=x1+x2·1/s+1+x3·1/(x+

1)2

x1=-79 x2=-723 x3=808 Q(s)=(-79s2-881s+6)/(s+1)2C(s)=[-60s4-598s32

2+2515s-1794s+1]/[s(s+100)(s+9)]

A control system is stable if the number of encirclements of the(-1,0)point by the GH plot is equal to the number of poles of GH with positive real parts.The direction of encirclement must be in a direction opposite to τs.GH is on open loop transfer function.τs is open right half of s-plane.一個控制系統是穩定的數量是否包圍的(1,0)點的GH圖的數量相等的兩極與積極的真實部分GH。被包圍的方向都必須在一個τs的相反方向。

“GH”是在開環傳遞函數上。τs在s-plane的右半平面開放。

二．The process of designing a control system generally involves many steps.A typical scenario is as follows:

1.Study the system to be controlled and decide what types of sensors and actuators will be used and where they will be placed.2.Model the resulting system to be controlled.3.Simplify the model if necessary so that it is tractable.4.Analyze the resulting model;determine its properties.5.Decide on performance specifications.6.Decide on the type of controller to be used.7.Design a controller to meet the specs, if possible;if not, modify the specs or generalize the type of controller sought.8.Simulate the resulting controlled system, either on a computer or in a pilot plant.9.Repeat from step 1 if necessary.10.Choose hardware and software and implement the controller.11.Tune the controller on-line if necessary.r．reference or command inputvsensor outputuactuating signal, plant inputdexternal disturbanceyplant output and measured signaln．sensor noise

第四篇：2012專業英語試卷答案

學號：_____________ 班級：__________ 姓名：_______________ 專業：__________

湖北醫藥學院2014-2015學年第 一 學期

專業 12 級本科課程結業考試

《

專業英語 》試卷（A）

I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D(40points)1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A.-ic

B.-al

C.-ar

D.-our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A.-cyte

B.cyt/o

C.cel/o

D.both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A.erythr/o

B.immun/o

C.hist/o

D.vascul/o 4.An-means ______.A.up

B.down

C.apart

D.without 5.The suffix-itis means _______.A.infammation

B.inflammation

C.inflammazed

D.instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________.A.radar

B.x-ray

C.radio

D.both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is_____.A.–scopy

B.–tome

C.–meter

D.–graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A.–tomy

B.-stomy

C.–tome

D.–ectomy 9.A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______.A.electroencephogram B.electromyogram

C.electrocardiogram

D.electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____.A.stethodynia

B.thoracalgia

C.thoracodynia

D.all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A.my/o

B.myel/o

C.myc/o

D.none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______.A.dem/o

B.derm/o

C.dermat/o

D.both B and C 13.Which of the following combining vowel means blood vessels ? A.vascul/o

B.angi/o

C.chromat/o

D.Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______.A.crinogenic

B.endocrine

C.crinologic

D.endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.A.leukocyte

B.leukemia

C.leukogenesis

D.erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________.A.bronchitis

B.pneumonitis

C.gastritis

D.hepatitis 17.-plasm means _______.A.treatment

B.knowledge

C.diagnosis

D.growth 18.Mammo/o refers to _______.A.mother

B.thymus gland

C.thyroid gland

D.breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A.en-

B.endo-

C.intra-

D.none of the above 20._______ means surgical repair of an organ.A.phag/o

B.–plasm

C.–plasty

D.–pathy

21.Spir/o is a combining form meaning ______.A.see

B.sight

C.breath

D.sport 22.Inflammation of lungs is known as _______.A.pneumonitis

B.pneumonia

C.pulmonitis

D.All of the above 23.Which of the following forms means “protection or safe” ?

A.immun/o

B.lymph/o

C.erythr/o

D.None of the above 24.Cardiopathy means _________.A.heart failure

B.heart disease

C.brain disease

D.skeletal disease 25.Which of the following combining forms does not refer to an organ?

A.hepat/o

B.gastr/o

C.psych/o

D.nephr/o 26.The color of something best expressed in medical terminology is _______.A.chrom/o

B.chromomat/o

C.chramat/o

D.Both A and B 27.Which of the following means “cell”?

A.cyt/o

B.cyst/o

C.–cyte

D.Both A and C 28.Bi-means ______.A.life

B.two

C.across

D.Both A and B 29.The form meaning arteries is ________.A.arter/o

B.arteri/o

C.arthr/o

D.artheri/o 30.The prefix with the meaning of bad is ______.A.mal-

B.dys-

C.polio-

D.Both A and B 31.The flesh is expressed in the combining form of _______.A.top/o

B.ten/o

C.thym/o

D.sarc/o 32.The combining vowel for angitis is ____________.A.a

B.o

C.e

D.i 33.Hypo-means having _______ of something.A.too much or too high

B.too little or too low

C.over

D.below 34.Morph/o means ______.A.many

B.maxillae

C.shape

D.head 35.“Pertaining to nourishment or development” is expressed in _________.A.–tropy

B.–trophy

C.-tropic

D.-trophic 36.The process of recording sth is expressed in _________.A.-graph

B.-gram

C.-graphy

D.-scope 37.The formation of blood is also known as ______.A.hematopoiesis

B.hemopoiesis

C.homopoiesis

D.both A and B 38.Because the strands are readily stained with dyes, they are called_______.A.chromosomes

B.protoplasm

C.cytoplasm

D.chromatin

39.The science that deals with cells on the smallest structural and functional level is called _____.A.biology

B.microbiology

C.homostasis

D.molecular biology 40.An instrument for measuring the cell counts of red blood cells is an _______.A.erythrocyte

B.erythrogenesis

C.erythrocytometer

D.erythrocytograph II.Find the best answer to the following abbreviations.(10 points)41.SARS

A.Serious Acute Respiratary Syndrome

B.Severe Acute Respiration System C.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

D.Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome 42.T.B

A.tuberclosis

B.tubercluosis

C.tubaclosis

D.tuberculosis 43.Ig A.immunoglobin

B.immunogloblin

C.immunoglobulin D.immunoglubin 44.RNA A.ribonuclear acid

B.ribonucleic acid

C.ribanucleic acid D.ribonucleic acid 45.USG A.ultrosonograhy

B.ultrasonograhy

C.ultrosonography

D.ultrasonography 46.ECG

58.光纖技術

A.optic fiber technology

B.fiber optic techonology C.fiber optic technology

D.optic fiber techonology 59.肌肉收縮

A.muscle contraction

B.muscular contraction

C..musclar contraction

D.Both A and B 60.血供

A． supply blood

B.blood supply

C.protein molecule

D.extensor IV.Reading Comprehension.(40 points)A.electrocardiogram

B.electrocardiography

C.electroencephogram D.electroencephalogram 47.CT

A.computed tomograhy B.computed tomography C.computerized tomograhy

D.computerized tomography

48.MRI

A.Magnetic resononce image

B.Magnetic resonance image

C.Magnetic resononce imaging D.Magnetic resonance imaging 49.VD

A.varied disease

B.venareal disease

C.venereal disease

D.vocal disease 50.GI

A.gastrointral

B.gastrointervention

C.gastrointestinal

D.gastrointersectional

III.Find the best answer to the following translations.(10 points)51.心血管疾病

A.cardiavasclar disease

B.cardiavascular disease

C.cardiovasclar disease

D.cardiovascular disease 52.隨意肌

A.voluntary muscle

B.involuntary muscle

C.smooth muscle

D.cardiac muscle 53 脈沖信號

A.pulse

B.impulse

C.impulsive

D.pulsive 54.轉換

A.transformation

B.transaction

C.transmute

D.transmission 55.功能失調

A.malfunction

B.dysfunction

C.maloperation

D.disoperation 56.局部化的感染

A.local infection

B.localized infection

C.local inflammation

D.localized inflammation 57.樂觀的預后

A.optimistic pregnosis

B.optimistic prognosis

C.pessimistic pregnosis D.pessimistic prognosis

第五篇：遼工大電氣自動化《專業英語》答案

單詞：

current電流 voltage電壓 variable變量 charge 電荷 resistor電阻 capacitor電容inductor 電感 generator發電機

independent source獨立源 dependent source受控源 controlled source受控源 linear resistor線性電阻

voltage-current characteristic伏安特性 short circuit短路 open circuit開路 conductance電導 network網絡 node節點 mesh網孔

mesh analysis網孔分析 time domain時域

phasor diagram相量圖 frequency domain頻域 amplitude振幅，幅度 impedance阻抗

electronics電子學，電子儀器 digital數字的 analog模擬

transducer傳感器 excitation激勵，激發 binary二進制的 amplifier放大器 resolution分辨率

operational amplifier運算放大器 difference amplifier差動放大器 semiconductor半導體 winding繞組

transformer變壓器 interface接口 duty ratio功率比 inverter逆變器 step pulse階躍脈沖

induction machine感應電機 exciting voltage勵磁電壓 prime mover原動機

induction generator感應（異步）發電機synchronous machine同步發電機 field winding勵磁繞組

Y-connected windings星形連接繞組 turbine generator渦輪發電機 lead導線

flux通量，磁力線 transformer變壓器

primary winding一次繞組 secondary winging二次繞組 reluctance磁阻 instruction 指令 document文件

audio signal聲頻信號，音頻信號 program程序 keyboard鍵盤 software軟件

central processing unit中央處理單元 workstation工作站 server服務器 client客戶

microcomputer微型計算機 desktop computer臺式計算機 notebook computer筆記本電腦 handheld computer掌上電腦 mouse鼠標 sound card聲卡 modem調制解調器

operating system操作系統 serial processing串行處理 parallel processing并行處理 discharge放電

megabytes(MB)兆字節 install安裝 setup安裝

update更新，修改 adapter適配器

computer language計算機語言 high-level language高級語言 compiler編譯程序 interpreter解釋程序

system software系統軟件 application software應用軟件 bootstrap program引導程序 date base數據庫

coaxial cable同軸電纜 fiber-optic cable光纜 microwave微波 infrared紅外線的 broadband寬帶 narrowband窄帶

electric power system電力系統 fuse保險絲熔斷器

transmission line輸電線路

interconnection互相連接，互聯

power system protection電力系統保護 circuit breaker斷路器

electromechanical relay電磁繼電器 protective relay保護繼電器 thermal relay熱繼電器

rectifier bridge relay整流橋型繼電器 electronic relay電子繼電器

open-loop control system開環控制系統 closed-loop control system閉環控制系統選擇題： 1.1

1.It is conventional(positive charges)2.Electric current is(amperes)3.The energy required(voltage)4.The plus(+)and(voltage polarity)5.According to the(absorbed)1.2

1.An independent voltage(two-terminal element)2.Resistors are(passive)

3.An ideal dependent(active)4.There are(four)

5.For a voltage(current)1.3

1.The circuit element(the resistor)

2.Ohm’s Law states(directly proportional to)3.A resistor whose(a nonlinear resistor)4.(An open circuit)is a circuit 5.An electric heater(12Ω)1.4

1.Kirchhoff’s Laws are(topology of the network)2.Kirchhoff’s Current Law can(two ways)

3.Kirchhoff’s Current Law is(the law of conservation of charge)

4.Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law(the law of conservation of energy)

5.The algebraic sum(zero)1.5

1.Nodal analysis is(KCL, KVL)2.(Nodal analysis)method is 3.For a circuit(N-1)4.The potential at(zero)

5.Mesh analysis applies(KVL, mesh)1.6

1.The voltage across(90°)2.The voltage across(90°)3.If in an(100∠100°)4.The three-phase(four)

5.The three voltages(balanced three-phase voltages)2.1

1.The voltage produced(an analog)2.ON-OFF information(a digital)3.A device that(A/D)

4.The thermocouple pair(voltage)5.A D/A is(analog form)2.2

1.Any algebraic combination(two)

2.According to the(multiplication, addition)3.The commutative rule(the order)4.The associative rule(the validity)5.The relation A+(identity)2.3

1.The process of(analog-to-digital conversion)2.(A temperature transducer)is a device 3.The precision and(incompatible)

4.The precision of(the number of binary bits)5.In Fig.2-4 the(two)2.4

1.At one time,(analog computer)2.After the invention(solid-state)

3.If the operational(a very small voltage difference)4.The wide application(negative feedback networks)5.The useful range(80)3.1

1.The switching losses(the off-state losses)2.The typical power(0.7V)

3.The power transistors,(high reverse)4.The rate of(power losses)3.2

1.The DC-DC converter(direct current, direct current)2.The Buck is(current step-up)3.The PWM control(pulse width)

4.The gain of(the input dc source, the output voltage)3.3

1.High power inverters(three-phase type)2.The output of(sinusoidal voltage)

3.The constant speed(ac voltage sink load)4.Voltage source inverters(inductive loads)5.Output amplitude in(pulse-width)4.1

1.The thumb is(the relative motion of conductor)2.In induction motors(never reaches)4.Form-wound coils(large AC)4.2

1.When a induction(600)2.If the difference(smaller)

3.The electric machine(generating)4.The breakdown torque(maximum)4.3

1.The speed of(the frequency of the current)2.The field winding(a DC)

3.The cylindrical rotor(high-speed steam-turbine-driven generators)

4.The turbine generators(3600-rpm)5.The field current(an exciter)4.4

1.A transformer is(a magnetic field)

2.The primary winding(the power source)3.The core construction(shell form)

4.The transformer that(distribution transformer)5.Copper losses are(resistive)5.1

1.A computer works(a series of stored instructions)2.A keyboard or(an input)

3.The computer network(a local area network)4.A computer that(client)5.A hard disk(a storage)5.2

1.Logical operations are(the ALU)2.The 16-bit(sixteen bits)

3.A microprocessor accesses(more rapidly than)4.Data stored in(permanently disappears)5.The basic information(CMOS)5.3

1.(A network card)is used to 2.(AGP slots)are primarily used 3.The notebook computers(LCDs)4.Image clarity on(dot pitch)

5.(A dot matrix printer)printer uses a5.4

1.(A support module)can be used

2.A computer’s microprocessor(machine language)3.Delphi belongs to(high-level programming language)4.An operating system(system software)

5.(The file management system)allocates and 5.5

1.Twisted-pair cables(four)2.(Fiber-optic cables)do not

3.The transmission capacity(broader)4.(A modem)converts the signals 5.(A router)that connects at 翻譯： 6

The modern society 現代社會比以前更加依賴于電力供應。

Electric power systems 電力系統（或電能系統），已經變成工業社會必不可少的部分，它提供電能給現代社會。

The first complete 第一個完整的電力系統（包括有發電機、電纜、保險絲、電表和負載）被托馬斯愛迪生建立，它于1882年的9月在紐約城歷史上的珍珠街站開始，這是一個直流系統，包括有一個蒸汽機驅動的直流電動機提供電能給方圓1.5公里內的59個消費者。

Voltage levels can 在交流系統中，電壓能夠很容易被傳輸，因而為生產、傳輸和消耗的不同電壓的使用提供了靈活性。

The first three-phase 第一個三相傳輸線于1893年在北美投入使用，它位于南加利弗里亞州2300V12km的傳輸線。

Eventually 最終在北美60Hz被采用為標準頻率，盡管50Hz在其它國家已被使用。

To avoid the 為了避免電壓不受限制的數值增升，工業上已經標準化了電壓水平。

With the development 隨著交流/直流轉換設備的開發，高壓直流傳輸系統在一些特殊情況已經變得更加具有吸引力和更加節約了。

The basic requirement 電力系統的最基本的需求是提供給消費者具有可接受的電壓和頻率的不間斷的能源。7

The steady state 電力系統的穩態操作，常常被各種電氣設備上各種各樣的故障打斷。

To maintain the為了維護電力系統的正確操作，有影響、有效的、可靠地保護方案是必需的。

Power system components 電力系統元件被設計成在正常操作壞境下操作。然而，由于任何原因，所說的故障在這是一個異常，應該有一個能夠檢測這些異常情況的設備是必須的，如果是這樣，發生異常的元件或器件被移除，比如說盡可能快的從系統的剩余部分刪除它們。

The protection scheme保護方案包括有保護繼電器和開關電路，比如說斷路器。充當大腦功能的保護繼電器是一個非常重要的部件。保護繼電器是一個檢測設備，它檢測故障、確定故障的位置，通過關閉跳閘線圈，發送命令給正確的斷路器，從保護繼電器獲得命令的斷路器，僅斷開出錯的元件，這就是為什么保護繼電器為什么是可靠地可維護的和可操作的快速的。This relay 這種繼電器，它仍被在使用中，擁有幾個重要的特性，比如說比較高的速度，對給定電力輸入的比較高的扭矩和更加一致的扭矩。

With the discovery of solid 在上世紀50年代期間，隨著固態軟件的發現，具有無數優點的靜態繼電器被開發出來了。

Now the microprocessor 現在基于微處理器和小型計算機的繼電方案已經被廣泛的使用到世界各地的電力系統中，因為它有無數個優點，比如說自檢特性和靈活性。

The overall system 整個系統保護被分成為下列部分：發電機保護、變壓器保護、母線保護、反饋線路保護、傳輸線保護。

Any protection scheme 任何保護方案，基本包括2個部分，它被要求以保障電力系統部件能夠抵制異常情況，比如說：繼電器保護、斷路器保護。

Since faults on a well designed 由于好的設計和健全的系統故障常常是稀少的，繼電器僅僅偶爾被用來操作，這就是意味著繼電方案通常是理想的，而且只要有故障發生時必須操作，換句話說，它必須是可靠的。Since the reliability 由于可靠性部分依賴于維護，因此繼電器必須是容易維護的。

The maloperation of 繼電器的誤操作可以有兩種方式。

Relaying scheme must 繼電器方案必須是足夠敏感的，以便于區別是正常系統還是故障系統。8.1

In fossil fuel

在化石燃料電廠，煤、石油、或者天然氣是在燃燒室中燃燒，燃燒的產品加熱水，水被轉化成水蒸氣，水蒸氣驅動機械上與發電機相連的渦輪機。

Coal is taken 煤從倉庫中取出，被送到磨煤機與預加熱的空氣混合，混合物被吹進燃燒室，在那里它被燃燒，燒熱室包括一個有管子和被稱為蒸發器的合成器，通過蒸發器水被吸進來，在過程中水溫上升，直到水蒸發變成水蒸氣，水蒸氣傳過來送到渦輪機，燃燒的氣體（煙氣），通過機械或電氣的除塵器，煙氣在被釋放到煙囪之前，多達99%的固體顆?；覊m，被吸塵器移除。

The net efficiency 火力發電廠的凈效率通常小于40%被轉化成電能（例如，煤的化學能不足40%被轉化成電能）。盡管這個數據與工廠的大約30%的平均值相比較還算好一些，超過60%的化石燃料能量被轉化成無用的熱量。

為了提高效率和節約初級能源，熱電能供電系統已被使用很長時間了，在那兒為工業應用和空間加熱的電能和水蒸氣（或者是熱水）同時被產生。在這樣的系統里，整個能量效率據說被提高60%至65%。

Some problem associated與火力發電廠相關的使用問題是煤的挖掘和傳輸帶來的安全隱患和其他社會代價，火力發電廠與其他類型的化石燃料發電廠共同承擔環境問題，它們包括有酸雨和溫室效應。

8.2

In contrast to 水力發電廠與熱電廠不同，水力發電廠的能源是從下落的水中獲得，這樣的電廠輸出能量直接與水的流速參量相關聯，用每秒立方米來測量水落下通過的距離被水頭的米數來測量和一些合適的常量。8.3

Controlled nuclear 可控核裂變是核電站的能量的來源，在裂變過程中通過反應堆傳輸到冷卻液的熱量被產生，水是最普通的冷卻液，但是氣體、有機復合物、液態金屬和熔化物的鹽也可以作為冷卻劑。

In USA 在美國，有兩種通用的類型，共同的被稱之為親水反應堆（以便于和使用“重水”區分），它們是沸水反應堆和壓水反應堆，兩者均使用水作為冷卻劑。9

The successful operation 太空交通工具，太空飛船，太空站和可重構的飛行控制系統的成功操作依賴于使用在這些探險事業的大量控制系統的正確操作。For a given 對一個勵磁電流的給定值，一個必須的電壓值被應用到電刷上以產生電機速度的期望值。Systems in which the output quantity 這種輸出量對輸入量沒有影響的系統被稱為開環控制系統。

Systems in which the output has 這樣的輸出量對輸入量有直接影響的系統被稱之為閉環控制系統。Comparison between the 參考輸入和反饋信號兩者之間進行比較，差值作為激勵信號。

The fundamental difference 開環控制系統和閉環控制系統之間的最根本的區別是反饋行為，這個反饋可以是連續的或者是斷續的。

This rapid growth 反饋控制系統的快速增長是被計算機的同樣快速發展和廣泛使用加速的。

The control theory 上個世紀五十年代末發展起來的控制理論可以被分類為經典控制理論，它被有效的應用到許多控制設計問題中，特別是單輸入單輸出系統，從那時開始，控制理論已經被發展成為更復雜的系統和多輸入多輸出系統的設計。

Hall and Harris appliedHall和Harris應用頻率響應分析法到反饋系統的研究中，這種方法加快了控制理論作為一個整體的發展。

Laplace transform theory 拉普拉斯變換理論和網絡理論也加入到根軌跡的計算中。

Depending upon the 根據已知因素和控制系統問題的簡單性或復雜性，設計者可以單獨使用一種方法或幾種方法的組合。