第一篇：中英文常用常識
中國傳統節日中英對照：元宵節
每年農歷的正月十五日，春節剛過，迎來的就是中國的傳統節日--元宵節。
元宵主要的活動就是看燈。東漢明帝時期，明帝提倡佛教，聽說佛教有正月十五日僧人觀佛舍利，點燈敬佛的做法，就命令這一天夜晚在皇宮和寺廟里點燈敬佛，令士族庶民都掛燈。以后這種佛教禮儀節日逐漸形成民間盛大的節日。該節經歷了由宮廷到民間，由中原到全國的發展過程。
直到今天，元宵點燈的習俗仍然在中國的各地流傳的，各式各樣美麗的花燈在這一天都會點亮，孩子們提著自制的燈籠走街串巷，非常高興。
猜燈謎也是元宵節的一項重要活動，花燈的主人會將謎面寫在燈籠上，掛在門口，如果有人可以猜中，就能得到小小的禮物。這項活動最早起源于宋朝，因為謎語能啟迪智慧又饒有興趣，所以流傳過程中深受社會各階層的歡迎。
民間過元宵節吃元宵的習俗。元宵由糯米制成，或實心，或帶餡。餡有豆沙、白糖、山楂、各類果料等，食用時煮、煎、蒸、炸皆可。起初，人們把這種食物叫“浮圓子”，后來又叫“湯團”或“湯圓”，這些名稱“團圓”字音相近，取團圓之意，象征全家人團團圓圓，和睦幸福，人們也以此懷念離別的親人,寄托了對未來生活的美好愿望。
隨著時間的推移，元宵節的活動越來越多，白天有耍龍燈、耍獅子、踩高蹺、劃旱船扭秧歌、打太平鼓等傳統民俗表演。到了夜晚，除了五顏六色的美花燈之外，還有艷麗多姿的煙火。大多數家庭會在春節時留下一些煙花等到元宵節這天燃放，而一些地方政府也會舉辦煙花大會，當新年的第一個月圓之夜在盛大的煙火表演中來臨時，人們都陶醉在這令人難忘了煙花與皎潔的明月中。
Lantern Festival
The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month, usually in February or March in the Gregorian calendar.As early as the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-AD 25), it had become a festival with great significance.This day's important activity is watching lanterns.Throughout the Han Dynasty(206 BC-AD 220), Buddhism flourished in China.One emperor heard that Buddhist monks would watch sarira, or remains from the cremation of Buddha's body, and light lanterns to worship Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month, so he ordered to light lanterns in the imperial palace and temples to show respect to Buddha on this day.Later, the Buddhist rite developed into a grand festival among common people and its influence expanded from the Central Plains to the whole of China.Till today, the lantern festival is still held each year around the country.Lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets, attracting countless visitors.Children will hold self-made or bought lanterns to stroll with on the streets, extremely excited.“Guessing lantern riddles”is an essential part of the Festival.Lantern owners write riddles on a piece of paper and post them on the lanterns.If visitors have solutions to the riddles, they can pull the paper out and go to the lantern owners to check their answer.If they are right, they will get a little gift.The activity emerged during people's enjoyment of lanterns in the Song Dynasty(960-1279).As riddle guessing is interesting and full of wisdom, it has become popular among all social strata.People will eat yuanxiao, or rice dumplings, on this day, so it is also called the “Yuanxiao Festival.”Yuanxiao also has another name, tangyuan.It is small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour with rose petals, sesame, bean paste, jujube paste, walnut meat, dried fruit, sugar and edible oil as filling.Tangyuan can be boiled, fried or steamed.It tastes sweet and delicious.What's more, tangyuan in Chinese has a similar pronunciation with "tuanyuan”, meaning reunion.So people eat them to denote union, harmony and happiness for the family.In the daytime of the Festival, performances such as a dragon lantern dance, a lion dance, a land boat dance, a yangge dance, walking on stilts and beating drums while dancing will be staged.On the night, except for magnificent lanterns, fireworks form a beautiful scene.Most families spare some fireworks from the Spring Festival and let them off in the Lantern Festival.Some local governments will even organize a fireworks party.On the night when the first full moon enters the New Year, people become really intoxicated by the imposing fireworks and bright moon in the sky.
第二篇：最常用的中英文SMT常識
SMT基本名詞解釋
Accuracy(精度)： 測量結果與目標值之間的差額。
Additive Process(加成工藝)：一種制造PCB導電布線的方法，通過選擇性的在板層上沉淀導電材料(銅、錫等)。Adhesion(附著力)： 類似于分子之間的吸引力。
Aerosol(氣溶劑)： 小到足以空氣傳播的液態或氣體粒子。
Angle of attack(迎角)：絲印刮板面與絲印平面之間的夾角。
Anisotropic adhesive(各異向性膠)：一種導電性物質，其粒子只在Z軸方向通過電流。
Annular ring(環狀圈)：鉆孔周圍的導電材料。
Application specific integrated circuit(ASIC特殊應用集成電路)：客戶定做得用于專門用途的電路。Array(列陣)：一組元素，比如：錫球點，按行列排列。
Artwork(布線圖)：PCB的導電布線圖，用來產生照片原版，可以任何比例制作，但一般為3:1或4:1。
Automated test equipment(ATE自動測試設備)：為了評估性能等級，設計用于自動分析功能或靜態參數的設備，也用于故障離析。
Automatic optical inspection(AOI自動光學檢查)：在自動系統上，用相機來檢查模型或物體。
B
Ball grid array(BGA球柵列陣)：集成電路的包裝形式，其輸入輸出點是在元件底面上按柵格樣式排列的錫球。Blind via(盲通路孔)：PCB的外層與內層之間的導電連接，不繼續通到板的另一面。
Bond lift-off(焊接升離)：把焊接引腳從焊盤表面(電路板基底)分開的故障。
Bonding agent(粘合劑)：將單層粘合形成多層板的膠劑。
Bridge(錫橋)：把兩個應該導電連接的導體連接起來的焊錫，引起短路。
Buried via(埋入的通路孔)：PCB的兩個或多個內層之間的導電連接(即，從外層看不見的)。
C
CAD/CAM system(計算機輔助設計與制造系統)：計算機輔助設計是使用專門的軟件工具來設計印刷電路結構；計算機輔助制造把這種設計轉換成實際的產品。這些系統包括用于數據處理和儲存的大規模內存、用于設計創作的輸入和把儲存的信息轉換成圖形和報告的輸出設備 Capillary action(毛細管作用)：使熔化的焊錫，逆著重力，在相隔很近的固體表面流動的一種自然現象。
Chip on board(COB板面芯片)：一種混合技術，它使用了面朝上膠著的芯片元件，傳統上通過飛線專門地連接于電路板基底層。
Circuit tester(電路測試機)：一種在批量生產時測試PCB的方法。包括：針床、元件引腳腳印、導向探針、內部跡線、裝載板、空板、和元件測試。
Cladding(覆蓋層)：一個金屬箔的薄層粘合在板層上形成PCB導電布線。
Coefficient of the thermal expansion(溫度膨脹系數)：當材料的表面溫度增加時，測量到的每度溫度材料膨脹百萬分率(ppm)
Cold cleaning(冷清洗)：一種有機溶解過程，液體接觸完成焊接后的殘渣清除。
Cold solder joint(冷焊錫點)：一種反映濕潤作用不夠的焊接點，其特征是，由于加熱不足或清洗不當，外表灰色、多孔。
Component density(元件密度)：PCB上的元件數量除以板的面積。
Conductive epoxy(導電性環氧樹脂)：一種聚合材料，通過加入金屬粒子，通常是銀，使其通過電流。Conductive ink(導電墨水)：在厚膠片材料上使用的膠劑，形成PCB導電布線圖。
Conformal coating(共形涂層)：一種薄的保護性涂層，應用于順從裝配外形的PCB。
Copper foil(銅箔)：一種陰質性電解材料，沉淀于電路板基底層上的一層薄的、連續的金屬箔，它作為PCB的導電體。它容易粘合于絕緣層，接受印刷保護層，腐蝕后形成電路圖樣。Copper mirror test(銅鏡測試)：一種助焊劑腐蝕性測試，在玻璃板上使用一種真空沉淀薄膜。
Cure(烘焙固化)：材料的物理性質上的變化，通過化學反應，或有壓/無壓的對熱反應。
Cycle rate(循環速率)：一個元件貼片名詞，用來計量從拿取、到板上定位和返回的機器速度，也叫測試速度。D
Data recorder(數據記錄器)：以特定時間間隔，從著附于PCB的熱電偶上測量、采集溫度的設備。
Defect(缺陷)：元件或電路單元偏離了正常接受的特征。
Delamination(分層)：板層的分離和板層與導電覆蓋層之間的分離。
Desoldering(卸焊)：把焊接元件拆卸來修理或更換，方法包括：用吸錫帶吸錫、真空(焊錫吸管)和熱拔。Dewetting(去濕)：熔化的焊錫先覆蓋、后收回的過程，留下不規則的殘渣。
DFM(為制造著想的設計)：以最有效的方式生產產品的方法，將時間、成本和可用資源考慮在內。
Dispersant(分散劑)：一種化學品，加入水中增加其去顆粒的能力。Documentation(文件編制)：關于裝配的資料，解釋基本的設計概念、元件和材料的類型與數量、專門的制造指示和最新版本。使用三種類型：原型機和少數量運行、標準生產線和/或生產數量、以及那些指定實際圖形的政府合約。
Downtime(停機時間)：設備由于維護或失效而不生產產品的時間。
Durometer(硬度計)：測量刮板刀片的橡膠或塑料硬度。
E
Environmental test(環境測試)：一個或一系列的測試，用于決定外部對于給定的元件包裝或裝配的結構、機械和功能完整性的總影響。
Eutectic solders(共晶焊錫)：兩種或更多的金屬合金，具有最低的熔化點，當加熱時，共晶合金直接從固態變到液態，而不經過塑性階段。
F
Fabrication()：設計之后裝配之前的空板制造工藝，單獨的工藝包括疊層、金屬加成/減去、鉆孔、電鍍、布線和清潔。
Fiducial(基準點)：和電路布線圖合成一體的專用標記，用于機器視覺，以找出布線圖的方向和位置。Fillet(焊角)：在焊盤與元件引腳之間由焊錫形成的連接。即焊點。
Fine-pitch technology(FPT密腳距技術)：表面貼片元件包裝的引腳中心間隔距離為 0.025"(0.635mm)或更少。Fixture(夾具)：連接PCB到處理機器中心的裝置。
Flip chip(倒裝芯片)：一種無引腳結構，一般含有電路單元。設計用于通過適當數量的位于其面上的錫球(導電性粘合劑所覆蓋)，在電氣上和機械上連接于電路。
Full liquidus temperature(完全液化溫度)：焊錫達到最大液體狀態的溫度水平，最適合于良好濕潤。Functional test(功能測試)：模擬其預期的操作環境，對整個裝配的電器測試。
G
Golden boy(金樣)：一個元件或電路裝配，已經測試并知道功能達到技術規格，用來通過比較測試其它單元。H
Halides(鹵化物)：含有氟、氯、溴、碘或砹的化合物。是助焊劑中催化劑部分，由于其腐蝕性，必須清除。Hard water(硬水)：水中含有碳酸鈣和其它離子，可能聚集在干凈設備的內表面并引起阻塞。
Hardener(硬化劑)：加入樹脂中的化學品，使得提前固化，即固化劑。
I
In-circuit test(在線測試)：一種逐個元件的測試，以檢驗元件的放置位置和方向。
J
Just-in-time(JIT剛好準時)：通過直接在投入生產前供應材料和元件到生產線，以把庫存降到最少。L
Lead configuration(引腳外形)：從元件延伸出的導體，起機械與電氣兩種連接點的作用。
Line certification(生產線確認)：確認生產線順序受控，可以按照要求生產出可靠的PCB。
M
Machine vision(機器視覺)：一個或多個相機，用來幫助找元件中心或提高系統的元件貼裝精度。
Mean time between failure(MTBF平均故障間隔時間)：預料可能的運轉單元失效的平均統計時間間隔，通常以每小時計算，結果應該表明實際的、預計的或計算的。
N
Nonwetting(不熔濕的)：焊錫不粘附金屬表面的一種情況。由于待焊表面的污染，不熔濕的特征是可見基底金屬的裸露。
O
Omegameter(奧米加表)：一種儀表，用來測量PCB表面離子殘留量，通過把裝配浸入已知高電阻率的酒精和水的變成分開，原因要不是焊錫不足，要不是連接點引腳共面性差。
Organic activated(OA有機活性的)：有機酸作為活性劑的一種助焊系統，水溶性的。
P
Packaging density(裝配密度)：PCB上放置元件(有源/無源元件、連接器等)的數量；表達為低、中或高。Photoploter(相片繪圖儀)：基本的布線圖處理設備，用于在照相底片上生產原版PCB布線圖(通常為實際尺寸)。Pick-and-place(拾取-貼裝設備)：一種可編程機器，有一個機械手臂，從自動供料器拾取元件，移動到PCB上的一個定點，以正確的方向貼放于正確的位置。Placement equipment(貼裝設備)：結合高速和準確定位地將元件貼放于PCB的機器，分為三種類型：SMD的大量轉移、X/Y定位和在線轉移系統，可以組合以使元件適應電路板設計。
R
Reflow soldering(回流焊接)：通過各個階段，包括：預熱、穩定/干燥、回流峰值和冷卻，把表面貼裝元件放入錫膏中以達到永久連接的工藝過程。
Repair(修理)：恢復缺陷裝配的功能的行動。
Repeatability(可重復性)：精確重返特性目標的過程能力。一個評估處理設備及其連續性的指標。
Rework(返工)：把不正確裝配帶回到符合規格或合約要求的一個重復過程。
Rheology(流變學)：描述液體的流動、或其粘性和表面張力特性，如，錫膏。
S
Saponifier(皂化劑)：一種有機或無機主要成份和添加劑的水溶液，用來通過諸如可分散清潔劑，促進松香和水溶性助焊劑的清除。
Schematic(原理圖)：使用符號代表電路布置的圖，包括電氣連接、元件和功能。
Semi-aqueous cleaning(不完全水清洗)：涉及溶劑清洗、熱水沖刷和烘干循環的技術。
Shadowing(陰影)：在紅外回流焊接中，元件身體阻隔來自某些區域的能量，造成溫度不足以完全熔化錫膏的現象。
Silver chromate test(鉻酸銀測試)：一種定性的、鹵化離子在RMA助焊劑中存在的檢查。(RMA可靠性、可維護性和可用性)
Slump(坍落)：在模板絲印后固化前，錫膏、膠劑等材料的擴散。
Solder bump(焊錫球)：球狀的焊錫材料粘合在無源或有源元件的接觸區，起到與電路焊盤連接的作用。Solderability(可焊性)：為了形成很強的連接，導體(引腳、焊盤或跡線)熔濕的(變成可焊接的)能力。Soldermask(阻焊)：印刷電路板的處理技術，除了要焊接的連接點之外的所有表面由塑料涂層覆蓋住。Solids(固體)：助焊劑配方中，松香的重量百分比，(固體含量)
Solidus(固相線)：一些元件的焊錫合金開始熔化(液化)的溫度。
Statistical process control(SPC統計過程控制)：用統計技術分析過程輸出，以其結果來指導行動，調整和/或保持品質控制狀態。
Storage life(儲存壽命)：膠劑的儲存和保持有用性的時間。
Subtractive process(負過程)：通過去掉導電金屬箔或覆蓋層的選擇部分，得到電路布線。
Surfactant(表面活性劑)：加入水中降低表面張力、改進濕潤的化學品。
Syringe(注射器)：通過其狹小開口滴出的膠劑容器。
T
Tape-and-reel(帶和盤)：貼片用的元件包裝，在連續的條帶上，把元件裝入凹坑內，凹坑由塑料帶蓋住，以便卷到盤上，供元件貼片機用。
Thermocouple(熱電偶)：由兩種不同金屬制成的傳感器，受熱時，在溫度測量中產生一個小的直流電壓。
Type I, II, III assembly(第一、二、三類裝配)：板的一面或兩面有表面貼裝元件的PCB(I)；有引腳元件安裝在主面、有SMD元件貼裝在一面或兩面的混合技術(II)；以無源SMD元件安裝在第二面、引腳(通孔)元件安裝在主面為特征的混合技術(III)。
Tombstoning(元件立起)：一種焊接缺陷，片狀元件被拉到垂直位置，使另一端不焊。
U
Ultra-fine-pitch(超密腳距)：引腳的中心對中心距離和導體間距為0.010”(0.25mm)或更小。
Vapor degreaser(汽相去油器)：一種清洗系統，將物體懸掛在箱內，受熱的溶劑汽體凝結于物體表面。Void(空隙)：錫點內部的空穴，在回流時氣體釋放或固化前夾住的助焊劑殘留所形成。
Y
Yield(產出率)：制造過程結束時使用的元件和提交生產的元件數量比率。
SMT的特點
組裝密度高、電子產品體積小、重量輕，貼片元件的體積和重量只有傳統插裝元件的1/10左右，一般采用SMT之后，電子產品體積縮小40%~60%，重量減輕60%~80%。
可靠性高、抗振能力強。焊點缺陷率低。
高頻特性好。減少了電磁和射頻干擾。
易于實現自動化，提高生產效率。
降低成本達30%~50%。節省材料、能源、設備、人力、時間等。
SMT有關的技術組成電子元件、集成電路的設計制造技術
電子產品的電路設計技術
電路板的制造技術
自動貼裝設備的設計制造技術
電路裝配制造工藝技術
裝配制造中使用的輔助材料的開發生產技術
為什么要用表面貼裝技術(SMT)？
1)電子產品追求小型化，以前使用的穿孔插件元件已無法縮小
2)電子產品功能更完整，所采用的集成電路(IC)已無穿孔元件，特別是大規模、高集成IC，不得不采用表面貼片元件
3)產品批量化，生產自動化，廠方要以低成本高產量，出產優質產品以迎合顧客需求及加強市場競爭力
4)電子元件的發展，集成電路(IC)的開發，半導體材料的多元應用
5)電子科技革命勢在必行，追逐國際潮流
為什么在表面貼裝技術中應用免清洗流程？
1)生產過程中產品清洗后排出的廢水，帶來水質、大地以至動植物的污染。
2)除了水清洗外，應用含有氯氟氫的有機溶劑(CFC&HCFC)作清洗，亦對空氣、大氣層進行污染、破壞。
3)清洗劑殘留在機板上帶來腐蝕現象，嚴重影響產品質素。
4)減低清洗工序操作及機器保養成本。
5)免清洗可減少組板(PCBA)在移動與清洗過程中造成的傷害。
6)仍有部分元件不堪清洗。
7)助焊劑殘留量已受控制，能配合產品外觀要求使用，避免目視檢查清潔狀態的問題。
8)殘留的助焊劑已不斷改良其電氣性能，以避免成品產生漏電，導致任何傷害。
9)免洗流程已通過國際上多項安全測試，證明助焊劑中的化學物質是穩定的、無腐蝕性的。
回流焊缺陷分析：
錫珠(Solder Balls)：
原因：
1、絲印孔與焊盤不對位，印刷不精確，使錫膏弄臟PCB。
2、錫膏在氧化環境中暴露過多、吸空氣中水份太多。
3、加熱不精確，太慢并不均勻。
4、加熱速率太快并預熱區間太長。
5、錫膏干得太快。
6、助焊劑活性不夠。
7、太多顆粒小的錫粉。
8、回流過程中助焊劑揮發性不適當。
錫球的工藝認可標準是：當焊盤或印制導線的之間距離為0.13mm時，錫珠直徑不能超過0.13mm，或者在600mm平方范圍內不能出現超過五個錫珠。
錫橋(Bridging)：
一般來說，造成錫橋的因素就是由于錫膏太稀，包括：錫膏內金屬或固體含量低、搖溶性低、錫膏容易炸開，錫膏顆粒太大、助焊劑表面張力太小。焊盤上太多錫膏，回流溫度峰值太高等。
開路(Open)：
原因：
1、錫膏量不夠。
2、元件引腳的共面性不夠。
3、錫濕不夠(不夠熔化、流動性不好)，錫膏太稀引起錫流失。
4、引腳吸錫(象燈芯草一樣)或附近有連線孔。
引腳的共面性對密間距和超密間距引腳元件特別重要，一個解決方法是在焊盤上預先上錫。引腳吸錫可以通過放慢加熱速度和底面加熱多、上面加熱少來防止。也可以用一種浸濕速度較慢、活性溫度高的助焊劑或者用一種Sn/Pb不同比例的阻滯熔化的錫膏來減少引腳吸錫。
貼片機：
拱架型(Gantry)：
元件送料器、基板(PCB)是固定的，貼片頭(安裝多個真空吸料嘴)在送料器與基板之間來回移動，將元件從送料器取出，經過對元件位置與方向的調整，然后貼放于基板上。由于貼片頭是安裝于拱架型的X/Y坐標移動橫梁上，所以得名。
對元件位置與方向的調整方法：
1)、機械對中調整位置、吸嘴旋轉調整方向。這種方法能達到的精度有限，較晚的機型已再不采用。
2)、激光識別、X/Y坐標系統調整位置、吸嘴旋轉調整方向，這種方法可實現飛行過程中的識別，但不能用于球柵列陳元件BGA。
3)、相機識別，X/Y坐標系統調整位置、吸嘴旋轉調整方向，一般相機固定，貼片頭飛行劃過相機上空，進行成像識別，比激光識別耽誤一點時間，但可識別任何元件，也有實現飛行過程中的識別的相機識別系統。機械結構方面有其它犧牲。
這種形式由于貼片頭來回移動的距離長，所以速度受到限制。現在一般采用多個真空吸料嘴同時取料(多達上十個)和采用雙梁系統來提高速度，即一個梁上的貼片頭在取料的同時，另一個梁上的貼片頭貼放元件，速度幾乎比單梁系統快一倍。但是實際應用中，同時取料的條件較難達到，而且不同類型的元件需要換用不同的真空吸料嘴，換吸料嘴有時間上的延誤。
這類機型的優勢在于：系統結構簡單，可實現高精度，適于各種大小、形狀的元件，甚至異型元件，送料器有帶狀、管狀、托盤形式。適于中小批量生產，也可多臺機組合用于大批量生產。
轉塔型(Turret)：
元件送料器放于一個單坐標移動的料車上，基板(PCB)放于一個X/Y坐標系統移動的工作臺上，貼片頭安裝在一個轉塔上，工作時，料車將元件送料器移動到取料位置，貼片頭上的真空吸料嘴在取料位置取元件，經轉塔轉動到貼片位置(與取料位置成180度)，在轉動過程中經過對元件位置與方向的調整，將元件貼放于基板上。對元件位置與方向的調整方法：
1)、機械對中調整位置、吸嘴旋轉調整方向，這種方法能達到的精度有限，較晚的機型已再不采用。
2)、相機識別、X/Y坐標系統調整位置、吸嘴自旋轉調整方向，相機固定，貼片頭飛行劃過相機上空，進行成像識別。
一般，轉塔上安裝有十幾到二十幾個貼片頭，每個貼片頭上安裝2~4個真空吸嘴(較早機型)至5~6個真空吸嘴(現在機型)。由于轉塔的特點，將動作細微化，選換吸嘴、送料器移動到位、取元件、元件識別、角度調整、工作臺移動(包含位置調整)、貼放元件等動作都可以在同一時間周期內完成，所以實現真正意義上的高速度。目前最快的時間周期達到0.08~0.10秒鐘一片元件。
此機型在速度上是優越的，適于大批量生產，但其只能用帶狀包裝的元件，如果是密腳、大型的集成電路(IC)，只有托盤包裝，則無法完成，因此還有賴于其它機型來共同合作。這種設備結構復雜，造價昂貴。
第三篇：有關地震的常識中英文對照
有關地震的常識(中英文對照)
5月12日14時28分，四川汶川縣發生7.8級地震，我國多個省市震感明顯。很多人第一次親身感受到：地震、災難、死亡離我們其實并不遠。由此，本版本期特向讀者推出一篇有關地震常識的文章，讓大家更好地了解地震、遠離災難——
Earthquakes are the most dangerous and deadly of all natural events.They occur in many parts of the world.Giant earthquakes have been recorded in Iran，China，Guatemala，Chile，India，and Alaska.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.These earthquakes measured about 8.5ontheRichter Scale.地震是自然災害中最危險、最致命的，世界許多地方都曾發生過。伊朗、中國、危地馬拉、智利、印度和阿拉斯加都有過大地震的記錄。有記載的最大兩次地震發生在中國和阿拉斯加。這兩次地震經測量約為里氏8.5級。
TheRichter Scale was devised by Charles Richter in 1935tocompare the energy level of earthquakes.An earthquake that measures a 2onthescale can be felt but causes little damage.One that measures 4.5onthescale can cause slight damage，and an earthquake that has a reading of over 7cancause major damage.It is important to note that a reading of 4indicates an earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3.So scientists want to be able to predict those earthquakes that have a reading of over 4ontheRichter Scale.里氏震級是1935年查爾斯·里克特發明的，用來比較地震的能量等級。里氏地震級測出的2級地震可以感覺到，但幾乎沒什么破壞;測出的4.5級地震能夠造成輕微破壞，等級超過7級的地震會帶來重大破壞。必須注意的是，等級為4級的地震表明其強度是等級為3級的10倍。所以，科學家想要預測的就是那些等級超過里氏4級的地震。
Howdoearthquakes occur?Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of rocks along cracks，or faults，in the earth's crust.The fault is produced when rocks near each other are pulled in different directions.The best-knownfault in North America is the San Andreas fault in the state of California in the United States.地震是怎么發生的呢?地震是由地殼中的裂縫，或稱斷層處的巖石發生移位而引起的。當鄰近巖石受到不同方向的拉力時便產生了斷層。北美洲最著名的斷層是位于美國加利福尼亞的圣安德烈亞斯斷層。
Canearthquakes be predicted?Scientists are working on progra
ms to predict the time and place of eart hquakes.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that people can be saved.地震可以預報嗎?科學家們正致力于研究預報何時何地會發生地震的計劃，他們希望開發一種早期報警系統用來預報地震，以挽救人們的生命。
Thenations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan，China，Russia，and the United States.These countries have set up seismic networks in areas of their countries where earthquakes are known to occur.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.Many kinds of seismic instruments are used by the networks to monitor the movements of the earth's crust.The scientists also check water in deep wells.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.積極參與地震預測計劃的國家包括日本、中國、俄羅斯和美國。這些國家在已知發生地震的地區建立了地震網絡，這些網絡一直處于戒備狀態，搜索著告警的跡象，這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發生的巖層松動的狀況。這些網絡使用多種地震儀器來監測地殼的運動。科學家還檢查深井里的水，觀察與斷層運動有關的水位與溫度的變化。
Scientists also hope to predicte earthquakes by measuring radon in ground water.Radon is a gas that comes from the radioactive decay of radium in rocks.The gas flows through the ground and dissolves in underground streams and wells.Scientists speculate that the amount of radon increases in the ground when rocks layers shift，exposing new rock，and thus more radon.Chinese and Russian scientists have reported that in places where stress is building up，the radon levels of the water build up too.When the radon levels of the water subside and drop back to normal readings，an earthquake may occur.United States scientists have also placed radon monitoring stations in earthquake zones，particularly California.However，all the scientists agree that more data is necessary to prove that radon levels in water are associated with the possible birth of an earthquake.科學家們還希望通過測量地下水的氡含量來預測地震。氡是來自巖石中鐳輻射衰變而產生的氣體
。這種氣體溢出地面并溶解到地下溪流和井里。科學家推測，當巖層移位時，新巖石露
出，產生更多的氡，這樣地層中的氡數量就增加了。中國和俄羅斯報告說，壓力增加的地方，水中氡的含量也會增加。當水中氡的含量下降，回到正常讀數時，地震就可能發生。美國科學家也在地震區，特別是加利福尼亞，設置了監測站。不過，所有的科學家都一致認為，需要更多的資料才能證明水中氡的含量和可能發生的地震有關。
Earthquake prediction is still a young science.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.Scientists have only a partial understanding of the physical processes that cause earthquakes.Much more research has to be done.New and more up to-date methods have to be found for collecting earthquake data and analyzing it.However，scientists have had some success in predicting earthquakes.Several small earthquakes were predicted in New York State，in the eastern part of the United States.Chinese scientists predicted a major one in Haicheng in 1975，and Russian scientists predicted a major one in Garm in 1978.While this is a small start，it is still a beginning.地震預測仍然是一門新興的科學。人們都認為地震不可能被準確、可靠地預測。科學家對引起地震的物理過程只是部分了解，還必須做更多的研究，必須找到新的、更先進的方法收集地震數據并加以分析。不過，科學家已經在地震預測方面取得了一些成功：美國東部紐約州的幾次小地震就已預測到了，1975年中國科學家預測到了海城大地震，1978年俄羅斯科學家預測到了加爾姆大地震。雖然這只是個小小的起步，但畢竟是一個開端。□
第四篇：HSE 常識手冊GWDC中英文對照
Abstract 提要
With the rapid development of GWDC Drilling Branch’s overseas market and business, more and more new employees are getting to be engaged with international drilling activities who know little about HSE or even never get in touch with HSE basic knowledge before they enter into GWDC.As the consistent recognition and acknowledgement of all of us, GWDC, being an IADC important member, always pay extreme emphasis to its HSE performance and HSE training to its Chinese and overseas staff.隨著長城公司鉆井分公司海外市場和業務的迅速發展，越來越多的新員工在加入長城公司時，對從事國際鉆井作業相關的 HSE 知識了解甚少，甚至從未接觸。隨著長城公司的聲譽不斷擴大，并且作為國際鉆井承包商協會的重要成員，長城公司對公司旗下中國員工和海外員工 HSE 實踐和 HSE 培訓格外重視。
On the basis of being brief, easily-understandable, effective and capable of self-teaching, this manual aims at these new employees with the purpose of helping them to grasp HSE fundamental idea and being equipped with HSE common practices in order to meet HSE requirement from GWDC clients.It is a supplement to GWDC HSE Procedure Manual and Operation Manual.Those two manuals cover the other HSE documents and information whereas not being introduced in this manual.本著簡明、易懂、實用和便于自學的原則，這本手冊針對那些新員工，幫助他們領會HSE 的基本要點，掌握 HSE 一般實踐內容，從而滿足長城公司客戶的要求。本手冊還是對長城公司已有的 HSE 實用手冊的補充。前面已有的兩本 HSE 手冊涉及的內容，本手冊不再介紹。
SECTION ONE – HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS 第一部分：健康、安全與環境方案 1.0 HSE Meetings HSE 會議
1.1 Safety Inspections and Logbooks 安全檢查與記錄 1.2 Job Safety Analysis 崗位風險識別 1.3 Incident Investigation 事故調查
1.4 Visitor / Service Personnel Orientation 外來人員指導培訓
SECTION TWO – GENERAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH CONTROL 第二部分： 一般指導和健康預防
2.0 General Housekeeping 物品擺放一般要求 2.1 Sanitation 衛生
2.2 Personal Hygiene 個人衛生 2.3 Drugs 毒品和藥品
2.4 Fitness for Duty 崗位對健康的要求 2.5 Smoking 吸煙
2.6 Horseplay 打斗、玩耍與開玩笑 2.7 Proper Lifting Techniques 拿舉重物技巧
2.8 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM)遭遇天然放射性物質 2.9 Heat Stress and Heat Related Conditions 受熱和與高溫環境 SECTION THREE – EQUIPMENT SAFETY 第三部分： 設備安全
3.0 Electrical Equipment 電氣設備
3.1 Control of Hazardous Energy – Lockout / Tag-out 危險源的控制 –
鎖死（安全保險）/ 警示標志 3.2 Hand Tools 各種手用工具
3.3 Drill Pipe / Collar Slips and Elevators 鉆桿 / 鉆鋌卡瓦和吊卡 3.4 Hoists(Winches / Tuggers)提升設備（各種絞車 / 各種卷揚機）3.5 Pipe Tongs and Lines 管鉗和繩索 3.6 Rotary Table Area 轉盤區域 3.7 Equipment Guarding 設備防護
3.8 Derricks and Masts 井架（塔形井架與 A 形井架）3.9 Pipe Racks and Bins 管子架和儲存盒 3.10 Derrickman’s Escape Device 井架工逃生裝置
3.11 Drilling Line, Crown Block and Traveling Block 大繩、天車和游車 3.12 Drawworks, Brakes, Clutches 絞車、剎車、離合器 3.13 Mud Pumps and Equipment 泥漿泵與設備 3.14 Mud Pits and Equipment 泥漿池與設備
3.15 High-Pressure Lines and Fittings 高壓管匯與配件 3.16 Engines 動力設備
3.17 Air-Operated Equipment 氣動氣控設備 3.18 Blowout Prevention Equipment 防噴器設備
3.19 BOP Accumulators, Pulsation and Suction Dampeners 防噴器蓄能器、蓄能器膠囊（空氣包）
3.20 Stabbing Board（套管）扶正對扣臺 3.21 Handling Tubulars 操作各種管子
SECTION FOUR – FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE CONTROL 第四部分：火災預防、滅火和控制 4.0 Fire Prevention 火災預防 4.1 Fire Protection 火災預防 4.2 Fire Control 火災控制
SECTION FIVE – WELDING, CUTTING AND COMPRESSED GAS & OXYGEN CYLINDERS 第五部分：焊接、切割和壓縮空氣 / 氧氣瓶
5.0 General Precautions – Welding, Cutting and Other Spark/Flame Producing Operations 一般預防：電焊、氣焊切割、其它遭遇火花/火焰的作業 5.1 Protective Equipment 預防設備
5.2 Preparatory – Precautions 事先預防：提示警告 5.3 Specific Precautions – Arc Welding 特殊提示：電弧焊
5.4 Specific Precautions – Gas Welding and Burning 特殊提示：氣焊與燃燒 5.5 Compressed Gas and Oxygen Cylinders – Storage 壓縮空氣瓶和氧氣瓶：存放 5.6 Cylinder Handling 氣瓶搬運與安放 5.7 Cylinder Usage 氣瓶使用 SECTION SIX – FLEET SAFETY 第六部分：機動車輛駕駛安全 6.0 General Rules 一般規則
6.1 Safe Driving Concepts for Accident Prevention 事故預防、安全駕駛原則 SECTION SEVEN – CRANE OPERATIONS 第七部分：吊車作業
7.0 General Operation Requirements 一般操作要求 7.1 Slings and Shackles 吊索 和 各種鉤環
7.2 Standard Hand Signals for Crane Operations
起吊作業時使用的標準手勢信號 SECTION EIGHT – FORKLIFT OPERATIONS 第八部分：叉車操作
8.0 General Operation Requirements 一般操作要求
8.1 General Training Requirements 一般培訓要求
SECTION NINE – CONFINED SPACE ENTRY GUIDELINES 第九部分：進入危險區域指導 9.0 Procedures 步驟 9.1 Entry 進入危險區域 9.2 Exit 退出危險區域
SECTION TEN – HYDROGEN SULFIDE 第十部分：硫化氫
10.0 Properties of H2S 硫化氫的特點
10.1 H2S Exposure Limits 接觸硫化氫的極限指標
10.2 Rescue/First Aid Procedures – Hydrogen Sulfide 遭遇硫化氫后 搶救/急救步驟 10.3 Detection 硫化氫檢測
10.4 Breathing Equipment(SCBA)呼吸設備(自給式呼吸器)
SECTION ELEVEN – PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 第十一部分：環境保護
11.0 Spills Prevention and Control 泄漏的預防與控制
11.1 Drilling Site Environmental Considerations 鉆井井場環境保護要考慮的因素 11.2 Material Storage 各種材料的存放 11.3 Waste Management 廢物的管理 11.4 Camp Expectations 營地的管理
SECTION TWELVE – EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN(S)第十二部分：各種緊急預案
12.0 Medical Emergency Action Plan 醫療緊急預案 12.1 Media Crisis Communication 媒體危機時的溝通交流 12.2 Emergency First Aid 緊急急救
12.3 Emergency Procedure on Blow-out 井噴時的緊急預案 12.4 Emergency Procedure Against H2S 遭遇硫化氫時的緊急預案 12.5 Emergency plan against fire撲滅火災時的緊急預案 SECTION THIRTEEN – DROPPED OBJECT PREVENTION 第十三部分：預防落物
13.0 Equipment Inventory 設備清單
13.1 Derrick/Mast Equipment Guidelines 井架設備安全指導 SECTION FOURTEEN – AIR AND GAS DRILLING 第十四部分：空氣鉆井
SECTION FIFTEEN – PERSONNEL HOISTING OPERATIONS 第十五部分：起吊人員作業 15.0 General 一般要求
15.1 Job Safety Analysis / Pre-Job Checklist 崗位風險識別 / 上崗前檢查內容表15.2 Pre-Job Safety Meeting 上崗前安全會議 15.3 Personnel Lifting Operations 起吊人員操作
15.4 Winch Operator(s)絞車操作人員 SECTION SIXTEEN – FALL PROTECTION 第十六部分：預防墜落
16.0 General Fall Prevention 墜落的一般預防 16.1 Key Requirements for Fall Arrest Systems 對墜落預防設施的要求重點 16.2 Work at a Height 高空作業
16.3 Fall Restraint System and Equipment 預防墜落設施 SECTION SEVENTEEN – RIG PERSONNEL OBLIGATIONS 第十七部分：井隊人員職責
17.0 rig manager obligations平臺經理職責 17.1 toolpusher obligations 隊長職責職責 17.2 camp manager obligations 營地經理職責 17.3 mechanical engineer obligations 機械工程師職責 17.4 electric engineer obligations 電氣工程師職責 17.5 driller obligations 司鉆職責
17.6 assistant driller obligations 副司鉆職責 17.7 derrickman obligations 井架工職責 17.8 floorman obligations鉆工職責 17.9 roustabout obligations場地工職責 17.10 mudman obligations泥漿工職責 17.11 motorman obligations機工職責 17.12 welder obligations電焊工職責 17.13 cleaner obligations清潔工職責 17.14 laundryman obligations洗衣工職責 17.15 cook obligations廚師職責
17.16 security guard obligations安全保衛人員職責 17.17 radio operator obligations無線電操作員職責 17.18 rig nurse obligation井隊醫護人員職責 17.19 driver obligations司機職責
17.20 crane operator obligations 吊車司機職責
SECTION ONE – HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS 第一部分：健康、安全與環境方案 1.0 HSE Meetings HSE 會議
One of the most important parts of any company’s Health Safety and Environment Program should be regular HSE meetings.Safety meeting should include: 對于任何公司的HSE方案而言，定期的HSE會議是非常重要的，安全會議應該包括：
A.Weekly Safety Meeting Report 周安全會議記錄 B.Information from equipment manufacturers 設備生產產家提供的情況
C.Information from the well operator 井上操作人員提供的情況 D.Recent company communications 最近公司交流討論的情況
E.Recent incident investigations, their causes, and corrections 最近的安全事故調查，它們的發生原因和整改措施
F.Safety equipment operating procedures 設備安全操作步驟 G.Employee suggestions 來自員工的建議
H.Job Safety Analysis(JSA)Program 崗位風險識別方案
I.IADC HSE Committee Safety Alerts 國際鉆井承包商協會 HSE 協會的安全提示
1.1 Safety Inspections and Logbooks 安全檢查與紀錄
Regular inspections should be made to determine if the equipment is safe to operate.Although a supervisor or other designated company representative should perform inspections, all employees are responsible to report any unsafe conditions they observe.The rig should be inspected from every viewpoint.Unsafe conditions and acts should be reported to the supervisor.定期檢查設備的安全使用情況，雖然監督和其有關人員會檢查，但是所有的員工有義務通報他們看到的不安全隱患。全面檢查鉆機設備，有不安全的情況和操作隨時通報監督。
1.2 Job Safety Analysis 崗位風險識別
The Rig Manager(Tool pusher)will have the primary responsibility for training and/or retraining rig crews in the following processes:平臺經理（隊長）在對井隊員工培訓和指導上，負有主要責任 1.Job selection 崗位選擇 2.Hazard identification 危險識別 3.Safe job procedures 安全作業步驟
4.Documentation on the JSA form 崗位風險識別相關材料
A.All injuries, no matter how minor, should be reported immediately to the supervisor and treated.所有的損傷，無論多輕，都應該及時通報監督并及時治療。
B.All injuries, which occur during the course of employment, must be reported on the appropriate Incident/Injury form.在本公司就職期間，所有的損傷，都應該在事故和損傷表格中記錄。C.The employer should contact the appropriate agencies to ensure that all regulatory reports are completed and submitted.公司有關領導應該及時和有關部門聯系，確保完成定期的報告，并及時送達。1.3 Incident Investigation 事故調查
Incident investigations should be conducted ASAP after the incident occurs.Facts are clearer, more details remembered, and the conditions are nearest those at the time of the incident.The incident investigation may be conducted in the following manner: 事故一旦發生，就必須盡快分析調查。事實盡量清晰，細節盡量詳實。與事故相關的各種情況都要分析到。事故分析應該按下面的方式進行：
A.Interview the worker(s)who had the incident, medical considerations permitting.如果醫療條件允許，應該與事故有關人員見面。
B.Interview all the witnesses and other personnel who may have been involved in the incident.與事故目擊者和其他有關人員見面。
C.E.Review the JSA for the task involved in the incident(if applicable).重新論證釀成事故崗位，回顧其崗位風險識別（如果可行的話）
D.F.Review maintenance or manufacturers records for the equipment involved(if applicable).重新檢查相關設備的維護紀錄或者制造紀錄（如果可行的話）E.G.Determine the facts, based on all information gathered.根據收集到的情況，確定事實真相
F.H.Document names and addresses of all witnesses, personnel who did not witness the incident, 紀錄目擊者的姓名和地址，記錄那些沒有目擊事故的人員
G.but may have knowledge that is pertinent to the investigation, and other personnel on location 這些人員與事故的調查也相關，以及現場的其他人員。H.who did not witness the incident.誰還沒有目擊（看到）事故
I.Determine how the incident happened.確定事故是如何發生的
J.Document the facts of the investigation.紀錄分析調查的細節與事實
K.Develop an action plan to prevent the incident from occurring again, 拿出防止類似事故再發生的行動方案
L.Share the results of the investigation and action plan with other personnel in the company so that they are aware of what happened and can take efforts to avoid a similar situation on their rig.將調查結果和措施方案通報公司其他人員，這樣他們對事故也能認識，并且采取措施避免類似事故的發生。
1.4 Visitor / Service Personnel Orientation 外來人員指導培訓
Visitors and service personnel who are new to the location should be met upon arrival, given an orientation immediately and be assigned muster stations.外來人員和外來服務人員初次來到井場，必須立即對這些人員進行指導和培訓。
SECTION TWO – GENERAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH CONTROL 第二部分 一般要指導和健康預防
2.0 General Housekeeping 物品擺放一般要求
A.Good housekeeping, cleanliness and order are first steps in safety.工作現場房間干凈，整齊有序是安全的第一步。
B.All walkways and steps, rig floors etc., should be kept clear of tools, trash, boards, barrels, hoses and slipping hazards such as oil or grease.所有的步行通道，梯子和鉆臺等活動區域，不能有各種工具、廢物、擋板、桶、軟管以及容易讓人滑倒的油脂等。
C Each work area should have a storage space or locker for tools and equipment used in that area.Rig floors should have a tool board or locker for hand tools and good storage racks for subs and other rig floor equipment.每一個工作區域，都應該有儲存或者固定該地點常用工具的地方。鉆臺上應該有存放和固定各種工具、各種接頭和其它常用設備的地點。
D.To protect slings, shackles, pipe hooks, etc., each rig should have a storage locker.Boards used on pipe or casing racks should be neatly stored.為了保管各種繩索、鉤環、管子鉤等，每一臺鉆機都應該配備專用存放箱，管子上使用的各種擋板，套管上使用的托架等必須潔凈后存放。
E.Workshops should have proper storage areas for tools and equipment.All tools and equipment should be cleaned, inspected for damage, repaired if necessary and stored in the proper place after use.工房內必須有妥當的區域來存放工具和設備。所有的工具和設備應該保持干凈，經常檢查其破損情況，必要時維修，使用后放在適當位置。
F.Trash and disposal containers should be placed in different areas around the rig.垃圾箱和廢物箱必須安置在鉆機周圍不同的區域。
G.Combustible materials such as oil, oil filters or oily rags should be kept in cans designed specifically for such materials.易燃材料比如:油品、濾油紙、帶油抹布必須放置在專用容器內。H Guardrails or other suitable means should properly guard all temporary or permanent openings in the floor.鉆臺上的孔洞必須有護欄或其它設施來臨時或者永久遮擋。
I.Drilling fluid should be cleaned off of the rig floor after making a connection and regularly during trips, or as quickly as the operation allows.在起下鉆和接單根作業完畢后，鉆臺上的泥漿要及時清理干凈。
J Masts/derricks should be kept free of loose items such as tools, shackles, etc.Any item used above a work area should be secured to prevent it from falling.10 井架上避免擺放沒有固定的各種工具、鏈鉗等，工作區域上方的任何物品，必須安全固定，避免墜落。
K Spills from sack or bulk chemicals should be cleaned up as soon as possible.袋裝或者散裝各種處理劑一旦散漏，必須立即清理。
L All rig waste should be disposed of in a proper manner.Non-deteriorating waste such as plastic bags, wrappers, wood, etc., may require special disposal procedures.所有的井場廢物廢料都必須妥善處理，一些不容易處理的材料塑料袋、包裝袋、廢木料等需要經過專門的處理。
M.Mix only enough paint to accomplish the task at hand.當需要使用油漆時，要估算好需要的量。
N Dispose of paint and thinner properly.Do not mix with other waste.妥善處理油漆和稀釋劑，不要與其廢料混合。
O Scrap metal should be kept separate from all other waste(hot metal could cause a fire if mixed with other waste).廢金屬料應該與其它廢料分開（因為與其它廢料混合容易引發火災）。2.1 Sanitation 衛生
A.Galley personnel(personnel preparing food)should wear clean clothes and other proper attire, including shoes.A hat or hair net should be worn at all times by galley personnel while preparing meals.廚房工作人員（準備食品人員）應該服裝干凈，穿著得體，包括鞋。在準備食品時，廚房工作人員應該帶帽子或者將頭發罩住。
B.Galley personnel should keep all abrasions or cuts covered with a clean dressing.廚房工作人員必須將清洗或者切過的食品用干凈物品覆蓋。
C.Hand cleanliness is essential for galley personnel.Keep fingernails trimmed and hands clean.廚房工作人員必須注意手上衛生，經常修理手指甲，保持手干凈。D.Galley personnel should be in good health.廚房工作人員必須身體健康。
E.Smoking and use of tobacco should be allowed only in designated areas.在指定區域吸煙。
F.Leftover food should be covered, dated and properly stored at the appropriate 11 temperature.剩下的食品必須遮蓋，注明日期，在適宜的溫度下存放。G.Careful attention should be made to the expiration date.注意食品的有效期。
H.Shelves and racks should be used to store food with stored items rotated so that the oldest is used first.存放食品的貨架，在擺放食品時，要做到存放久的食品先食用。I.Insects and vermin should be controlled and kept out of food area.食品區域不能有各種害蟲和寄生蟲。
J.The dining area should be cleaned after each meal.每頓飯后，就餐區域應清理干凈
L.The galley should be cleaned on a continual basis.Floors should be disinfected frequently.廚房要隨時保持干凈，地面要經常清洗消毒。L.Dishes should be sanitized before re-use.盤子下次使用前要消毒。
M.Toilet facilities should be kept clean and sanitized.衛生間設施保持干凈，并消毒。
N.All potable and non-potable water should be labeled.飲用水和非飲用水要注明。
O.Dirty towels and clothes should be laundered after each use.每次使用后的臟毛巾和桌布都應該清洗。
P.Garbage and waste should be segregated for proper disposal of after each meal.每頓飯以后，各種垃圾和廢物要做到分類收集處理。
Q.Changing rooms should be kept clean and orderly.Work clothes should be properly stored.更衣間應該保持干凈、整齊。工作服妥善存放。R.Beds should be made daily.每天要整理床鋪。
S.Personnel should not lie on beds in dirty work clothes and boots.工作人員不允許穿著臟的工作服和靴子躺在床上。2.2 Personal Hygiene 個人衛生 A.Personnel should bathe daily and start each day with a clean change of clothes.工作人員必須每天洗澡，穿戴干凈。
B.Personnel should have an extra set of clean clothing at the rig to change into should their work clothes get contaminated with oil, diesel or other material that could cause skin irritation.工作人員還應該在井場多預備一套衣服，衣服一旦被油、柴油和其它物品污染，及時更換，避免傷害皮膚。
C.Consideration should be given to the prevention and spread of colds, influenza and/or other infectious diseases.注意及時預防感冒、流感和其它疾病的傳染。
D.When air breathing apparatus, dust or organic vapor respirators are required, facial hair should be removed to facilitate a proper face seal.在使用呼吸用具，灰塵或者有氣體呼吸過濾用具時，要將面部頭發移開，確保呼吸用具與面部門密封緊密。
E.Hair should be maintained in a manner that does not create a safety hazard.頭發不宜過長，避免不必要的危險。
F.Rig personnel should wash hands and face before eating.井隊工作人員吃飯前應洗手、洗臉。
G.Using solvents to clean the skin is never a good practice.Workers who use a solvent to clean their hands may develop dermatitis or possibly becoming sensitized to the chemical or solvent.用堿水等來洗手不妥當，經常用堿水來洗手會引發皮膚疾病，或者對化學品和溶劑敏感。
2.3 Drugs 毒品和藥品 A.Illegal drugs, intoxicating beverages, firearms, weapons or other contraband should not be allowed on the rig or location.非法毒品、麻醉性飲料、槍炮、武器或者其它禁止攜帶的物品不允許帶到井場和營地。
B.Prescription drugs should be taken in strict accordance with the drug’s label and doctor’s guidance.Personnel who are taking prescription drugs should inform their supervisor.各種處方藥品應該按照說明和醫生的要求服用。個人開處方藥應該向他們的責任 13 監督匯報。
C.Any medications brought to the rig should be in the original container in which they were dispensed or purchased.擅自帶到井場上的各種藥品，要退回原處。2.4 Fitness for Duty 崗位對健康的要求
The physical fitness of employees can affect their job performance and safety at the rig.In addition to being physically fit to carry out the physical requirements of the job, fitness includes being rested, and free of chemicals that could affect the employee’s performance.Employees should arrive at the work site fit for duty.This includes: Rested, Free from drugs or alcohol , Illness ,Injury.員工的身體健康狀況會影響到工作和鉆井作業現場的安全，保持身體健康，方能勝任工作。健康包括良好的休息，不隨意服用藥品，因為這些藥品有時會影響工作。員工一到達現場，身體就應該勝任工作。它包括：良好的休息，不服用藥品和酒類，無病、無傷殘。2.5 Smoking 吸煙
A.Smoking areas should be designated and identified on the rig site.指定井場上的吸煙場所，并標注說明。B.Smoking is permitted only in designated areas.只能在指定區域吸煙。
C.Smoking should not be allowed in food preparation areas.在準備飯菜區域，不允許吸煙。2.6 Horseplay 打斗、玩耍與開玩笑
A.Horseplay should not be allowed at any time.工作時，任何時候都不允許打斗、玩耍。
B.Wrestling, mock fights, practical jokes, etc., are examples of horseplay.打斗、玩耍包括：摔跤、打斗、各類玩笑等。2.7 Proper Lifting Techniques 拿舉重物技巧
A.Avoid manual lifting of heavy or awkward objects.Mechanical advantage or lifting devices should be used or assistance should be requested.避免人工提升笨重的物品，必要時要使用機械或者專用提升設備。B.When lifting an object with another person, coordinate the lift by using good 14 communication.(For example: “One, Two, Three, Lift”)與他人一起提升搬運物品時，要注意配合。（比如喊一、二、三、起！）C.Check for proper footing before lifting or carrying an object.Make sure the area is clear of slip or trip hazards.高舉和搬運物品時，要注意腳下，避免絆倒或者各種危險。D.Proper lifting techniques should be followed when lifting any object.舉提各種物品時，要按照正確技巧來做。
B.Over-reaching, lifting over shoulder height, or body twisting should be avoided while lifting or moving an object.高舉和搬運物品時，要免遠距離取拿，舉過肩部，身體扭曲等不良行動 F.Carrying objects up or down stairs or steps with two hands should be avoided.避免用雙手搬運重物上下梯子。
2.8 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM)遭遇天然放射物質 Radiation is a natural component in our environment.There are two natural radiation sources: Cosmic rays external to the earth, and radiation from naturally occurring radioactive materials(NORM)found in the earth’s crust.The following are precautions all company employees, contractors, and visitors should take: 放射物質是自然界的產物。一般有兩種放射源。從宇宙到地球的放射，來自地殼的天然放射物質。所有公司員工、承包商和外來人員都要遵守下面的要求。A.Wear proper protective equipment, including respiratory or breathing air apparatus, when entering contaminated vessels and when handling equipment or materials with exposed NORM.在進入放射污染的容器和處理暴露在放射物質下的設備的時候，要穿戴合適的防護設備，包括呼吸設備。
B.Avoid direct skin contact with radioactive scale and solids to the extent reasonably possible.盡可能地避免皮膚與放射場，放射物質接觸。
C.Thoroughly wash hands and face immediately following any skin contact with contaminated materials, especially before eating, drinking, smoking or otherwise using tobacco.在與放射物質接觸以后，要認真洗手、洗臉。尤其是在吃飯、喝水和吸煙之前。D.Keep the number of personnel in the work area to a minimum.將在放射區域工作的人員控制在最少。
E.Any contaminated equipment or vessels that are to be worked on should be isolated, ventilated and left standing idle for 4 hours, before work commences.任何受過放射污染的設備在重新使用以前，必須隔離、通風，閑置4小時以上。G．Handle contaminated equipment and pipe in accordance with approved waste and surplus equipment disposal, and/or storage procedures.處理受到放射污染的設備可以參照報廢設備的處理程序進行。H.Confined Space procedures should also be followed.可以參照危險禁區的處理程序。
2.9 Heat Stress and Heat Related Conditions 受熱和高溫環境
Heat stress is a serious issue in industrial work environments.When poorly ventilated clothing is worn in high heat and humidity, heat stress can become a danger.The keys to preventing heat stress are understanding why it occurs, altering the work environment, providing fluids, and providing appropriate protective clothing.If someone shows symptoms of heat stress, it is important to take the individual to a cool, shaded area and provide plenty of drinking water.Seek medical attention immediately.受熱是從事工業作業常見的嚴重問題。如果衣服透風性差，遭遇高熱高濕度，就很容易受熱。找到原因，就知道如何避免。適當更換工作地點，保證通風，提供必要的防護服裝。如果有人受熱，馬上轉移到陰涼的地方，提供足夠的水，必要時及時治療。
Avoiding Heat Stress 如何避免受熱
1.Drink plenty of fluids each day.每天喝足夠水。
2.Stay physically fit.A higher degree of physical fitness can increase heat tolerance.操持身體健康，身體越健康，抗熱能力越強。3.Take frequent breaks to a cooler location.經常在涼快地方休息一下。
4.Acclimatize yourself to the work environment.逐步適應工作環境。
5.When performing strenuous work on hot days, the buddy system should be used.當在炎熱的天氣條件下，從事繁重的工作，要有緊急救護措施。
6.Watch your health.Some medications and medical conditions such as hypertension 16 can worsen the effects of heat stress.注意你自己的身體狀況，有時一些藥品和過渡緊張會加劇受熱。7.Avoid use of alcohol or drugs.不喝烈性酒或者不使用藥品
8.Wear clothing that offers appropriate protection from the environment.穿戴合適的服裝。
SECTION THREE – EQUIPMENT SAFETY 第三部分：設備安全
3.0 Electrical Equipment 電氣設備
A.The breaker switch for any electric equipment should be locked and/or tagged out and tested to ensure no current is present at the equipment to be worked on before conducting any repairs.在對設備維修之前，要先斷開電器開關，測試確保沒有電流，方可維修。B Splicing or cutting of electrical wire by unauthorized personnel should not be permitted.非專業人員不允許善自拼接、切割電線。
C.A fuse puller should be used to remove and replace defective fuses.使用專業工具來更換失效的保險絲。
D.Plugs and cords should be protected from being damaged.避免損壞各種插座、插頭。
E All electrical wall outlets, hand tools, extension cords, etc.should be provided with proper grounds or removed from operation.所有的墻上插座、手動工具、外接電線等必須有地線，作業時要搬走。F Power hand tool safety devices should not be modified.(For example: Applying tape to keep the power switch on a hand grinder engaged.)電動手用工具的開關要加強保護（比如用膠帶密封，防止碎屑進入）。G.Electrical power tools should not be used in gaseous or explosive atmospheres,.電動工具不能在天然氣環境和容易爆炸的環境中使用。
H.All electrical tools should be turned off before connecting to or disconnecting from the power supply.所有的電動工具在連通或者斷開電源時，工具上的開關都必須放在斷開位置。I.Electrical devices should not be operated when water hazards are present.當有水蒸汽環境時，不能操作電器設備。
J.Water or any substance containing water should not be used to extinguish an electrical fire.不能用水或者含水的物質來撲滅由于電引起的火災。
K.All extension cords should be checked regularly and kept in good condition.所有的外部電線接頭，必須定期檢查，并處于良好的狀態。
L.Cords should be disconnected from the power source before coiling for storage.在把電線盤起來存放之前，一定要先斷開電源。
M.All guards on electrical equipment should be kept in place and in good repair.所有電器上的保護設施都必須完好無損。
N.Water, dirt, oil or dust should not be allowed to accumulate around electrical equipment.電器設備周圍不能有水、油、灰塵等雜物。
O.All overhead lights should be equipped with safety fasteners.所有頭頂上方的照明燈都必須安全固定。N.Explosion-proof lighting fixtures should be used where required by the classification of the area.依照工作場合，照明燈必要時要采用防爆固定裝置。
Q.SCR units, rig and auxiliary generator plants should be grounded.可控硅裝置，鉆機上使用電器和其它輔助發電設備必須接地線。
R.Before main breaker switches are thrown “in” or “out”, the equipment controlled by these breakers should be turned off or on by the equipment control switch.在將主剎車的開關位于“合”、“離”位置之前，必須先將那些受剎車系統控制的設備控制開關也分別設定在“合”、“離”位置。
S.Should a circuit breaker kick out(disengage), the reason the breaker kicked out should be determined before the circuit breaker is re-engaged.如果電路保護系統突然跳閘短路，在重新合上之前，必須查明原因。
T.When re-engaging a circuit breaker that has kicked out, always stand to the side and look away from the breaker as it is re-engaged.當電路保護系統跳閘，在合閘的時候要注意身體站側面，并與電閘保持一定距離。U.Explosion-proof equipment should be returned to its explosion-proof condition when repaired.當對防爆設備進行維修時，必須將防爆設備設定在防爆狀態。
V.Non-conductive mats should be placed in front of the switchboards and maintained in a clean condition.在電器控制開關控制箱的前面放置絕緣的各種腳墊，并經常保持墊子干凈。W.All high voltage panels should be clearly marked “DANGER – HIGH VOLTAGE.”
所有的高壓電路控制箱（板、臺），必須用文字清楚表明：“高壓，危險！” X.Never assume electrical wiring is harmless.Check the source to ensure it has been disconnected, even if only changing a light bulb.杜絕電線不導電，不危險的想法，即使是更換一個電燈泡，也必須斷開電源。Y.Never assume low voltage cannot be dangerous.杜絕低電壓不危險的想法。
Z.Personnel rescuing a victim of electrical shock should first switch off the power causing the shock.If this is not possible, attempt to pull the victim away from the live conductor by using a dry stick, a dry rope, or other nonconductive material.在搶救觸電人員時，必須先斷開引發觸電的電源，如果不行，則要使用干燥的木棍，干燥的繩索，或者其它絕緣的材料。
AA.A work permit may be necessary when using electrical power tools in some areas.在某些地方使用電動工具時，必須有相關的許可。
BB.All explosion-proof junction boxes and breaker boxes should be properly sealed with all bolts.所有的防爆設置和電路安全保護裝置都必須用螺釘固定、封住。CC.All wires should be properly secured in wire trays.所有的電線都應該固定在線盒（盤）內。
3.1 Control of Hazardous Energy – Lockout / Tag out
危險源的控制— 鎖死（安全保險）/ 警示標志
A.All employees should understand that before any employee performs servicing or maintenance on a machine or equipment where the unexpected energizing, start up, or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment shall be isolated from the energy source, rendered inoperative and energy source tested to ensure that energy has been released or not present.所有的員工都必須清楚，在含有各種潛在危險源動力設備上從事作業和維護時，19 這些設備會在作業人員不注意的情況下啟動，或者釋放出儲存的能量，造成意外傷害。所以，必須先將這些設備和裝置與動力源切斷，通過測試等手段證明能量已經被釋放掉，或者能量已經不存在。
B.If an energy-isolating device is not capable of being locked out, the employer’s energy control program should use a tag-out system.如果能量斷開設施不能夠被鎖死，則要采取現場警示標志措施。
C.Whenever replacement or major repair, renovation, or modification of a machine or equipment is performed, and whenever new machines or equipment are installed, energy isolating devices for such machines or equipment should be designed to accept a lockout device.當進行設備更換、大修、改裝或者修補等作業時；當新設備進行安裝時，都要對這些設備采取安全保險措施，而且要求能夠實現鎖死功能。
D.employees should understand the purpose and function of the energy control program and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage and removal of the energy controls are acquired by the employees.員工都應該了解各種動力源控制手段的功能和目的，而且要掌握它們安全運用的知識和操作技能。
E.Lockout / Tagout Plans may include the following elements.鎖死（安全保險）/ 警示標志 方案包括以下方面的內容.1.All machinery or equipment that is capable of movement should be de-energized or disengaged and locked out during cleaning, servicing, adjusting or setting up operations, whenever required.所有的設備在進行清潔、維護、調試和安裝的時候，需要時，都應該能夠實現將能源釋放，設備能源斷開和鎖死功能。
2.Where the power disconnecting means for equipment does not also disconnect the electrical control circuit: 斷開設備動力的手段并不是指設備的控制電路斷開。a.The appropriate electrical enclosures are identified.要對各種的帶電的外罩（盒）進行明顯標注。
b.Means is provided to assure the control circuit can also be disconnected and locked 20 out.要有措施來保證電路不僅可以被斷開，同時還可以被鎖死。
3.Locking out main power disconnects for equipment may be required as opposed to only the locking out of specific control circuits.安全鎖死不僅僅是鎖死特定的控制電路，而是要能夠將設備的主動力切斷鎖死。4.All equipment control valve handles should be provided with a means for locking out.所有設備的控制閥也應該具有鎖死功能。
5.Stored energy(mechanical, hydraulic, air, etc.)is required to be released or blocked before equipment is locked out for repairs.在將設備鎖死進行維修之前，設備儲存的能量（機械能、液壓能、氣能等）都要釋放掉，或者封死。
6.Employees required to work on equipment should be provided with individually keyed personal safety locks.要給在設備上工作的員工提供鎖死設備用的單獨安全鎖。
7.Employees who work on equipment should keep personal control of their key(s)while they have safety locks in use.當設備被鎖死后，在設備上工作的員工要管好鎖死設備安全鎖的鑰匙。8.Only the employee exposed to the hazard is to place or remove the safety lock.只有在危險場所工作的那些員工才有權力使用和打開安全鎖。
9.Employees should check the safety of the lockout by attempting a startup after making sure no one is exposed.只有在確保危險場地沒有員工的時候，才能夠通過試啟動設備來檢查鎖死裝置的安全性。
10.There should be a means provided to identify any or all employees who are working on locked-out equipment by their locks or accompanying tags.通過識別安全鎖或者相關的警示標志，可以知道有員工在鎖死的設備上作業。11.There should be a sufficient number of accident prevention signs or tags and safety padlocks provided for any reasonably foreseeable repair emergency.要預備數量足夠的預防標志、標牌和安全鎖裝置，防備在各種可能出現的緊急維修時使用。
12.A log should be kept for equipment that is locked out over a crew change or 21 extended period of time.如果設備鎖死時間遇到換班或者更長的時間，則對鎖死的設備要有書面記錄說明。
3.2 Hand Tools 各種手用工具
Hand tools such as hammers, wrenches, and other hand tools are often underrated as sources of potential danger, but they are the causes of many injuries.These injuries can be serious, including loss of fingers or eyesight.手用工具如榔頭、搬手以及其它工具通常被認為具有潛在危險，但是這些工具也經常引發傷害。某些傷害甚至是嚴重的，如斷手指、眼睛傷害。
A.Frequent inspection of all hand tools should be made to ensure that they are in safe operating condition.Hand tools should not be altered or welded on.經常檢查各種手用工具，確保它們出于良好的狀態，不能對工具隨意改裝和焊接。B.Driving faces of hammers, chisels, drift pins, bars and similar tools should be inspected to eliminate mushroomed heads, broken faces and other defects.檢查各種榔頭、鑿子、銷子、橇杠的工作面，不能出現卷刃、破裂和其它缺陷。C.Driving faces that are mushroomed should be ground smooth.Driving faces that exhibit cracking should be removed from service.出現卷刃的必須重新磨平，出現破裂的不能再使用。
D.Use the right tool for the job.Hammer handles should not be used as pry bars, nor should a wrench be used as a hammer.正確使用各種工具、榔頭的手柄不能用作橇杠，不能把搬手當成榔頭來用。E.Tools should be returned to their proper storage place after use.工具使用后要妥善保管，便于下次使用。
F.Sharp tools, such as screwdrivers, should not be carried in pockets.口袋里不要裝鋒利的工具比如：起子（螺絲刀）等
G.When tightening pipe, swab nuts, swab rods, etc., you should not stand or jump on the wrench for additional force.當上緊管子、套筒螺母和套筒螺栓時，不要站在搬手上加力量。
H.Cheaters should be used only if absolutely necessary.Do not use cheaters on chain binders at any time.Secure chain binders with rope or chain once fastened.如果需要使用加長鉗把的管子時，不要把管子直接套在鉗把上，要使用繩索或者 22 鏈條固定鉗把。
I.Wood handles should be sound and securely wedged or fastened to the tool.Tape should not be used to cover defects such as cracks in wooden handles.工具的木制手柄必須光滑，與工具要楔牢，不要用膠布包纏手柄上的裂縫。J.Tools carried into the derrick should be secured to prevent being dropped.帶工具上井架，必須有固定措施，防止墜落。
K.When hand tools are being used overhead, those working or standing below should be notified and the area restricted.In addition, secure the tools with a safety lanyard to prevent them from falling in case the grip is lost.當各種手用工具在使用中過熱，要小心周圍人員和周邊環境，另外，可以用一根繩子系住工具，防止因發熱手松，工具飛出傷人。L.Pipe wrenches should not be used to bend, raise or lift pipe.管鉗不能用來彎曲、提舉管子。
M.When using a hammer wrench, attach a piece of rope, or rubber “O” ring to the handle to apply tension on the wrench to hold it in place.在使用錘鉆時，用一段軟繩或者橡膠圈包住手柄，這樣可以方便拿握。N.When using hand tools around the rotary table or the well bore, be sure to cover the bore hole.當在轉盤和井口周圍使用各種工具時，要將井口蓋住，防止物體落入井內。O.Insulated hand tools should be used when working on or around electrical equipment.在電器設備上，或者周圍使用工具時，工具必須絕緣。P.Brass hammers may be necessary in gas-sensitive areas.在一些天然氣敏感的區域作業，要使用銅棰。
Q.Electric hand tools should be grounded or double insulated.使用各種電動手用工具要接地線，并且使用雙絕緣。
3.3 Drill Pipe / Collar Slips and Elevators 鉆桿/ 鉆鋌卡瓦和吊卡 A.Slips and elevators should not be modified or welded on.卡瓦和吊卡不能修補和焊接。
B.Keys, pins, dies, handles and bodies on all pipe and collar slips should be checked frequently for wear or damage.鉆桿和鉆鋌用卡瓦上的各種銷健、板牙、手柄和本體要經常察看其磨損和損害情況。
C.Rig personnel should keep their hands and feet, away from slip handles when rotary or top drive is in motion.當轉盤和頂驅在工作時，鉆臺上的工作人員手和腳要遠離卡瓦手柄。D.Slips should be properly positioned out of the way when not in use.當不使用卡瓦時，要正確地移出。
E.Slip handles should be used to raise and lower slips.Handles should be grasped with palm up.Slips should NOT be kicked into the rotary bushing.卡瓦的手柄是用來提升和下放卡瓦，要用手掌抓住卡瓦。不要用腳將卡瓦踢進轉盤補芯內。
F.Using proper lifting techniques, at least two employees should pull slips.要正確操作提升卡瓦，至少兩個人一起來提卡瓦。
G.Latches, latch springs, hinge pins and elevator shoulders should be inspected periodically and maintained as necessary.These areas should be checked for cracks and deformities.鎖緊部分、鎖銷彈簧、銷子和吊卡的臺階等部位要定期檢查和維護，要檢查有無裂縫和缺陷。
H.The elevator ear locks should be fitted with proper size steel bolts as recommended by the manufacturer.Bolts should be checked often to ensure tightness.吊卡的鎖緊耳朵要使用廠家推薦的，大小合適的插銷，插銷要確保插緊。I The elevators or bails not be grasped in the area of the link eyes.作業中，不能抓吊卡和吊環的聯結耳部，以免擦傷。
J The load bearing areas of elevators and links(bails)should be inspected as per company policies and procedures developed in consideration of the manufacturer’s recommendations.根據生產廠家的建議和本公司的制度，要對吊卡的承受載荷部分和聯結部分（吊環）進行檢查。
3.4 Hoists(Winches / Tuggers)提升設備（各種絞車 / 各種卷揚機）A.Only those personnel, who through experience and training, are determined by the rig supervisor to be competent should be allowed to operate the rig floor hoist(s).只有具有經驗，受過培訓并且得到監督認可的人員才能夠操作鉆臺上的絞車。B.All hoists should be equipped with a drum guard and line guide.所有的絞車都必須配備剎車鼓護罩和排繩器。
C.The hoist operator should check the hoist mechanism, brake, drum guard, and line guard to ensure proper working order prior to each lift.絞車操作人員在作業前，應該檢查絞車結構、剎車系統、剎車鼓罩、鋼絲繩罩等部位，確保工作正常。
D.The hoisting line should not be in contact with any derrick member.絞車鋼絲繩不能與井架的任何部分接觸。
D.Loads lifted by the hoist and wire rope should not exceed the manufacturer’s recommendation.絞車提升的載荷量不能超過絞車生產廠家的規定。F.Rig personnel should stand clear of suspended loads.鉆臺上的工作人員要躲避遠離提升物。
G.The hoist operator should set the drum brake anytime a load is in suspension.The operator should not leave the hoist unattended.絞車操作人員在提升過程中，隨時可能剎車，操作人員不應能離開絞車。H.The hoist-operating lever should return to the neutral locked position when the operator releases it.要保證操作人員松開時，剎車操縱桿能夠自動返回原位。
I.The hoist should be equipped with an emergency shut-off valve within easy reach of the operator.絞車必須配備緊急停車裝置，并且操作人員容易控制它。
J.The hoist operator should raise the load at a slow, steady rate and stay alert to the situation and flagman at all times.絞車操作員提升載荷時要慢速、平穩，要密切關注周圍環境和指揮人員。K.Continuous communications should be maintained either through direct sight, through a flagman or via two-way radio.在提升作業中要不斷與現場工作人員交流配合，交流可以是直接的，可以通過指揮人員，也可以通過通訊工具。
3.5 Pipe Tongs and Lines 管鉗和繩索 A.Snub lines should be installed on makeup and breakout tongs and secured to a structural part of the rig floor or derrick.內鉗和外鉗上必須系上緩沖保護繩，并將該繩股固定在鉆臺或者井架上。B.Tong counterbalance and components should be restrained, guarded or located so as to prevent them from falling on or striking crewmembers.Makeshift weights such as tools, pipe protectors, bits, etc.should not be added to the counterbalance weights or tongs.大鉗的平衡塊要放置妥當，防止它墜落或者傷人。不要把各種工具、護絲、鉆頭等物品當作臨時性的重量平衡塊來使用。C.Tong die slots should be properly maintained.大鉗的板牙槽部分要經常維護。
D.Tongs should be provided with sharp dies at all times and properly pinned in die slots.Die drives should be used to remove tong dies.隨時保證大鉗板牙鋒利，往板牙槽里裝板牙時要正確妥當，要使用專用工具來裝板牙。
E.Tongs should be properly secured when not in use.不使用大鉗時，要妥善固定。
F.The rotary table should not be used for final making up or initial breaking out of a pipe connection.Two tongs should be used during makeup and breakout.轉盤不能用來緊扣和松扣，應該使用大鉗完成此操作。
G.When greater-than-normal pull is needed to break a tight joint, all floor crewmen should move away from the rotary, and out of the path of the tongs before torque is applied.(Maximum rating of tongs or lines should not be exceeded.)當使用過大力量來松扣時，鉆臺上的人員要遠離轉盤，躲開大鉗周圍的危險區域，施加的力量不要超過規定最大載荷。
H.Employees should not stand between the two pipe tongs while the driller is making up or breaking out pipe or collars.當司鉆在進行鉆桿和鉆鋌的緊扣和松扣操作時，其他人員不要站在大鉗之間。I.All bolts/pins used to secure tong jaws should be kept in place, with nuts and secured with cotter pins or safety pins.所有固定大鉗巴掌的螺栓/銷子都要用螺母、開尾銷或者安全銷固定就位。
J.The lockout / tagout procedure should be used when working on power tongs.當維護維修動力大鉗的時候，要采取安全保險措施（鎖死），并且有警示標志。
J.Tongs should be inspected for stress cracks as per manufacturer’s recommended inspection and maintenance programs.Qualified inspectors should carry out tong inspections.要按照生產廠家的要求來檢查大鉗，防止出現應力裂紋。必需安排合格人員檢查大鉗。
K.Drawworks Line Pull Level – Line pull should be level with tong to reduce stress on the tong from this operation.Breakout/makeup tong arm should be as close as possible to a 90-degree angle to the line of pull.拉繩要擺平---大鉗上的上卸扣拉繩要盡量和大鉗對平，以減少操作中大鉗的應力。上扣和卸扣時，大鉗臂要盡量與拉繩擺成90度。
3.6 Rotary Table Area 轉盤區域
A.The rotary table area should be constructed or covered with a non-skid material.轉盤附近的區域應該是用防滑材料建造。
B.Hoses, ropes and lines should be clear of the rotary table and adjoining rotating equipment while it is in motion.轉盤附近不要放置軟管、繩索和鋼絲繩等，因為轉盤一旦工作，這些東西會被轉盤纏住。
C.When not in use, the pipe tongs should be secured away from the rotary table.當不使用大鉗的時候，大鉗要遠離轉盤并且固定住。
D.If the rotary table is removed, the pick-up lines should be of sufficient strength and condition, and placed evenly around the block hook to ensure a level lift.吊裝轉盤時，提升鋼絲繩要有足夠的強度，往大鉤上掛鋼絲繩時，要確保水平起吊。
E.Rotary and motion compensator hoses should be equipped with safety lines at both ends.要把水龍帶和其它運動的補償軟管（帶）的兩端用安全繩鏈固定綁牢。F.Safety lines should be used to secure cementing or fracturing bumper hoses to an immovable object such as pump base or sub base.在進行固井或者井下壓裂作業時，要確保緩沖軟管與固定設備連接，比如泵底座、井架底座。
G.Hoses should be inspected periodically and maintained to manufacturer’s specifications.要定期檢查各種軟管與水龍帶，并為達到廠家的技術規范。
H.Rotary slip bushings should be locked in the rotary at all times.轉盤的卡瓦補芯要始終放在轉盤內。
3.7 Equipment Guarding 設備防護
A.All moving machinery that presents a hazard to employees working in its proximity should be adequately guarded.所有運動機械設備，如果對工作人員造成危險，就應該加護罩。B.Any removed guard should be replaced before the machinery is returned to operation.任何挪走的護罩，在設備開動前，必須恢復就位。
C.Lockout and or tag-out procedures should be used before removing guards.在挪動護罩前，要采取安全保護措施，并且有警示標志。D.All piping that could cause burns should be insulated or guarded.所有可能導致起火和燃燒的管子都必須采取絕緣和加罩。
E.All portable tools with exposed moving parts should be equipped with proper guards.所有的可以移動的工具中，如果有運動部分或者運動件，對必須加防護罩。L.If expanded metal is used to fabricate equipment guards, the openings should be of a size(1/2 inch)that will prevent a person’s fingers from going through it.如果用鐵皮等軟質材料來做設備的護罩，則護罩開口縫隙尺寸不能讓人的手指進入通過（1/2英寸）。
3.8 Derricks and Masts 井架（塔形井架與A形井架）
A.Inspections of the derrick or masts should be performed periodically.定期檢查井架
B.The pipe racking fingers should be kept straight and properly secured.A safety cable or chain should be attached to each finger.各種管架的橫擋要平直、穩固，必要時要使用安全繩（鏈）將每個橫擋固定好。
C.Drill collar tieback ropes should be secured to a derrick or mast member.拉鉆鋌的繩索必須固定在井架上。
D.As each stand of drill pipe is set in the fingers it should be tied back or secured in the finger.當把每一根鉆桿立柱往管架上拉靠后，要將立柱固定好。
E.Personnel should not be in the mast or derrick when pulling or jarring on stuck pipe.當進行解卡作業時，無關的工作人員不要滯留在井架內。
B.The derrick escape device should be visually checked by the derrickman before each trip.在每次進行起下鉆操作時，必須用肉眼檢查檢查井架工的逃生裝置。C.Safety lines should be attached to all sheaves hanging in the derrick(i.e.tong, hoist, catline, etc.)These lines should be inspected frequently.各種安全繩索（大鉗上的、提升設備上的和貓頭繩等），必須裝在懸掛于井架上的滑輪中，這些繩索必須經常檢查。
D.A full body safety harness and lifeline should be provided and used by each employee who works more than six feet above the drill floor.如果員工在鉆臺面六英尺以上高空作業，必須穿戴完備，系上保險繩。E.The derrickman should wear a full body harness that is attached to a fall arrest device as well as positioning rope.All derrick safety harnesses should be the full-body type and inspected frequently.A backup should be provided if the one in use becomes defective.井架工作業時，必須穿戴完備，系上保險繩。所有的安全保護措施必須齊備，并且經常檢查。同時必須有一套備用。
F.The derrickman should inspect the monkey board before its use.井架工在作業之前，必須檢查井架二層臺。
K Any time the derrickman plans to connect to the ladder-climber assist/anti-fall device, or do anything other than routine operations, the driller should be notified.如果井架工在井架上安裝梯子護欄 / 防止摔落安全設施，或者進行其它非正常的操作，司鉆要密切關注，以防意外。
3.9 Pipe Racks and Bins 管子架與儲存盒
A.Each layer of tubulars should be secured to avoid movement.管子的每一層都必須固定好，避免移動。B.Pipe racks should be inspected periodically.定期檢查管子支架。
C.Pipe racks and bins should be level.管子架和管子盒應該放平。
D.Personnel should not be on the catwalk when tubulars or other equipment is being hoisted to the rig floor.當往鉆臺上起吊各種管子和其它設備時，員工不要站在坡（貓）道上。3.10 Derrickman’s Escape Device 井架工逃生裝置
A.Derrickman’s escape device should be installed during rig up and should be operable when the mast is raised.在安裝鉆機時，必須安裝井架工逃生裝置，一旦井架安裝完畢，該設施就應該能夠使用。
B.The derrickman should perform a visual inspection of the escape device and escape line before each trip in or out of the hole.井架工在進行起下鉆作業之前，必須用肉眼檢查逃生裝置和逃生路線。C.The device should be used only in the event of an emergency.該設施僅在緊急情況下使用。
D.The safety device should be inspected prior to rigging up and periodically 該設施在安裝前要檢查，并且定期檢查。
3.11 Drilling Line, Crown Block and Traveling Block 大繩、天車和游車 A.Derrickmen should never touch the active line while traveling blocks are moving.當游動滑車運動，井架工不要摸活繩。
B.Drilling lines should be visually inspected daily for wear and breaks.每天用肉眼檢查鉆井大繩磨損和斷絲情況。
C.The drilling line should not be allowed to rub against other objects that may cause damage.鉆井大繩不允許其它物品摩擦，避免損傷。D.Drilling line is stiff and can flip when being cut.在切割大繩時，鋼絲很堅硬，會彈起來傷人。
E.The deadline anchor bolts should be checked periodically to ensure that they are properly torqued.定期檢查死繩固定器螺栓，確保其擰緊。
F.All excess drilling line should be spooled up off the ground or deck.所有剩余的鋼絲繩要盤起來，不要堆在地上或者臺面上。
G.Crown sheaves and traveling block should be inspected and lubricated each day.每天都要檢查和潤滑天車滑輪和游動滑車。
H.A slip-and cut-program should be followed.Calculate the ton-miles and follow the slip-and-cut program as recommended by the drilling line manufacturer.按照規定程序步驟進行倒大繩作業，按照鋼絲繩生產廠家的要求計算噸-英里載荷量。
I.The line guide cable and rollers should be inspected each tour to determine their condition.每個工作班都要排繩器的繩索和滑輪滾子，確保其狀態良好。3.12 Drawworks, Brakes, Clutches 絞車、剎車、離合器
A.All rig personnel should be instructed in how to shut down the drawworks and rotary table in the event of an emergency.所有的井隊人員都要學會在緊急情況下關掉絞車和轉盤。
B.All guards should remain in place at all times and be kept in good condition.Guards should only be removed for maintenance or repair(follow lockout/tagout procedures)and replaced prior to putting back in operation.所有的設備護罩都必須就位完好，只有在進行維護和維修的時候才能取下，應該在作業之前更換各種護罩（按照 鎖死（安全保險）/ 警示標志 要求實施）。C.Only designated personnel should operate the drawworks.只有指定人員才能操作絞車。
D.While operating the drawworks, the operator should not be distracted.操作絞車時，操作人員不允許走神，必須專心。
E.The driller should supervise all drawwork repairs.Do not start up other operations until repairs are completed and guards are in place.司鉆必須監督所有的絞車維修工作，維修完成，護罩就位后才能重新操作。F.Defective zerk and alemite fittings should be replaced.及時更換各種損壞、實效的聯結部件。
G.The brake blocks, linkage, pins, cotter keys, etc.should be checked periodically.定期檢查剎車部分、剎車帶、各種固定銷健等。
H.The crown-o-matic should be visually checked at tour change and function tested at first opportunity.It should be reset and checked after drill line is cut and slipped.每次換班時，要用肉眼檢查防碰天車裝置，并測試。每次倒完大繩；應該重新調試防碰天車。
3.13 Mud Pumps and Equipment 泥漿泵與設備
A.Caution should be used when working around high-pressure components.在高壓設備附近工作要有相應的防范預警措施。
B.Lockout/tagout procedures should be used when repairing or maintaining equipment.當修理和維護設備時，要采取安全保險和警示措施。
C.Mud pumps should have pressure relieving safety(pop off valve)devices.There should not be any valves or other restrictions placed in the pressure release relief line.Shear pins recommended by the manufacturer are the only pins that are to be used in shear pin type pop off valves.Pressure relief device cover should be in place.泥漿泵應該有安全閥（泄壓閥），在安全泄壓管線上不能有任何閥和障礙。安全閥上的安全銷子必須使用廠家推薦的，安全閥的防護蓋必須就位完好。D.Liners should not be removed from or seated in a pump by running the pump or by applying hydraulic, pneumatic or gas pressure.不能在泵運行，或者有液體壓力、氣體壓力情況下裝卸泥漿泵缸套。E.Guards should be in place and secured while a pump is in operation.當泥漿泵工作時，泥漿泵護罩必須就位固定好
F.Studs and nuts on the fluid end should be maintained in good condition and kept tight.泥漿泵液力端的各種螺栓和螺母必須完好，緊固。
G.Good housekeeping and lighting should be maintained around the mud pumps.泥漿泵附近的泵房設施和照明必須完備良好。
H.Discharge lines coming from the pump should be snubbed off.泥漿泵的排出管線必須平滑。
3.14 Mud Pits and Equipment 泥漿池與設備
A.Mud pits may be considered confined spaces so proper precautions should be taken.32 泥漿罐之間要有合理的間距，以便采取各種防范措施。
B.High-pressure fittings and lines should be properly rated for the expected working pressures.各種承受高壓的接頭何管線，必需滿足工作壓力的要求。C.Mud gun unions and connections should be kept tight.各種泥漿攪拌設備的聯結部件必須緊密。
D.Only designated employees should be allowed to operate mud guns.泥漿攪拌設備必須由專人來操作。
E.Walkways should be kept clear of tripping hazards.泥漿罐上的通道不能有障礙物。
F.Electrical equipment should be located to prevent contact with fluids.避免電器設備與鉆井液接觸。
G.Caustic soda should be added to water slowly to avoid splashing and should be mixed using a mixture tank or barrel.往水里加入燒堿的時候，要慢慢加入，避免濺出傷人。要使用攪拌桶或者攪拌罐。
H.When mixing chemicals employees should follow precautions as stated on the manufacturer’s MSDS and warning labels.Chemicals that are not compatible should not be mixed together.在攪拌處理泥漿用的化學品時，操作人員必須按照產品生產廠家安全數據表上的要求或者說明書要求進行，不相容的化學品不能混合。
I.Approved explosion-proof lighting fixtures should be installed on mud pits.泥漿罐上要安裝有安全許可的防爆照明設備。
J.The agitator’s power source should be isolated and locked out before entering the mud pits.攪拌設備必須絕緣良好，進入泥漿罐的電線必須有安全保險措施（安全鎖）。K.At the mud mixing hopper or mixing location, the following items should be available for the employee’s use:
再混合漏斗和混合作業場地，必須為操作人員提供下列內容： 1.Eye protection.眼部防護用具 2.Face protection.面部防護用具
3.Proper respiratory protection.呼吸道防護用具
4.Rubber gloves and apron.防護橡膠手套和圍裙 5.Eyewash station / shower, and 洗眼站和沖洗設施
6.Appropriate caution and/or danger signs.及時的安全提示和危險標記。7.MSDS for chemicals.各種化學品的安全數據表。3.15 High-Pressure Lines and Fittings 高壓管匯和配件
A.Employees should not attempt to tighten or loosen unions or other connections under pressure.Never hammer on a pipe or connection that is under pressure.操作人員在有壓力的情況下，不要上緊或者松開聯結部分，不要用榔頭敲打管線或者聯結部分。
B.Pressure relief valves should be checked periodically as manufacturer’s recommendation.安全閥必須按照廠家的要求，定期檢查。
C.Lines or piping systems that may kick under pressure should be secured.那些在有壓力的情況下，容易產生爆裂的管線要妥善固定。
D.Care must be taken to ensure proper halves of hammer type unions are mated together.“1502“ threads in a two inch wing nut will appear to be completely made up to the ”602" threads on the female half but will come apart when the line is pressured up.在使用錘打聯結式的尤任連接時，要保證聯結緊密，蝶形螺母上的1502型絲口要與對接的602型絲扣完全配合，要保證在管線充壓力以后，尤任連接不出現問題。
E.High-pressure lines should be fitted with high-pressure fittings.高壓管線要準備承受高壓的聯接件。
F.All personnel should stand clear of high-pressure lines being used during cementing, acidizing, well testing procedures, etc.在進行固井作業、酸化作業、試井作業時，無關人員要遠離高壓管線。G.Chicsan sections in high-pressure lines should be watched for leaks.Chicsan connections should be secured with a safety line.密切觀察各種高壓管匯的旋轉部分，防止滲漏。必要時旋轉部分用安全繩索固定。
H.Do not stand in front of valves or bull-plugs when they are under pressure.34 在有壓力的情況下，不要站在各種高壓閥門和高壓堵頭面前。
I.Snub each end of high-pressure lines.Where possible, high-pressure lines should be snubbed to a structural part and not back to other parts of the high-pressure line.要注意讓高壓管線有緩沖，如果可能，要盡量讓高壓管線緩沖地進入其它設施，不要返回到高壓管線的其它部分。3.16 Engines 動力設備
A.Positive lockout measures should be provided to ensure that the source of power is not activated during the engine repair, inspection or adjustments.在設備維修、檢查或者調整時，采取有效的安全鎖死措施來保證設備不能被啟動。
B.All exposed revolving parts such as radiator or cooling fans, belts, flexible drives, generators, water pump pulley, shafts, couplings and other moving parts should be provided with adequate guarding to prevent contact or items being caught in moving parts.Guarding removed for maintenance purposes should be replaced as soon as possible.對于一些設備，它們暴露在外運動部件，比如散熱器、風扇、皮帶、萬向軸、發電機、水泵驅動輪、運動軸、聯軸器等，要有相應的防護措施，避免與運動件接觸。各種護罩在打開后，必須盡快恢復就位。
C.Spark arresting devices should be installed in engine exhaust systems.在動力設備的排出口上要安裝火焰火花阻擋裝置。
D.Engines should be equipped with safety alarms and/or automatic shutdown controls to be activated during emergencies or operational difficulties such as overheating, low oil pressure and over speeding.動力設備應該配備有安全報警裝置/或者是緊急情況下或者人工操作困難情況下的自動關閉裝置。這些情況如：過熱、油壓過低、速度過高等。
E.Exhaust manifolds and piping should be constructed, installed and maintained to prevent exhaust gases from leaking between the engine and the discharge line.廢氣排出管匯和管線維護良好，避免廢氣從動力設備與排出管線之間泄漏。F.Areas below engine skids and beneath the sub base should be kept clear of drained motor oil and debris.動力設備底座下面的區域應該保持干凈，沒有各種污油和雜物。G.“Caution High Noise Area” signs should be posted and hearing protection
available in the engine area.Personnel working in high noise areas should wear adequate hearing protection.要放置“高噪聲區域”的標志，要提供聽力保護用具，工作在高噪聲區域的人員要戴聽力保護用具。
3.17 Air-Operated Equipment 氣動氣控設備
A.Air tanks should be drained frequently to prevent accumulation of moisture.各種氣灌和氣瓶要經常清理排水，防止積水過多。
B.A valve should not be installed between the tank/compressor and the pressure relief valve.在氣罐和空氣壓縮機、安全閥之間不要安裝其它閥。
B.Compressed air used for cleaning purposes should be regulated to limit pressure.用于清洗目的壓縮空氣，要限制壓力值，避免過大。
C.Each air line should be secured to prevent it from coming loose at the connections.每一條氣管線，必須固定良好，防止在聯結部位松動。3.18 Blowout Prevention Equipment 防噴器設備
A.Pick-up lines, eyes and shackles should be inspected for strength and condition before lifting a blowout preventer or the entire stack.在吊裝防噴器和整個防噴器組之前，要檢查吊裝繩索、吊裝扣眼和各種聯接件的強度和完好情況。
B.Check with the manufacturer before using any padeyes on the annular for picking up the annular and other BOP units.Most annular padeyes are designed only for picking up the weight of the annular itself.在要使用環形防噴器上的各種座眼和吊扣來吊裝防噴器和其它防噴器組前，要與設備生產廠家一起檢查，因為這些座眼和吊扣只能用來吊裝設備本身的重量。C.Blowout preventers and components should not be climbed on until they are set on the wellhead flange, the test stump, flange of another blowout preventer unit or in the stowed position.When climbing on BOP stacks, fall protection should be utilized, but not attached to the BOP.在防噴器被安裝到井口法蘭上、試油設備上、其它防噴器上或者安裝就位之前，不要在防噴器上爬上爬下。當需要爬上防噴器時，要采取防摔到措施，并且防摔到設施不能與防噴器聯在一起。
D.While hammering up the blowout preventer, bolts and nuts, closed socket hammer wrenches of correct size, as well as sledgehammers of suitable weight and size should
be used for agility and accuracy.當使用工具緊固防噴器、螺栓和螺母時，要選用大小合適的套筒搬手和手用大錘。
E.A rope or rubber “O” ring should be used on the hammer wrench to hold it in place when hammering.必要時，要在套筒搬手上軟繩或者橡膠圈防滑。
F.Employees should not be permitted on the blowout preventer when the stack is being pressure-tested.If during pressure testing the BOP stack, it is discovered that repairs are required, all pressure to the stack should be released before repair work is begun.當防噴器組在進行試壓時，員工不要站在防噴器附近。如果發現有必要對防噴器進行維修時，必須先將壓力釋放掉。
G.When nippling down the blowout preventer, all hydraulic lines should be bled to zero pressure before hammering is permitted on the hydraulic unions.在拆卸防噴器時，必須先將液壓管線里的壓力全部泄掉，壓力顯示為零。H.Scaffolding and work platforms should be inspected before being utilized for access to BOP stack.為操作、維護防噴器所搭建的腳手架和工作臺要定期檢查。
I.Choke and Kill lines should be snubbed off at each end and at each connection on long vertical installations.在垂直安裝設備上連接的節流管線和壓井管線，必須有內控管線妥善緩沖釋放。
J.BOP bolts should be long enough to allow for a full nut when fully tightened.防噴器的螺栓必須足夠長，便于螺母緊到位。
K.Be sure that the proper ring gasket is used.Ring gaskets should not be reused.使用大小合適的密封圈，密封圈不能重復使用。
3.19 BOP Accumulators, Pulsation and Suction Dampeners
防噴氣蓄能器、蓄能器膠囊（空氣包）
A.Rig supervisors should ensure that personnel are instructed in the proper use and maintenance of accumulators, pulsation and suction dampeners.監督必須確保有關人員正確地使用和維護防噴氣蓄能器、各種蓄能器膠囊（空氣 37 包）。
B.Toolpusher should charge accumulators and high-pressure pulsation dampeners.The pre-charge should be checked as per company policies and procedures developed in consideration of manufacturer’s specifications.隊長負責給蓄能器和各種蓄能器膠囊（空氣包）預充壓力操作，預充壓力的步驟和壓力值大小要按照公司的有關要求和生產廠家的要求來執行。
C.Each control on the BOP accumulator and each BOP remote unit should be clearly marked as to its exact function.防噴器蓄能器和遠程控制裝置上的每一個控制閥都要注明外部功能。D.After a ram is placed in open or closed position, flag the controls;do not leave controls in neutral position.在防噴器閘板位于打開和關閉位置后，要將控制閥固定住，避免它回到自然位置。F.The blind / shear ram control handles should be protected in a way to prevent against accidental closure.(Accumulator and Drill Floor Remote Control Units)防噴器閘板和剪切閘板的控制手柄要有安全保護措施，防止意外關閉。（蓄能器和防噴器遠程控制臺也同樣如此要求。）
F.Suction and mud pump pulsation dampeners should be charged by qualified personnel as per procedures developed in consideration of manufacturer’s recommendations.吸入端和泥漿泵空氣包預充壓力要由合格人員來操作，并且按照廠家的要求執行。
3.20 Stabbing Board（套管）扶正對扣臺
A.Stabbing board and components should be inspected periodically and prior to use.套管對扣扶正臺及相關設備部件，要定期檢查，在使用以前還要檢查。B.The stabbing board is to be properly installed and safety lines attached as required.對扣臺要安裝穩當，必要時，要配備安全繩。
C.Stabbing board locking devices should be provided such that: 對扣臺的鎖緊裝置應該按照下面的要求來設置：
1.One locking device operates when the lifting handle is in neutral.當提升操作手柄處于自然位置時，一個鎖緊裝置作用。2.One locking device operates if the hoisting mechanism fails.當提升操作沒有成功，另一個鎖緊裝置作用。
3.Both devices are independent of each other.兩個鎖緊裝置是相互獨立的。3.21 Handling Tubulars 操作各種管子
A.When stabbing tubulars, personnel are to keep their hands and fingers from between the pin and box of the two joints of tubulars.在進行管子對扣作業時，操作人員不要將手和手指放在接頭公扣和母扣之間。B.Joints of drill pipe that are to be added to or removed from the drill string should not be allowed to remain in the mousehole while hoisting or lowering pipe during a trip.在進行起下鉆作業時，不要把將下入或者起出的鉆桿放在小鼠洞內。C.Each stand of drill pipe being hoisted from the rig floor should be held back as the pipe is lifted so it will not swing freely across the rig floor.起鉆時，起出的立根要扶著就位，不要讓它在鉆臺上自由晃動。
D As the person tailing the pipe gives the stand to the stabber, each should keep their hands from between the tongs and pipe.當操作人員拖著管子對扣的時候，不要把手放在大鉗和管子之間。
E.The driller’s view of the drill pipe in the rotary table should not be obstructed at any time.在任何時候不要阻擋司鉆對轉盤內鉆桿的視線。
F.When setting pipe back, it should be racked by pushing against the outer face of the pipe.Do not get fingers caught in between pipes(collars).Feet should be kept away from beneath the pipe as it is set down.當推動鉆桿進入鉆桿盒內時，要推鉆桿向外的一側，不要把手放在管子之間，管子下放就位時，腳下要躲開。
G.Feet should not be placed beneath the pipe when rabbiting drill pipe or tubing.Never put feet directly under pipe, especially when using YT type elevators.當通鉆桿或者其它管子時，腳不要放在管子下面。尤其在使用YT型吊卡時，不要把腳放在管子下面。
H.When rabbiting tubulars, crewmen should face away from the pipe rack to avoid possible eye injury, even though eye protection is being worn during this operation.盡管在進行通管作業時，操作人員戴有護目器具，但是，還要注意與管架保持距離，避免傷害眼睛。
I.Feet, knees and hands should not be placed on the underside of a drill collar clamp while the clamp is being tightened onto a drill collar in the rotary table.當用鉆鏈安全卡瓦對轉盤內的鉆鋌緊扣時，腳、膝蓋和手不要放在卡瓦的下面。J.A drill collar clamp secured to a drill collar should be removed prior to hoisting the collar so as not be hoisted overhead height into the derrick.在起吊鉆鋌之前，要將鉆鋌用安全卡瓦拿開，起吊鉆鋌高度不要超過頭頂。K.When setting the drill bit into a bit breaker, hands and feet should not be placed on the bit breaker while the bit and collar are guided into the bit breaker opening.Feet should not be used to adjust the lock on the bit breaker.當把鉆頭和鉆鋌往鉆頭盒里引導時，手和腳不要往上放，不要用腳來調整鉆頭盒上的固定裝置。
L.Stabilizers, wall scrapers or pup joints being added into the drill string should be set on the rotary table unsupported by a hoist line.通過轉盤往鉆具上安裝扶正器、井眼刮泥器和各種短節，不使用提升機械鋼絲繩。M.Tools added or removed from the drill string should be handled with a hoist line.Tools should not be thrown or allowed to fall onto the rig floor, but laid down with a hoist line.往鉆具上裝卸各種井下工具的時候，要用提升機械鋼絲繩吊裝和下放到鉆臺上，不允許往鉆臺上扔甩。
N.Formation mud should be scraped off the drill collars or stabilizer before it is hoisted into derrick.要及時將鉆鋌和扶正器上的泥漿刮掉。
O.Employees should not peer into the bell nipple or through the rotary table when the BOP is operated.In addition, the supervisor should make sure that everyone is well away from the rotary table when the blind rams are operated.當操作防噴器的時候，人員不要從轉盤去探頭看防噴器頂部的鐘形導向短節（導管，又稱喇叭口），當操作防噴器閘板的時候，監督要確保人員遠離轉盤。P.Casing equipment should not be rigged up until the drill pipe has been completely hoisted out of the wellbore.鉆桿全部從井眼內全部起出后，才可以安裝下套管設備。
Q.The casing-tong safety door should not be removed so that hands and limbs will be protected from the tong’s drive works.40 不要移走套管鉗的安全口，這樣可以保護手和身體。
R.A work scaffolding or platform should be constructed around the casing spider to prevent overstretching or becoming off balance in order to reach the equipment.在套管頂部位置搭建一個工作臺，防止操作人員為了勾套管失去平衡跌落。S.Hands should not be placed on top of the casing collar joint protruding from the casing slips when another joint of casing is being stabbed.Hands should be kept on the outside of the casing at all times.當套管接頭對扣時，手不要放在從套管卡瓦伸出來的套管上方，手隨時都要放在套管的外面。
T.When lowering the casing elevators over a joint of casing in the derrick, the driller should be aware of the derrick stabber’s hands to prevent catching them between the elevators and the joint of casing.當下放套管吊卡到套管單根的時候，司鉆要小心不要把對扣人員的手夾在吊卡和套管接頭之間。
U.Single joint casing pick-up elevators of the correct size should be used and should have a safety pin attached by chain.使用正確尺寸的套管吊卡，用保險鏈條將吊卡安全銷固定好。
V.When removing cores from a core barrel on the drill floor, employees should not place their hands or feet under the core barrel opening.當把巖芯從巖芯筒內取出時，操作人員的手和腳不要放在取芯筒的開口下面。SECTION FOUR – FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE CONTROL
第四部分：火災預防、滅火和控制 4.0 Fire Prevention 火災預防
A.Smoking should only be allowed in the designated areas.These areas should be established after a review of the rig or location(100 feet from well bore when possible.)Signs printed in English and the predominant local language should be present in these areas.All employees and visitors should observe “No-Smoking” rules.只能在指定場所吸煙，對井場考察后，專門劃定吸煙場所（如果可能，在離井口100英尺以外），用英語和當地主要語言指示說明，所有的員工都要遵守不隨意吸煙的規定。
B.Welding or burning should not be done outside the designed welding area without a hot work permit.All hot work, including welding, should cease in the event that hazardous conditions develop.沒有特殊允許，不要在指定區域以外進行電焊或者見火作業。因為電焊之類的見火作業，會引發危險事故。
C.A fire watch with a fire extinguisher should be present during welding and cutting operations that are done outside the designated welding area.在指定區域以外進行電焊、切割等操作時，防火員要在現場，準備好滅火器。D.Oil, diesel or petrochemicals that can ignite should be prevented from collecting beneath engine skids, in cellars or in other areas.在動力設備底座下、庫房和其它重要區域，不要集中存放各種易燃易爆的油品、石油化學品等。
E.Explosion-proof covers on fixtures should be maintained in proper working order.各種固定的防暴護罩必須完備良好。
E.Refueling operations should include a bonding and grounding system.All piping and connections should be checked to ensure against leakage.加油作業要接地線（防靜電），所有的管線和聯接件都必須檢查確保沒有泄漏。G.Electrical circuits should not be overloaded.Vapor-proof lighting with clean gasketted cover-globes and safety lines should be used.各種電路不要過載，防水照明設施要干凈，線路要安全可靠。
H.Only approved rig heaters or fans that are appropriate for the hazard classification of the area should be used.No direct or open flame heating devices should be used on or near the rig floor.合格的加熱器和風扇只能在符合安全要求的區域使用，在鉆臺附近不能使用明火加熱器裝置。
J.Keep supply, storage, and changing rooms clean and in order.Greasy clothing, rags, paper, or any other combustible material should be removed from these areas and cleaned or properly disposed of.Good housekeeping should be enforced.保持材料供應間、存放間和換衣間等場合干凈，整齊。管理或處理好各種帶有油污的衣服、抹布、紙張或者其它易燃易爆物品，加強房間的有序管理。L.Investigate any unusual odor, especially smoke or gas.警覺和分析任何異味，尤其是煙味和天燃氣味。
L.All storage tanks that contain combustible or flammable liquids or gasses should be located so they will not add to a fire on the rig.All tanks should be labeled as to contents and properly grounded.所有裝有易燃易爆液體和氣體的瓶灌，應該遠離鉆機設備，對設備不造成危險。注明灌內的材料名稱，并且接地線（防止靜電）。
M.Material used for cleaning should have a flash point of not less than 100o F(38o C)用于清潔的各種材料的閃電點應該在華氏100度（攝氏38度以上）。N.Burning of trash should not be allowed on the rig or location.Where permitted, approved incinerators should be used.在鉆機和井場上，不允許燒垃圾。如果必須燒，要使用焚燒裝置。O.Areas affected by the flare should be free of combustibles.Where possible a minimum 100ft safety zone should be established.受火焰影響的區域杜絕任何易爆材料，如果可能，應該建立一個最小 100 英尺的安全區。4.1 Fire Protection 火災預防
A.Fire protection equipment should be kept in good condition and should not be tampered with.防火設備要齊備良好，不能有任何損壞。
B.The following recommendations are aimed at maintaining the highest possible level of fire emergency preparedness.為了保持高度的戒備狀態，下面提供一些建議：
1.Training in the use and care of available fire fighting equipment should be conducted at initial employment and annually thereafter.As a minimum, one different item of fire fighting equipment should be reviewed during each fire drill that is conducted on a periodic basis.新員工要培訓防火設備的使用和維護，往后一年一次。作為最低要求，每一件防火設備在演習時，要檢查一次。防火演習要定期舉行。
2.The supervisor should ensure that the rig has emergency procedures and employees are familiar with their duties.監督要保證鉆機設備有緊急搶救預案，每個員工對預案中自己的崗位和職責要熟悉。
3.Fire drills should be conducted in accordance with the stated procedures and should be held periodically with a record of the activity maintained.要按照預先規定的步驟進行防火演習，演習要定期舉行，并記錄演習情況。
4.All fire fighting equipment should be inspected periodically, tagged, and the conditions of the equipment recorded.Portable fire extinguishers and extinguishing systems should be serviced according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.Once an extinguisher is discharged, it should be replaced and taken out of service immediately until it is re-serviced.所有的防火設備要定期檢查，標注檢查時間，記錄設備的狀況。要按照生產廠家的建議來使用便攜式滅火器或其它滅火設備。一旦滅火器泄漏，要更換，在修好以前，不要使用。
5.Quick access to fire fighting equipment should be available at all times and materials should not be placed on or in front of the hose stations, water monitors or extinguishers.保證隨時能夠快捷地拿到各種防火設備，在水龍帶、防火水源和滅火器前面，不要堆放物品。
6.Fire blankets should be located in the galley, welding shop and/or other designed areas.在廚房、電焊間和其它指定的地方要放置防火的罩布等用具。7.During inspections, close attention should be paid to the underside of fire extinguishers.Moisture can cause this area to rust and, if left unchecked, the bottom can blow out, causing serious injury.檢查防火設備，要特別注意滅火器的底部，潮濕容易使底部生銹，如果不檢查，嚴重時，底部會泄漏，造成嚴重傷害。
8.Fire extinguishers should be hung up or placed in brackets designed for the extinguisher.滅火器要懸掛或者放置在專用的支架上。4.2 Fire Control 火災控制
Using a portable fire extinguisher use the P A S S system – it can be a helpful reminder of the correct steps to follow when attempting to extinguish a fire: 遵照PASS操作系統的要求來使用便攜式滅火器，這樣在滅火的時候，能夠保證操作步驟正確：
1.Pull the pin 拔安全銷
2.Aim low;point at the base of the fire 低放，對準火焰底部 3.Squeeze the handle 按動手柄
4.Sweep from side to side keeping the extinguisher aimed at the base of the fire.對著火焰根部，從一側向另一側撲滅。
SECTION FIVE – WELDING, CUTTING AND COMPRESSED GAS & OXYGEN CYLINDERS
第五部分：焊接、切割和壓縮空氣 / 氧氣瓶
5.0 General Precautions – Welding, Cutting and Other Spark/Flame Producing Operations 一般預防：電焊、氣焊切割、其它遭遇火花 / 火焰的作業/
A.All welding, grinding and cutting operations should be prohibited during certain operations, such as when encountering well control problems or testing, unless it can be determined by the operator’s representative or contractor’s representative that such an operation could be carried out safely.Hot Work Program should be followed.在進行某些作業如：井控作業和測試等，要禁止電焊、磨碎（容易起火花）和切割等工作，除非得到甲方或者乙方代表的許可，在這種情況下，要按照有關作業要求來進行。
E.To control or eliminate fire hazards, good housekeeping should be maintained in and around areas of welding, cutting or grinding.為了消除火災危險，在電焊、磨碎和切割等工作現場附近，要擺放和管理好各種物品。，C.In the event that the work area is located in a confined space, ventilation and other safety systems should be provided to ensure the area is safe.A Confined Space Entry Permit should be issued and include initial and on going atmospheric testing.如果在危險區域內作業，要有通風和其它措施，以確保安全。要履行相關的登記手續，作業前和作業中，要對大氣進行安全檢測。
F.Welding or burning should not be allowed on any structural member of a rig, mast, well control equipment, tubulars, high-pressure systems or lifting apparatus without management approval.沒有特別許可，不允許在下列設備上面進行電焊、燃燒等作業，它們是：鉆機設備、井架、井控設備、各種管子、高壓系統、提升設備等。
E.Fire prevention equipment should be located in the proximity of the welding and cutting operating area.An employee trained as a Fire Watch should be present and be ready to use the extinguisher if needed.45 在進行電焊、切割作業時，附近要有防火設備，同時工作現場要有一名防火員，隨時準備需要時用滅火器撲火。
F.Fumes, gases and dust fumes produced by the electric welding process can be toxic and may require local source extraction.電焊作業中產生的各種煙霧、氣體和煙塵具有毒性，需要妥善處理。G.A welding process generates a tremendous amount of heat.A welder may be exposed to a heat stress situation as a result of the process.電焊作業會產生大量的熱，電焊工會遭遇受熱高溫作業。
H.The welding area should always be equipped with a fire blanket and a well-stocked first aid kit.電焊作業現場應該隨時配備滅火毯和急救箱等。5.1 Protective Equipment 預防設備
A.When arc welding, the welder should use a shield or helmet that will protect both the eyes and the skin.The proper shade shield should be used based on the particular operation being performed.在進行電弧焊作業時，電焊工要穿戴防護面罩和眼鏡來保護皮膚和眼睛。根據特定的作業，配備相應的遮陽光器具。
B.Proper welding gloves, arm coverings, and aprons should be used at all times.Safety footwear should also be worn to protect the feet from contact with heat and sparks.穿戴專用手套、袖套和圍裙，穿安全靴，防止熱和火花傷腳。
C.Ears should be protected from sparks or slag entering the ear to the degree possible.佩戴耳朵防護用具，預防火花和焊渣進入耳部。
D.Ventilation or proper respiratory protection should be utilized when cutting or welding on metals that might produce harmful fumes.在切割或者焊接金屬的時候，會產生有毒煙霧，要注意通風或者配備呼吸保護設施。
5.2 Preparatory – Precautions 事先預防：提示警告
A.The welder should do his best to prevent sparks, flames or hot slag from being blown into or falling upon any combustible material or equipment likely to be ignited or damaged.在作業中，電焊工要盡量避免火化、煙霧和熱電焊渣落到易燃易爆材料和設備上，46 引發火災或者損失。
B.Areas saturated with oil should be washed down and cleaned thoroughly to remove any ignitable substances.A gas test should be made to determine that no combustible vapors are present.在含油的場所，要將油清洗干凈，移走易燃易爆材料，檢查測試作業現場是否有易燃易爆氣體。
C.Cutting or welding should not be conducted on pipelines, containers, tanks, or other vessels which may have contained flammable substances until they have been thoroughly cleaned.不要在裝有易燃材料的管線、容器、罐等設施上進行切割或者電焊作業。D.In confined areas where there is a possibility of combustible vapors being present, gas tests should be made before approval is given to begin work.Periodic gas tests should be made during the time the work is in progress.在封閉的環境內作業前，要檢查測試是否有易燃易爆氣體存在，在作業進行中還有定期檢查測試。
E.When cutting or welding, a fire watch should be assigned.在進行切割和電焊作業時，防火員應該在現場。
F.When cutting or welding has to be done on bulkheads or overhead structures, the adjacent spaces should be cleared of combustibles and/or flammables before allowing the work to begin.當在一些復雜結構場合作業時，作業前要將附近的易燃易爆材料和物品清理干凈。
G.Whenever Perforating Guns, Jet Cutters, Chemical Cutters, etc., are being armed, welding operations should be suspended and machines turned off until these pieces of equipment are well below the mud line.The wire line operator in charge should notify everyone when it is safe to continue work.The same procedure should be followed when the equipment is pulled out of the hole.當使用長電焊槍、噴射聚能切割槍、化學切割槍等特殊電焊作業設備的時候，要采用懸空式的電焊作業手段，要先關掉各種電焊設備，等把電焊設備擺放在泥漿管線的下方以后，方可開始作業。有關人員要及時通報給每個人什么時候作業才安全。當各種井下工具從井內起出以后，進行此類電焊作業時，也要按此要求來執行。
5.3 Specific Precautions – Arc Welding 特殊提示：電弧焊
A.All rig personnel should be advised not to watch the arc, or the reflections off the wall as this can also cause eye burns.In order to prevent eye injuries, the welder should give the workers nearby a warning and time to protect their eyes before striking an arc.提醒所有的人員不要看電焊弧光，以及弧光從墻上反射回來的光線，避免傷害眼睛。為了保護眼睛，電焊工在作業前，要提醒周圍的人員，并給他們留出準備防護的時間。
B.All work to be arc welded should be adequately grounded.The earth return lead should be hooked up between the electric welding plant and the point of welding.It should not be permitted to use any part of the rig structure as a return lead.所有的焊接件都要接好地線，在電焊設備和焊點之間掛好地線導線。C.The rod should not be left in the electrode holder when laid down.The stub ends should be placed in a suitable container and not on the floor.不使用電焊槍的時候，電焊條不要留在電焊槍上，電焊條殘余要放入專門的箱內，不允許扔在地上。
D.If an electrode holder becomes too hot to be used, an extra holder should be provided so that one can cool while the other is in use.當電焊槍的頭部過熱，要換一把電焊槍，待過熱的電焊槍冷卻后再使用。E.The welder should keep welding cables dry and free of grease and oil to prevent premature breakdown of the insulation.電焊工要要保持電焊設備電線干燥，避免遭受油污，使電線絕緣部分過早老化。F.The welding machine should be turned off or leads disconnected from the welding machine when the equipment is not in use.當不使用電焊設備的時候，關掉電焊機，斷開導線。5.4 Specific Precautions – Gas Welding and Burning 特殊提示：氣焊與燃燒
A.When opening valves on fuel gas cylinders, the fuel gas cylinders should be opened one quarter turn only.The oxygen cylinder valve should be fully open.A valve wrench should be kept in close proximity while using these cylinders.打開天燃氣瓶的時候，只擰開四分之一圈。打開氧氣瓶的時候，要全部打開。氣 48 瓶附近要隨時備有搬手工具。
B.In order to prevent eye injuries, welders should give workers nearby a warning and time to protect their eyes.未了避免傷害眼睛，電焊工在作業前要提醒附近的人員，給他們留出準備防護的時間。
C.When discontinuing gas welding or cutting for a short time, close the oxygen and acetylene cylinder valves, bleed the line and close the torch valve.When welding or cutting is to be stopped for a longer period, you should proceed as follows: 當斷斷續續地進行電焊和切割作業的時候，要注意關好氧氣和乙炔氣瓶閥門，放空軟管線管和焊槍。如果長時間不作業，應該采取以下步驟： 1.Close oxygen and acetylene cylinder valves.關閉氧氣和乙炔氣瓶閥門。
2.Open torch valves to release all gas pressure from hoses and regulators.打開焊槍的閥門，將所有的壓力氣體從軟管和調節閥中釋放。3.Close torch valves and release regulator pressure adjusting screws.關閉焊槍閥門，松開調節閥壓力調節螺絲。
E.If welding over a drip pan, the drain line to the sump should be plugged.如果是在漏盤（斗）上進行焊接作業，通向排泄池的管線要堵上。
F.Oxygen and acetylene valve connections should be kept clean.Do not use oil on oxygen valves or hose connections.氧氣瓶和乙炔氣瓶的閥門聯結部分要保持干凈，不要在氧氣閥門或者軟管聯結部分抹油。
F.To prevent flash backs, cylinders should have an anti-reverse flow-check valve(flame arrester)located between the regulator and hose.未了防止閃火回流，在調節器和軟管之間要安裝防止回流的單項閥（擋火閥）。5.5 Compressed Gas and Oxygen Cylinders – Storage 壓縮空氣瓶和氧氣瓶：存放 A.Cylinders should be properly secured in an upright position with protective caps in place at all times, except when the cylinder is in use.在不使用的時候，各種氣瓶必須垂直安全擺放，裝上防護罩。B.Stored Oxygen cylinders should be separated from fuel gas cylinders or combustible materials a minimum distance of 20 feet(6 m)or by a non-combustible barrier at least five feet high.49 備用的氧氣瓶必須與各種天燃氣瓶或者易燃易爆材料分開，最少保持20英尺（6米距離），或者與非燃容器保持至少5英尺空間距離。
C.Oxygen and fuel gas cylinders should be protected from direct sunlight and excessive heat.氧氣瓶和天燃氣瓶要避免陽光直接照射和過熱。
D.Defective cylinders should be labeled and sent back on the next available transportation.有問題的氣瓶要標明，下次運輸時送回。
E.Cylinders should be stored so they do not stand or lie in water.不要將氣瓶直立或者平躺在水中。
F.Cylinders in storage should have the protective caps placed over the valves, if so equipped.如果有保護帽，存放的氣瓶在閥門上要裝保護帽，5.6 Cylinder Handling 氣瓶搬運與安放
A.Cylinders should be labeled as to their contents.If in doubt as to the contents, test the gas.要標注氣瓶內氣體的名稱，如果有疑問，一定要檢測一下。
B.Cylinders should be handled with care.Do not roll cylinders on their side.They should not be handled roughly, dropped, knocked around or used as rollers or supports.要搬運氣瓶要小心，不允許放倒在地上滾動，不允許野蠻搬運、摔扔、敲打或者把氣瓶當作滾動和支撐用工具。
C.Protective caps should always be in place on both full and empty cylinders while they are being moved, transported or stored.在搬運、運輸和存放過程中，無論氣瓶有氣還是空瓶，閥門保護帽都要戴上。G.A special rack should be built for the purpose of transporting and storing oxygen and acetylene cylinders.在運輸和存放氧氣瓶和乙炔氣瓶時，要配備專用架子。
G.Empty cylinders should have the valve closed, valve protection cap replaced, marked empty and returned to the vendor.空氣瓶要將閥門關好，更換閥門保護帽，標注清楚然后送回。
F.Oil and grease should never be used to lubricate the threads on the cylinders or caps.不要用油或者機油來潤滑氣瓶的絲扣或者保護帽。
第五篇：《常識》
現今，相對于大陸的知識分子，港臺的知識分子往往更具有獨立的思想。原因有很多，我想最主要的因素是環境。在那么多獨立的思考者中，梁文道就是其中的一位。
我所知道的梁文道是以電視為載體而為人所知。鳳凰衛視、《南方周末》和牛博網則是三個最為重要的載體。其中不得不提的是《南方周末》，其中發表的很多文章都是刪減版，我相信這使得梁先生更加了解所謂的國情了。
本書的文章都是時評，梁先生用“常識”一詞來總領，著實貼切。梁先生自己謙虛，說是“卑之無甚高論”，然而，亦如梁文道說的那樣，“若覺可怪，是因為此乃一個常識稀缺的時代”。常識一詞給人的第一印象是毫無深度，但是現在卻并非如此，我想大抵是因為環境的差異吧。常識之所以成為常識是因為它的普片性，為大眾所公認。《常識》一書中多為梁先生時評的收錄。要做這一本書的評論實在困難，只能挑其中某個主題略做些自己的總結。
自從汶川地震以來，中國的哀悼日幾乎成為了每年的傳統。而不同的是，汶川地震時的哀悼是全國人民自愿的，各大門戶網站自動將主頁調成黑白；而玉樹、舟曲災難的哀悼日，卻適逢后奧運時期和世博時期，難免存在樹立形象而由政府強制設立之嫌。8月15日，作為抗戰勝利的紀念日，卻鮮有舉行紀念儀式，甚至有時候顯得低調得有些恐怖。在無知的情況下，學生在談論、義憤填膺，沒有比這更讓人感到可悲的了。而為何不大張旗鼓紀念抗戰勝利，我想這或多或少與執政黨有關。這個勝利究竟屬于共產黨還是屬于國民黨，我們沒有資格、也沒有可能在正式出版物中去探討。《常識》一書中，有許多時評是關于抗戰。這一段歷史，我們這一代幾乎都不甚清楚它的全貌，但是，勝利者的姿態卻從未真正意義上的出現過。我認為所謂的勝利者的姿態絕非是對于日本這一國的蔑視，至少
我們沒有實力去這么做；而是一種自尊、自強的體現，這么說看似很虛，但是中國對于日本的確部分存在一種卑躬屈膝的姿態，盡管在很多情況下我們以“小日本”作為“居高臨下”的托詞。自尊并非踩著他人的頭顱，自強也不是比別人都強。中國一直以大國自居，但是所謂的五千年傳統美德似乎隨著近代的受辱時期而消失殆盡。這一點值得我們所有人，尤其是學生的重視。
在中國有很奇特的現象是，許多新聞的產生仰賴了太多的人為因素。在本書中有所提及。為了完成一個政治的目的而捏造一些新聞，當然政治的目的并非一定是政府捏造，因為社會上還存在著這樣一群人——憤青。我之所以要提這一點，實際上是想為日本“正身”。許多中國人都愛拿日本與德國作比，無限夸大了德國懺悔的“偉大”以及日本首相參拜靖國神社的“卑劣”。首先是德國，作為德國二戰最大的受害國之一的法國，在境內設置了德國陣亡納粹分子的墓地以紀念死者，而德國首相前往法國交流之前必定會去該墓地紀念亡靈，甚至態度傲慢。但是我們卻從不會去說這些，原因是德國的表面“一跪”足以讓大部分世人動容。反觀日本，被指在東南亞態度傲慢，不為戰爭中的反人道行為而道歉，實則這種指責在西方媒體中卻少有出現。中國人常常將日本人描繪為丑惡、變態的代表，但在國際上，日本的形象卻遠勝于中國，我們卻很少從中去反思，最大的反思也僅僅限于日本人的禮節比我們強，卻從未發現我們的劣根性。有一個很有趣的現象，在中國，小泉純一郎被描述成一個軍國主義者；而在西方媒體卻視他作為一個和平愛好者。這截然不同的評價都有其中的道理，只是戰爭帶給中國人的仇恨，遠遠大于理性的判斷。我們經常在網絡上聽到一些不和諧的聲音，政府作為國家機器經常是“和諧”這些評論并且制造一些事件去轉移大眾的視線。在這些轉移大眾視線的事件中，日本便是很大的“貢獻者”。
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