第一篇：從句

從句

名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句（Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組，它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。主語從句

作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當從句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。如果what-分句本身明顯表示復數意義，比如what分句的動詞和補語都是復數，那么主句動詞也可用復數。

如：What I say and think are none of your business.(我說的和我想的都與你無關。)注意：當what引導的名詞性分句作主語時，主謂一致問題極為復雜。著名學者周海中教授在論文《關于what-分句作主語的主謂一致問題》中就這一問題做了深入研究，并給出了10種的主謂一致關系。這些一致關系值得英語學習者和使用者特別注意。有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數形式。常用句型如下： ⑴It + be + 名詞+ that從句 ⑵It + be + 形容詞+ that從句

⑶It + be + 動詞的過去分詞+ that從句 ⑷It +不及物動詞+ that 從句

另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“（should)+do”，常用的句型有：

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that… 賓語從句

名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導賓語從句的關聯詞與引導主語從句表語從句的關聯詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。1.由連接詞that引導的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導賓語從句時，that在句中不擔任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時，第二個分句前的that不可省。例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經告訴我他明天要去上海。

We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我們決不能認為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+ 動詞原形”。例如：

I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我堅持要她自己工作。

The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令員命令部隊馬上出發。

2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關聯詞引導的賓語從句相當于特殊疑問句，應注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如：

I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。

3.用whether或if引導的賓語從句，其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語序。此外，whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：

a.引導主語從句并在句首時；b.引導表語從句時；c.引導從句作介詞賓語時；d.從句后有“or not”時；e.后接動詞不定式時。例如：

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。

4.注意賓語從句中的時態呼應，當主句動詞是現在時，從句根據自身的句子情況，而使用

不同時態。例如：

He studies English every day.（從句用一般現在時）He studied English last term.（從句用一般過去時）

I know(that)he will study English next year.（從句用一般將來時）he has studied English since 1998.（從句用現在完成時）

當主句動詞是過去時態（could, would除外），從句則要用相應的過去時態，如一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時等；當從句表示的是客觀真理，科學原理，自然現象，則從句仍用現在時態。例如：

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．

5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動詞變為否定式。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：

We don’t think you are here.我們認為你不在這。

I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不會這樣做。

表語從句

在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導表語從句的關聯詞與引導主語從句的關聯詞大致一樣，表語從句位于聯系動詞后，有時用as if引導。其基本結構為：主語+ 系動詞+ that從句。例如：

The fact is that we have lost the game.事實是我們已經輸了這場比賽。That’s just what I want.這正是我想要的。

This is where our problem lies.這就是我們的問題所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他為什么不到會的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，當主語是reason時，表語從句要用that引導而不是because。例如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【注意】whether 可引導表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導表語從句。

同位語從句

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內容。同位語從句通常由that引導，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：

The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。

I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時候回來。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能瑪麗生病了。

同位語從句和定語從句的區別：

that作為關系代詞，可以引導定語從句，充當句子成分，在從句中作賓語時可以省略；that引導同位語從句時，起連詞的作用，沒有實際意義，不充當句子成分，一般不能省略。試比較下面兩個例句：

I had no idea that you were here．（that引導同位語從句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）

其他從句 that從句 5.1）由從屬連詞that引導的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當主 語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語，例如：

主語：That she is still alive is her luck.她還活著全靠運氣。

賓語：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。

表語：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實是最近誰也沒有見過他。

同位語：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.最近誰也沒有見過他，這一事實令辦公室所有的人不安。

形容詞賓語：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對工作滿意我感到很高興。

5.2)That-從句做主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個計劃注定要失敗。

It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關系： a.It + be +形容詞+ that-從句

It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明顯…… b.It + be +-ed分詞+ that-從句 It is believed that… 人們相信……

It is known to all that… 眾所周知…… It has been decided that… 已決定…… c.It + be +名詞+ that-從句

It is common knowledge that… ……是常識 It is a surprise that… 令人驚奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事實是…… d.It +不及物動詞+ that-從句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……

It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… wh-從句 6.1）由wh-詞引導的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當介詞賓語、賓語補語和間接賓語等，例如：

主語：How the book will sell depends on its author.書銷售如何取決于作者本人。

直接賓語：In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以隨心所欲。

間接賓語：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱樂部將給得勝者設獎。

表語：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的問題是誰將接任該基金會主席職位。

賓語補足語：She will name him whatever she wants to.她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。

同位語： I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么時候回來。

形容詞賓語：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他們的邀請。

介詞賓語：That depends on where we shall go.那取決于我們去哪兒。

6.2)Wh-從句做主語也常用先行詞it做形式主語，而將wh-從句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job.還沒決定誰做這項工作。

It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他們何時結婚依然不明。if,whether從句

7.1)yes-no型疑問從句 從屬連詞if, whether引導的名詞從句是由一般疑問句或選擇疑問轉化而來的，因此也分別被稱為yes-no型疑問句從句和選擇型疑問從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同，例如：

主語：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.這一計劃是否可行還有等證實。

賓語：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.請讓我們知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章寫完。

表語：The point is whether we should lend him the money.問題在于我們是否應該借錢給他。同位語：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他們調查他是否值得信賴。

形容詞賓語：She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她懷疑我們是否能夠前來。

介詞賓語：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我擔心他是否能度過疾病的危險期。7.2）選擇性疑問從句

選擇性疑問從句由關聯詞if/whether…or或whether…or not構成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.請告訴我他們是瑞典人還是丹麥人。

I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜歡該計劃。if和whether的區別：

1、在動詞不定式之前只能用whether。如：

I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能決定是否留下。

2、在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：

I want to know whether it’s good news or not.我想知道是否是好消息。3、在介詞后，只能用whether。如：

His father is worried about whether he lose his work.他的父親擔心是否會失去工作。

4、賓語從句放在句首表示強調時，只能用whether。如： Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know.這是否真的，我真的不知道。

5、用if會引起歧義時，只用whether。如：

Could you tell me if you know the answer

這句話有兩種意思：“你能告訴我是否知道答案嗎？”或“如果你知道答案，請告訴我，好嗎？”。如用whether可避免歧義。

形容詞性從句

定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。

含義：在定語的位置上是個句子。why 關系副詞why主要用于修飾表原因的名詞（主要是the reason），同時它在定語從句中用作原因狀語。如：

We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我們不知道他為什么沒有來。

She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她沒跟我講她拒絕這項工作的原因。

與關系副詞when和where不同，why可以換成that或省略。如： That’s one of the reasons(why, that)I asked you to come.這就是我請你來的原因之一。

另外，與關系副詞when和where可以引導非限制性定語從句不一樣，why只能引導限制性定語從句，不能引導非限制性定語從句。如：

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

誤：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.when

關系副詞when主要用于修飾表時間的名詞，同時它在定語從句中用作時間狀語。如：

There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必須作出抉擇的時候到了。

Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他們為所欲為的日子一去不復返了。

We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我們將把野餐推遲到下星期，那時天氣可能會好一點。

注意不要一見到先行詞為時間名詞，就以為一定要用關系副詞when來引導定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分——如果在定語從句中用作時間狀語，就用when；如果在定語從句中不是用作時間狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：

Don’t forget the time(that, which)I’ve told you.不要忘記我告訴你的時間。關系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作動詞told的賓語，正因為是用作賓語，所以也可以省略。where

關系副詞where主要用于修飾表地點的名詞，同時它在定語從句中用作地點狀語。如：

This is the village where he was born.這就是他出生的村子。

That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.這就是我們去年夏天住的旅館。

Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奧伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽車去上班。

與前面when的情況一樣，注意不要一見到先行詞為地點名詞，就以為一定要用關系副詞where來引導定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分——如果在定語從句中用作地點狀語，就用where；如果在定語從句中不是用作地點狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如： He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets.他在一家電視機廠工作。

關系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作主語。

另外注意，where有時還可用于抽象名詞后引導定語從句。如： We have reached a point where a change is needed.我們到了必須改一改的地步。

There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情況下，mighty一詞可用作副詞。

He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。

I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作。

第二篇：德語比較從句

比較從句

w?hrend（而，卻），表示行為的對立

W?hrend es gestern sch?n war, ist es heute schlecht.W?hrend in China der Sonntag ein Einkauftstag ist, sind die Laden in Deutschland am Sonntag geschlossen.在中國，星期天是采購的日子；而在德國，商店在星期天都停業。wie（如同，正如），表示相同的比較

Ich erz?hle es, wie ich es geh?rt habe.Die Stadt ist so sch?n, wie ich mir gedacht habe.als（比...更）表示不同的比較，主句中常有形容詞或者副詞的比較級，或者表示區別的詞

Die Stadt ist noch sch?ner, als ich gedacht habe.Sie arbeitet anders, als du gearbeitet hast.她干的可跟你干過的不一樣。

je...desto/umso（越...越...）表示主、從句說明的情況變化是成比例的，句中通常需要用形容詞比較級。

Je ?lter er wird, desto klüger wird er.Je dunkler die Nacht ist, umso heller werden die Sterne.Je moderner die Technik ist, desto h?her wird die Produktion steigen.技術越先進，產量提得越高。

第三篇：從句練習

名詞性從句

1.I wonder we haven’t received her invitations yet.Her wedding is only two days away.A.how B.why C.that D.when 2.We students got lost in the forest and decided to remain we were and waited for the guide.A.where B.what C.how D.who 3.Please put the medicine on the top of the shelf.It’s our children can’t reach it.A.what B.that C.where D.how 4.Sorry, I’m so late, but you cannot imagine great trouble I took finding your house.A.what B.how C.why D.when 5.The result was far beyond we had expected, brought great joy to everyone of us.A.which;which B.which;that C.what;what D.what;which

6.It is difficult to fill the minds of kids with the idea they must love study.A.which B.what C.whether D.that

7.It could be judged from her eyes she was terribly sorry for what she had done.A.what B.which C.that D.where

8.—Would you please explain to me about the difference between the two words? —I’m sorry, but that’s I’m puzzled about.A.why B.what C.which D.where

9.surprises us most is she doesn’t even know the difference between the two opinions lies.A.It;that;which B.What;that;what C.What;that;where D.That;what;where

10.Faced with challenges, you should believe your courage is

makes a difference.A.that B.what C.which D.whatever

11.The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.A.which B.that C.what D.who 12.Professor Backman took up scientific research for decades, and this is he devoted all his life to.A.which B.what C.where D.how

13.Word came a gas explosion in a coal mine in northeast China Heilongjiang Province had killed 104 miners by Nov.23 and left further 4 trapped, shocked everyone.A.that;it B.where;that C.that;which D.when;it

14.As a matter of fact, much of we read on the Internet every day is groundless or nonsense.A.that B.which C.what D.it

15.was known to us all that Johnson had broken his promise he would give each of us a small gift.A.As;which B.What;that C.It;that D.It;which

16.surprised me most was such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.A.That;what B.What;that C.That;which D.What;which

17.—Which can I take, Mr Smith? —Take one you like and leave the others for comes late.A.whoever;who B.whichever;who C.whatever;whom D.whichever;whoever

18.She has been in doctors describe as a vegetative(植物人的)state for six years.A.what B.which C.that D.how

19.The manager in the end decided to give the chance to he believed had a good command of English.A.who B.anyone C.whoever D.whomever

20.I have the same opinion as you the privacy of one’s life should be kept secret.A.that B.which C.whether D.what

21.I’d like to offer this job to I believe is responsible for it.A.whoever B.Whom C.no matter whom D.no matter who

22.Can you explain most deserts are located near the west coast of the continents? A.why is it that B.why it is that C.how it is that D.how is it that

23.It is obvious to the students they should get well prepared for their future.A.as B.which C.whether D.that

24.Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? A.who B.what C.whoever D.whatever

25.The fact has worried many scientists the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.A.what B.which C.that D.though

專題九 名詞性從句

1.解析：選B。why引導賓語從句，并在從句中作原因狀語。2.解析：選A。where引導表語從句，并在從句中作地點狀語。3.解析：選C。where引導表語從句，并在從句中作地點狀語。

4.解析：選A。what引導賓語從句，并在從句中作定語，修飾trouble。

5.解析：選D。what引導賓語從句，并在從句中作賓語；which引導定語從句，指主句內容。

6.解析：選D。that引導同位語從句，解釋idea的具體內容。7.解析：選C。that引導主語從句，It為形式主語。

8.解析：選B。what引導表語從句，并在從句中作介詞about的賓語。

9.解析：選C。what引導主語從句，并在從句中作主語；that引導表語從句；where引導賓語從句，并在從句中作地點狀語。

10.解析：選B。what引導表語從句，并在從句中作主語。11.解析：選C。what引導賓語從句，并在從句中作主語，they hope為插入成分，可忽略。12.解析：選B。what引導表語從句，并在從句中作介詞to的賓語。

13.解析：選C。that引導同位語從句，解釋word的具體內容；which引導定語從句。14.解析：選C。what引導賓語從句，并在從句中作賓語。

15.解析：選C。It為形式主語，代替真正的主語從句that Johnson had broken his promise...；that引導同位語從句，解釋promise的具體內容。

16.解析：選B。what引導主語從句，并在從句中作主語；that引導表語從句。

17.解析：選D。whichever引導賓語從句，并在從句中作定語，修飾one；whoever引導賓語從句，并在從句中作主語。

18.解析：選A。what引導賓語從句，并在從句中作賓語。

19.解析：選C。whoever引導賓語從句，并在從句中作主語，he believed為插入成分。20.解析：選A。that引導同位語從句，解釋opinion的具體內容。21.解析：選A。whoever引導的從句作to的賓語,又在從句中作主語,I believe為插入語。whoever作關系代詞，相當于any person who。

22.解析：選B。句意為：你能理解為什么大多數的沙漠都分布在靠近大陸的西海岸的地區嗎？賓語從句要使用陳述語序。

23.解析：選D。句中it為形式主語，that引導的主語從句為真正的主語。句意為：對于學生來說，他們應當為未來做好充分的準備是很明顯的。

24.解析：選C。考查主語從句的用法。speak to后接sb.,故排除B、D兩項。句中to后跟賓語從句，且從句中又缺少主語，并且是不確指，故排除A。

25.解析：選C。考查同位語從句的用法。分析句式結構可知此處缺少同位語從句的引導詞，從句意義、結構均完整。故選C。狀語從句專項練習50題

蓮山課件

原文地址：http:// 1.—What was the party like? —Wonderful.It’s years __________I enjoyed myself so much.A.after

B.before

C.when

D.since 2.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _______Father was away in France.A.as

B.that

C.during

D.if 3.Why do you want a new job __________you got such a good one already? A.that

B.where

C.which

D.when

4.After the war, a new school building was put up ___________there had once been a theatre.A.that

B.where

C.which

D.when 5.You will be late ______________you leave immediately.A.unless

B.until

C.if

D.or 6.___________, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A.However late is he

B.However he is late C.However is he late

D.However late he is 7.If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______________great it is.A.what

B.how

C.however

D.whatever 8.We won’t give up ______________we should fail ten times.A.even if

B.since

C.whether

D.until 9.She doesn’t speak ____________her friend, but her written work is excellent.A.as well as

B.so often as

C.so much as

D.as good as 10.He’ll be happy ____________he may be.A.when

B.if

C.because

D.wherever 1—5 DADBA

6—10 DCAAD 11.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she ______________.A.will arrive

B.arrives

C.is arriving

D.is going to arrive 12.The volleyball match will be put off if it _______________.A.will rain

B.rains

C.rained

D.is raining 13.Remember to send me a photo of your son next time you ____________to me.A.write

B.will write

C.are writing

D.would write 14.If city noises __________from increasing, people ___________shout to be heard even at the dinner table in 20 years from now.A.are not kept;will have to

B.are not kept;have to C.do not deep;will have to

D.do not deep;have to 15.I need one more stamp before my collection ____________.A.has completed

B.completes

C.has been completed

D.is completed 16.As she _________the newspaper, Granny _________asleep.A.read, was falling

B.was reading, fell C.was reading, was falling

D.read, fell 17.If it __________for the snow, we ___________the mountain yesterday.A.were not;could have climbed

B.were not;could climb C.had not been;could have climbed

D.had not been;could climb 18.—If he _________, he ___________tat food.—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A.was warned;would not take

B.had been warned;would not have taken C.would be warned;had not taken

D.had driven;wouldn’t have got 19.It is 50 years _____________the People’s Republic of China was founded.A.after

B.before

C.when

D.since 20.___________the sun rises, all the stars in the sky disappear.A.The moment

B.Before

C.Till

D.For 11—15 BBAAD 16—20 BCBDA 21.Not until I began to work __________how much time I had wasted.A.didn’t I realize

B.did I realize

C.I didn’t realize

D.I realized 22.Not until all the fish died in the river __________how serious the pollution was.A.did the villagers realize

B.the villagers realized C.the villagers did realize

D.didn’t the villagers realize 23.—Why do you drink so much coffee? —Well, _________it doesn’t keep me awake in the nights, I see no harm in it.A.although

B.if

C.unless

D.while 24.It was __________it rained heavily that they didn’t come.A.as

B.because

C.for

D.since 25.Why not buy a cheaper one, _____________you don’t have enough money? A.since

B.because

C.for

D.though 26.It is ten years ____________I left home.A.when

B.after

C.since

D.as 27.He speaks English _____________he speaks his mother tongue.A.so good as

B.as good as

C.so well as

D.as well as 28.Try _______he might, he couldn’t get out of difficulty.A.when

B.where

C.till

D.as 29.__________I saw the computer, I showed great interest in it.A.At first

B.For the first time

C.Until

D.The first time 30.I don’t think you’ll be able to understand this formula(公式)____________you finish school.A.as if

B.only when

C.even

D.even when 21—25 BAABA

26-30 CDDDD 31.I often visited Tian’an Men Square ____________I was staying in Beijing.A.until

B.during

C.while

D.throughout 32.He always thinks I’m wrong, _____________I may say.A.no matter whatever

B.whatever

C.what

D.that 33.__________the rain has stopped, let’s continue to work.A.For

B.Now that

C.That

D.Because 34.____________, I am sure that the boy is honest.A.Whatever people say

B.No matter people say C.What people say

D.It doesn’t matter people say 35.I knew Mr.Green _____________I knew Mrs.Green.A.long before

B.before long

C.long ago

D.after long 36.They waited __________it was dark before leaving, _________they didn’t want anyone to see them leave.A.since;because

B.until;as

C.unless;for

D.so;because 37.__________often you ring, no one will answer.A.How

B.However

C.Whom

D.Whenever 38.I will never stop ______________they might like it.A.no matter how

B.how

C.what

D.though 39.Father was ________busy in working __________he often forgot rest or meals.A.very, that

B.so, that

C.such, as

D.enough, as 40.We made a decision __________there would be rain, we should stay at home.A.that

B.if

C.that if

D.whether 31—35 CBBAA

36-40 BBABC 41.I usually watch TV in the evening ____________I have to study for an examination.A.because

B.unless

C.while

D.the moment 42.I had lived there for over thirty years ___________I wanted to return to my motherland again.A.until

B.after

C.while

D.when 43.It was a long time _____________I went to sleep again.A.when

B.while

C.before

D.until 44.He must be ill, ____________he looks so pale.A.since

B.because

C.as

D.for 45.I’ll take no steps ___________you arrive.A.and

B.since

C.until

D.while 46.You will catch cold _____________put on more clothes.A.if you

B.if you will not

C.unless you

D.until you 47.________he woke _________slept, this subject is always in his mind.A.If;and

B.Both;and

C.Either;or

D.Whether;or 48.We had hardly got to the station __________it began no rain.A.until

B.since

C.while

D.when 49.They were surprised that a child should work out the problem __________they themselves couldn’t.A.once

B.then

C.while

D.if 50.My name is Robert, ___________most of my friends call me Bob for short.A.then

B.instead

C.however

D.but 41—42 BDCDC 46-50 CDDCD 答案：1—5 DADBA

6—10 DCAAD

11—15 BBAAD

16—20 BCBDA

21—25 BAABA 26-30 CDDDD 31—35 CBBAA

36-40 BBABC

41—42 BDCDC 46-50 CDDCD 定語從句專項練習題

一．單項選擇

定語從句的用法

1.This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday.A.that

B.who

C.whom

D.this

2.The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.A.who

m

B.which

C.who

D./

A.the one

B.that

C.which

D./

6.The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.A.which

B.that

C./

D.it

7.The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.A.which

B.in which

C.that

D.all

8._____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.A.That

B.Who

C.The one who

D.The students who

9.Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.A.which

B.whom

C.whose

D.this

10.This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.A.who

B.whom

C.which

D./

11.This is the only article of these that _____ written by him.A.was

B.were

C.is

D.are

12.The man _____ was here just now is a doctor.A.whom

B.who

C./

D.he

13.The boy _____ has two lovely dogs.A.who live next door

B.which

lives next door

C.whom lives next door

D.that lives next door

14.Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands.A.which

B.whom

C.that

D.who

15.Don’t go in, this is the shop _____ we have just been _____.A./, to

B.that, /

C.where, to

D.which, there

16.He is the most careful boy _____ I know.A.what

B.which

C.as

D../

17.This is the school _____ Mr.Smith once taught.A.in that

B.when

C.where

D.there

18.Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born?

A.where

B.in that

C.that

D.which

19.The factory _____ Mr.Li used to work was closed last week.A.when

B.where

C.that

D.which

20.Do you still remember the day _____ we first met?

A.that

B.when

C.what

D.on that

21.The time _____ we studied together is not easily forgotten.22.October 1,1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget.A.when

B.that

C.where

D.in which

23.October 1,1949 was the day _____ the People’s Republic of China was founded.A.which

B.when

C.where

D.in which

24.Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing?

A.which

B.where

C.in which

D.what

25.Is this museum _____ they visited last month?

A.that

B.which

C.where

D.the one

26.I still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A.what

B.which

C.that

D.where

二． 在下列定語從句中，填入適當的介詞。

1.The pencil ________ which he wrote was broken.2.He built a telescope ________ which he could study the skies.3.The woman, ________ whom I learned the news, is a nurse.4.The wolf ________ which the sheep was killed was shot.5.She has three children, all _______ whom are at school.6.There is a tall tree outside, ________ which stands our teacher.7.My glasses, _______ which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.8.In the dark street, there wasn’t a person ________ whom she could turn for help.9.I was surprised at the way ________ which he treated the old man.10.The age _______ which children can go to school is seven.11.His bike ________ which he went to work was stolen last night.12.Do you know the building ________ which is flying a red flag?

13.Ours is a beautiful school, ________ which we are proud.14.The desk ________ which Jack is leaning is John’s.15.He bought a book yesterday, the author ________ which is a teacher.參考答案

一． 單項選擇

定語從句1~5 A C A B A

6~10 B C C A D

11~15 C B D D A 16~20 D C A B B

21~26 B B B A D D

二． 在下列定語從句中，用適當的介詞填空。

1.with without

11.on 2.through

3.from

4.by 8.to

9.in

10.at

13.of

14.against 5.of

6.under 15.of

7.12.on

第四篇：從句練習

1.When Tom was nine years old he read a school book about science, containing some experiments _____ at home.A.which can be done B.that could do C.that could be done D.which could do

1.C 譯文：9歲時湯姆讀過一本關于自然科學的教科書，書里的一些試驗可以在家里完成。定語從句的主句和從句時態要一致，本題主句用了過去時，從句也應用過去時，排除A項；又因為從句中主語和動詞之間是被動關系，排除B、D項。

2.Rose told them all _____ to Oliver.A.which happened B.that had happened C.which had happened D.that had been happened

2.B 譯文：羅斯告訴他們發生在奧利弗身上的一切事情。先行詞時all時關聯詞應用that，排除C、D項，類似的詞還有：everything, something, nothing, little, much等指物的不定代詞；又因為是主動關系，故選B。eg.Please tell me something that is interesting.3.Alva found a place in the cellar _____ he used as his first laboratory.A.which B.where C.such D.the same

3.A 譯文：阿爾瓦在地下室找到了一個地方，他把那里用做他的第一個實驗室。such, same不引導定語從句，故排除；又因為關聯詞在定語從句中作賓語(he used the place as...)，選A。

2.4.Do you know the right time _____ the meeting begins.A.which B.when C.why

D.as

4.B 譯文：你知道開會的確切時間嗎？

先行詞time是表示時間性的名詞，所以從句需要用表示時間關系的副詞來引導，只有B正確；類似的先行詞還有day, morning, evening, week, month, year等。eg.He'll never forget the days when he was in Paris.5.This is the reason _____ an aeroplane can't fly in space.A.for that B.which C.why D.where

5.C 譯文：這就是飛機不能在太空飛行的原因。

能引導原因狀語并和先行詞reason連用的副詞只有why（*有時why可以省略或是用that代替）eg.That is one of the reasons I asked you to come.（why省略）

The reason that he died was lack of medical care.（why用that代替）

6.He tried to get out of the business, _____ he found impossible.A.that B.which C.where D.when

6.B 譯文：他試圖從這件事中擺脫出來，但發現擺脫不了。

本題考查的是非限制性定語從句，先行詞為整個主句，which代替前面整句話（that不引導非限制性定語從句），在從句中作賓語。

3.7.She lives near the sea, and she often looks far away to the place _____ sky and earth seem to meet.A.that B.which C.whose D.where

7.D 譯文：她住在海邊，所以經常向天空和陸地相接的地方眺望。

本題先行詞是the place，與其相對應的關系詞在定語從句中充當地點狀語，故選D。

8.The goals _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A.after which B.for which C.with which D.at which

8.B 譯文：他曾為之終生奮斗的目標對他而言似乎已經不再重要了。

本題先行詞the goals，從句中謂語動詞詞組fight for表示“為??奮斗”，for提前，所以選B。

9.The only thing _____ matters is to return home safe and sound.A.which B.that C.what D./

9.B 譯文：唯一要緊的事情是平安到家。

what不引導定語從句首先排除C；該關系代詞在從句中作主語，不能省略，排除D；當先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few/little much, only, very修飾，后面引導定語從句的關系代詞要用that，故選B。

4.10.I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place _____.A.where I'd like to visit B.in which I'd like to visit C.I most want to visit D.that I want to visit it most

10.C 譯文：雖然我從未去過北京，但那是我非常想去的地方。

本題選項的關鍵詞是visit，它是一個及物動詞，因此A、B項都可以排除，而D項中的it和句中的it's重復，所以選C。

11.Such people _____ you describe are rare nowadays.A.that B.which C.like D.as

11.D 譯文：你所說的那種人現在已經很少了。

as作關系代詞一般用于: so...as, such...as, the same...as等結構中。eg.I have the same feeling as you.12.They picked up four boat-loads of refugees, _____ had been at sea for two weeks.A.some of that B.some of which C.some of them D.some of whom

12.D 譯文：他們救起了四艘船的難民，其中有些人已經在海上漂泊2周了。

本題要用指人的關系代詞，由于that前不跟介詞排除后就只剩下D項的whom了。eg.The girl, to whom Jack is speaking, is my girl friend.5.13.If you have a taste for exciting adventures you may want to join the group of men _____ is to explore the mysteries of the deep sea.A.their work B.who work C.who D.whose work

13.D 譯文：如果你愛好冒險，你可以加入那群以探索深海奧秘為職業的隊伍。

分析題干，考查的是定語從句，首先排除A項；先行詞the group of men，空缺的是從句中的主語，后面已有謂語動詞is，排除B項；若選C則謂語動詞要用復數形式are，所以選D。

14._____ is mentioned above, a lot of work has been done to create man-made materials.A.That

B.Whether C.As D.Which

14.C 譯文：正如上面所指出的那樣，人們已經為制作人造材料做了大量的工作。

本題考查as引導非限制性定語從句的語法，as引導非限制性定語從句，可以置于主句之后也可以放在主句之前，表示前面或后面整個句子，which引導非限制性定語從句不放在句首，所以選C。

eg.He's an honest man, as is known to us all.15.This is the best film _____ I have ever seen.A.which B.that C.as D.when

15.B 譯文：這是我所看過最好的一部電影。

當先行詞被序數詞或是形容詞最高級修飾時，其后的定語從句關系代詞通常用that。eg.He's the first person that finished the work.Unit 5 定語從句

（六）16.The company officer _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.A.whom B.whoever C.who D.of whom

16.C

譯文：我原以為會被解雇的那個公司官員卻得到了加薪。

本題先行詞是the company officer, 關系詞在定語從句中充當主語：The company officer(I thought)would be fired.所以選C。

17.He talked of the men and the books _____ interested him.A.what B.which C.that D.who

17.C 譯文：他談論著他感興趣的人和書。

當先行詞既指人又指物時(the men and the books)，關系詞用that。

18.The hours _____ the children spend watching TV are too many.A.in which B.on which C.that D.when

18.C 譯文：孩子們花在看電視上的時間太多了。

本題先行詞the hours在定語從句中作spend的賓語，可直接排除A、B、D三項。注意：不能一看到表示時間的先行詞就用when，而應首先判斷修飾先行

詞的關系詞在定語從句中作什么成分：如果作狀語，就應該用關系副詞when或where，如果作賓語就應該用that/which/不填等等。針對大部分選B滬友的解說：

題目的意思是the children spend the hours(in)watching TV spend的用法： spend sth on sth/(in)doing sth 如果選B（on which）則變成spend on the hours watching TV，錯！名詞性從句

1.In some countries, _____ is called “equality” doesn't really mean equal rights for all people.A.which B.what C.that D.one

1.B 譯文：在一些國家，所謂的“平等”實際上并不意味著人人都享有平等的權利。本題考查的是名詞性從句中的主語從句，空格中的關聯詞既引導主語從句又在從句中充當主語，故選擇B項，what在此譯為“??的東西”，相當于the thing that。

2.They always give their help to _____ needs it urgently.A.who B.whoever C.whom D.whomever

2.B 譯文：他們總是幫助那些最需要幫助的人。本題考查名詞性從句中的賓語從句，所需關聯詞既要引導一個賓語從句又要在從句中當主語，選擇C項，whomever在從句中只能作賓語,whoever在此相當于the person who。

A項who一般不在介詞后引導賓語從句

3.Jim asked the question _____ we shall start to work.A.that

B.what C.when D.whether

3.C 譯文：吉姆問我們什么時候開始工作。

本題考查的是名詞性從句中的同位語從句，同位語從句和定語從句形似，兩者都有先行詞，但和從句的關系不同：同位語從句是等同關系，先行詞在從句中不作任何語法成分；而定語從句是修飾關系，先行詞在從句中作主語或賓語。eg.They told me the news that they heard on the radio.（賓語從句）－他們在廣播里聽到的消息

They told me the news that I had got a raise.（同位語從句）－我得到提升這個消息

2.4.There are signs _____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.that B.which C.in which D.whose

4.A 譯文：有跡象表明：餐館正越來越受到家庭的歡迎。

本題要求選擇適當的詞來引導signs的同位語從句，選項中除了that外其它三項都不用來引導同位語從句，因此選A。

5.The reason I don't go there was _____ a new job.A.because I got B.because of getting C.due to D.that I got

5.D 譯文：我不去那是因為我得到了一份新的工作。本題考查表語從句的引導詞，當句子主語為reason時，表語從句應當用that引導，the reason...was that...“??的原因是??”，所以選D。

6.We consider _____ the instrument should be adjusted each time it is used.A.that it necessary

B.necessary that C.it necessary that D.necessary of that

6.C 譯文：我們認為在每次使用之前有必要對這些儀器進行調試。

consider之后常跟“賓語＋賓補”結構，在本題中，為了平衡需要，it作形式賓語，necessary作it的補足語，真正的賓語是后置的由that引導的從句。eg.Ann took it for granted that they weren't coming.3.7.I admit to that _____ that guy is my true friend.A.that B.is C.as D.whoever

7.A 譯文：我承認那家伙是我真正的摯友。

本題空缺處需要一個不表示任何意義的關聯詞來引導同位語從句。ABCD四項中只有that可以引導同位語從句，所以選A，題干中缺項前的that為admit to的賓語，缺項后的that為指示代詞，相當于“那個”的意思。如果大家被3個that搞暈了，就看看這句：I admit to the fact that the guy is my true friend.8.I don't care _____ or not the manager will give me a raise.A.whether B.if C.which D.why

8.A 譯文：我并不在乎經理是否會給我加薪。

本題需要填入引導賓語從句的詞，根據空格后面跟的or not很容易判斷出應該選whether，if后不直接跟or not。

9._____ we need more equipment is quite obvious.A.That B.What C.Whatever D.If

9.A 譯文：我們需要更多的器材，這是很明顯的。that在此處僅引導主語從句，不表示任何意義 eg.That he will come is certain.4.狀語從句

1.Melted iron is poured into the mixer _____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.A.in the same way like B.in the same way which C.in the same way D.in the same way as

1.D 譯文：溶化的鐵水倒入攪拌機就像茶水由茶壺倒入茶杯一樣。

本題考查方式狀語從句，the same常與as連用，且as不能省略。

2.He will surely finish the job on time _____ he's left to do it in his own way.A.in that B.as long as C.in case D.as far as

2.B 譯文：只要讓他用自己的方式去做這個工作，他就肯定能按時完成。本題考查條件狀語從句的引導詞，A、C、D項的意思不對，所以選B。

3.They decided to chase the cow away _____ it did more damage.A.unless B.until C.before D.after

3.C 譯文：他們決定在那頭牛搞更多破壞之前把它趕走。

本題考查before引導時間狀語從句的用法，表示“在??之前”，其它選項的意思都不 10

符合。

2.4.Many patients insist on having watches with them in hospital, _____ they have no schedules to keep.A.even though B.for C.as if D.since

4.A 譯文：許多病人堅持住院時佩戴手表，盡管他們無需遵守日程。本題考查讓步狀語從句，根據句意可知，應選擇表示轉折關系的詞；even though盡管，for因為，as if似乎，since既然，只有A項表轉折關系。

5.Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert _____ it means standing in a queue all night.A.as if B.even if C.provided D.whatever

5.B 譯文：羅德決心搞到這次演唱會的座位票，即時要排一整夜的隊也行。本題也是考查讓步狀語從句，根據意思應選B。as if引導的是方式狀語從句，provided引導條件狀語從句，whatever表示“無論如何”。eg.She behaved as if nothing had happened.她表現的像什么都沒發生過似的。

Provided(that)there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.如果沒人反對，我們就在這里開會。

6.You should insure your house _____ there is a fire.A.if B.for C.in case D.unless

6.C 譯文：你應該給你的房子買保險，以防發生火災。

if如果，unless除非，引導的都是條件狀語從句；for因為，引導目的狀語從句常位于句尾；in case以防，引導目的狀語從句，給房子投保的目的是為了預防火災的發生。

3.7.They climbed to the top of the hill _____ they got a bird's eye-view of the city.A.for fear that B.in order that C.in case D.as a result

7.B 譯文：他們爬上山頂以便能俯瞰這座城市。for fear that“以免、唯恐”，in order that“以便、為了”，in case“以防、萬一”三者都可以引導目的狀語從句，as a result“結果”是副詞詞組，不引導狀語從句，根據題意登上山頂是為了俯瞰城市，所以選B。

8._____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.A.For B.Before C.Since D.While

8.C 譯文：既然你明天就要走了，今晚我們一起吃飯吧。

本題考查原因狀語從句，for雖然可以引導原因狀語從句，但只能放在句末；before和while引導的是時間狀語從句，而題干是前因后果的關系，所以選擇表示“因為”的since。

9.If that idea is wrong, the project is bound to fail, _____ good all the other ideas might be.A.whatever B.though C.whatsoever D.however

9.D 譯文：無論其它想法有多好，如果那個想法是錯的，那么這個計劃肯定要失敗。

本題要求填入一個修飾good的連詞，選項中僅有however滿足，相當于“no matter how good...”引導讓步狀語從句。

4.10.A driver should slow down _____ there are many houses.A.where

B.when C.till D.since

10.A 譯文：在房子多的地方司機應減速行駛。

分析題干，從句是在說明司機在何處要減速行駛，因此要選擇一個能引導地點壯語從句的連詞；when和till只引導時間狀語從句，since也只能引導時間和原因壯語從句。

11.He seldom reviewed his lessons _____ he failed in the final.A.in order that B.so that C.in that D.provided that

11.B 譯文：他幾乎不復習功課，以至期末考試沒能及格。

本題主從句是因果關系；in order that“為了”后跟的從句表目的，in that“因為”后跟的從句表原因，provided that“假如”后跟的從句表條件，so that“所以”后跟的從句表結果。

12.You'll have to pay a fine _____ your return those books to the library immediately.A.until B.unless C.if D.provided

12.B 譯文：如果你不立刻把這些書還給圖書館，你就得交罰款。

根據對題干的分析可知，需要交罰款的前提是不馬上還書，要選擇能引導條件狀語從句的連詞，在各選項中只有unless表示“除非??，如果不??”之意，if和provided雖然也可以引導條件壯語從句，但意思不符。

5.

第五篇：各類從句講解

各類從句詳解

英語從句可以分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句三大類：下面我們逐一進行說明：

一、名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句）

主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句在復合句中的充當的成分和其名稱相同，分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。上述這四種從句均被稱為名詞性從句。所有的名詞性從句均不能用逗號分開，并且它們都用相同的關聯詞，關聯詞如下：

①

主從連詞：that(無意義), whether(是否), if(是否)（在句子中不充當任何成分）②

連接代詞：who(誰), whom(誰), whose(誰的), what(什么), which(哪一個)③

連接副詞：when(什么時候), where(什么地方), how(怎樣), why(為什么)主從連詞只起連接作用，連接代詞和連接副詞除了起連接作用外，還充當從句某一個成分。另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等連接代詞引導名詞性從句，來加強語氣。

下面分別對各種名詞性從句進行介紹

（一）主語從句（subject clause）

在主句中用作主語的主謂結構稱之為主語從句。例如：

That he will come to the discussion is certain.他來參加討論是確定的。

That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球繞地球轉動，這是我們大家都熟知的。

When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide.會議什么時候召開還沒有決定。主語從句放在句首，句子常常顯得比較笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式主語，而將主語從句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分別改寫為： It is certain that he will come to the discussion.It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.下面再舉一些例句：

What they are after is profit.他們追求的是利潤。That he is still alive is sheer luck.他還活著全靠運氣。Who did the work is unknown.誰干了這工作無人知道。Whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.It won’t make too much difference whether she will join us.她是否參與我們的活動無關緊要。Which way is more effective is still a question.It is still a question which way is more effective.哪種辦法效率更高還是個問題。

（二）表語從句（predicative clause）

在主句中擔當表語的主謂結構稱之為表語從句。

One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一種看法認為魚是最好的補腦食品。The problem is where we can hold our meeting.問題是我們可以在哪兒舉行會議。

My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.我的問題是信息是怎樣儲存在長期記憶中的。

That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的東西。

It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都進行得很順利。

（三）賓語從句（object clause）

在主句中作謂語動詞、介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語的主謂結構稱之為賓語從句。在引導賓語從句時，從屬連詞that在口語中和非正式文本中常省略。（1）動詞后的賓語從句

We know that a parrot can’t really speak.我們知道鸚鵡不會真的說話。He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告訴我們他所想的事情。

Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.知道要下雨了，于是他們決定在室內工作。(現在分詞knowing的賓語從句)I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知道你是否還在工廠工作。（不定式to know的賓語從句）The club will give whoever wins a prize.獲勝者俱樂部將頒獎。Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.到目前為止我們還不能說他的理論是否經得住考驗。A little observation will show how the temperature changes.稍加觀察就可以看出溫度是怎樣變化的。

Do you know who lives in this room?你知道誰住在這房間里嗎？（2）介詞后的賓語從句

He laughed at what they said.她對他們說的話一笑置之。

There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.什么是貨幣以及怎樣計量貨幣在經濟學家之間存在分歧。

（3）形容詞的賓語從句

有些形容詞可以用that引導賓語從句，表示說話人對某一事物的態度并帶有感情色彩。常見的這類形容詞有：afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等。

“害怕，驚訝，震驚，意識，確定，自信，高興，高興，高興，高興，自豪，傷心，對不起，當然，驚訝” 例如：

I am glad that you have come.你來了，我真高興。

I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在這點上是錯誤的。

He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通過這個考試。

（四）同位詞從句（apposition clause）

同位語從句就是在句子中擔當同位語的主謂結構。

主句中有些詞義比較抽象的名詞，如：belief, doubt, evidence證據, idea, fact, hope, news, possibility, question, thought等，可以用that、連接代詞和連接副詞引出同位語從句。

There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery.毫無疑問，有許多人得益于心臟外科手術。

I have an idea that parents should monitor監控the kind of television their children watch.我有一個想法，父母應該檢查孩子看電視的內容。

There is the news that some British customers will visit our company.有消息說幾個英國客戶要來我公司參觀。

Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals? 是否有任何證據可以說明植物性的食物不同于動物性的食物呢？ We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.我們都知道這樣一個事實：把要記憶的材料組織起來有助于記憶。注意：雖然that在同位語從句中沒有什么意義，但不能省略。區別：盡管由that引導的同位語從句與that引導的定語從句很相似，但兩者有明顯的區別。

(a)

that在同位語從句中是連詞，只起連接作用，無具體詞義，不能在從句中充當成分；而用that引導的定語從句中，that是關系代詞，在從句中充當一定成分，并有詞意。

(b)

同位語從句與其先行詞在邏輯上有“主系表”的關系，例如上面的第一句可以理解為：“許多人得益于心臟外科手術是毫無疑問的”上述其它各句也是如此，而定語從句則沒有這種關系。

（五）只可用whether但不可用if的情況 if, whether引導的名詞性從句表示“是否”，其異同點如下： 相同點：

(a)用作賓語從句時，它們可互相替換。例如：

I wonder if/whether you can help me.我想知道你是否能幫助我。

(b)都可與or連用。例如：

Please tell me if/whether they are Swedish or Danish.訴我他們是瑞典人還是丹麥人。不同點：（只可用whether但不可用if的情況）

(a)if不能用于在句首的主語從句。例如：

Whether John will go remains a question.約翰是否去還是一個問題。

Whether she likes the present is not clear to me.她是否喜歡禮物我還不清楚。但可以說

It’s not clear to me if/whether she likes the present.（因為沒有在句首，所以可以用if）

(b)if不能用于表語從句

The point is whether we should lend him the money.問題在于我們是否應該借錢給他。

(c)if不能引導介詞的賓語從句

I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我擔心他是否能度過疾病的危險期。

(d)if不能引導同位語從句

They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他們調查他是否值得信賴。

(e)if后不能接or not I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜歡該計劃。

是用if還是用whether是一個考點，但能用if的場合一定能用whether，反之則不然。

二、定語從句

在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句是定語從句（attributive clause）被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句必須放在先行詞后面。

定語從句一般由關系代詞：that, which, who, whom, whose和關系副詞：when, where, why引出。

注意區別：在名詞性從句中，that是連詞，在句中不充當任何成分，且沒有任何意義；而在定語從句中，that是關系代詞，在句中充當一定成分，并有詞意。

（一）由關系代詞引出的定語從句

關系代詞which指物，在從句中作主語或賓語；who指人，在從句中作主語或賓語；whom指人，在從句中作賓語；that指人或物，常用于替代which, who, whom，在從句中作主語或賓語。whose指人或物，在從句中作定語。例如：

1.There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words.有許多聲音有意義但不是詞。（which/that在從句中作主語）

2.The few points which/that the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.校長在報告中強調的幾點確實非常重要。（which/that在從句中作賓語）

3.Some people who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在語言學習上很成功的人，在其他領域常常一無所成。（who/that在從句中作主語）

4.Here is the man whom/who/that you’ve been looking for.這就是你一直在找的人。（whom/who/that在從句中作賓語）

5.She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken.她住在門窗已經壞了的房子里。（whose指物，在從句中作定語）

6.How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies?你們班里有多少同學的父母在政府機關工作。（whose指人，在從句中作定語）

注意，在定語從句中的關系代詞which, who, whom, that等，如果在從句中作賓語，也可以省略。例如上面的第二句、第四句也可以改為：

The few points the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.Here is the man you’ve been looking for.●介詞提前 在從句中，如果which或whom在定語從句中原為介詞的賓語，那么這個介詞可以提到從句之前。（但that, who不適用）例如：

The girl to whom you spoke is my sister.（＝The girl whom you spoke to is my sister.）跟你說話的那個女孩是我妹妹。

前面說過，在定語從句中，如果關系代詞做賓語可以省略，但是如果是介詞的賓語，則關系代詞省略后，介詞不能提前，例如上句可改寫為：

The girl you spoke to is my sister.（如果關系代詞省略，to不能提前了）

（二）關系副詞引出的定語從句 關系副詞when（指時間），where（指地點），why（指原因）等引出的定語從句分別用來修飾表示時間、地點、原因的先行詞。這些關系副詞在從句中均作狀語。例如：

1.At the time when I saw him, he was well.在我看到他的時候，他身體很好。

2.This is the place where the accident took place last night.這就是昨晚發生事故的地方。3.That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.這就是我不贊成你的計劃的原因。可以用介詞＋which結構替換關系副詞。其中： when ＝ at/in/on/during which 表示時間 where ＝ in/at which 表示地點 why ＝ for which 表示原因

1.Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our club?還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎？

2.He will always remember the day when/on which his father returned from America.他將永遠記住父親從美國返回的那一天。

3.This was the time when/at which she left for Beijing.這就是她動身去北京的時間。4.This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.這是我兩年前住過的房子。

5.I don’t know the reason why/for which he didn’t come to the meeting yesterday morning.我不知道他為什么沒參加昨天上午的會議。

（三）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

定語從句根據與先行詞的密切程度可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句與先行詞關系密切，從句是整個句子不可缺少的部分，如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明確。從句與主句之間不用逗號隔開。譯成漢語時，一般先譯定語從句，再譯先行詞。

1.The distance that light travels in one second is 300thousand kilometers.光在一秒鐘所走的距離為30萬公里。

2.Those who want to go please sign their names here.想去的人在這里簽名。

3.This is the place where the Anti-Japanese War broke out.這里是抗日戰爭爆發的地方。此外，前面所給出的例句均為限制性定語從句。

非限制性定語從句

非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關系比較松散，從句只是對先行詞的附加說明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。從句與主句之間常用逗號隔開。譯成漢語時，從句常單獨譯成一句。例如：

1.Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used in the machine-building industry.鋼有許多有用的特性，所以它在機械制造業中得到了廣泛的應用。

2.Mr.Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.布朗先生昨天剛從英國來，這學期將教我們會計學。

3.She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.她準備到海南度寒假，那兒她有一些親戚。

（四）as引出的定語從句

as常在such?as和same?as的結構中作關系代詞，引出定語從句。例如：

1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的這種人現在已經寥寥無幾了。2.Let us discuss only such question as concern everyone of us.我們只討論與我們每個人有關的問題吧。

3.I feel just the same as you do.我的感覺和你一樣。

4.My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago.在這個問題上，我的立場和四年前一樣。

（五）關系代詞that與which的比較

在定語從句中，當先行詞是物時，引導詞that和which常常可以通用，但以下幾種情況需注意。

注意1 只宜于用which，不用that的情況。(1)先行詞為that，those時。

What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那個是什么？(2)引導詞（關系代詞）前有介詞時。

This is the room in which he lives.這是他居住的房間。

注意2 只宜于用that，不用which的情況。

(1)先行詞是形容詞最高級或者它的前面有形容詞最高級修飾時。

The film is the most interesting that I have ever seen.這部電影是我看過的最有趣的一部。English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.英語會是這些年你學的最難的科目。

(2)先行詞是序數詞或它的前面有last或序數詞修飾時。

It’s the first film that I saw this year.這是我今年看的第一部電影。

Tom is always the first that comes to the classroom.Tom總是第一個到教室的人。(3)主句以疑問詞who，which開頭時，不用which或who，以避免重復。Which is the bike that you lost? 哪輛是你丟的自行車？(4)先行詞既有人又有物時。

They are taiking about the sutdents and the school that they visited yesterday.他們正在談論昨天訪問的學生和學校。

(5)先行詞是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代詞時。You should hand in all that you have.你應該把你有的所有上交。

We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我們沒有太多能提供給你。

Is this school the one that we are going to visit tomorrow? 這所學校是我們明天要參觀的那個嗎？

Is there anything that you want to buy? 你有什么想要買的東西嗎？

(6)先行詞前有no, any, few, little, all, the only, the same, the very等詞修飾時。

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我們能做的唯一的事就是給你一些錢。

There are no children that don’t love their parents.沒有孩子不愛他們的父母。

三、狀語從句

在復合句中起狀語作用的從句叫狀語從句（adverbial clause）。狀語從句按其意義可以分為：時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、比較、方式、讓步等類別。下面就按狀語從句的類別逐一介紹。

（一）時間狀語從句

時間狀語從句通常由下列連詞引導：when, whenever, as, while, since, till, until, before, after, once, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when等

例如：

I will discuss this with you when we meet.我們見面時再與你討論這件事。

Come and see me whenever you want to.任何時候想來就來看看我。

We must strike while the iron is hot.我們必須趁熱打鐵。

As he was making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon.當他在做實驗時，他觀察到這個物理現象。

I watched her until she disappeared from sight in the distance.我看著她直到她遠遠地消失在視野中。

You haven’t changed much since we met last year.自從去年我們見面以來，你變化不大。

He had learned English for three years before he went to London.他去倫敦之前已學了三年英語。

The sun came out soon after the storm stopped.暴風雨過后不久，太陽出來了。

I’ll send you the sample as soon as it is made ready.一旦樣品制好，我馬上給你寄去。

●注意：when, as, while的區別

區別1: when, as, while都可以表示一段持續性時間，但表示一個時間點時，要用when, as而不能用while。

例如：

He entered the room when/as/while the meeting was going on.正當開會的時候他走進了房間。（開會是一個持續性時間）

但是：

When/as he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.當他講話結束時，聽從掌聲雷動。（講話結束是一個時間點，不能用while）

區別2：when除有“當?的時候”之意外，還有“當?之后，然后”之意，因此從句的動作發生在主句動作之前，只能用when 引導從句，不可用as 或 while。

例如：

When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.當你干完活后，你可以休息一下。（從句動作在主句前，只能用when）

此外，時間狀語從句還可以由一些名詞引導，如：the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, the day, every time等。此外有些副詞也可以引導時間狀語從句，如：instantly, directly, immediately等。

例如：

I’ll telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即給你打電話。

Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.我一感冒就流鼻涕。

I came immediately I'd eaten.我一吃完飯就來了。

（二）地點狀語從句

地點狀語從句主要由：where, wherever引導。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方樹很多。

You have the right to live where you want.你有權居住在你想住的地方。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都會想到你。

Sit wherever you like.你想坐在哪里就坐在那里。

Wherever you go you will see great changes that have taken place in that city.不管你走到哪里，你都會看到那座城市發生的巨大變化。

（三）原因狀語從句

原因狀語從句經常由下列連詞引導：because, as, since, for, in that, now(that), seeing(that), considering(that), not that?but that等。其中because通常放在主句后面（有時也可放在句首）；其語氣比as, since要強，在回答why引導的疑問句時，必須用because回答；since通常放在句首，常表示已為人們所知的原因或理由；語氣比because要弱；as可放在句首或句末，語氣相對更弱；for不能用于句首，只能用于主句后，for引導的從句并不說明主句行為發生的直接原因，只是一種解釋，語氣要比because弱得多。

例如：

She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed.因為汽車時刻表變了，她沒有趕上汽車。

As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.因為天氣很好，我們決定爬山。

Since he is busy, I won’t trouble him.既然他很忙，我就不打擾他了。

He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他沒有感到恐懼，因為他很勇敢。(for不能用在句首)

in that, now(that), seeing(that), considering(that)這幾個連詞與as, since的意義相近，都有“鑒于某種事實，原因是”的意思，例如：

A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape.氣體不同于固體就在于它沒有一定的形狀。

Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion.既然全都出席了，我們就開始討論。

Seeing(that)she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor.鑒于她病情嚴重，他們派人請了醫生。

not that?but that表示：“不是(因為)，而是(因為)”。

He left a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health.他有些著急，不是因為他的學生不努力學習，而是因為他們不太注意身體健康。

注意：原因狀語從句與結果狀語從句常可互換：例如：

John flew into a rage because I took no notice of him.因為我沒有注意到約翰，他生氣了。

I took no notice of John, so that he flew into a rage.我沒有注意到約翰，結果他生氣了。

上面可以看出，原來的原因狀語從句變為了主句，而原來的主句變為了結果狀語從句。

（四）目的狀語從句

目的狀語從句通常由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that等引導

例如：

They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time.他們很早就出發了，以便及時趕到車站。

Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.我們坐前排吧，這樣可以看得更清楚一些。

We should do our utmost in order that we may be able to over fulfill the task.為了超額完成任務，我們應該全力以赴。

He took his umbrella with him lest it rain.他帶了雨傘，以防下雨。

Batteries must be kept in dry places for fear that electricity leak away.電池一定要放在干燥的地方，以免漏電。注意有時目的狀語從句要用虛擬語氣，例句請參考有關“虛擬語氣”的章節。

（五）結果狀語從句

結果狀語從句通常由：so that, so?that, such?that等引導。

例如：

He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.他作了錯誤的決定，結果毀掉了半生。

The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out.這道題這么復雜，我們要用很多時間才能解決。

The mountain is so high that she can't climb it up to the top.那座山太高了，她無法登上山頂。

He ran so fast that his brother couldn't catch up with him.他跑得太快了，他弟弟趕不上他。

The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.飛機飛行的高度是這么的高，以致于我們幾乎看不到它。

He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood.他是那么個調皮的孩子，以至在鄰里中不受歡迎。

（六）條件狀語從句

條件狀語從句可由下列連詞引導：if, unless, on condition(that), suppose/supposing(that), provided/providing(that), as/so long as, in case等。

If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.明天如果下雪，我們就堆雪人。

If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.如果你不太累，我們去散散步。

You’ll be late unless you hurry.如果不趕快的話，你會遲到的。（unless ＝ if?not）

I’ll lend you my computer on condition(that)you keep it in good shape.如果你能保持我的計算機的良好狀態，我就可以借給你用。

Suppose we are late, what will he say?

假如我們遲到，他會說什么？

Supposing we can’t get the necessary data, what shall we do?

假如我們弄不到必要的數據，那我們怎么辦呢？

Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, I’ll explain the secret.只要你保證不告訴任何人，我就把這個秘密講給你聽。

In case it rains, do not expect me.萬一下雨，就不要等我了。

He will do anything as long as it is interesting.只要有意義，他什么都愿意干。

有些條件狀語從句可以或必須使用虛擬語氣，詳見“虛擬語氣”。

（七）比較狀語從句

比較狀語從句可由下列連詞引導：than, as?as, not so/as?as, the?the?等。

Bill is taller than Bob(is).比爾比鮑勃高。

I can walk faster than you can run.我走得比你跑得還要快。

He is a greater painter than people suppose(he is).他是一個比人們想像的更偉大的畫家。

Tom works as hard as John(dose).湯姆和約翰工作一樣努力。

Her mother is not as tall as she(is).她媽媽沒有她高.注意：than, as?as從句與主句結構上相同的部分常省略，只留下相比較的部分。如：

I know you better than he(knows you).我比他更了解你。

注意區別：

I know you better than him.我了解你比了解他更多。

說明：本句中的than是介詞，后面要用代詞的賓格him，而上一句的than是連詞，引導的是比較狀語從句，即使后面的成分省略，代詞也要用主格he。

但是，有時雖然從句與主句結構相同，但意義不同，從句一般不能省略，例如：

The house is much taller than it is wide.這房子的高度比寬度大的多。

the?the?句型表示“越?越?”

The sooner, the better.越快越好。The Greater the mass of a body, the greater is its inertia.物體的質量越大，它的慣性就越大。

Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.事實上，他越忙越高興。

（八）方式狀語從句

比較狀語從句可由下列連詞引導：as, as if/though

I did just as you told me.我正是按照你說的辦的。

Please state the facts as they are.請如實地陳述事實。

It looks as if/though it’s going to rain.看起來好像要下雨了。

注意：as if引導的從句，即可以是陳述語氣，也可以是虛擬語氣。但兩者表達的意思不同。

例如：

He walk as if he is drunk.他走起路來好像喝醉了。（陳述語氣，有可能真的喝醉了）

He walk as if her were drunk.他走起路來好像喝醉了似的。（虛擬語氣，在說話人看來，他并沒有喝醉）

（九）讓步狀語從句

讓步狀語從句可由下列連詞引導：although, though, as, even if/though, however, whatever, no matter how/what/where/when, whether?or等

although與though意義基本相同，都表示“雖然”，只是although語氣更重，常用于句首。

例如：

Although he is poor, he is honest.他雖然空，但是誠實。

Air has weight, though it is very light.雖然空氣很輕，但它有重量。

注意，although, though用于引導狀語從句，but用于引導并列句，although, though與but不能同時使用。

Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.盡管我可以試一試，但我不可能舉起那塊石頭。（要倒裝）

Even though you say so, I do not believe it.即使你這樣說，我也不相信。

However hard he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他做出努力，但他似乎從來不能令人滿意地完成工作。

Whatever you say she never listens.不管你說什么，她都不聽。

No matter where you go on the earth, you will feel the gravity.無論你走到地球的什么地方，你都會感覺到地引力。

He keeps on with his physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.不管冬天天氣多冷，他總是堅持體育鍛煉。

We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not.無論他來不來，我們將準時開會。