第一篇：《語言學概論》專項練習和綜合測試題.
《語言學概論》專項練習和綜合測試題
（王德壽根據中央電大胡老師發布資料整理）
一、根據下列漢語拼音字母寫出相應的國際音標
ü()o()b()z()k()q()r()x()p()ch()c()h()d()ng()sh()
三、用嚴式國際音標寫出下列音節中的拼音字母所代表的音位變體 ①寫出字母a的音位變體：guang()hua()qian()kuai()xuan()②寫出字母i的音位變體：bian()guai()shi()zi()ri()③寫出字母e的音位變體：guen()de()ueng()zhuei()ke()
四、用嚴式國際音標標寫下列韻母 iang()uei()uang()uen()ün()ao()uan()ing()ueng()uei()ian()uai()ang()üna()iou()
五、下列音節是根據漢語拼音方案的規則拼寫的，請用嚴式國際音標寫出來 xiang()guai()diu()wang()xuan()kun()jue()zhuang()chui()yuan()yang()ying()
六、用嚴式國際音標給下列漢字注音 1．新時代必須具有新思維。2．我們團結一心戰勝非典。3．我乒乓球健兒奪得了四枚金牌。4．待到山花爛漫時她在叢中笑。
九、指出下列詞語中的語素的類別
絕對 機會 恭候 地方 消費 老師 灑脫 歌手 電子 外語 電話 迅速 煤礦 和平民工 氧化 火化 啟發 蓋兒 迷惑
classmate power powerful practicable earthqueak secretary sensitive input examination everyone dismiss overcome teacher
十、指出下列合成詞的構造方式 自力 自立 自信 自己 月亮 明亮 雪亮 照實 照料 照耀
照直 照顧 圍棋 圍墻 圍裙 圍巾 圍脖 圍觀 圍聚 圍子 拖車 拖帶 拖拉 拖網 拖鞋 拖欠 姐妹 血紅 眼紅 臉紅 紙張 老手 騎手 左手 頭腦 頭發 頭馬 頭子 頭角 頭痛 投敵 投遞 投奔 投資 投放 投票 保存 保管 保底 保人
十一、指出下列詞的組合的類型
大家努力 偉大光榮 研究問題 美好生活 看不清楚 十分仔細 沖了進去 貫徹執行 急速前進 喜歡表演 提高覺悟 偵破案件
十二、分析下列句子的結構層次關系，如果有歧義，要作不同分析 1．咬死了獵人的狗 2．咬死了學校的狗
3．他去世的父親留下一大筆錢 4．他去世的時候大孩子才十歲 5．找到了叔叔的孩子穿著校服 6．他們終于在網吧找到了叔叔的孩子 7．熱愛全國人民的好總理 8．打死了敵人的哨兵 9．挖煤的工人很辛苦 10．挖煤的表層很危險
十三、變換下列多義句式，使其具有單義 1．看見的是王老五。2．大門沒有鎖。
3．周為和王新的老師來了。4．我知道，真正支持的是廠長。5．看來，我們還需要學習文件。6．小王什么人都熟悉。
7．非洲語言研究取得了很大突破。8．訪問美國歸來的科學家。
十四、把下列句子變換成不同的句子，使其具有句法同義關系 1．我買回來一輛自行車。
2．我們準時完成了上級交給我們的任務。3．她昨天不小心摔斷了胳膊。
4．突然而來的颶風刮翻了許多停在港灣的船只。
十五、指出下列句子中劃線詞語詞形變化所表示的語法意義和語法范疇
1．Sh bought many pensils.2．The housework is being done by her.3．Wangfeng is taller than Zhangmin.4．He works in the city.5．They give thair books to me.6．I have written a letter to my friends.十六、綜合自測題
一、舉例解釋下列名詞（每詞4分，共20分）1．組合關系 2．音位變體 3．詞干 4．拼音文字 5．詞語替換
二、填空（每空1分，共10分）
1．______的建立是語言學走上獨立發展道路的一個標志。2．通過______，我們可以使用句型造出許許多多的句子來。3．音位可分兩大類，例如漢語中的聲調是______。
4．根據在詞中的作用，語素可以分為三類，例如“I am going to buy some books”，其中單詞books中的語素“s”是______。
5．“漂亮的景色”和“景色漂亮”的語法意義不同，造成這種不同的語法手段是______。
6．英語動詞be有八種形式，其過去時的復數形式是______。7．詞義的引申有兩種方式，例如“病毒”，本義是指“比病菌小、多用電子顯微鏡才能看見的病原體”，引申義指計算機病毒，即破壞計算機系統的一種程序，這種引申方式是______。8．漢字的發展趨勢是______。
9．語言在不同行業、不同階層等社會因素方面發生變化，由此產生了______。10．詞義會不斷地發生變化，例如英語單詞deer，過去泛指動物，現在只表示鹿，這種意義變化的方式叫做______。
三、選擇題（每小題2分，共10分）
說明：每題只有一個正確答案，請將正確答案的字母序號填到題中橫線上。
1． 下列說法只有______是正確的。A． 拉斯克是歷史比較語言學的代表人物。B． 索緒爾的代表著作是《語言論》。
C． 語言的組合關系說明學習一種語言規則是可以類推的。D． 語言的任意性特點說明每個人都一改造語言規則的自由。
2．用嚴式國際音標給漢字注音，只有______組要用到音標a。A．裝腔王高笑 B．煙元面全捐 C．家牙打哈抓 D．蓋反外丹抬
3．分析句子“我們天天看見從東方的山峰后面升起來的太陽”，能得到的詞組成分是______。
A． 天天看見從東方的山峰后面。B． 我們天天看見。C． 升起來的太陽。D．東方的山峰后面。
4．下列各種說法只有______是正確的。A． 一個詞如果沒有能產性特點就不是基本詞。B． “光年 去年 前年 明年”可以構成義場。C． “團結”和“勾結”是同義詞，但二者的感情色彩不同。D． “打掃衛生”不符合組合規則，是病句。5．下列說法只有______是正確的。A． 雙語現象的最后結局是導致語言融合。B． 混合語不同于洋涇浜，它可以作為母語來學習。C． 語言要素的發展是不平衡的，語音變化最快
D． 詞語替換指一個意思可以使用相同相近意思的詞表達。
四、綜合分析題（共20分）
1、比較下列各組屬于普通話音位的異同。（6分）① i-y ② t-k ③ x-s
2、用嚴式國際音標給下面的漢字注音（4分）
說明：每個音節只要求寫出元音和輔音，聲調符號不用寫出來。
團結起來奪取勝利
3、找出下面的多義短語然后分析其結構層次和結構關系。（4分）打傷學校的老師 咬死林場的職工 羽毛球拍賣完了 山里來的歌唱家
4、指出下列句子中的詞語（畫線部分）的形態變化所表示的語法范疇。（3分）She gives them some pens.（劃線單詞為第2、3、5個）
5.、變換下面具有語法多義的句子，使其變成單義結構。（3分）
我們負責給這個公司培養四個實驗室技術員。
五、問答題（共40分）
1． 語言是社會現象還是自然現象？說說你的看法。（6分）2． 農民有農民的語言，地主有地主的語言，這是不是說語言有階級性？（6分）
3． 語法范疇有哪些特點？試舉一例說明。（8分）4． 什么是形態變化？包括哪些內容？舉例說明。（8分）5． 什么是詞義的概括性？有哪些表現形式？（6分）
6． 請解釋說明什么是語言發展的漸變性特點和不平衡性特點。（6分）
第二篇：《語言學概論》練習
《語言學概論》練習
一、名詞解釋：
1、語言學：語言學是研究語言的科學，研究語言的性質、功能、結構，揭示語言的發展規律的科學。
2、語言：語言是語音和語義結合的符號系統，是人類社會最重要的交際工具，是一種特殊的社會現象，是人類思維的最有效的工具。
3、符號：符號是用于傳遞信息、指代事物或思想的標記。
4、組合關系：組合關系就是兩個同一性質的結構單位（如音位與音位、詞與詞等等）按照線性的順序組合起來的關系。簡單地說，就是符號與符號相互組合起來的關系。
5、聚合關系：聚合關系就是語言結構某一位置上能夠互相替換的具有某種相同作用的單位（如音位、詞）之間的關系，簡單說就是符號與符號之間的替換關系。
6、語音：語音是語言符號系統的載體，它是由人的發音器官發出的、負載著一定的語言意義的語言的聲音
7、音素從音質的角度劃分出來的最小的語音單位。
8、發音部位：發音部位是指發輔音時形成阻礙的器官部位。
9、音位：音位是指具體語言（或方言）中有 區別詞的語音形式的作用的最小的語音單位。
10、音位變體：是一個音位的不同變異形式，是音位在特定語音環境中的具體體現或具體代表。
11、區別特征：一個音位之所以區別于別的音位，是因為它具有某種特殊的不同于別的音位的語音特征。這種能區別音位的語音特征叫區別特征。
12、音節：音節是音位與音位組合起來構成的最小的語音結構單位。
13、語法：語法就是用詞造句的規則系統，它是詞的構成規則、變化規則、組合規則的總和。
14、句子：句子是交際中最基本的表述單位，是交流思想的基本語言單位。
15、詞：詞是造句的時候能夠獨立運用的最小單位；
16、語素：語素是最小的語音語義結合體，語言的最小單位；
17、變詞語素：沒有構詞作用，但是能改變一個詞的形式的語素，是變詞語素，詞尾就是變詞語素。
18、構詞語素：具有構詞作用的語素就是構詞語素，詞根和詞綴能參與構詞，就是構詞語素。
19、單純詞：是由一個詞根語素構成的詞。例如漢語的“人、手、水、河、啊、琵琶、枇杷、嘩啦、坦克”等，英語如man、teach、book、moon、sun、long等都是單純詞。20、合成詞：合成詞是由兩個以上的語素構成的詞。
21、復合詞：完全由幾個詞根語素按一定規則構成的詞就是復合詞。例如漢語的“思想、學習、黃瓜、大豆、膽怯”等，英語的如“snowwhite、makeblieve、earthfall、friendship、motherland”等。
22、語法意義：指相對于詞匯意義而言由詞的變化所體現出來的意義。
23、形態：也叫做詞形變化，指詞與詞組合時發生的詞形變化所形成的聚合。
24、社會方言：社會方言是指社會內部不同年齡、性別、職業、階級、階層的人們在語言使用上表現出來的、在全民語言基礎上產生的語言變體。
25、地域方言：地域方言指全民語言在不同地域上的分支，或一種語言的地方變體。
26、借詞：也叫外來詞，是音義都借自外語的詞。
二、填空：
1、中國、印度、希臘—羅馬是語言學的三大發源地。
2、我國傳統的語文學“小學”包括音韻學、文字學、訓詁學。
3、根據研究對象的不同，語言學可分為專語語言學、普通語言學兩類。
4、結構主義語言學分布拉格學派、哥本哈根學派、美國描寫語言學派三個分支學派。
5、文字是建立在語言之上的一種最重要的輔助性交際工具。
6、任何符號，都包括形式和意義兩個方面，是統一不可分割的。
7、語言符號具有任意性、線條性兩個特點。
8、符號和符號組合起來的關系就是組合關系，一群具有相同作用的符號在同一個環節可以互相替換，它們之間的關系就是聚合關系。
9、音素是從語音的自然屬性角度劃分出來的最小語音單位，音位是從語音的社會屬性角度劃分出來的能區別詞的 語音形式的最小語音單位。
10、語音具有物理屬性、生理屬性、社會屬性，其中社會屬性是語音的本質屬性。
11、語音的四要素是指音高、音重、音長、音質。
12、音質是由發音體、發音方法、共鳴器形狀三個方面的因素決定的。
13、人體發音器官可分為動力部分、發音體、共鳴腔三大部分。
14、根據發音特點，音素可分元音和輔音兩大類。
15、元音的音色是由舌位的高低、舌位的前后、圓唇與否三個方面的因素決定的。如a是前、低、不圓唇元音，u是后、高、圓唇元音。
16、輔音的音質是由發音部位和發音方法兩個方面決定的，如s是舌尖前清擦輔音，p是雙唇不送氣清塞輔音。
17、音位變體可分兩種，出現條件受環境制約的是條件變體，沒有條件限制的是自由變體。
18、聲調具有區別意義的作用，叫非音質音位。
19、漢語聲調可分陰平、陽平、上聲和去聲四種，調值分別是55、35、214和51。20、t和k的區別特征是：t是舌尖前音，k是舌面后音。
21、漢語音節可分聲母、韻母、聲調三部分，其中韻母又分韻頭、韻腹和韻尾三部分。
22、從韻頭情況看，漢語韻母可分開口呼、齊齒呼、合口呼、撮口呼四類。
23、語法單位包括語素、詞、詞組、句子。
24、語素可分詞根、詞綴、詞尾三類，其中詞根、詞綴是構詞語素，又叫詞干，詞尾是變詞語素。如dislikes，其中dis是前綴，like詞根，dislike是詞干，s是詞尾。
25、詞從結構成分看可分單純詞與合成詞兩類。
26、合成詞可分復合詞與派生詞兩類，如“女性”是復合詞，“彈性”是派生詞。
27、語法組合的基本類型有主謂、偏正、述賓、述補、聯合五種，如“熱愛生活”是述賓，“說不清楚”是述補。
28、常用的語法手段主要有選詞、詞序、虛詞、詞形變化。
29、常見的語法范疇包括性、數、格、時和體、人稱、態、級等。30、基本詞匯具有普遍性、穩固性、能產性三個特點。
31、詞義概括性具體表現在一般性、模糊性、全民性三個方面。
32、詞義引申的方式有兩種，如“紅領巾”本義是紅色的領巾，派生義指少先隊員，這是換喻；“高峰”本義是指高的山峰，派生義指事物發展的最高點，這是隱喻。
33、同義詞“妻子”和“夫人”的語體色彩不同，“團結”和“勾結”感情色彩不同。
34、“桃樹”、“李樹”、“杏樹”可歸入果樹義場，“汽車”、“火車”、“輪船”、“飛機”可歸入交通工具義場。
35、詞語的搭配一方面要受到語法規則的支配，另一方面要受到語義條件的限制。
36、文字的主要作用是突破了語言的時間和空間限制，擴大了語言的使用范圍。
37、從造字法看，文字經歷了表意、意音和表音三個階段的發展。
38、書面語是在口語的基礎上產生發展的，口語是第一性的，書面語是第二性的。
39、語言要隨著社會的發展而發展，社會發展是語言發展的基本條件。40、語言系統的發展具有漸變性和不平衡性特點。
41、社會方言包括行業用語、階級方言、科技術語等。
42、現代漢語有七大方言，如吳方言以蘇州話為代表，北方方言以北京話為代表，湘方言以長沙話為代表。
43、漢語屬于漢藏語系，英語、法語屬于印歐語系。
44、從語法結構角度看，語言可分孤立語、屈折語、黏著語、復綜語四種。
45、共同語一般是在某一種語言或方言的基礎上建立起來的。
46、漢語借詞主要有音譯、音譯加意譯和半音譯半意譯等方式。
47、從詞義演變結果看，新義主要有詞義的擴大、縮小和轉移三種情況。
三、判斷：
1、“小學”是我國傳統的語文學，包括文字、音韻、訓詁三方面內容。（對）
2、古人研究語言，以口語為主，目的是指導人們更好地運用語言。（錯）
3、專語語言學以某一具體的語言為研究對象，如現代漢語就是專語語言學。（對）
4、歷史比較語言學的建立是語言學走上獨立發展道路的標志。（對）
5、索緒爾的代表著作是《語言論》。（錯）
6、單純的語言是不存在的，都以個體的形式存在著。（對）
7、語言是抽象的，說話是具體的。（對）
8、語言是人類最重要的交際工具，文字也是最重要的交際工具。（錯）
9、不同的階級使用語言有不同的特點，這反映了語言是有階級性的。（錯）
10、符號的意義內容比符號的外在形式更重要。（錯）
11、沒有形式，符號不可能存在，因此符號的形式比意義內容更重要。（錯）
12、語言符號的任意性特點是指語言的運用是依據個人好惡組織材料的。（錯）
13、人類不同的語言說明了語言的任意性特點，是語言任意性的反映。（對）
14、語言二層性的核心是以少馭多，反映了語言的生成性特點。（對）
15、聚合反映了語言的結構法則，組合是對法則的運用和擴展。（錯）
16、語音的最小單位是音位，是從自然屬性角度劃分出來的。（錯）
17、漢語拼音中的h，國際音標用x表示。（對）
18、生理屬性是語音的本質屬性。
19、音高在漢語中具有區別意義的作用。20、元音和輔音的本質區別在于發音時氣流是否受阻。
21、口腔中最為靈活的發音器官是上腭。
22、元音u和o的區別是舌位高低不同，其他方面沒有區別。
23、輔音的音質特點是由發音部位決定的。
24、[b]的發音情況是：雙唇、不送氣、清、塞音。
25、音位和音素的內涵是一樣的，一個音素就是一個音位。
26、國際音標[t‘]相當于漢語拼音中的聲母z和zh。
27、普通話的聲調分四類，其中上聲的調值是35。
28、音位/p/和/p‘/只有一個不同的區別特征。
29、聚合規則是潛在的，它儲存于人們的腦子中。30、后綴又叫詞尾，具有構詞功能。
31、一個詞中的變詞語素是指除去詞根的部分。
32、詞干通常由一個語素構成。
33、一個語素一般不能小于一個音節。
34、詞從結構成分角度看可分單純詞和合成詞兩類。
35、無論英語還是漢語，加詞綴的詞都是合成詞。
36、“買一本”是述賓結構，“買一次”是述補結構。
37、“紅”的語法意義就是指一種顏色，與白、黑等相對而言。
38、語法范疇就是語法意義的類的概括，語法手段是構成語法形式的方式。
39、在有形態變化的語言中，加詞尾或內部曲折都是重要的語法手段。
（如果印刷錯誤“屈折”印成“曲折”也算錯，那就是錯的）40、“He write a letters”這個句子，在人稱和數的方面都錯了。
41、施事就是主語，主語就是施事，二者是對應的。
42、“那是一只狼也不怕的狗”，就是一個歧義句。
43、孤立語的主要特點是缺乏詞形變化。
44、“啊”“五”“的”等詞能產性差，不是基本詞匯。
45、詞義的模糊性不是說詞的意義不可捉摸。
46、“鐵窗”本義指有鐵柵欄的窗戶，派生義指監牢，這是換喻。
47、同義詞“商量—磋商”的意義差別主要是語體風格不同。
48、文字是記錄語言的書寫符號系統，記錄語言的聲音和意義。
49、漢字的特點與漢語語素的特點相適應。50、漢字是非拼音文字，主要記錄意義。
51、英文是拼音文字，主要記錄語音。
52、漢字以形聲字為主，是一種典型的意音文字。
（錯）（對）（對）（錯）（對）（錯）（錯）（錯）（錯）（錯）（對）（對）（錯）（錯）（錯）（對）（對）（對）（對）（錯）（錯）（對）（對）（錯）（對）（對）（錯）（對）（對）（對）（對）（對）（錯）（錯）（對）
53、口語是在書面語基礎上產生的，其發展離不開書面語的發展。（錯）
54、腓尼基字母是今天世界上大多數字母的源頭。（對）
55、語言發展的漸變性和不平衡性從根本上說是由語言的社會功能決定的。（對）
56、社會方言和地域方言其實都是語言發展不平衡的產物。（對）
57、共同語基礎方言的確立是任意的，沒有什么道理可言。（錯）
58、語言可以從譜系和類型角度分類，分類結果是一樣的，具有對應關系。（錯）
59、意譯詞和仿譯詞的來源都是外來詞，所以都是借詞。（錯）60、一種語言驅動另一種語言，政治上是否處于統治地位要起決定作用。（錯）61、洋涇浜就是皮欽語，混合語就是克里奧爾語。（對）62、洋涇浜就是克里奧爾語，混合語就是皮欽語。（錯）63、有些古詩今天讀來不押韻，那是因為語音上發生了變化的緣故。（對）64、語法的組合規則總是有例外的，不能完全類推。（對）65、古代漢語中的“鷹”、“梅”今天使用“老鷹”，“梅花”，這是詞語的替換。（對）
四、單項選擇
1、（B）是結構主義語言學的一個分支。
A、歷史比較語言學；B、哥本哈根學派；C、轉換生成語言學；D、社會語言學。
2、《普通語言學教程》著名語言學家（A）的代表作。A、索緒爾；B、鮑厄斯；C、薩丕爾；D、喬姆斯基。
3、下列說法（A）不正確。
A、語言就是說話，說話就是語言。B、語言是思想的直接現實。
C、語言可以表達不同的思想意識，但沒有階級性； D、語言既不屬于上層建筑，也不屬于經濟基礎。
4、下列說法只有（C）正確。
A、語言是一種自然現象；B、沒有語言，利用文字照樣可以進行交際。C、在語言的輔助交際工具中，文字是最重要的。D、漢語的“主席”，英語用“chairman”表示，這里反映了思維能力的民族性。
5、語言符號的任意性特點說明了（D）
A、語言是人類最重要的交際工具；B、語言是人類的思維工具； C、語言具有組合關系和聚合關系；D、語言是一種社會特有的現象。
6、語言符號的層級性的核心是（A）
A、以少馭多；B、具有生成性；C、語言比較復雜；D、可以任意組合。
7、從社會屬性角度劃分出來的最小語音單位是（D）A、元音；B、輔音；C、音素；D、音位。
8、國際音標主要是以（C）字母為基礎制訂的。A、英語；B、法語；C、拉?。籇、希臘。
9、漢語拼音中的ǖ、c、h，國際音標分別標寫作（C）。
10、下列說法，只有（D）正確。
A、振幅越大，聲音就越弱；B、振幅越大，聲音就越長； C、頻率越多，聲音就越低；D、頻率越多，聲音就越高。
11、對發音器官功能的描述，（B）是正確的。
A、聲帶在發音中的作用是次要的；B、舌頭的活動，起了調節共鳴器開頭的作用； C、口腔中最為靈活的部位是上腭；D、聲帶、舌頭等是被動發音器官。
12、關于元音和輔音的區別的描述，（C）是正確的。
A、元音發音時間短暫，輔音發音時間較長； B、輔音發音響亮，元音發音不響亮；
C、發輔音氣流受阻，發元音氣流不受阻； D、發元音和輔音發音器官的各個部位均衡緊張。
13、下列漢語拼音和國際音標對應正確的一組是（C）A、d—[d]；B、p—[p]；C、h—[x]；D、b—[b]。
14、下列發音方法完全相同的一組輔音是(D)。
A、[t]—[d]；B、[b]—[p]；C、[s]—[z]；D、[t]—[k]。
15、下列各組元音區別的描述，（A）是錯誤的。
A、i和y的區別是舌位前后不同；B、u和o的區別是舌位高低不同； C、a和后a的區別是舌位前后不同；D、i和a的區別是舌位高低不同。
16、下列各組輔音，區別特征為清濁對立的一組是（B）
A、[x]—[h]；B、[t]—[d]；C、[x]—[k]；D、[ts]—[ts‘]。
17、下列說法，（A）是正確的。
A、音位具有區別意義的作用；B、音素具有區別意義的作用； C、聲母具有區別意義的作用；D、韻母具有區別意義的作用。
18、我們在念“展覽”時，通常要把“展”念成陽平，這種變化叫做（B）。A、同化；B、異化；C、弱化；D、脫落。
19、對英語單詞“congratulations”的結構要素的分析。（C）是正確的。A、congr是前綴；B、tions是后綴；C、ion是后綴；D、s是構詞語素。20、對英語單詞“classmate”的結構要素分析，（B）是正確的。A、只有class是詞根B、class和mate都是構詞語素 C、mate是后綴D、mate是唯一的詞根；
21、“看電影”屬于相同組合類型的詞組是（A）A、看一本；B、看一回；C、看一次；D、看一遍。
22、從語法范疇諸要素看，下列句子（C）是正確的。
A、l has many thing.B、she have a brothers.C、Smith likes to play ball.D、Mother doing housework.23、孤立語的主要特點是（B）
A、具有豐富的形態變化；B、缺乏詞形變化；C、具有較豐富的形態變化；D變詞語豐富。
24、下列各種說法，（D）不正確的。
A、有些詞的本義已經消失了 B、詞義的一般性指詞義不是反映個別事物現象的 C、詞義的全民性是說詞義沒有階級性 D、沒有能產性特征特點的詞不是基本詞
25、漢字與漢語相適應，（D）正說明了這一點。
A、漢字的字形反映了漢語音節結構特點； B、漢字結構反映了漢語語素的特點；
C、漢字是意音文字，記錄了漢語的音和義； D、漢字表示音節，同漢語語素特點比較一致。
26、漢字是意音文字，這里的“音”是指（D）
A、音位 B、音素 C、音質 D、音節
27、下列各種說法，（A）是不正確的。
A、書面語一般要先于口語產生；B、書面語的發展離不開口語； C、書面語的發展是口語促進的；D、書面語比較嚴謹規范。
28、下列說法只有（C）是正確的。
A、語言的發展促進了社會的發展；B、社會隨著語言的發展而發展；
C、語匯反映社會發展的情況最為直接；D、語言發展的不平衡性指元音比輔音變化快。
29、地域方言的差別，主要體現在（A）方面。
A、語音；B、詞匯；C、語法；D、詞義。30、下列譜系分類，（D）是錯誤的。
A、印歐語系；B、烏拉爾語系；C、漢藏語系；D、日爾曼語系。
31、（B）詞語全都是借詞。
A、激光、民主；B、芭蕾、鐳射；C、蜜月、躺椅；D、面包、水泥。
32、（C）是柴門霍夫創造的。
A、洋涇浜；B、皮欽語；C、世界語；D、克里奧爾。
33、“瓦”原來是陶制品的總稱，現指蓋房用的土器，這是（B）。A、詞義的擴大；B、詞義的縮小；C、詞義的轉移；D、詞義的消失。
五、綜合分析：
1、分析下列音素的發音特點：
（1）?：前、低、不圓唇元音；（2）?：后、半高、圓唇元音；（3）?：前、高、圓唇元音；（4）?：后、低、不圓唇元音；（5）?：前、次低、不圓唇元音；（6）?：齒間、清、擦輔音；（7）?：舌面前、清、擦輔音；（8）?：舌面后、清、擦輔音；
（9）?：雙唇、濁、塞輔音；（10）?：雙唇、不送氣、清、塞輔音。
2、給下面的句子注上國際音標：
A、我們走進了一個新的時代[????????????????????????????] 512***35B、萬水千山總是情[??????????????????????????]
3、分析下列合成詞的結構方式：
秘密（并）；詩篇（補）；覺醒（并）；捐獻（并）；傷心（支）；誠心（偏）；稱心（支）；臥鋪（偏）；火紅（偏）；火海（偏）；臉紅（陳）；熱愛（偏）；火熱（偏）；眼熱（陳）；圍墻（偏）；圍脖（支）；圍嘴（支）；圍巾（偏）；圍困（補）；圍裙（偏）；包裹（并）；裹腿（支）；拖鞋（偏）；皮鞋（偏）。
4、分析下列詞組的結構層次關系，如果是多義詞組，要作不同分析，同時放到不同的語言環境中，使其變成單義的詞組。
（1）發現了敵人的先頭部隊； 發現了敵人的先頭部隊；
| || | | || | 述 賓 偏 正
| || | | || || || | 偏 正 述 賓 偏 正
| || | 偏 正
我們發現了敵人的先頭部隊——我們的先頭部隊發現了敵人。
（2）大力發展網絡教育；
| || | 偏 正
| || | 述 賓
| || | 偏 正
（3）咬死了敵人的狗； 咬死了敵人的狗；
| || | | || | 述 賓 偏 正
| || || || | | || | 述 補 偏 正 述 賓 | || | 述補
我們的狗咬死了敵人的狗——我們的狗咬死了敵人。
（4）熱愛人民的好干部； 熱愛人民的好干部；
| || | | || | 述 賓 偏 正
| || | | || | | || | 偏 正 述 賓 偏正 | || | 偏 正
我們熱愛人民的好干部——這位好干部熱愛人民。
（5）這個人他認識。
| || | 主 謂
| || || || | 偏 正 主 謂
5、比較下列英漢句子中的劃線部分，說明其中的語法上的差異。（1）a．英語：He does homework。They do homework。21
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51b．漢語：他做家務。他們做家務。
（英語中第三人稱單數和復數有區別；漢語中第三人稱單數和復數沒有區別）（2）a．英語：He let me help him。They let us help them。b．漢語：他讓我幫助他。他們讓我們幫助他們。
（英語中人稱代詞作主格和賓格不一樣；漢語中人稱代詞作主格和賓格一樣）（3）a．英語：I have a book。I have seven books。
b．漢語：我有一本書。我有七本書。
（英語中名詞單數和復數是不一樣的；漢語中名詞單數和復數是一樣的）（4）a．英語：I have a black pen。I have a blacker pen。
b．漢語：我有一支黑鋼筆。我有一支較黑的鋼筆。（英語中原級和比較級不一樣，后者在原級的基礎上，用了“er”；漢語中，在形容詞前加一“較”字）（5）a．英語：I write a letter。I wrote a letter。I shall write a let。
b．漢語：我寫信。我寫了信。我將寫信。
（英語中，一用了一般現在時，一用了過去時，一用了將來時；漢語中，第二句后面用“了”表示“過去”，第三句前面用“將”表示“將來”）
6、變換下列句子，使其具有句法同義關系。（1）我們找到了丟失的孩子 丟失的孩子我們找到了
丟失的孩子，被我們找到了 我們把丟失的孩子找到了。（2）我認識這個人。這個人，我認識。
7、分析劃線部分所表示的語法范疇和語法意義：（1）I am doing housework.語法范疇：體；語法意義：動詞的現在分詞表示動作正在進行。（2）He works hard。
語法范疇：人稱；語法意義：動詞加s表示第三人稱單數，與其他人稱對立。（3）She had lost her keys。
語法范疇：數；語法意義：名詞加s表示復數，與單數對立。（4）She gave him a book
語法范疇：格；語法意義：代詞的主格形式。
語法范疇：時；語法意義：動詞的過去時表示動作已經發生。語法范疇：格；語法意義：代詞的賓格形式。（5）He studies better than I 語法范疇：人稱；語法意義：動詞加去y加ies表示第三人稱單數，與其他人稱對立。語法范疇：級；語法意義：異根的詞形變化表示比較級。
六、問答題：
1、為什么說歷史比較語言學在語言學史上地位十分重要？
歷史比較語言學從前又稱比較語法，通過語言親屬關系的比較研究語言的發展規律，擬測它們的共同母語。歷史比較語言學是在19世紀逐步發展和完善的，主要是印歐語系的歷史比較。19世紀之前，這種研究不是沒有，但都是孤立的分散的研究，到19世紀才進入系統的研究，并使語言學走上獨立發展的道路。19世紀歷史比較語言學家為語言學的發展做出了重要貢獻。他們收集了豐富的語言材料，進行了廣泛深入的調查和比較，不僅提出了人類語言演變過程的假設，畫出了世界語言的譜系，而且還創造出比較科學的研究方法，提出了有關語言起源、語言本質的新理論，為后來結構主義和描寫語言學的產生和發展創造了有利條件。
2、、語言有哪些社會職能？對人類社會有什么重要意義？
答：
3、為什么說語言不是自然現象？為什么說語言是一種特殊的社會現象？
答：語言不是自然現象，而是社會現象。（1）如果語言是自然的，其產生發展就應該有自己的規律，不以人的意 志為轉移，社會的發展變化也不會給語言造成任何的影響，而實際上恰恰相反，語言的產生與發展都是同社會密切地聯系在一起的。（2）如果語言是自然現象，其產生和發展就應該有自己的一套規律，不受人類的約束。自然的東西只能利用，不可能創造，而語言卻是人類創造的，同人類一道發展的。比如古代漢語沒有電視、電腦、廣播等詞，而現代漢語有這些詞，這是因為社會發展了，客觀世界有了這些事物，語言中才相應地有了這些詞。（3）如果語言是自然現象，其詞匯系統就不應該有這樣的差別?？梢?，語言是完全依賴于社會的，離不開社會的，它的發展變化也是服從社會的需要的。語言與社會的聯系是如此密切，對人類社會有如空氣和水一樣重要；（4）如果語言是自然現象，那么世界上就不應該有這樣多的語言，不同民族不同國家的語言應該是一樣的，而實際上世界上的語言多達5千多種，還有許多沒有發現，這都只能從社會性方面才能加以解釋，從自然現象角度就無法解釋清楚。
第二問????
4、為什么說語言是人類最重要的交際工具？
答：
5、語言和思維有怎樣的關系？
答：
6、符號應具備哪些條件？語言和一般符號有何異同？
答：
7、什么是語言的二層性？其核心是什么？舉例說明。
答：語言的二層性指語言是由音位層和由音義結合的符號序列層構成的裝置。語言的底層是一套音位，語言的上層是音義結合的符號和符號的序列，這一層又分語素、詞、句子三級。
核心是以少馭多。如漢語的底層是30個左右的音位，它們組成數千個語素，而這些語素又組成數十萬條詞，詞又組成無窮無盡的句子。
8、舉例說明什么是組合關系和聚合關系？
答：
9、語音有哪些屬性？什么是語音的本質屬性？
答：物理屬性、生理屬性、社會屬性。社會屬性是本質屬性。
10、不同的音質是由什么決定的？舉例說明。
答：發音體、發音方法和共鳴器的形狀這三個發音條件中只要有一個不同，就會產生不同音質的聲音。具體看《學習指導書》第42頁末三段。
11、元音和輔音的差別有哪幾個方面？
答：見書第59頁，三點。
12、音位和音素的區別與聯系是什么？
答：
13、什么是語法意義？什么是語法形式？二者有怎樣的關系？
答：
14、漢語表示語法意義的語法手段主要有哪些？
答：一是詞序，二是虛詞。具體見書第99頁。
15、語言的結構類型可分哪幾種？主要特點是什么？
答：具體見《學習指導書》第84—85頁。
16、文字的主要作用是什么？
答：具體見《學習指導書》第114—115頁。
17、社會方言和地域方言有何異同？
答：
18、詞語替換的原因是什么？
答：書第246頁，三點原因。（1）社會的因素；（2）語言系統內部的原因；（3）語言表達的精密化。20、詞匯發展變化表現在哪些方面？
答：具體見《學習指導書》第168頁。
19、語言發展的不平衡性特點主要體現在哪些方面？
答：體現在兩個方面： 一是語言系統的各個組成部分發展速度不一樣，其中詞匯變化最快；語言系統各個組成部分中，詞匯的變化最迅速，這是因為詞匯與社會的聯系最緊密，最直接，對社會的發展變化反應也最靈敏，社會的變化，現實現象的產生與消失，隨時都能在詞匯中反映出來。
二是語言在不同地域的發展速度和發展方向也不一樣。由于各地的社會政治、經濟和文化等方面的發展水平不一致，往往導致語言在不同地域的發展變化具有不同的特點，呈現出不平衡性的特點。20、詞綴和詞尾有什么不同？舉例說明。
答：
1、從位置看，詞尾只能出現在整個詞的后面，不能出現在其它位置上，這個詞可能是詞根構成的，也可能有后綴，那么詞尾只能在后綴的后面，例如“reader”加上詞尾s、“working”加上詞尾ing都只能在詞根或后綴的后面。而詞綴有的在詞的后面，例如“記者、讀者、西化、年頭、鼓手、凳子、really、teacher、widen、happiness”；有的在詞的前面，如“dislike、rebuild、informal、disagree、enlarge、unhappy、老鄉、阿爸、第一”；少數還在詞的中間，比較少見，有人認為漢語“胡里糊涂、羅里羅嗦、骯里骯臟”中間的成分是中綴。
2、從功能看，詞綴可以構成新詞，是詞的構成部分，是固定在詞的結構中的，是構詞的語素。詞尾不是詞的構成成分，不能構成新詞，它只是改變詞的形式，表示某種語法意義，屬于變詞語素。詞尾所表示的語法意義，是通過語法單位（例如詞或語素）的組合體現出來的，一般只在具體的句子中才出現，單獨一個詞，沒有組合，沒有語境，沒有與具體的語法意義相聯系，也沒有相應的語法形式，當然就不可能出現詞尾。比如“reader”加上詞尾s變成readers，仍然是“讀者”的意思，其中的s表示復數，“working”加上詞尾ing變成working，意思仍然是“工作”，其中的詞尾ing表示進行體。因此，詞尾的變化可以改變一個詞的形式，但不是構成不同的詞，如works、worked、working，仍然是單詞work，沒有變成別的詞。漢語沒有詞尾。
21、“太陽紅”和“紅太陽”的語法意義有什么差別？二者區別的語法手段是什么？
語法意義與詞匯意義相對而言，是語法單位在組合中所產生的意義。“太陽紅”是主謂短語，表示的語法意義是“陳述”?！凹t太陽”是偏正短語，表示的語法意義是“修飾”。這兩種語法意義的不同是通過詞序（語序）的不同表現出來的。
22、詞匯系統的變化有哪些方面？舉例說明。
答：詞匯系統的發展變化，主要表現在以下三個方面：
1．新詞的產生和舊詞的消亡。社會是不斷發展變化的，新的事物、現象、觀念的出現，就需要有相應的詞語來指稱，于是新詞隨之而生，如“火箭、導彈、電冰箱、攝像機、大腕、款爺、個體戶、搶灘、網友、網民”等。同新詞的產生一樣社會中舊事物的消亡、認識的變化等也可以引起詞語的消亡，如“皇帝、太監、娘娘、頂戴、馬褂、紅衛兵、走資派”等詞語，現在語言中就很少使用直至逐漸消亡。
2．詞語的替換。即改變某類現實現象的名稱，換一種說法。這也是詞匯演變中的一種常見現象。引起詞語替換的原因可能是社會方面的，如“郵差”改為“郵遞員”、“戲子”改為“演員”等就是由于人們的社會意識的改變而替換的，而“目”改為“眼睛”則是由于現代漢語詞匯雙音化這一語言系統內部原因造成的。
3． 詞義的演變。詞義的演變是指詞的形式不變而意義發生了變化。引起詞義變化的因素很多，如“布”，古代只指麻織物，而今天則是棉、麻、化纖織物及混紡織物的統稱，這是由于現實現象的變化而引起的詞義變化。再如“虹”，古人認為它是一種有生命的蟲，能飲水，而今天人們則認識到“虹”是由于陽光照在水滴上，經折射、反射、衍射而形成在雨幕或霧幕上的彩色圓弧，是一種天氣現象。這是由于人們對現實現象認識的發展而引起的詞義的變化。詞義的演變，從其演變的結果來看，新義不外是舊義的擴大、縮小和轉移三種情況。
第三篇：語言學概論思考與練習
語言學概論思考與練習
注：有★號的為重點題目。1． 為什么說社會勞動創造了人類的語言？
2． ★人類的語言與動物的“語言”有何本質區別? 3． ★人類的語言為什么構造如此靈巧？
4． 如何理解“鸚鵡能言，不離飛鳥；猩猩能言，不離禽獸”？ 5． ★荀子說：“名無固宜，約之以命。約定俗成謂之宜，異于約謂之不宜?！蹦闳绾卫斫?？試加評述。
6． ★什么是語言符號任意性原則？你如何理解？試聯系語言事實加以論述。7． ★因為布谷鳥發出“布谷！布谷！”的聲音，所以叫“布谷鳥”?？梢娬Z言符號的音義之間是有聯系的，任意性原則站不住腳。你以為如何？ 8． 關于幼兒是如何習得語言的有哪幾種假說？試加評述。9． ★語言作為一個符號系統有哪些特性？ 10． ★簡述語言、言語以及二者的關系。11． ★語言有哪些主要功能？最基本的功能是什么？為什么？ 12． ★怎樣理解語言是思維的重要工具但不是唯一工具？試舉例說明。13． 簡述語言和思維的關系。14． “此人名叫王大謀，想必深有謀略，我們還是小心為妙?！蹦銓Υ巳说耐普撚泻卧u說？試從語言符號任意性的角度加以論述。15． ★你怎樣理解“只可意會，不可言傳”這種現象？試用語言學理論加以分析評述？ 16． 語言是如何構造并運轉的？ 17． ★什么是組合關系和聚合關系？二者關系如何？ 18． 語言單位歸并應遵循哪些原則？ 19． ★舉例說明切分和歸并及二者的關系。20． 請將下列語言片段的詞和語素切分出來：
科學技術是第一生產力
發展才是硬道理 21． 語言有哪些主要的機制？它們的作用及相互關系怎樣？（重點：預設、經濟、對稱、類推機制）22． ★某展覽會上立有一塊“眼看手勿動”的牌子，某看客好奇地用腳踢了一下展品，被主辦方抓住罰款，看客非常不服氣地說“你們的牌子上只寫明不能用手動展品，并沒有寫明不能用腳動展品?！痹囉谜Z言學原理對看客的言行加以分析評述。23． ★能對常見的元音、輔音進行描寫分析，能用國際音標給漢字注音。
31．分析描寫下列音素的發音條件：
[p] [ts] [k`] [e] [ε] [o]
32．分析下面每組音中兩個音在發音上的相同點和不同點：
[?]-----[m]
[?]----[o]
33．用國際音標給下列漢字注音：
堅持科學發展觀，構建和諧社會。
34．分析下列語流音變現象：
１
棉袍[mi?n p’ɑu ] → [mi?m p’ɑu ] 衣服 [i fu ]→ [i f] 你們[ni m?n] → [ni m] individual[individ? u? l] →[innivid? u? l]（個人的）
35．★什么是音位？音位與音素有何區別？
36．★[p]和[p’]從實際的音值來看，無論是在漢語中還是在英語中，它們都是兩個不同的音，即是兩個不同的音素，可是在漢語中為什么要把它們歸并為兩個不同的語音單位，即兩個音位；而在英語中卻要歸并為一個單位，即一個音位呢？
37．★ɑ這個符號在漢語拼音方案中一共代表幾個音？e這個符號在漢語拼音方案中一共代表幾個音？為什么一個符號可以代表幾個不同的音？請談談音位理論在漢語拼音方案中的應用。
38．整理出自己方言的音位系統（聲母、韻母、聲調）39．★分析下列詞的結構：
現代、現代化、記憶、雪花、枕巾、枕木、搖籃、搖把、司令、司機、爛漫、浪漫、展開、開展、試驗、實驗、化驗、立冬、冬至、春分、徹底、認真、和平、平和、蓮子、簾子、子彈、子孫、孫子、chairperson
impossible
gentleman
gentlemanly 40．★常見的表達語法意義的語法手段有哪些？試舉例說明。36．★漢語表達語法意義的語法手段主要是哪些？試舉例說明。37．名詞、代詞有哪些常見的語法范疇？試舉例說明。38．★動詞有哪些常見的語法范疇？試舉例說明。
39．在詞與詞的組合上漢英各有什么特點？試舉例說明。
40．★劃分詞類的標準是什么？漢語劃分詞類的標準的具體內容是什么？ 41．★語言的詞組有哪些基本組合類型？試舉例說明。42．句子和詞組（短語）有哪些區別？試舉例說明。43．層次分析法有哪些優缺點？試舉例說明。
44．什么是顯性的語法關系？什么是隱形的語法關系？ 45．★用層次分析法分析下列語言結構，如有歧義的應作不同的分析，如有隱性關系的也應作分析：
沉著應對國際金融危機
保護環境就是保護我們自己
王教授滿意地點了一下頭
我有能力完成這項艱巨的任務
習慣和現狀往往束縛人們的頭腦
世界珍稀瀕危動物國寶大熊貓 整頓市場經濟秩序的重要意義 喜歡看焦點訪談節目的女孩
46．根據形態標準可以把世界上的語言分為哪幾類？漢語屬于哪一類？為什么？ 47．★什么是詞義？詞義有哪些性質？請舉例說明。48．★從原生義到派生義主要有哪些模式？請舉例說明。
49．“天堂、地獄、鬼神”等在現實中并不存在，可是語言中為什么會有這樣的詞呢？ 50．詞義到底包含哪些具體內容？試舉例說明。51．詞義間有哪些主要的關系？試舉例說明。52．為什么“好”和“不好”不能構成反義詞？
２
53．用義素分析法分析下面各組詞的詞義：
俯瞰---仰視---眺望
電筒---蠟燭---電燈
哥哥---姐姐---弟弟---妹妹
父親---母親---兒子---女兒 54．義素分析法有什么優缺點？
55．★一句話的意義是否等于這句話所包含的詞義之和？為什么？試舉例說明。56．句子中詞義的選擇和限制主要受哪些因素的影響？試舉例說明。57．★有哪些常見的歧義現象？如何消除歧義？
58．預設的真實是一句話語義真實的充分條件，對嗎？為什么?試舉例說明。59．★什么是語言變異？語言有哪些類型的變異？ 60．社會方言和地域方言有哪些區別和聯系？
61．★什么是言語行為？舉例說明直接言語行為和間接言語行為。62．★什么是合作原則？它包含哪些準則? 63．★分析下面話語的語用推理過程，寫出語用推導式，并分析會話含義產生的原因。
甲：你小心點！
乙：我什么風浪沒見過！
甲：這孩子將來要做官的。
乙：這孩子將來要死的。
丙：這孩子哎嗨，啊唷，哦??
甲：我昨天買的衣服怎么樣？
乙：顏色還可以。
64．試聯系身邊的語言事實分析一下違反語用原則會產生什么樣的結果？ 65．在交際中，除了要遵循合作原則以外，還應遵循什么原則？這些原則與合作原則關系怎樣？
66．語用推理與邏輯推理有何不同？ 67．★聯系實際說明語境的作用。
68．★什么是語言演變？其原因和特點是什么？ 69．語言演變和語言變異有何區別和聯系？ 70．語流音變和語音演變有何區別和聯系？
71．★方言是怎樣產生的？共同語是怎樣產生的？方言和共同語的關系怎樣？ 72．★什么是語音演變規律？試舉例說明它有什么特點？ 73．★舉例說明詞義演變的原因、途徑、結果。74．★舉例說明新詞產生的途徑。75．★語言接觸表現在哪些方面？
76．★什么是借詞？談談新時期的漢語借詞。
77．漢藏語系語言和印歐語系語言有哪些主要差別？ 78．★為什么說語言隨著社會的發展而發展？ 79．什么是文字？文字與記事圖畫有何本質區別？ 80．★文字和語言關系怎樣？
81．從當前漢語的字母詞看語言與文字的關系？ 82．★簡述文字的作用。
83．★什么是表意文字？什么是表音文字？二者各有什么優缺點？ 84．簡述世界五大文字體系的基本情況。
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第四篇：楊忠--語言學概論 課后綜合測試題及中文版答案
綜合測試題
（一）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets：(10 points)：
()1.General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()2.The total number of words stored in the brain is called morphology.()3.The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.()4.Categorization refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.()5.Metaphors can create similarities between the target domain and the source domain.()6.According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.()7.Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.()8.Modality can be categorized into probability and Usuality.()9.Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second language acquisition research.()10.Register, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimensions: field, mode and tenor.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.____________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.creativity
B.arbitrariness
C.displacement
D.interchangeability 2.Syntactically, Japanese is ____________ language.A.analytic
B.isolating
C.synthetic
D.agglutinating 3.The general roles language plays are termed
A.metalanguages
B.metafunctions
C.metadiscourses
D.metagrammar 4.____________ is a process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix.A.Blending
B.Eponyms
C.Backformation
D.Clipping 5.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a ___________.A.suffix
B.prefix
C.morpheme
D.morph 6.__________ theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.A.Environmentalist
B.functionalist
C.nativist
D.both a and b 7.Words and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etC.are called __________.A.person deixis
B.time deixis
C.place deixis
D.discourse deixis 8.Every syllable has a(n)__________, which is usually a vowel.A.nucleus
B.onset
C.code
D.rhyme 9.___________ is defined as the study of meaning.A.linguistics
B.semantics
C.morphology
D.pragmatics 10.A ___________ is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A.pidgin
B.creole
C.Esperanto
D.natural language
III.Match the terms in column A with the phrases in column B and put a, b…j into brackets:(10 points)A()1.Socialinguistics()2.Applied Linguistics()3.Morphology()4.Phonetics()5.Linguistics()6.Syntax()7.Psycholinguistics()8.Pragmatics()9.Phonology()10 Semantics B a.the analysis of sentence structure b.the analysis of meaning in context c.the analysis of meaning
d.the study of sound systems and patterns
e.the application of linguistic theories to other spheres f.the study of speech sounds
g.the study of the relationship between language and society h.the study of word structure i.the scientific study of language
j.the study of the relationship between language and mind
IV.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)they all share:(10 points)1.[t∫][dз]
2.[m] [n] [ɡ]
3.[f] [θ] [s ] [∫] [h]
4.[d] [n] [z] [l] [r]
5.[i:] [i] [u:] [u]
V.Consider the following words and fill in the form:(10 points)Words analyzed number of morphemes troublesome free morphemes
stepmother psycholinguistics understatement antidisestablishmentarianism
VI.Interpretate the following ambiguous sentences:(10 points)1.The duck is too hot to eat.(1)______________________________________(2)______________________________________ 2.Visiting friends can be boring.(1)______________________________________(2)______________________________________
VII.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.derivation
2.learner factors
VIII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)
1.What is the difference between “a red and a redcoat”? 2.What are the features of modern linguistics?
3.According to Austin, what does a speech act consist of?
綜合測試題
（二）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.According to M.A.K.Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and logical metafunction.()2.Duality is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.()3.Modality can be categorized into modalization and modulation according to Halliday.()4.Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.()5.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning.()6.Second language acquisition is a complex process which involves social factors and learner factors.()7.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialets, sociodialects and registers.()8.Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()9.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.()10.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The language used to talk about language is called __________.A.language
B.metalanguage
C.natural language
D.artificial language 2.[+continuant] specifies ________________.A.all the fricatives
B.all the fricatives and glides C.all the fricatives and liquids
D.all the fricatives, liquids and glides 3._________ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.A.Coinage
B.Blending
C.Acronmyms
D.Clipping 4.A __________ is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A.morpheme
B.word
C.phoneme
D.allophones 5.The word ―multinationality has ___________ morphemes.A.2
B.3
C.4
D.5 6._________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use‖, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are ―varieties according to user‖.A.field
B.mode
C.tenor
D.register 7.__________ are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.A.back-channel signals
B.adjacency pairs C.pre-sequences
D.insertion sequences 8.The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice(1975)as ____________.A.the principle of relevance
B.cooperative principle C.the politeness principle
D.the theory of prototypes 9.Beauty and siren both refer to a good-looking woman, but they differ in __________.A.affective meaning
B.style
C.collocation
D.register 10.―John explained the theory‖ is a ___________ process according to Halliday.A.material
B.mental
C.verbal
D.behavioral
III.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.Specially, there are four m__________ under cooperative principle generalized by Grice.2.M__________ is unanimously acknowledged by researchers and language teachers as an important factor in second language acquisition.3.A speech act consists of three dimensions.The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called l_____________ act.The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed i_____________ act.The act of bringing about an effect is known as p____________ act.4.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as m____________.5.C__________ is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.6.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called a___________，7.The term language a___________ refers to the natural process of children’ language development.8.A d___________ is a variety of a language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.IV.Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence:(10 points)A()1.This vet is very famous in the town.()2.This classroom is large and bright..()3.He is watering flowers.()4.Orlon is a kind of cloth material.()5.Watt is the measurement unit of electricity.()6.EEC is an important organization in the world.()7.An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.()8.The road was enlarged last year.()9.Some young people have brunch quite often.B a.Conversion b.Derivation c.Blending d.Backformation e.Acronym
f.Compounding g.Coinage h.Eponym i.Clipping
V.Pick out the sound that does not belong to the group of the sounds according to the natural class of sounds.And then name the feature(s)that define the one picked out and the group of sounds:(10 points)For example: 1.[ 2.[ 3.[ 4.[ 5.[ [z] voiced/voiceless ____ ____ ____ ___________ [f] [θ] [z] [s] [m] [?] [l] [n] [p] [b] [m] [v] [w] [s] [z] [∫] [dз] [з] [i:] [i] [?] [u] [e] [i:] [?:] [e] [?] ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________] __________________________
VI.Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, ―He found his book on Wall Street‖:(10 points)
VII.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.language and linguistics 2.semantics and pragmatics
VII.Answer the following questions:(40%)
1.How do you understand creativity, one of the features of human language? 2.What do Taboo and Euphemism mean? What is the relationship between them? 3.What are the general roles language plays according to Halliday?
綜合測試題
（三）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.(10 points)()1.A morpheme is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.()2.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()3.The word ―went‖ contains two morphemes.()4.The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis(CA).()5.Euphemism refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of, or association with particular objects, action, or persons.()6.The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.()7.In English, the two liquids [l] and [r] are phonemes, but in Korean, they are allophones.()8.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the Subject and the Predicate.()9.Compounding is one type of word formation by combining both free morphemes and bound morphemes.()10.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The followings are all features of language except __________.A.duality
B.productivity
C.changeability
D.displacement 2.The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is __________.A.synonymy
B.antonym
C.polysemy
D.homonymy 3.______ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.Conversion
B.Abbreviation
C.Eponyms
D.Blending 4.Children all undergo ________ stages of language development.A.babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech B.babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrastic C.babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech D.babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word
5.The followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition except _________.A.motivation
B.nationality
C.age
D.learning strategy 6.Speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others.Based on this observation, Leech(1983)proposes _____________.A.the cooperative principle
B.the principle of relevance C.the politeness principle
D.speech acts 7.Minimal pairs can be exemplified by ____________.A.moon/noon
B.foot/food
C.she/sheet
D.sea/sea 8.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ___________.A.distinctive features
B.non-distinctive features C.suprasegmental features
D.free variation 9.The ____________ function(sometimes also referred to as experiential function)is realized by the transitivity system of language.A.ideational
B.interpersonal
C.textual
D.logical 10.Free morphemes were traditionally called roots, and bound morphemes _________.A.prefixes
B.suffixes
C.affixes
D.inflectional morphemes
III.Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence:(10 points)A()1.Most children like drinking Coca-cola.()2.UNESCO is a branch United Nations.()3.The police machineguned the gang.()4.I like sandwiches very much.()5.There are a lot of fruits in the fridge.()6.Infotech is popular nowadays.()7.An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.()8.His stepmother is very kind to him.()9.The street was widened last year.B a.Conversion
b.Derivation
c.Blending
d.Backformation
e.Acronym
f.Compounding g.Coinage
h.Eponym
i.Clipping
IV.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(10 points)1.labiodentals 2.interdentals 3.back vowels 4.high vowels
5.palatal affricates
V.Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket.(10 points)A()1.The noise annoyed him.()2.The police caught him
()3.There are two books on the table.()4.John explained the theory to me.()5.He watches TV every day.()6.The conference is on Monday B a.Material process
b.Relational process
c.Mental process d.Verbal process
e.Behavioral process
f.Existential process
VI.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.arbitrariness 2.voicing
VII.Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, ―They can fish‖.(10 points)VIII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)1.2.What is the difference between a greenhouse and a greenhouse? What is conversion in terms of word formation? Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the components of metaphors?
綜合測試題
（四）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.English is a tone language.()2.Bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes to form new words.()3.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meanings.()4.Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.()5.Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition.()6.According to M.A.K.Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and discourse metafunction.()7.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()8.There are two types of language in the world: natural language and artificial language.()9.Coinage is a process of inventing words based on existing morphemes.()10 Environmentalist theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contributions in learning a second language.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The word ―antidisestablishmentariaism‖ is composed of ______ morphemes.A.six
B.seven
C.eight
D.nine 2.__________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A.Voicing
B.Voiced
C.Nasalization
D.Aspiration 3.Smog is a ___________ word.A.derived
B.clipped
C.blended
D.compound 4.The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance.This kind of motivation may be termed ____ motivation.A.instrumental
B.integrative
C.cognitive
D.none of them 5.[u:] possesses the features _____________.A.[+high][+back][+round][-tense]
B.[+high][-back][+round][+tense] C.[+high][+back][+round][+tense]
D.[-high][+back][+round][+tense] 6.English is an example of _________ languages.A.VSO
B.SVO
C.SOV
D.SVO 7.A ________ is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.A.phoneme
B.phone
C.morpheme
D.morph 8.Free morphemes were traditionally called _________.A.affixes
B.prefix
C.suffix
D.root 9.The lexical sense relation between elephant and animal is __________.A.hyponymy
B.synonymy
C.antonymy
D.homonymy 10.Words like male and female, pass and fail, etc.are ________ antonyms.A.gradable
B.complementary
C.reversal
D.relative
III.Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracketbefore the sentence.(10 points)A()1.John is talking to Jane.()2.Tom is the leader
()3.There is a cat on the bed.()4.The bad news astonished her.()5.Edward broke the window.()6.He waved his hands.B a.Material process
b.Relational process
c.Mental process d.Verbal process
e.Behavioral process
f.Existential process
IV.State what semantic property or properties are shared by the group of words.(10 points)For example: typewriter, ruler, notebook 1.king, bachelor, son 2.bull, rooster, stallion 3.pine, rose, elm 4.bravery, charity, devotion 5.car, bike, plane [ +stationary] ________________________ ________________________
V.Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s)in the words and the describe it.(10 points)
Example: far [a:] back low vowel
1.thread
2.beat
3.important
4.live
5.stop [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ]
VI.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.(10 points)1.She can not bear children.(1)(2)(3)______________________________________________ 2.He hates old men and women.(1)(2)______________________________________________
VII.Explain the following terms with examples.(10 points)1.2.Compounding Free variation
VII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)1.2.What is the distinction between semantics and pragmatics? What are the four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence according to Hymes(1972)? 3.What are the three types of antonyms(lexical opposition)in English?
綜合測試題
（五）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.()2.Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meaning.()3.The Swiss linguist Chomsky regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.()4.Language can be used to refer to things real or false, past, present or future.()5.Language is merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation.()6.We use language as symbolic code to represent the world around us.()7.The ideatonal function of language binds individuals together.()8.When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences.()9.Language is mostly a natural phenomenon.()10.Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.Ⅱ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Geographic Red Song Clock Psychopathy
Ⅲ.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.(5 points)Initial pit/bit
Medial rapid/rabid
Final cap/cab
Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1.2.3.4.5./k/-/g/ /m/-/n/ /l/-/r/ /b/-/v/ /b/-/m/
Ⅳ.Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process.(10 points)Column Ⅰ A.chairs B.wider C.looked D.Tom’s
Column Ⅱ A.reality B.movement C.malcontent D.stepmother Column Ⅲ A.blackboard B.greenhouse C.makeshift D.paintwork
(1)What morphological process is shown by Column Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ.(2)What is the morphological difference between a),b)and c),d)in Column Ⅱ.Ⅴ.Tell whether polarity or modality is expressed in the following sentences if modality, then identify the type(modalization or modulation).(10 points)1.I have not finished the task.2.He often comes to my office.3.I will show you how to make up the bed.4.He hardly came back to see his mother.5.The company ought to cut the price of the products.Ⅵ.Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/-WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/-PAN], [+/-POT], [+/-OVEN], [+/-SIEVE], etc.(10 points)boil: fry: steam: stew: bake:
Ⅶ.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved:(15 points)a).The professor’s appointment was shocking.b).The design has big squares and circles.c).The governor is a dirty street fighter.Ⅷ.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?(5 points)a).The dress is lovely, isn’t it? b).The material is nice.Ⅸ.Draw two phrase structure trees representing the two meanings of the sentence the magician touched the child with the wand.Be sure you indicate which meaning goes with which tree.(10 points)
Ⅹ.Answer the following question:(20 points)1.What is the functioning of stress and intonation in English?
2.How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology?
綜合測試題
（六）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(20 points)()1.In the study of the first step is the task of auditory phonetics.()2.The sound source is the larynx.()3.The oral cavity contains most of the articulators, namely, the uvula, the velum the hard palate.()4.Sounds which are produced with the upper teeth touching the lower lip are labialdentals.()5.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.()6.Abbreviations are formed by putting together the final letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.()7.Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.()8.All members.of a speech community can send and take messages.()9.Traditional grammar was initially based on European language, particularly on Latin and German.()10.One of the important concepts of structural grammar is the concept of immediate constituent.()11.Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.()12.The meanings communicated through language are or two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings
()13.An expression used by a speaker/writer to identify something is called deictic expression.()14.Chomsky theory of conversational implicature is regarded as a breakthrough in pragmatic study of language use.()15.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.()16.Modality can be categorized into modalization and intention.()17.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the object and the finite.()18.Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation being set up between two separate.()19.Mental processes are processes of sensing.()20.A TG grammar must account for all or only grammatical sentences.Ⅱ.Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes.(5 points)1.Retroactive 2.Befriended 3.Televise 4.Margin 5.Endearment
Ⅲ.Write the one proper description from the list under B for the italicized part of each word in A.(5 points)A
a.terrorized
b.uncivilized
c.terrorize
d.lukewarm
e.impossible B
(1)free root
(2)bound root
(3)inflectional suffix
(4)derivational suffix(5)inflectional prefix
(6)derivational prefix
(7)inflectional infix
(8)derivational infix
Ⅳ.Write out at least ten structure rules that each of the following rules abbreviate.(5 points)VP→V(NP)(PP)(Adv)NP→(Det)(Adj)N(PP)
Ⅴ.Draw phrase structure trees for the following sentences:(10 points)a)The man found the letter.b)The students put the books in the classroom.Ⅵ.Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Bull, rooster, bachelor, boy Milk, water, alcohol, oil Squash, tennis, cricket, fencing, boxing Idea, concept, love, clarity, democracy Pine, elm, willow, birch, poplar
Ⅶ.Each of the following words is a basic level term.Write its superordinate in the left blank and one of its subordinate in the right blank.(10 points)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.table willow cat blue dictionary painting driver verb chemistry juice
Ⅷ.The opposite of analytic is contradictory.A sentence that is false due to the meaning of its words alone is contradictory.Kings are female is an example.Write a C by the contradictory sentences and S for situational by sentences that are not contradictory.(10 points)1.My sister is a man.2.Witches are wicked.3.My sister is an only child.4.The evening star isn’t the morning star.5.The evening star isn’t the evening star.6.Babies are adults.7.Babies can lift one ton.8.Puppies are human.9.My bachelor friends are all married.10.My bachelor friends are all lonely.Ⅸ.Pig Latin is a common language game of English;but even Pig Latin has dialects, forms of the ―language game‖ with different rules.(10 points)
Consider the following data from three dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule applied to words beginning with vowels: Dialect 1 ―eat‖ ―arc‖ [itme] [arkme] Dialect 2 [ithe] [arkhe] Dialect 3 [ite] [arke]
⑴ State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin forms in each dialect.Dialect 1: Dialect 2: Dialect 3: ⑵ How would you say honest, admire, and illegal in each dialect? Give the phonetic transcription of the Pig Latin forms.honest admire 1.1.2.2.3.3.Illegal 1.2.3.Ⅹ.Answer the following questions:(20 points)1.What is the function of phonological knowledge?
2.Exemplify the differences between anaphoric and cataphoric reference.綜合測試題
（七）Ⅰ.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.2.The term l a refers to the natural process of children’s language development.It is found that children all undergo certain stages of language development, namely the b 3.4.5.6.7.stage, holophrastic stage, , the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage.The practice of error analysis is divided into i describing and explaining.S refers to the analysis of meaning.In the aspect of affective meaning, statesman is commending in sense while politician is d D synonyms are words which are similar in meaning but used in different dialects of the language.In order to avoid repetition the writer needs to use a s to replace a word used in the previous co-text when he/she wants to continue to address that idea.8.9.The sentence ―The bachelor is unmarried‖ is it t The domain to be conceptualized is called t domain.10.P event.Ⅱ.Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:(5 points)1.2.tense front mid vowel lateral liquid.domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source deixis specifies the locations relative to the speech
3.4.5.lax high back vowel voiced bilabial oral stop mid central lax vowel
Ⅲ.A phonetic symbol is actually a ―cover term‖ for a composite of distinct phonetic properties or features.Define each of the symbols below by marking a ―+‖or a ―-‖ for each given feature: a ―+‖, if the property is present, a ―-‖,if it is absent:(10 points)sou phone featu segme u ? Ou I u:
High Low Back Tense Round
Ⅳ.Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can:(10 points)(1)Minimal pair
(2)phoneme
Ⅴ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Weight Orange Veil Hair Team
Ⅵ.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.(5 points)Initial pit/bit Medial rapid/rabid Final cap/cab
Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1.2.3.4.5./p/-/f/ /s/-/?/ /?/-/?/ /s/-/z/ /t/-/k/
Ⅶ.For each of the following sentences, draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules:(10 points)1.2.She speaks good Japanese.The problem would be solved by them.Ⅷ.Interprete the grammatical relations in the following sentences and then paraphrase them:(10 points)1.2.Girls are eager to please.Girls are easy to please.Ⅸ.Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones:(5 points)style/stile ear/ear hear/here tale/tail bank/bank know/no hare/hair bear/bear soul/sole one/won
Ⅹ.Here are some Japanese words in phonetic transcription.[? ] is the voiceless palatal affricate that occurs in the English word church.[ts] is an alveolar affricate and should be taken as a single symbol.It is pronounced as the final sound(s)in cats.Japanese words(except for certain loan words)never contain the phonetic sequences.*[ti] or *[tu]:(20 points)1.Based on these data.Are [t], [ ? ],and [ts]in complementary distribution? 2.State the distribution---first in words, then using features---of these phones.3.Give a phonemic analysis of these data insofar as [t],[ ?],and[ts] are concerned.That is, identify the phonemes, and the allophones.4.Give the phonemic representation of the phonetically transcribed Japanese words given below.Assume phonemic and phonetic representations are the same except for [t],[ ?] ], and [ts].tatami_____ tsukue______ tsutsumu_______ ?izu
Tomoda?i_______ tetsudau______
Ⅺ.Exemplify The differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes:(10 points)
綜合測試題
（八）Ⅰ.Multiple Choice：(10 points)：
1.Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their A.synchronic solidarity
B.systemic agreement C.finite sentences
D.instinctive method in length and 2.Language is a set(infinite)of sentences, each constructed out of a finite set of elements.A.infinite
B.finite
C.fixed
D.definite 3.The Swiss Linguist regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier(sound image)and signified(referent).A.Chomsky
B.de Saussure
C.Bloomfield
D.Halliday 4.Human languages can be used to describe themselves.The language used to talk about language is called
A.special language.B.local language C.metalanguage
D.human language 5.refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.A.Arbitrariness
B.Duality
C.Creativity
D.Displacement 6.A community language is one that is the mother tongue of an ethnic A.artificial
B.natural
C.family
D.western 7.The fundamental difference between a religious belief and a scientific theory is whether it is A.disciple
B.observable.C.verifiable
D.functional 8.may be defined as the scientific study of language.A.Morphology
B.Linguistics
C.Phonology
D.Phonetics 9.Linguistics is seen as a discipline closest, among humanities to________sciences.A.physical
B.natural
C.absolute
D.universal 10.The study of language in general is often termed general linguistics.It is based on the view that language is composed of three aspects: sound, and meaning.A.regularity
B.construct
C.structure
D.discipline
Ⅱ.True or False：(10 points)：
()1.Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to society.Language varies from region to region, from class to class.()2.The whole process of our talking is a chain of events: production of speech sounds → perception of speech sounds → speech sounds traveling in the air.()3.Out of the glottis, the air stream goes through the pharynx, the area of the throat between the larynx and the uvula.()4.Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.()5.Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called hierarchical classes.()6.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.()7.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in allophones.()8.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()9.Distinctive features in one language must be distinctive in another.()10.Nasalization of English vowels is also rule-governed.Ⅲ.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.Every syllable has a n , which is usually a vowel.2.Native speakers of any language intuitively know what s put together.can be 3.Some sequences are not possible in English.The impossible sequences are systematic g.4.Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called s f.5.Some morphemes like water, desire constitute words by themselves.They are f m_ when they are components of words.6.D forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.7.The ideational function(sometimes also referred to as experiential function)is realized by the t system of language.term.It is based on the 8.Associative meaning is actually an u associationist theory of psychology.9.Synonyms of different r in different spheres.are words similar in meaning but used 10.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called a initial expression called antecedent.and the Ⅳ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Hit Met Car Tool Football
Ⅴ.Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes.(5 points)1.2.Psychology Unpalatable 3.4.5.Holiday Grandmother Morphemic
Ⅵ.Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.voiceless labiodental fricative low front vowel palatal glide voiced interdental fricative voiceless alveolar fricative
Ⅶ.Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Spanner, hammer, saw, pliers, jack Rose, lotus, lilac, orchid, chrysanthemum Walk, run, jump, hop, skip Pencil, pen, chalk, rubber, ruler Cheerful, excited, drunk, sober, dizzy
Ⅷ.Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can：(15 ： points)(1)segmental phonemes
(2)free variations
(3)assimilation rule
Ⅸ.Draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules：(10 ： points)Behave yourself!
Ⅹ.What are the main types of utterances suggested by Searle?(15 points)
Ⅺ.What are the main components of the Standard Theory? How does each of them work in the whole process of generating and transforming sentences?(10 points)
綜合測試題
（九）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.(30 points)
()1.Arbitrariness is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.()2.Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings.()3.If the relationship between speech sounds and meanings were motivated, the words in different languages that stand for the same thing would sound the same or similar.()4.According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that people use as medium to get along in a community.()5.In modern linguistics, focus is on diachronic study of language, rather than on synchronic study of language.()6.All vowels are voiced.()7.The initial vowel in economics can be either [i:] or [e].The two vowels are in free variation.()8.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.()9.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.()10.The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.()11.The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.()12.Chinese is an agglutinating language.()13.Not all vowels are voiced.()14.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.()15.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()16.Pragmatics is concerned with conventional meaning.()17.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()18.Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called polysemes.()19.A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.()20.Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.II.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)they share:(5 points)
Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless
1.[g] [z] [d]
2.[v] [h] [s]
3.[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]
4.[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]
5.[i:] [i] [u] [u:]
III.Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby.(10 points)
IV.What is deixis? Please give examples to show the different types of deixis.V.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences:(10 points)a)
Those who went there quickly made a fortune.b)c)d)e)Flying planes can be dangerous.They can fish.The design is full of big squares and circles.I saw the couple in the cafeteria.VI.What maxim of the cooperative principle is violated by B? And what is the implicature?(5 points)
A: Don’t you think the hostess was abnormal? B: What another cup of coffee?
VII.What’s wrong with the following two sentences: 1)Bring this here.2)Take that there.Please give an explanation in English.(10 points)VIII.Answer the following questions:(30 points)
a)What are the advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis?
b)c)Give an example to show the components of metaphors.How do you distinguish homonyms from polysemes?
綜合測試題
（十）I.Multiple Choice(30 points)1.________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.Duality
B.Arbitrariness
C.Creativity
D.Displacement 2.Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K.Halliday?
A.Ideational function
B.Interpersonal function C.Textual function.D.Logical function 3.The study of speech sounds is called ________.A.Phonetics
B.Articulatory phonetics
C.Phonology
D.Acoustic Phonetics 4.Every syllable has a(n)_______, which is usually a vowel.A.onset
B.nucleus
C.coda
D.rhyme 5.Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features? A.Stress
B.Intonation
C.Tone
D.Syllable 6.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.A.Morphology
B.Syntax
C.Lexicon
D.Morpheme 7.Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.A.collocative
B.social
C.affective
D.reflected 8.______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.A.Adjacency pairs
B.Turn-talking C.Preferred second parts
D.Insertion sequences
9.British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.A.functional
B.social
C.regional
D.Standard 10.______ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.A.Metalanguage
B.Interlanguage
C.Sign
D.Esperanto 11.In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.A.telegraphic
B.two-word
C.holophrastic
D.babbling 12.______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use.‖ A.Register
B.Field
C.Mode
D.Tenor 13._____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.Clipping
B.Blending
C.Eponym
D.Conversion 14.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A.one
B.two
C.three
D.four 15.Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.A.minimal pairs
B.minimal sets
C.allophones
D.phomes 16.Pragmatics analysis is concerned with ______.A.sentence meaning
B.utterance meaning C.listener meaning
D.speaker meaning 17.Analysis of ______ necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.A.intentional meaning
B.conventional meaning C.syntactic meaning
D.semantic meaning 18.______ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.A.Sperber and Wilson’s principle of Relevance B.Leech’s theory of Politeness Principle C.Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle D.Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle
19.Krashen’s Monitor Theory belongs to ______.A.teaching theories
B.environmentalist theories C.functionalist theories
D.nativist theories 20.The sentence ―My father has deceased to join the heavenly choir.‖ is of ____ A.the formal style
B.the frozen style C.the casual style
D.the intimate style
II.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(5 points)Example: vowel front high [i:] 1.bilabial nasal 2.voiced labiovelar glide 3.back high lax 4.literal liquid 5.voiced bilabial stop
III.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences:(10 points)1.This is a beautiful girl’s dress.2.Tom hates his boss and so do I.3.They finally decided on the boat.4.Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars?
IV.Give the words in American English equivalent in meaning to the ones given from British English:(10 points)
a.lorry
b.lift
c.pavement
d.tin
e.sweets
V.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?(5 points)
A: The dress is lovely, isn’t it? B: The material is nice.VI.Draw tree diagrams for the following sentence:(5 points)The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VII.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?(10 points)
Column I
a.The White House b.a redcoat c.a bluebird
d.a lighthouse keeper Column II a white house
b.a red coat
c.a blue bird
d.a light housekeeper VIII.Explain the relation between bank1(the side of a river)and bank2(the financial institute).(5 points)
IX.Answer the following questions(30 points): 1.What are the features of metaphors?
2.How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?
3.What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?
各章習題答案 第一章習題答案
I.II.III.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language.Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.4.The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions.According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously.They are the ideational metafunction, the Interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.IV.1.Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man.Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.2.Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons:(1)Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists;1-5 T F F T T 1-5 a c a a b 6-10 6-10 FTTTF cbdac(2)Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication;(3)Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language;(4)Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language.3.Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1)Priority is given to spoken language;(2)Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language;(3)Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature;(4)Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.第二章習題答案
I.II.1—5 TFTTF 1—5 b d a c a bilabial voiced stop alveolar nasal stop III.1.[ b ] 2.[ n ] 3.[ w ] bilabial glide 4.[ v ] voiced labiodental fricative 5.[ t ] voiceless alveolar stop 6.[ i:] high front tense vowel 7.[? ] voiceless interdental 8.[u:] high back tense vowel 9.[? ] low front vowel 10 [?:] central tense vowel
IV.1.[b p m] 2.[d n] 3.[?] 4.[m] 5.[ ?: ?] 6.[s z] 7.[u: u] 8.[θ] 9.[j] 10 [ ]
V.1.voiceless alveolar 2.voiced stop 3.voiced fricatives 4.palatals 5.voiced bilabial 6.voiced velar 7.back tense vowels 8.back round vowels 9.front high vowels 10.sibilants VI.1.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.2.Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.3.The unite of representation used to transcribe the speech sounds is called segment.4.Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes.VII.Manners of articulation refer to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.According to manners of articulation, consonants are classified into stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and gildes
第三章習題答案
I.1-5 T F F T T
II.1-5 b b c c d 6-10 c b d b d
III.1.Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.2.Two words that differ by only one sound in the same position are called minimal pairs.3.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.4.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.The most widely found suprasegmental features are stress, intonation and tone.IV.1.Devoice a voiced consonant when it occurs after a voiceless consonant.2.A voiceless consonant becomes voiced when it occurs between two vowels.3.Voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur initially in a stressed syllable 4.vowels become nasalized when they occur before nasals.V.―hotdog‖ is a compound word and the stress is on the ―hot‖.A hotdog is a long cooked sausage.―hot dog‖ is a noun phrase and the stress is on ―dog‖.A hot dog refers to a dog that is hot.VI Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonetics and phonology are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but they two differ in perspectives.Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them.In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable;variations are overlooked.Phonology focuses on the following three fundamental question: What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds make up the list of ways in what context? What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?
第四章習題答案
Ⅰ.1.lexicon 2.orthography 3.morphology 4.morpheme 5.suppletives 6.free morphemes 7.bound morphemes 8.allomorphs 9.derivation 10.Clipping Ⅱ.1.b 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.d 6.b 7.a 8.c 9.c 10.c
Ⅲ.1.Compounding Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is another common way to form words.The over-whelming majority of English combination of words from two of the three classes—nouns, verb, and adjective, and adjectives, and they fall into the three classes, as shown below: Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective bookshelf pickpocket greenhouse brainwash sleepwalk whitewash headstrong catchall bittersweet In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.Thus, greenhouse is a noun, whitewash is a verb.The leftmost morpheme takes the primary stress is on the word.Thus, a greenhouse is distinguished from a green house, in which the stress is on the house.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.A greenbottle is not a type of bottle;it is a kind of fly.And a sugar-daddy is not a sugar-coated father, but a woman’s lover who is both generous and too old for her.2.Conversion Conversion is one of word-formation process in English.It is done when a word changes its class without any change of its form.Typical cases of conversion include noun→verb, adjective→verb, verb→noun and adjective →noun.Sometimes, conversion can also be observed when an auxiliary verb, an adverb or a conjunction is used as a noun or a verb.e.g.Besides the usual household routine, she oversees the garden and beehives, bakes bread, cans and freezes, drives the kids to their music lessons, practices with them, takes organ lessons on her own, dose research and typing for me, writes an article herself now and then, tends the flower beds, stacks a little wood and delivers the eggs.His palms were sweating.He needed a towel to dry his grip.Their livelihood is involved, and the motor, for all its unpleasant smell, has helped increase the fisherman’s catch so that he can now afford to do away with the far worse outdoor toilet.Just before Christmas last year, my work took me to the office of a woman executive o This book is a must for student of history.The word is full of excuses, so don’t but me so many buts.They downed a few beers and began to sing loudly.第五章習題答案
Ⅰ.1.immediate constituent analysis.2.Syntax 3.syntactic category 4.subcategorization 5.circumstance 6.modalization modulaton
Ⅱ.NP Pro They(a)S VP V can NP N fish.NP Pro They(b)S VP Aux can V fish.Ⅲ.1.Cigars that people smoke can be nauseating it is nauseating to smoke cigars.2.It was on the plane that they made the decision.Ⅳ.1.modality(modalization)2.molarity 3.modality(modulation)4.polarity Ⅴ.1.material 2.relational 3.mental 4.behavioral 5.verbal 6.existential
第六章習題答案
Ⅰ.1.Semantics 2.Affective meaning 3.Synonyms 4.registers 5.antonyms 6.Gradable antonyms 7.Homonyms 8.polyseme 9.Hyponymy, superordinates 10.componential analysis
Ⅱ.1.b 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.b 6.c 7.a 8.b 9.c 10.d
Ⅲ.1.The two differ in register.2.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.3.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.4.The two are dialectal synonyms.5.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.6.The two differ in affective meaning, the former commendatory, the latter derogatory.7.The two differ in collocation Ⅳ.1.G 2.C 3.C 4.R 5.R 6.R Ⅴ.1.F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F
第七章習題答案 I.1.a)Pre-invitation b)Pre-request c)Pre-announcement 2.a)(Quality)The speaker is absolutely incorrect.b)c)d)(Quantity)The addressee does not know or finds it impossible to answer this question, since the question is too general.(Relation)The addressee does not think the hero acts well in the film.(Manner)The addressee thinks Regan is not the president people like very much, though he is not a feudist.3.a)I ,mine(person deixis);last Sunday(time deixis)b)c)in 1968(time deixis)d)e)These(discourse/text deixis)f)in the following chapter(discourse/text deixis)
4.Then is a distal expression which applies to both past and future time relative to the time of speaking.Then in Sentence a)refers to the past time;then in Sentence b)the future time.5.John said, ―I am planning to be here this evening.‖ Indirect speech: John said that he was planning to be there in that evening.From the direct speech to the indirect speech, the deictic elements have to be shifted from the proximal to the distal with the shifting of the context.II.1.Exclusive use of we:(Students to the teacher)Shall we go now? Here we refers to the speakers(students), not including the hearer(teacher).Inclusive use of we:(Student A to Student B)Shall we go now? Here we refers both the speaker and the hearer(Student A and Student B.2.Let us may be exclusive or inclusive, while let’s is inclusive.They should correspond to different types of tag question: Exclusive: Let us go to school, will you? Inclusive: Let us go to school, shall we? Let’s go to school, shall we?
3.Anaphoric reference: Mr.Smith sent me the book.I like it.Cataphoric reference: I could not believe it.My wallet was stolen by one of my close friends.4.A speech act consists of three dimensions: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.If your teacher says, ―I have run out of chalk‖ in the process of lecturing, the act of saying is locutionary, the act of demanding for chalk is illocutionary, and the effect the utterance brings about is perlocutionary(one of the students will go and get some chalk).5.Direct speech act: Close the door, please.(An imperative performs the function of command.)Indirect speech act: It’s cold here.(A declarative performs the function of request of closing the door.)6.A: Can I go out now, daddy?(Q1)B: Have you finished your assignment?(Q2)A: Yes.(A2)B: Yes.(A1)The middle pair(Q2-A2)is an insertion sequence.7.Dialogue with preferred second part: A: Can you help me? B: Sure.Dialogue with dis-preferred second part.A: Come over for some coffee later.B: Oh---eh---I’d love to---but you see---I---I’m supposed to get this finished---you know.Dis-preferred second parts are marked by more time and more language.III.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.The greater the contextual effect, the greater the relevance.Processing effort is a negative factor: the greater the processing effort, the lower the relevance.IV.1.Indirect illocutions tend to be more polite,(a)because they increase the degree of optimality, and(b)because the more indirect an illocution is, the more diminished and tentative its force tends to be.2.The sentence is wrong.The right one might be either ―I am here.‖ Or ―I was there.‖ ―Am‖ is a proximal deictic element, while ―there‖ is a distal place deixis.They contradict with each other.第八章習題答案
I.1-5 A C B B D
II.6-10 A A D C D 11-16 A C D C B B 1.Linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language.Communicative competence accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it.According to Hymes, there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: 2)Whether(and to what degree)something is formally possible;3)Whether(and to what degree)something is feasible;4)Whether(and to what degree)something is appropriate;5)Whether(and to what degree)something is in fact done.2.The hypothesis has been interpreted in two ways.One is known as determinism.In this view our language determines our thinking.This strong version has been rejected as it runs counter to the fact that peoples of different cultural backgrounds can understand each other.The other interpretation, known as relativism, holds that culture affects the way we think through language, especially in our classification of the experienced world.3.The term pidgin is the label for the code used by people who speak different languages.A pidgin is not the native language of any group.It is confined to very limited communicative purposes, such as trade.Pidgins are mixed languages that are simplified syntactically and lexically.A creole is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.Creloes are not confined to certain functions of language nor reduced in syntax and lexis.4.The term dialect denotes a wider notion than the term accent.A dialect is a variety of a language that is distinctive from varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.The term accent is used for less drastic differences which are restricted to variation in pronunciation.第九章習題答案
I.1)2)3)4)interference overgeneralization simplification cross-association II.1.The practice of error analysis is divided into identifying, describing and explaining.Identifying errors is the first step of error analysis.To identify errors we have to compare the sentences produced by the learner with the corresponding sentences native speakers are likely to produce to express the same meanings.Describing errors, the second step of error analysis, is categorizing errors grammatically.Once errors are identified, they can be classified into categories.Explaining errors, the final step, is the task of tracing the source of errors.This task is more psychological than linguistic in essence.In terms of sources, errors are divided into interlingual errors and intralingual errors, based on whether they are caused by L1.2.Krashen’s Monitor Model consists of five hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning Distinction, Natural Order, Monitor, Input, and Affective Filter.3.The Acquisition-Learning Distinction is the cornerstone of Krashen’s theory.―Acquisition‖ occurs subconsciously as a result of participation in natural L2 communication.―Learning‖ is the result of conscious study of the formal system of the language.It is assumed that the two kinds of knowledge are stored in different areas of the LAD and thus play different roles in linguistic performance.― Acquired‖ knowledge serves as the source for automatic production of speech, whereas ―learnt‖ knowledge is available for use only in monitoring linguistic production.4.According to Krashen, the only way for people to acquire a language is by understanding messages or receiving comprehensible input.They move from i, their current level, to i+1, the next level along the natural order.That is to say, language is acquired by people’s comprehension of input that is slightly beyond their current level.People understand input containing i+1 because the situation, context, facial expressions, gestures, etC.will provide clues for comprehension.5.The acculturation theory originated in the late 1970s and was put forward by J.Schumann and R.Anderson.By acculturation they meant that individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge, and behaviour in order to function well in another culture.It involves not only the social adaptation but also psychological adaptation.Schumann thinks that second language acquisition is one of the aspects of acculturation and the relation between acculturation and the second language acquisition is that the degree of the former will control the degree of the latter.Normally successful acculturation will bring about successful second language acquisition while poor second language acculturation will produce poor second language acquisition.第十章習題答案
I.1-5 C D A B C II.1.The contribution in terms of applications to language teaching is easier to understand.The products of linguistic descriptions provide the input to syllabus design and material construction.It is hard to imagine that languages can ever be taught and learned as a component of education without reference to the out come of linguistic descriptions.The metalanguage, created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system, the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language, makes it possible to talk about what to teach in language teaching.Pedagogic grammars and dictionaries are used by teachers and students as reference books.Indeed, it is hardly possible to define the content of teaching without linguistic descriptions.2.The implications of linguistics to foreign language teaching are less obvious but not less important.The insights gained by linguists into the nature of language and language learning may enlighten language-teaching professionals in thinking about what to teach and how to teach.Language teaching decisions have to be made at several levels---designing the content, determining the approach, selecting techniques and procedures, and assessing the effectiveness of teaching and learning.At the preparatory level the decisions are made by specialists.To make wise decisions, they need to draw information from linguistics and other relevant disciplines.They need to evaluate linguistic theories and see what implication a certain theory has for language teaching.At the operation level, the language teacher is faced with an abundance of variables.The teacher’s understanding of the nature of language and the process of language learning influences his/her thinking about what to teach and how to teach.Whether one is aware of it or not, a view pf language and language learning underlies one’s decisions about teaching.3.Syllabus is designed with reference to: 1)the social aim for teaching the language;2)information about the group of learners(their purpose, age, etC.);3)the amount of time allocated in the curriculum;4)theories of language and language acquisition.Linguistically, there are two fundamental questions in constructing a syllabus: What elements should be included? On what principle should they be sequenced?
4.The structural syllabus assumed that the elements should be defined with reference to certain formal items of linguistic description and that the sentence should be the basic teaching unit.It was supposed that if learners could accumulate knowledge of the underlying system of the language, they would be able to use the language in communication when occasions arise.The core component of a syllabus based on such theoretical assumptions is naturally sentence patterns, which are sequenced according to structural complexity.5.The structural syllabus has its advantage and defect.Its advantage is that it is, to some extent, economical.Learning a limited set of rules can lead to production of a very large number of sentences.Its serious defect lies in the fact that sentences are units of linguistic analysis but not of natural language use.Although learners may be able to construct grammatical sentences, they are often at a loss in real situations, wondering what is appropriate to say.6.In the early 1970s, the theory of communicative competence was proposed by Dll Hymes.Functional linguists and pragmatists began to exert a stronger influence in the study of language.Since then communicative views of language teaching have been the foundation of syllabus design.The central question for proponents of a communicative syllabus was: ―What does the learner need / want to do with the target language?‖ Syllabi began to appear in which content was specified, not only in terms of the grammatical element, but also in terms of the functional items students would need to master in order to communicate successfully.The starting point in designing a communicative syllabus is the analysis of learner’s needs.7.In communicative language teaching, the teacher needs to fulfill at least the roles of communicator, a model, a designer, an organizer, and a counselor.The teacher communicates with the students in the target language.His / her proficiency in the language is absolutely a pre-requisite in fulfilling the role of communicator.At the same time, he /she sets the students a model in using the target language.The teacher is also a designer of the tasks and activities that engage the students, and he / she is an organizer of there.Finally, h / she diagnoses students’ errors and problems in the process of learning and gives advice accordingly.8.The value of linguistics in the professional development of language teachers lies in these aspects: to increase the teacher’s understanding of the nature of language;to develop the teacher’s awareness of the complexity of language and language learning;to sensitize the teacher in identifying errors and diagnosing their sources;to help the teacher to monitor his / her own use of the target language.9.The grammar-translation method, the direct method, the reading method, the audiolingual method, the audiovisional method, total physical response, the silent way, the communicative approach and so on.綜合測試題答案
綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（一）答案
I.1-5 TFFTT 6-10 TTFFT II.1-5 a d b c c III.1-5 g e h j i
IV.1.affricates 4.voiced alveolars
V.6-10 c b a b b 6-10 a f b d c 2.nasals 3.voiceless fricatives 5.high vowels
Words analyzed troublesome stepmother psycholinguistics understatement
antidisestablishmentarianism
the number morphemes 2 2 4 3 7
of
free morphemes trouble mother lingui state establish
VI.1.(1)The duck is so hot that it can not be eaten.(2)The duck is so hot that it can not eat something.2.(1)The friends who are visiting can be boring.(2)To visit friends can be boring.VII.1.Derivation is one type of word formation.It forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.The majority of English suffixes change the part of speech when added to a free morpheme or a word, and most prefixes don not.2.Learner factors are the factors that are involved in second language acquisition.They generally include learners’ motivation, age and learning strategy.VII.1.―Redcoat is a compound word, while ―red coad‖ is a noun phrase.The stress of the word, redcoat, is on red, but the stress of the noun phrase, red coat, is on coat.Redcoat refers to British soldiers and a red coat means a coat whose color is red.2.Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1)Priority is given to spoken language.(2)Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language.(3)Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature.Linguists endeavour to state objectively the regularities of a language.They aim at finding out how a language is spoken;they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken.(4)Modern linguistics is theoretically than pedagogically oriented.Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can
account for language in general.3.Actions performed via speaking are called speech acts by Austin.A speech act consists of three dimensions:(1)The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called locutionary act.(2)The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed illocutionary act.(3)The act of bringing about an effect is known as perlocutionary act.Of these dimensions, the most important is the illocutionary act.In linguistic communication people respond to an illocutionary act of an utterance, because it is the meaning intended
by the speaker.綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（二）答案
I.1-5 F F T T T 6-10 T T F T T II.1-5 b d b c c 6-10 d b b a c III.1.maxims 2.Motivation 3.locutionary illocutionary perlocutionary 4.mapping 5.clipping 6.allomorphs 7.acquisition 8.dialect IV.1-5 i f a g h 6-10 e d b c V 1.[l] liquid/nasals 2.[v] labiodental/bilabials 3.[dз] affricate/fricatives 4.[u] back/front 5.[?:] middle/low V.(a)(b)S S NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro VP NP NP PP V NP P N Past
participle Pro N P N Pro N
Past participle
He found his book on Wall Street.He found his book on Wall Street.VI.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2.Semantics is defined as the study of meaning, and pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning in context.VII.1.Creativity is one of the features of human language.It refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite, but the sentences are infinite.Every speaker uses langue creatively.2.In sociolinguistics, taboo refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of or association with particular objects, actions, or persons.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.Taboo and euphemism are actually two sides of the same coin.Taboos are usually expressed by their euphemistic expressions in our daily life.3.The general roles language plays are called metafunctions by Hallidy.There are three metafunctions:(1)Ideational function----we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved;(2)Interpersonal function----we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy.(3)Textual function----language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place.綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（三）答案
I.1-5 F T T T F 6-10 T T F F T II.1-5 c d a c b 6-10 c a c a c
III.1-5 g e a h i 6-10 cdfb IV.1[f v] 2[θ ?] 3 [u: u ɑ:] 4[i: i u: u] 5[ dз]
V.1-6 cafdeb VI.1.Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language.Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.2.Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.It is one of phonetic distinctive features that can distinguish meaning.According to voicing, consonants are classified into voiced consonants and voiceless consonants.VII.(a)(b)S S NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro Aux V N They can fish.They can fish.VIII.1.A greenhouse is a compound word and the stress is on the green, while a here house is a noun phrase and its stress is on house.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather.A green house refers to a house whose color is green.2.Conversion is one types of English word formation.It is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.This happens more frequently between nouns and verbs.For example, to butter the bread, butter is converted from a noun into a verb.Look in take a look is a noun converted from a verb.3.Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors.That is to say all metaphors are composed of two domains.They allow us to understand one domain of experiences in terms of another.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping.The source domain s concrete and familiar.The target domain is abstract and novel.綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（四）答案
1-5 FTTTT 6-10 FT T F T 1-5 d a c c c 6-10 d a d a b 1-6 d b f c a e 1.[+Human] [+Male] 2.[+Animal] [+Male] 3.[+Plant] 4.[+Abstract] 5.[Instrument] [+Traffic] V.1.[θ] voiceless interdental prictive 2.[i:] front high tense vowel 3.[m] bilabial nasal 4.[v] voiced labioldental fricative 5.[p] pvoiceless bilabial stop V.1.(1)She can not tolerate/endure/stand /put up with a child.(2)She is not able to give birth to a baby.(3)She can not carry/take a child.2.(1)He hates old men and all the women.(2)He hates both old men and old women.VII.I.II.III.IV.1.Compounding is one type of word formation.It combines free morphemes to form new words.The over-whelming majority of English compounds are the combination words from two of the three classes---nouns, verbs, and adjectives.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.For examples, greenhouse is a noun, and whitewash is a verb.2.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Free variations of pronunciation of the same word usually occur in different dialects, which is quite common in most of the languages in the world.For example, British people usually pronounce the word economics as [ˊik?n miks] and American people say [ˊ ek?namiks].VIII.1.Semantics and pragmatics both are concerned with the study of meaning, but they study meanings from different perspectives.Generally peaking, semantics is defined as the study of meaning, and pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning in context.The meanings communicated through language are of two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings.The former is studied in semantics and the latter in pragmatics.So semantics concentrates on meanings that come from linguistic knowledge, while pragmatics concentrates on meanings that people mean by their utterances rather that what they words, phrases and sentences mean by themselves.In other words, semantics is concerned with linguistic meaning, while pragmatic analysis is concerned with speaker meaning.2.Communicative competence is the most general term to account for both the tacit knowledge of langage and the ability to use it.According to Hymes(1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence:(1)Whether(and to what degree)something is formally possible;(2)Whether(and to what degree)something is feasible;(3)Whether(and to what degree)something is appropriate;(4)Whether(and to what degree)something is in fact done.3.The three types of antonyms in English are gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and reversal antonyms.Gradable antonyms are pairs of words opposite to each other, but the positive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, or vice versa.For example, a person who is not rich is not necessary poor.Complementary antonyms are words opposite to each other and the positive of one implies the negative of the other.For examples, dead and alive, male and female.Reversal antonyms are words that denote the same relation or process from one or the other direction.For examples, push and pull, come and go.綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（五）答案
Ⅰ.1-5 T T F F F Ⅱ.1.2.3.4.5.6-10 TFFFT [f] voiceless labiodental fricative [r] alveolar retroflex liquid [η] velar nasal [k] voiceless velar stop [s] voiceless alveolar fricative Ⅲ.1.Could good 2.Might night 3.Led red 4.Best vest 5.Boss moss
Ⅳ.⑴.ColumnⅠ: inflection ColumnⅡ: derivation ColumnⅢ: compounding ⑵.In a)and b)the words are formed by suffixation;in c)and d), by prefixation
Ⅴ.1.Polarity 2.Modality(modalization)3.Modality(modulation)4.Polarity 5.Modality(modulation)
Ⅵ.boil: +FAT, +WATER, +POT fry: +FAT, +POT, +SIEVE steam: +WATER, +POT stew: +POT, +WATER, +FAT bake: +OVEV, +FAT
Ⅶ.a).The professor’s appointment was shocking.i.It was shocking that the professor was appointed.ii.The appointment made by the professor was shocking.b).The design has big squares and circles.i.The squares and circles in the design are big.ii.There are circles and big squares in the design.c).The governor is a dirty street fighter.i.The governor fights against dirty streets.ii.The governor fights unfairly in the streets.iii.The governor is a dirty individual who fights in the streets.Ⅷ.The maxim of agreement is observed.The implicature is that B doesn’t think the dress is lovely but B doesn’t want to contradict A.Ⅸ.a).The magician used the wand to touch the child
a).NP Det N V S VP NP PP
Det N
P NP Det N
The magician touched the child with the wand.b).The magician touched the child who was carrying the wand.b).NP Det N V S VP NP Det N P PP NP Det N
The magician touched the child with the wand.Ⅹ.1.Intonation and stress generally occur simultaneously in utterance.When intonation contour falls on a syllable, the nucleus is stressed and the vowel is naturally lengthened a bit.In the meantime, there is a little pause after the syllable.This simultaneous functioning of the features serves to highlight the information focus, or to eliminate ambiguity(double interpretations of the same phrase or sentence).Every component of a sentence contains some information.It may or may not be highlighted in speech, depending on the speaker’s intention and the situation.Intonation contour can indicate the information focus of the sentence.2.The study of speech sounds is called Phonetics.It includes articulatory phonetics, which focuses on the production of sounds;acoustic phonetics, which analyses the physical properties of speech sounds and auditory phonetics, which focuses on perceptive mechanism of speech sounds.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.Phonetics is a part of phonology and provides the means for describing speech sounds;phonology is concerned with the ways in which these speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language.Phonetics is static, phonology is dynamic.綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（六）答案
Ⅰ.1-5 FTTTT 11-15 T T T F T Ⅱ.6-10 F T F F T 16-20 F F T T F 1.retro + act + ive 2.be + friend + ed 3.tele + vise 4.margin 5.en + dear + ment Ⅲ.Identify morphological elements a)3 b)1 c)4 d)2 e)6 Ⅳ.a)S → NP VP b)NP → Art Adj N PP c)NP → Art Adj N d)NP → Art N PP e)NP → Art N f)VP → V NP PP g)VP → V PP h)VP → V i)VP → V S’ j)PP → P NP Ⅴ.a).The man found the letter.S NP Art The N’ N men V found VP NP Art the N’ N letter
b).The students put the books in the classroom.S NP VP Art The
N’ N students
V put
NP Art the N’ N books
PP P in Art the NP N’ N
classroom
Ⅵ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅷ..1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅸ ⑴ MALE LIQUID SPORT ABSTRACT TREE Furniture ………… dining table tree ……………… weeping willow pet…………………Persian cat color……………… navy blue book ………………thesaurus fine art …………… oil painting worker …………… bus driver word ……………… link verb science …………… organic chemistry beverage……………orange juice C S C S C C C C C S
Dialect 1: Suffix [me] to any vowel-initial word.Dialect 2: Suffix [he] to any vowel-initial word.Dialect 3: Suffix [e] to any vowel-initial word.⑵ phonetic transcriptions honest 1.[an?stme] 2.[an?sthe] 3.[an?ste] admire 1.[?dmajrme] 2.[?dmajrhe] 3.[?dmajre]
illegal Ⅹ.1.1.[ilig?lme]
2.[ilig?lhe]
3.[ilig?le]
Function of phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds that form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign ―accent‖, to made up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to produce aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops in the appropriate context, to know what is or is not a sound in one’s language, and to know that different phonetic strings may represent the same morpheme.In discourse or text, deixis is used to keep track of who or what is being talked about more than once.The speaker /writer will use deixis to maintain reference, as in the following sentence: In the picture, a boy and a girl are planting a tree.She is holding it, and he is shoveling earth around it.She, he, it refer to already introduced referents, a girl, a boy, a tree.The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed anaphoric reference.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called anaphor, and the initial expression called antecedent.The reversal of the antecedent-anaphor pattern is known as cataphora, Next sentence is an example of cataphoric reference.: I could hardly believe it.The student didn’t pass the exam.2.綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（七）答案
Ⅰ.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅱ.⑴ [ei](2)[l](3)[u](4)[b](5)[?] Ⅲ.u + +
Ⅳ..(1)When two different words are identical in every way except for one phoneme which occurs in the same place, they are said to form a minimal pair.Pill and bill form a minimal pair in English.(2)The difference between pill and bill is signaled or shown by the fact that the initial sound of the first world is and the initial sound of the second word is.The sounds of the two words are identical except for the initial consonants.and are ,therefore, able to distinguish or contrast words in and are, therefore, able to distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning.They are distinctive sounds in English.Any such speech sound segments that can ? + ou + + i + u: + + + language acquision babbling identifying Semantics derogatoy Dialectal synonym tautology target Place distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are called phonemes.Ⅴ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅵ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ.1.She speaks good Japanese Pit Sake Chunk Chunk Take fit shake junk junk cake [w] labiovelar glide [d3 ] voiced palatal affricate [j] palatal glide [h] voiceless glottal fricative [i:] tense high front vowel
S NP Pron Aux T She Pres VP V NP Adj N
speak good Japanese
2.The problem would be solved by them.S NP2 Det N T Aux M VP V PP P NP1 Pron
Past Pref(be-en)The
Ⅷ.The surface structures of the two sentences seem to be the same, but the grammatical relationships in the deep structures of the two sentences are quite different.In the first sentence Girls want very much to please others.whereas in the second sentence, Someone finds it easy to please girls.Ⅸ.homonyms: ear/ear bank/bank homophones: the rest of the others
Ⅹ 1.[?]and [ ts ] are in complementary distribution.2.[t] occurs before back vowel [ a ],[ o ] and front vowel [ e] [?] is before front vowel [i] [ts] occurs before back vowel [u] 3../t/ is the phoneme.[t] [?] and [ts] are allophones.4../tatami/ /tukue/ /tutumu/ /tomodati/ /tetudau/ /tizu/ /uti/ /tita/ /kata/ /tegami/ /ato/ /tatemono/ /otoko/ /deguti/ /te/ /hiti/ /natu/ /turi/ Ⅺ Affixes in many language like English, may be classified into derivational and inflectional morphemes according to their linguistic nature.A derivational morpheme is an affix which is used to form a derivative, as re-in reread.It may change the class specification of the words to which they are added.For example, read +-able → readable(verb → adjective).There are also some derivational morphemes that do not cause a change in class status.For instance, the prefixes in-in im-+ possible → impossible(adjective → adjective).All derivational morphemes are bound and they must be attached to bases.An inflectional morpheme usually refers to an affix which is suffixed to stem rather than to a base.It dose not help to form a new word or change the class status of the word to which it is suffixed.It only serves as a grammatical marker showing grammatical meaning(or meanings)in sentences.All inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes indicating grammatical categories, such as tense, number, person, gender, case, aspect, mood, voice, and so on.Look at the following sentence, in which person, number, tense and aspect are marked by different inflectional morphemes, respectively.(a)I learn English.(b)She learns English.(c)He learned English.(d)They are learning English.In sentence(b)the –s at the end of the verb is an ―agreement‖ marker, indicating that the subject of the verb is the ―third-person‖, ―singular‖, ―present tense‖.The –ed in(c)and the –ing in(d)are inflectional morphemes required by the syntactic rules of English to show ―tense‖ and ―aspect‖, respectively.bear/bear problem solve by them
綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（八）答案
Ⅰ.1-5 A B B C C 6-10 B C B B C Ⅱ.1-5 F F T F F 6-10 T F T F T
Ⅲ.1.nucleus 2.sounds 3.gaps 4.suprasegmental features 5.free morphemes 6.Derivation 7.transitivity 8.umbrella 9.registers 10.anaphora
Ⅳ.1.[i] lax high front vowel 2.[e] mid front vowel 3.[a:] low back vowel 4.[u:] tense high back vowel 5.[u] lax back high vowel Ⅴ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅵ..1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅷ..1)Vowels and consonants are thought of as the segmental phonemes, of which utterances are composed.They may go one after another in sequences of speech sounds.Segmental phonemes are used to form syllables, morphemes, words and utterances.INSTRUMENT FLOWER MOTION STATIONERY STATE [f] [?] [j] [?] [s] psycho + logy un + palat + able holi + day grand + mother morph + em + ic 2)Two different forms, though different in pronunciation, may be identical in meaning.Some speakers in a dialect of English pronounce the word economics in one way and some speakers in another dialect in another way.The different pronunciation of economics is free variations.3)Assimilation in language is a common phonetic process in which two phonemes, usually adjacent to each other, become identical or similar, or acquire common characteristic, due to the influence of one upon the other when they occur in the sequential speech sounds.If the change affects the adjacent sounds the process is called contiguous or juxtapositional assimilation, e.g./z/ in news become [s] in newspaper.It is also composed of regressive assimilation, total, partial, assimilation, etc.Ⅸ.Apply the reflexive transformation rule and imperative transformation rule to form the following tree: S NP Φ V VP NP pron behave yourself
Ⅹ.Illocutionary acts may be various in form and function.Based on the nature of the illocutionary force or effect, Searle suggested the following five types of utterances: 1)Representative, which commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition, such as asserting, concluding e.g.―I think it is raining.‖ 2)Directives, which are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something, such as requesting, questioning, e.g.― I beg you to give me some advice.‖ 3)Commissives, which commit the speaker to some future action of undertaking some future promise, such as promising, offering, threatening, e.g.―I’ll beat you if you don’t behave yourself.‖ 4)Expressives, which express a psychological state, such as thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating, e.g.―I apologize to you for my late reply to you last letter.‖ 5)Declarations, which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra-linguistic institutions, such as declaring war, christening, firing from employment, e.g.As soon as the employer says to the employee ―you’re friend!‖, the latter immediately loses his job.Ⅺ..Some sentences may be just grammatically well-formed, but semantically they may be not acceptable or anomalous.For example, The colorless green ideas sleep furiously.By the Standard Theory the semantic component contains the rules that specify the semantic features of lexical items, which are necessary for the choice of appropriate lexical items from lexicon.Lexical items or words must be chosen and fitted in according to the selectional restriction rules.Chomsky and his followers have made quite a few revisions and amendments of their original theories and of the Standard Theory.Extended Standard Theory, Revised Extended Standard Theory, Governing and Binding Theory are
all the revised theories.綜合測試題（綜合測試題
（九）答案
I.1－5 F T T F F 6－10 T T T F F 11－15 T F F T T 16－20 F T F T T II.1.voiced 2.fricative 3.labial 4.alveolar 5.high, vowel
III.1)The stress of greenhouse is on green while that of green house is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word;green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2)The stress of sleeping car is on sleeping while that of sleeping boy is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep.A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.IV.Deixis means ―pointing‖ via language.Person Deixis: we, I, him, it… Place Deixis: here, there… Time Deixis: now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last year, in three days… Discourse Deixis: in the previous section, in the next chapter, in the rest of this paper, in conclusion, this, that…
V.a)Those who quickly went there made a fortune.Those who went there made a fortune quickly.a)The planes which are flying can be dangerous.It’s dangerous to fly planes.b)They put fish into cans.They are able to fish.c)The design is full of big squares and big circles.The design is full of circles and big squares.d)I saw the couple who were in the cafeteria.In the cafeteria I saw the couple.VI.The maxim of relation is violated.The implicature is that B doesn’t want to gossip about the hostess.VII.The two sentences are both wrong.―This,‖ ―here,‖ ―that,‖ and ―there‖ are all deixis.―This‖ and ―here‖ are proximal deixis, while ―that‖ and ―there‖ are distal deixis.―Bring‖ means to carry something to the speaker;―take‖ means to carry something away from the speaker.The deixis in both sentences contradict with the two verbs.The correct sentences should be: 1)Bring that here.2)Take this there.VIII.a)The advantages of this approach to meaning analysis are obvious.Firstly, it is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning.Once formally represented, meaning components can be seen.Secondly, it reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis.The limitations of componential analysis are also apparent.It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicons, but merely to words within the same semantic field.It is controversial whether semantic features are universal primes of word meanings in all languages.b)Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping.For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used.The properties of human neck(source domain)have been transferred to the neck of the bottle(target domain).c)Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings.Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow(v.)and bow(n., a weapon).Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones.Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones.Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense.A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.綜合測試
（十）I.1－5 C D A B D 6－10 A A B C B 11－15 C A D B B 16－20 D A C D B II.a)[m] b)[w] c)[u] d)[l] e)[b] III.1.This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.2.Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too.Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.3.They finally made a decision on the boat.They finally chose the boat.4.Can you see the man who is carrying a pair of binoculars? Can you see the man through a pair of binoculars? IV.a.truck b.elevator C.sidewalk d.can e.candy V.(Relation)The addressee does not think the dress is beautiful.VI.S NP Det N PP Prep NP Det N V Prep VP PP NP Det N VII.a)The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government.A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b)A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat.A red coat means a coat whose color is red.c)A bluebird refers to a kind of bird.A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.d)A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse.A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light.VIII.The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.IX.1.Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality.Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature.Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved.This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves.But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective.Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality.They unite reasoning and imagination.Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference.By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.2.The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional(geographical)dialects, sociolects(social dialects)and registers(functional varieties).The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form.A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes.Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use.‖ 3.Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world.London refers to or denotes the capital of Great Britain.The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal.The referential theory, the simplest theory of meaning, claims that meaning is reference.Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind.So in addition to reference, there is another dimension of word meaning called sense.For example, when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression.Sense is mental representation, the association with something in the speaker/hearer's mind.Words like dragon, but, of and phrases like a round triangle have sense, but no referent.Words like dog, horse, car and gun have both referent and sense.
第五篇：語言學概論
語言學概論試題
第一部分 選擇題
一、單項選擇題
1．關于“語言”的定義，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．語言是一種社會現象 B．語言就是人們說出來的話
C．語言的客觀存在形式首先是有聲的口頭語言 D．語言是一個符號系統
2．關于“言語活動”、“語言”和“言語”三者之間的關系，下列說法不正確的一項是
A．“語言”等于“言語活動”減去“言語” D．語法是與語音、語匯等相比變化較慢的現象
12．在“這些書我看過了”這個語言片段中，“這些書”和“我看過了”的性質是
A．既是成分也是組合 B．是成分，不是組合 C．是組合，不是成分
D．不是成分也不是組合 13．下列關于詞義模糊性的表述中，正確的一項是 A．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域模糊，中心區域明確 B．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域明確，中心區域模糊 C．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域、中心區域都模糊 D．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域可能模糊
14．“哈巴狗”和“獅子狗”指的是同一種狗，二者在詞義B．“語言”是主要的，而“言語”是次要的 C．“言語”是“言語活動”中的社會部分
D．“語言”是從“言語活動”抽象出來的一個均質的系統
3．索緒爾創立的語言學可以稱為
A．傳統語言學
B．歷史比較語言學 C．結構主義語言學
D．社會語言學
4．從音質角度劃分出來的最小語音單位是
A．音渡
B．音素
C．音位
D．音節 5．[p?]的發音特征是
A．雙唇送氣清塞音
B．雙唇不送氣清塞音 C．舌尖前送氣清塞音
D．舌尖前不送氣清塞音
6．下列各項中，都是不圓唇元音的一組是 A． [i，u]
B． [e，o]
C． [A，y]
D． [?，a] [ ] 7．說話人根據表達需要有意識地加上去的句重音是
A．節律重音
B．語法重音
C．固定重音
D．強調重音
8．下列關于語匯的表述中，正確的一項是 A．語匯是有意義的能獨立使用的語言單位 B．語匯是最小的有意義的語言單位 C．語匯是固定詞組和熟語的總匯 D．語匯是一種語言中詞和語的總和 9．從詞的構造方式看，漢語“健兒”一詞屬于 A.單純詞
B．派生詞
C．復合詞
D．簡縮詞 10．下列各個漢語詞語中的“子”是詞根語素的是 A．籠子
B．鴿子
C．瓜子
D．日子
11．下列關于語法的表述中，不正確的一項是 A．語法是關于詞的構成變化和詞構成詞組和句子規則 B．語法是說本族語的人的直覺知識和約定習慣 C.語法是與語音、語匯等要素互不相關的規則
上的主要差別是
A．理性意義不同
B．語體色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同
D．語氣意義不同
15．下列各項中，含有降級述謂結構的是
A．他申請去北京進修
B．你去請他比較好 C．他取下了掛在墻上的地圖 D．他害怕老師批評他
16．下列各項中，甲和乙之間是預設關系的是 A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服 B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服
C．(甲)那個學生借給他一本《紅樓夢》——(乙)那個人借給他一本《紅樓夢》
D．(甲)那個學生借給他一本《紅樓夢》——(乙)那個學生借給他一本書
17．1956年我國推行漢字簡化方案，將繁體字改成簡體字，這屬于
A．正字法改革
B．字符類型改革 C．文字類型改革
D．字符類型和文字類型改革 [
18．漢語中的“基因”來自英語的gene，從該詞產生的方式看，“基因”屬于
A．純粹音譯詞
B．音譯兼意譯詞 C．意譯詞
D．仿譯詞
19.從語言的發展演變來看，語匯系統中最不易發生變化的是
A．通用語匯
B.常用語匯
C．基本語匯
D．專用語匯
20．關于社會方言的形成，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．社會方言大多是在語言的相互接觸中形成的 B．社會方言是隨著社會的社群分化而產生的 C．一種語言的內部有可能形成社會方言 D．一種方言的內部有可能形成社會方言 [ ]
21．關于共同語的形成，下列說法不正確的一項是 A.并不意味著方言分歧已經消失
B．并不意味著方言分歧將會擴大 C.并不意味著方言最終將被取代
D．并不意味著語言已經實現統一
22．關于語言規范化的推行，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．主要由權威機構提出具體的規范意見 B．主要由權威機構強制推行
C．主要通過教育機構、大眾傳媒等渠道向社會推行 D．主要是一個積極引導社會公眾自覺遵守的過程
23．關于語言獲得的原因，下列學說中偏重于內部條件D．“面貌”本指相貌，后引申指事物所呈現景象、狀態 E．“鋸”本指一種工具，后引申指憑借這一工具的行為 31．在“語言轉用”現象中，哪種語言能夠取代其他語言主要取決于
A．語言使用者在政治上的優勢地位 B．語言使用者在經濟上的優勢地位
C．語言使用者在文化發展水平上的優勢地位 D．語言使用者在生產資料占有上的優勢地位 E．語言使用者在人口數量上的優勢地位
第二部分 非選擇題
三、名詞解釋
解釋的是
A．模仿說
B、天賦說
C．強化說 D．刺激反應說 24．基本上不能說話，但仍能聽懂別人說話，這種癥狀的失語癥是
A．失讀癥
B.布洛卡失語癥 C．失名癥
D．維爾尼克失語癥 25．關于“中介語”現象，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．“中介語”既不同于母語又不同于外語
B．“中介語”是不斷地從母語向外語靠近的語言形式 c．即使是較高級的“中介語”也不能用于交際 D．“中介語”越到外語學習后期發展就越慢
26．詞典最常見的分類是
A．語言詞典和歷史詞典
B．描寫詞典和歷史詞典 C．百科詞典和歷史詞典
D．百科詞典和語言詞典
二、多項選擇題
27．語流中有些音在發音上變弱，這種現象叫弱化。弱化的表現有
A．脫落
B．清輔音變成濁輔音 C．濁輔音變成清輔音
D．單元音變成復元音 E．單元音向央元音靠攏 [ ] 28．下列各個漢語詞語中屬于復合詞的是 A．邏輯
B．幽默
C．寂寞
D．忘記
E．崎嶇 29．語體色彩最基本的類型有
A．口語色彩
B．科技語體色彩 C．公文語體色彩
D．政論語體色彩 E．書面語色彩
30．下列各項詞義引申中，采用借代方式的有 A．“領航”本指一種行為，后引申指實施這一行為的人 B．“脈絡”本指動脈和靜脈，后引申指條理或頭緒 C．“謎”本指謎語，后引申指尚未弄明白的事物
32.音節結構的元輔音分析法
33.語義指向
34.意音文字
35.語言規劃
四、簡答題
36.舉例說明為什么說音位的辨義功能實際上是由區別特征負擔的。
37.請結合實例說明語法的抽象性表現在哪些方面。
38.以實例說明義素分析的方法和主要步驟。
五、分析題
39.試從詞語構造方式（A）和詞類（B）兩個角度對下
列重疊形式進行分類，分別填入各項中：星星 猩猩 媽媽 剛剛 蟈蟈 個個 試試 大大方方 熱鬧熱鬧 A1疊音式單純詞________________________________ A2重疊式合成詞___________________________ A3語法重疊形式______________________________ B1名詞性成分___________________________ B2動詞性成分______________________________ B3其他詞類成分_______________________________ 40.請指出下列兩個語言片段各有哪些不同的結構和意義，并從語音影響語法的角度分析說明。Ａ 想起來了 節分別屬于上述四種基本類型。
33.語義指向是指句子中某個成分在語義上指向哪兒，或者說同哪個或哪些成分發生語義聯系。例如，補語位置上的成分，在語義上既可能指向主語，如“我吃飽了”中的“我”；也可能指向賓語，如“我吃光了碗里的飯”中的“碗里的飯”。
34．意音文字指一部分字符是意符，一部分字符是音符的文字。如漢字就是意音文字，漢字中許多字符是直接表意的，而假借字則是假借意符直接表音、間接表意的音符。
35．語言規劃是指社會對語言文字問題所作出的有組織Ｂ 我們三個人一組
六、論述題
41.舉例說明為什么在描寫句子的語義結構時，常常要從謂詞入手，也就是把謂詞看作處于支配地位的核心成分。
42.結合實例說明語言接觸的具體表現形式。
語言學概論試題參考答案 課程代碼：0541
一、單項選擇題
1． B 2.C 3． C 4． B 5． A 6． D 7.D 8． D 9． C 10． C 11． C 12.A 13． A 14． C 15． C 16． B 17.A 18． B 19． C 20． A 21.C 22.B 23． B 24． B 25． C 26． D
二、多項選擇題
27．ABE 28．CD 29．AE 30．AE 31．BCE
三、名詞解釋
32．這種音節結構分析方法以元輔音為基本分析單位，把音節結構分為V、C—V、V—C、C—V-C等四種基本類型(其中的V代表元音，C代表輔音)。例如漢語普通話中的[i](一)、[t?i](題)、[an)(安)、[t?an)(談)等四個音的、有意識的管理、調節和改進。例如，我國國家語言文字工作委員會所作的推廣普通話、文字改革、語言規范化、制定正確的民族語言政策等工作。
四、簡答題
36．(1)具體語言中的每個音位都可以分解為幾個區別特征，不同音位之間的對立實際上可以進一步分解為區別特征之間的對立，因此音位的辨義功能實際上是由區別特征來負擔的。
(2)例如，漢語普通話里／k／／k?／和／p／三個音位具有辨義功能，它們的語音特征分別是“舌根、閉塞、不送氣”、“舌根、閉塞、送氣”和“雙唇、閉塞、不送氣，”／k／通過“不送氣”和/k?／相區別·，通過“舌根”和／p／相區別。因此，像“干”／kan51八“看”/k?an51／和“辦”／pan51／等三個詞在語音形式上的區別可以歸結為這三個音位在區別特征上的對立。
37．(1)所謂“抽象”即對具體的東西進行類的概括。語法規則就是對人們說的話中的單位、結構和關系的某種類的概括。
(2)語法單位類別的抽象。如以從詞的用法建立詞類為例。
(3)語法關系類別的抽象。如以從結構形式建立語法結構為例。
(4)語法意義類別的抽象。如以從形態或格式建立時態意義、句式意義等為例。
38．(1)確定對比的范圍。一般來說，義素分析應該先從指稱事物最小類別成員的一組詞語開始，如有需要，再進一步擴大對比分析的范圍。分析“男人”的義素，可以先從“男人”與“女人”、“男孩”的對比開始，因為它們同屬于“人”這個最小類別。(2)比較詞義的異同。對比的范圍確定之后：下一步就是運用對比分析的方法，找出不同詞義在語義成分上的共同點和不同點，也就是提取它們的共同義素和區別義素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的義素，可以首先比較這三個詞的意義，從中提取出共同義素[人]，然后將“男人”與“女人”比較，提取出區別義素[±男性]，再將“男人”和“男孩”比較，提取出區別義素[±成年]。利用這些共同義素和區別義素，不僅可以使這三個詞的意義互相區別開來，而且也可以使它們同其他的詞語相區別。通過對比分析，找出不同詞語的
共同義素和區別義素，這是義素分析最關鍵的一步，構的框架是由謂詞語義規定的。人們只要按照一個謂詞對變元數量和性質的要求，在述謂結構的框架中填入適當的變元，就可以產生一個句子的命題意義。這可以從人們理解省略句的事實中得到證明，比如問某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都會知道這個“去”雖然是一詞一句，但在語義上卻等于“我去北京”，人們之所以能夠在理解過程中將“去”的動作發出者和目的地補充出來，從而正確理解這句話的實際含義，就是因為“去”所規定的述謂結構框架起著引導的作用。42．(1)語言成分的借用與吸收。不同語言之間相互影響一般總是從引進借詞開始，語言成分的借用與吸收是語
五、分析題 39．A1 猩猩 蟈蟈
A2 星星 媽媽 剛剛 大大方方 A3 個個 試試 熱鬧熱鬧 B1 星星 猩猩 媽媽 蟈蟈 B2 試試 熱鬧熱鬧 B3 剛剛 個個 大大方方
40．(1)①A片段有兩種結構和意思：A1是動賓結構，意思是“打算起床”；A2是動補結構，意思是“回想起”。②語音對這個語言片段的結構和意義的影響在于： A1中“起來”要重讀，A2中“起來”要輕讀。
(2)①B片段有兩種結構和意思：Bl“我們”是主語，“三個人一組”是謂語，意思是“我們有很多人，每三個人是一組”。B2“我們三個人”是主語，“一組”是謂語，意思是“我們一共三個人，只有一個組”。②語音對這個語言片段的結構和意義的影響在于B１中在“我們”后停頓，B2中在“我們三個人”后停頓。
六、論述題
41．(1)一個述謂結構可以有多少變元以及可以有何種性質的變元，都是由謂詞的語義規定的。比如“咳嗽”指一種生理活動，在這種活動中，只有行為發出者，而不會有另外的涉及對象，因而在由“咳嗽”充當謂詞的述謂結構中就只能有一個必有變元，而且這個變元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“經咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在這種行為中，不僅要有一個行為發出者，而且一定還要有被“咽下去”的東西，因而在由“吃”充當謂詞的述謂結構中就可以有兩個必有變元，而且這兩個變元一個是施事，一個是受事。
(2)一個述謂結構是由謂詞和變元組成的，既然變元的數量和性質都是由謂詞決定的，因而也可以說整個述謂結
言接觸最常見的現象。例如，公元11世紀起，說法語的日爾曼人曾長期占領和統治英格蘭，在長期的接觸和交往中，英語從法語中吸收了大量的語言成分。(2)出現雙語現象。使用不同語言的人如果在同一個社會雜居，還可能產生雙語現象。例如，我國廣西壯族自治區，由于壯族人長期和漢族人生活在一起，大部分壯族人都是壯語和漢語使用者，(3)出現語言轉用現象。在一定歷史條件及長期的發展過程中，不同民族的接觸和融合還會出現語言轉用現象。
例如，我國的回族、滿族都基本上放棄了自己原有的語言而轉用了漢語。
(4)出現語言的混合。①在不同語言頻繁接觸的地區，會出現語言混合現象。不同語言混合會產生“洋涇浜語?。例如，在舊上海外國商人聚居的地方出現的混雜著漢語成份的“洋涇浜英語”。②在一定的歷史條件下，洋涇浜語有可能轉變為“克里奧耳語”，成為某一社會主要的交際工具，并被當作母語來學習和使用。例如，廣泛使用于加勒比海地區的以法語為基礎的克里奧耳語。
語言學概論試題
（三）一 單項選擇題；
1．鹽“巴”中的“巴”屬于（）。
①詞根
②詞尾
③詞干
④后綴 ２．多義詞的中心意義與本義（）。
①完全一致
②在多數詞中一致
③在少數詞中一致
④完全不一致
３．語言是由（）夠成的系統。①詞組和句子
②語義和語法
③詞匯和語法
①具有反義因素
②全民常用
③具④組合規則和聚和規則
４．孤立語最重要的特點是（）。
①有詞形變化
②沒有詞形變化
③詞序不嚴格
④虛詞的作用不大
５．語言符號音義之間的關系（）。具有線條性的特點 ②具有任意性的特點 ③是一種組合關系 ④是一種聚合關系 ６．語言是一種（）現象。
①個人
②個人心理
③社會
④自然 7．詞的理性意義（）以現實現象為基礎。有一大批同義詞
④具有穩固性
⑤有較強的夠詞能力 ⒊發元音［i］時，（）。④舌位半高
⑤舌位高 ⒋漢語中沙發這個詞（）。
①包含有兩個語素
②只包含一個語素
③應當被看成是一個詞組
④是一個單純詞
⑤是一個復合詞
三、解釋題
①要圓唇
②不用圓唇
③舌位靠前
①必須
②大多數
③少數
④可以不
8.英語的sing→sang 采用的語法手段是（）。
①加詞尾
②變換重音的位置
③加詞綴
④詞根內部音素的變化
9.語法的組合規則包括（）。
詞法和句法 ②構詞法和語法范疇 ③句法和形態 ④內部屈折和詞序
10.語音可以從它的（）屬性方面去進行研究。①歷史
②階級
③自然 ④美學
11.英語同義詞few（少）和little（少）的主要不同點是（）不同。①強調的重點和方面
②搭配習慣
③感情色彩 ④風格色彩
12.對于拉丁字母來說（）是它的子語。①匈牙利語
②英語
③法語
④俄語 13.“超人”一詞屬于（）。
①基本詞匯里的詞
②借詞
③仿譯詞
④方言詞
14.在漢語普通話中，（）之間存在著互補關系。①［t］[s]
②[u][y]
③[a][e]
④[m][ ] 15.共同語的基礎是建立在（）之上的。
①一種方言
②書面語言
③文學語言
④統治者所用的語言
二 多項選擇題（多選、少選、錯選均無分）⒈一組同義詞里面各個詞的意義（）。
具有重疊關系 ②具有對立關系 ③往往同中有異 ④異中有同 ⑤完全沒有反義因素 ⒉基本詞匯最重要的特點是（）。
⒈非音質音位
⒉復合詞
⒊詞尾
⒋區別特征 四 判斷分析題（判斷正誤并說明理由）⒈在語言的發展過程中，語音的發展速度最快。⒉在語言的融和中，統治民族的語言最終會取代被統治民族的語言。
3.社會方言不等于地域方言。
五
簡答題（只要求簡要回答，不要求分析舉例）⒈從形式上看句子的最大的特點是什么？
2.什么叫親屬語言？
六
論述題
⒈舉例論述什么叫組合關系，什么叫聚合關系？ ⒉文字和語言的關系怎樣？文字是怎樣去記錄語言的？
第一章 語言和語言學
一、單項選擇題
1.語言的客觀存在形式首先表現為口語。語言學是指研究語言的科學。
2.在個別情況下，當口語已經發生巨大變化而書面語長期保持古代語言的面貌不變時，就可能產生言文脫節的現象。
3.在我國，白話文代替文言文的時間是五四運動以后。
4.世界各國都把書面語的產生作為文明史的開端。
5.共同的歷史文化傳統和民族認同感是確定一個“民族”的最根本的標準。
6.語言是最直觀最容易識別的民族標志。
7.口語是語言的有聲客觀存在形式。
8.書面語雖然在口語的基礎上產生，但也影響口語的發展。
9.口語和書面語都有兩個方面：一方面是表示一定意義的聲音或圖形，這是一種物理現象；另一方面則是由聲音或圖形表示的意義，那是一種心理現象。
10.人與人的口頭交際過程是非常復雜的，從通信理論的角度可以將之理解為編碼和解碼的過程。
11.主張把語言和言語分開的代表人和集大成的學者是現代語言之父索緒爾，他的代表作是《普通語言學教程》。
25.我國哲學家荀子認為“名”和“實”之間沒有必然聯系。
26.中國古代傳統語言學被稱之為“小學”。
27.歷史比較語言學建立的時間是18世紀末到19世紀初。
28.“普通語言學”中的“普通”是“一般的”意思，指研究人類的社會的語言這種社會現象的一般理論。
29.傳統語言學一般泛指20世紀以前的語言學。
第三章 語匯
一、單項選擇題
12.語言符號的特點有：任意性、強制性、可變性、離散性、線性。
13.索緒爾創立的語言學，使語言學成為現代意義的科學。
14.言語活動可以分為語言和言語兩個分支，即索緒爾提出人類言語活動可分為語言和言語兩個部分。
15.語言和言語：“語言”是言語活動中同一社會群體共同掌握的有規律可循而又成為系統的那一部分。言語是個人“說話”的具體行為和結果，在每個人的發音、用詞和使用的句子結構等方面體現出個人特色。
16.書面語和口語的關系是：前者是第二性的，后者是第-性的。
17.口語和書面語的所謂一致，是指基本的語言成分。
18.語言符號的物質實體（語音）和所表示的意義（語義）之間沒有必然的理據關系，這說明，語言符號具有任意性。
19.語言符號是離散的，在時間這根軸上成線性排列。語言符號的線性特征使離散的語言符號有可能組合成大小不等的語言單位，組合成連續的語流。
20.在語言系統的各個子系統中，語音系統的系統性最強。
21.語言系統中最小的語言單位是語素；最小的交際單位是句子；最大的交際單位語篇。
22.在同一個位置上可以互相替換出現的各個語言單位處在互相可以聯想起采的關系中，這種關系稱為聚合關系。
23.最早廣泛應用語言學的理論和成果的社會領域是語言教學領域。
24.希臘哲學家柏拉圖認為“名”是由“實”決定的。
1.語匯包括詞、語、某個專業范圍的詞語匯集。
2.各種語言的語匯能表示大量共同的概念是因為語匯具有普遍性。
3.舊詞的消失與新詞的產生反映了語匯的活躍性。
4、有些詞的音和義之間的結合是可以論證的，這反映了語匯的理據性。
5.漢語語匯中不包括語素。
6.“尚且”屬于漢語古語詞：“目擊”不屬于漢語古語詞：“癟三”屬于漢語方言詞。
7.“花、草、蟲、魚”這組詞屬于漢語的基本語匯：“千古、間苗、雷達”屬于一般語匯。
8.漢語中特有的而且是最大量使用的熟語形式是成語，如來自歷史事件的成語“指鹿為馬”。
9、外來詞“俱樂部”屬于音譯兼意譯。
10.在“邯鄲學步、名牌大學、敲竹杠、春運”這幾個語言單位中，不屬于“語”的是“名牌大學”。
11.“天下烏鴉一般黑”屬于諺語中的俗語（俗話）。
12.“雨傘”屬于語素：“光”是不定位語素：“天（天地）”屬于實義語素。
13.復合詞的類型有：陳述式如“口吃”；偏正式如“狂熱”；支配式如“丟臉”；補充式如“改善”；并列式“動靜”等。
14、“猶豫”屬于單純詞：“芒果”是復合詞；reader（讀者）屬于派生詞：“者”不是詞。
15.在“前景、大衣、帶走、香檳”這幾個語言單位中，“帶走”是詞組。
16.復合詞“綱要”中，語素與語素的組合關系的模式為并列式。
17.合成詞“收割機”中包括的所有詞根語素的是收、割、機。
18.漢語中特有的復合同是補充式復合詞。
第四章 語法
一、單項選擇題
1.“想出來了”可包含“思考出（一個結果）”和“想要（從某處）出來”兩個意思，在語音表達上這兩個意思的方法分別是：“出來”分別輕讀和重讀。
2.在“差點挨打／差點沒挨打、差點感冒／差點沒感冒、差點考上／差點沒考上”的說法中所表達的意義不一樣的是：差點考上／差點沒考上。
3.在“說話的場所、運用的辭格、對話人、上下文”征，用語法學術語來表示，叫數。
θ]”（牙齒，復數）運用的語法手段是內部屈折。
復數）運用的語法手段是附加。
22.關于漢語中的“研究”和“研究研究”，說法正確的是：這是一個詞的兩種形式，后者增加了一定的語法意義。
23.在“把鋼筆丟了”“鋼筆壞了”“買一只鋼筆”“這鋼筆好用”這四個詞組中，“鋼筆”屬于“無定” 的是：“買一
19.英語的“tooth[tu：θ]”（牙齒，單數）——“teeth[ti：
20.英語的：“book”（書、單數）——“books”（書，21.相對于詞形變化的詞的原形形式叫做零形式。
中，“運用的辭格”不屬于語境的內容。
4.語法是一種簡明的規則，重復使用有限的幾條規則就能管住大量的現象，因為語法規則具有遞歸性。
5.語法是一種有效的規則，規則一旦形成就不大可能隨意增加或廢止，這是因為語法規則具有穩定性。
6.語法是一種概括的規則，只需處理一類一類現象而不必去管一個一個具體的詞語和句子，因為語法規則具有抽象性。
7.語法是一種有解釋力的規則，即語法規則環環相扣，規則與規則之間具有或制約或補充的關系，這是因為語法規則具有系統性。
8.關于詞的特點，“詞不一定非得有實在的意義”這個說法是正確的。
9.詞組和句子的本質區別是詞組不能用于交際，句子可以用于交際。
10.根據語法單位的功能，可把各種語法單位分為三級。
11、把語法分為組合規則和聚合規則的是結構語法學。
12.所謂“小語法”指的是核心語法；所謂“大語法”指的是外圍語法。
13.面向信息處理的語法又可稱為計算機語法。
14.英語中定語和狀語出現的位置，都是既可以出現在中心語之前，也可以出現在中心語之后。
15.英語的“good”（好，原級）——“better”（好，比較級）運用的語法手段是異根。
16.以語法單位之間相對位置的變化來表示語法意義的形式手段是語序。
17.詞根語素保持不變，用增減替換詞尾或詞綴來造成詞形變化的方法叫附加。
18.由詞的語法形式所反映的事物在數量上的特
只鋼筆”。
24.用詞形變化表示名詞與其他詞的語法結構關系的范疇是格。
25.用詞形變化表現出來的，行為發生的時間與說話時間的關系的范疇是時。
26.用詞形變化表現的行為動作進行的狀況的范疇是體。
27.由詞形變化表現出來的，動詞所表示動作與主語間的施受關系的范疇是態。
28.“主語”和“賓格”是某些語言中名詞和代詞所具有的語法童義。
29.語序是一種語法手段。
30.“單數”“復數”是某些語言中名詞所具有的語法意義。
第四章 語法
一、單項選擇題
1.“想出來了”可包含“思考出（一個結果）”和“想要
（從某處）出來”兩個意思，在語音表達上這兩個意思的方法分別是：“出來”分別輕讀和重讀。
2.在“差點挨打／差點沒挨打、差點感冒／差點沒感冒、差點考上／差點沒考上”的說法中所表達的意義不一樣的是：差點考上／差點沒考上。
3.在“說話的場所、運用的辭格、對話人、上下文”中，“運用的辭格”不屬于語境的內容。
4.語法是一種簡明的規則，重復使用有限的幾條規則就能管住大量的現象，因為語法規則具有遞歸性。
5.語法是一種有效的規則，規則一旦形成就不大可能隨意增加或廢止，這是因為語法規則具有穩定性。
6.語法是一種概括的規則，只需處理一類一類現象
而不必去管一個一個具體的詞語和句子，因為語法規則具有抽象性。
7.語法是一種有解釋力的規則，即語法規則環環相扣，規則與規則之間具有或制約或補充的關系，這是因為語法規則具有系統性。
8.關于詞的特點，“詞不一定非得有實在的意義”這個說法是正確的。
9.詞組和句子的本質區別是詞組不能用于交際，句子可以用于交際。
10.根據語法單位的功能，可把各種語法單位分為三級。
26.用詞形變化表現的行為動作進行的狀況的范疇是體。
27.由詞形變化表現出來的，動詞所表示動作與主語間的施受關系的范疇是態。
28.“主語”和“賓格”是某些語言中名詞和代詞所具有的語法童義。
29.語序是一種語法手段。
30.“單數”“復數”是某些語言中名詞所具有的語法意義。
31.從所包含成分的性質和數量看，最大的一種語法單位是句組。
11、把語法分為組合規則和聚合規則的是結構語法學。
12.所謂“小語法”指的是核心語法；所謂“大語法”指的是外圍語法。
13.面向信息處理的語法又可稱為計算機語法。
14.英語中定語和狀語出現的位置，都是既可以出現在中心語之前，也可以出現在中心語之后。
15.英語的“good”（好，原級）——“better”（好，比較級）運用的語法手段是異根。
16.以語法單位之間相對位置的變化來表示語法意義的形式手段是語序。
17.詞根語素保持不變，用增減替換詞尾或詞綴來造成詞形變化的方法叫附加。
18.由詞的語法形式所反映的事物在數量上的特征，用語法學術語來表示，叫數。
19.英語的“tooth[tu：θ]”（牙齒，單數）——“teeth[ti：θ]”（牙齒，復數）運用的語法手段是內部屈折。
20.英語的：“book”（書、單數）——“books”（書，復數）運用的語法手段是附加。
21.相對于詞形變化的詞的原形形式叫做零形式。
22.關于漢語中的“研究”和“研究研究”，說法正確的是：這是一個詞的兩種形式，后者增加了一定的語法意義。
23.在“把鋼筆丟了”“鋼筆壞了”“買一只鋼筆”“這鋼筆好用”這四個詞組中，“鋼筆”屬于“無定” 的是：“買一只鋼筆”。
24.用詞形變化表示名詞與其他詞的語法結構關系的范疇是格。
25.用詞形變化表現出來的，行為發生的時間與說話時間的關系的范疇是時。
32.“我認為他的觀點不對”這個句子屬于復雜結構單句。
33.主從關系復句指前是轉折復句：“如果投有你，我就輸了”的復句類型是假設復句。
34.“學校派我來聽課”的句子類型是兼語句：“那支筆我送給小丁了”的句子類型是話題句。
35.“媽媽和***同事”屬于聯合詞組：“接待過上海的同志”屬于述賓詞組。
36.復句中表達一定意義的，前后有較小停頓的、又具有相對獨立性的語言單位叫做分句。
37.“只要刻苦學習，就能取得好成績”，兩個分句之間的意義關系為條件關系。
38.句子“我們廠一個戴安全帽的都沒有”可切分為5個層次。
39.根據句子的用途和語氣分出的句子類別稱為句子的功能類。
40.“飯我吃完了”變換為“我把飯吃完了”所用的變換形式是添加和移位。
41.非主謂句中由一個單詞直接構成的句子叫做獨詞句。
42.“舒舒服服睡它一覺”的正確切分是： 舒舒服服睡它一覺
43.漢語的詞類劃分比較適用于分布標準。
44.詞類是詞在語法上的分類。各種語言內部最復雜的詞類是動詞。
45.“你聽過嗎？”屬于完全主謂句：“非常生氣”屬于狀中偏正詞組。
46.動賓詞組“踢足球”的語義關系為“動詞+受事”：“的”字詞組屬于“體詞性詞組”。
47.英語句子“He is reading the book”（他正在讀書）
所屬的句型為SVO.48.從所包含成分的性質和數量看，最大的一種語法單位是句組。
語言學概論試題
課程代碼：00541
一、單項選擇題（本大題共26小題，每小題1分，共26分）
在每小題列出的四個備選項中只有一個是符合題目要求的，請將其代碼填寫在題后的括號內。錯選、多7．下列各組詞語中，屬于重疊詞的一組是（）A．爸爸 星星 娃娃 B．聽聽 個個 次次
C．~乎乎 ~甸甸 ~兮兮 D．姥姥 狒狒 蟈蟈
8．下列關于基本語匯的表述，不正確的一項是（）
A．基本語匯是整個語匯系統的核心和基礎
B．基本語匯使用范圍廣、構詞能力強
C．基本語匯大部分是相當穩定的
D．基本語匯也包括大部分新造詞和古語詞
這在詞的形成方式上屬于（）
9．英語名詞lab(實驗室)原來的形式是laboratory，選或未選均無分。
1．語言符號的任意性是指（）
A．語言符號可以任意使用和創造
B．絕大多數語言符號的能指和所指之間沒有必然的理據關系
C．可以任意使用語言符號給事物命名
D．語言符號的能指和所指可以任意改變
2．下列語言學流派中集中研究語言本體的流派是（）
A．功能語言學 B．社會語言學
C．認知語言學 D．結構語言學
3．下列關于舌尖元音的表述，不正確的一項是（）
A．發音時舌面不起主要作用 B．有舌尖前音和舌尖后音的區別
C．沒有圓唇音和不圓唇音的區別 D． 是漢語普通話中的一個舌尖元音
4．下列各組輔音中，都是舌面后音的一組是（）
5．下列關于重音的表述，不正確的一項是（）A．有些語言中一個詞可以有一個以上的重音
B．能夠區別不同意義的重音可以看作一個音位
C．詞重音可以分為“固定重音”和“自由重音” D．重音只跟音強的增加有關
6．下列各組合成詞中，每個詞都包含粘著語素的一組是（）
A．偷襲 贈送 B．買賣 膚淺
C．老人 初五 D．蔬菜 電器
A．直接成詞 B．變形成詞
C．變性成詞 D．逆序成詞
10．英語動詞“去”的原形是“go”，過去時的形式是“went”，這在語法手段的詞形變化中叫作（）
A．附加 B．屈折
C．異根 D．零形式
11．下列關于虛詞的表述，不正確的一項是（）
A．虛詞可以分為輔助詞和功能詞兩個小類
B．虛詞包括助動詞、介詞、連詞和語氣詞
C．虛詞是沒有詞匯意義只有語法意義的詞
D．使用虛詞來表現語法意義屬于詞法手段
12．下列對“撞倒了他的自行車”這個歧義詞組的分析，不正確的一項是（）
A．偏正詞組 B．動補詞組
C．動賓詞組 D．向心詞組
13．下列對“你把這本書好好讀一遍！”這個句子類型的分析，不正確的一項是（）
A．句型類是主謂句 B．句式類是把字句
C．功能類是陳述句 D．繁簡類是單句
14．“年齡”和“歲數”在非理性意義上的主要差別是（）
A．感情色彩不同 B．語體色彩不同
C．形象色彩不同 D．語氣意義不同
15．使用字符最少的文字是（）
A．音位文字 B．音節文字
C．語素文字 D．意音文字
16．在下面的幾種古老文字中，不屬于自源文字的是（）
A．腓尼基文字 B．蘇美爾文字
C．中國的甲骨文 D．古埃及文字
17．語言中發展演變速度最快的是（）
A．語法規則 B．音位系統
C．一般語匯 D．基本語匯
18．下列各項中，不是語言統一途徑的一項是（）
A．共同語的推廣 B．語言成分的借用
C．語言的轉用 D．非克里奧耳化
19．親屬語言的“親屬”是指（）
A．歷史同源 B．地域接近
C．結構相似 D．類型相同
20．下列各項中，不屬于社會方言的一項是（）
A．土語 B．隱語
C．行話 D．黑話
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