第一篇：從托馬斯.哈代的《德伯家的苔絲》看小說人物的社會悲劇性

《英國文學(xué)》課程論文

行政班級：A1021

學(xué)號：11006190129

姓名：范瑀

Theory：Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervilles Abstract: Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy, describes the unfortunate, short life of a poor peasant girl, Tess.It is also a realistic novel which reflects the miserable fate of the individual farmer of England in the late of 19th century.Tess’s tragedy is a true portrayal of the poor of her time.The cause of her tragedy is always a concern of people.This passage illustrates three different opinions about the cause of Tess’ tragic fate, which include destiny tragedy, accidental tragedy, and psychological determinism.Within the three theories, the social reasons play an important role.Being a beautiful, innocents honest, sweet-natured, and hard-working country girl, she is easily taken in and abused by the bourgeoisie, constantly suppressed by the social conventions and moral values of the day, abandoned by her husband and eventually executed by the unfair legal system of the society though Clare（her husband）came back to her.Key words: Tess, destiny tragedy, accidental tragedy, psychological determinism.前言

十九世紀(jì)是英國資本主義迅速發(fā)展的黃金時期，英國著名小說家托馬斯.哈代的創(chuàng)作時期包括從自由資本主義過渡到帝國主義的階段。他看到資本主義社會給勞動人民，尤其是給農(nóng)民帶來的不幸和災(zāi)難，對他們表示同情。他的小說一直以故鄉(xiāng)道塞特郡和該郡附近的地區(qū)作背景。這是一個幾乎沒有工業(yè)可言的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)，但它同樣受到資本主義的滲透。特別是七十年代以后，資本主義的侵入破壞了整個農(nóng)村，使農(nóng)村的宗法社會的基礎(chǔ)徹底崩潰。他觀察了農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)在道塞特郡所造成的悲慘后果，描寫這一地區(qū)農(nóng)民所受的災(zāi)難。但是他用唯心主義解釋社會變化的原因，認(rèn)為支配人的命運(yùn)的是一種“彌漫宇宙的意志”。這是宿命論的觀點(diǎn)。

作者簡介

托馬斯·哈代，英國詩人、小說家。他是橫跨兩個世紀(jì)的作家，早期和中期的創(chuàng)作以小說為主，繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)了維多利亞時期的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)；晚年以其出色的詩歌開拓了英國20世紀(jì)的文學(xué)。《德伯家的苔絲》(Tess of the D'Urbervilles)（1891）是他最優(yōu)秀的小說，故事情節(jié)

《德伯家的苔絲》(1891)描寫貧窮的農(nóng)家女子苔絲一生的遭遇。她渴望憑自己的勞動過日子，但是在當(dāng)時的社會中卻接二連三地受到沉重珠打擊。苔絲還非常年輕的時候，就因?yàn)榧彝ヘ毨В坏貌簧系虏胰ギ?dāng)女工，遭到資產(chǎn)階級紈绔子弟亞雷·德伯的污辱，懷了身孕，成為一個“失了身的女子。她忍受周圍人們歧視和道德偏見的壓力，孩子病死后，她在一家牛奶場工作，認(rèn)識了一個牧師的兒子，青年大學(xué)生安璣·克萊，不久便和他相愛。苔絲向克萊講述了自己過去的不幸經(jīng)歷之后，充滿資產(chǎn)階級的虛偽的倫理偏見的克萊，突然一反往常的態(tài)度，遺棄了苔絲，使她走上更加悲慘的道路。苔絲轉(zhuǎn)到另一個農(nóng)場勞動，受到資本家更為殘酷的剝削。后來父親死去，一家人淪落街頭，紈绔子弟亞雷又來糾纏她，她不得已而又遷就了他。克萊的突然歸來使苔絲受刺激太深終于釀成了她殺死亞雷的悲劇。她成了一個殺人犯，被法庭判處死刑。

《苔絲》問世后，哈代開始與維多利亞時代道德觀念發(fā)生沖突。有的情節(jié)在連載時已被刪去，其他一些也被改動；而該書的副標(biāo)題：“一個純潔女子的真實(shí)寫照”引起某些人的強(qiáng)烈不滿。他們說，書中的女主人公不僅生了私生子，最后還由于謀殺同居的男人而被判絞刑，但作者在處理上卻給這樣一個女人以同情和諒解，這是對公認(rèn)的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的公然侮辱。

正文

苔絲的命運(yùn)看似是巧合，其實(shí)有其深刻的社會根源。如果不是他父親希望從德伯家撈點(diǎn)好處，如果她父親沒有遇到那個教士，也許他就不會遇上亞雷。有人說害死她的是克萊，因?yàn)榭巳R的拋棄使她失去了希望。但真正扼殺她的是無情的資產(chǎn)階級的倫理道德，當(dāng)克萊得知苔絲并非處女，甚至還有過一個小孩時，他馬上對苔絲產(chǎn)生了厭惡，并毅然決然選擇了拋棄她，這無疑是給已經(jīng)傷痕累累的苔絲雪上加霜，當(dāng)她再次回到農(nóng)場時，家庭已經(jīng)破敗不堪，父親酗酒而死，他們一家也被趕出農(nóng)廠(其實(shí)折射了英國圈地運(yùn)動給窮苦勞動人民帶來的不幸)，她們一家落到了流落街頭的結(jié)局。所以，如果我們仔細(xì)分析小說，不禁發(fā)現(xiàn)真正左右她命運(yùn)并把她扼殺致死的是那個無情的資本主義社會。

在哈代的《無名的裘德》一書中，裘德好學(xué)深思、刻苦自修，卻始終被拒之于大學(xué)門外。女主人公淑聰穎美貌，更重要的是具有獨(dú)立的人格和思想，蔑視世俗和僵化的宗教，但她與裘德的愛情卻為教會所不容、世俗所不齒。裘德壯志難酬、謀職無路、告貸無門，絕望中，他的長子與弟妹一同吊死。

苔絲與裘德，這兩個毫不相干的人物，但是他們都成為了資本主義宗教倫理的犧牲品，生活在19世紀(jì)資本主義社會下的廣大窮苦大眾的生活可見一斑。用魯迅先生的話講，他們都被那個無情的社會吞噬了，宛如他筆下的祥林嫂，孔乙己，阿Q…..無獨(dú)有偶，說起人物的社會悲劇性，老舍先生的《駱駝祥子》與哈代的威塞克斯小說有“異曲同工”只妙。

老舍先生以二十年代末期的北京市民生活為背景，以人力車夫祥子的坎坷、悲慘的生活遭遇為主要情節(jié)，深刻揭露了舊中國的黑暗，控訴了統(tǒng)治階級對勞動者的剝削、壓迫，表達(dá)了作者對勞動人民的深切同情，向人們展示軍閥混戰(zhàn)、黑暗統(tǒng)治下的北京底層貧苦市民生活于痛苦深淵中的圖景。

祥子的悲劇是也一個社會悲劇，他的“做一個獨(dú)立的勞動者”善良愿望的最終破滅，帶有歷史的必然性。軍閥的亂兵、反動政府的偵探、車行老板的強(qiáng)取豪奪，是中國社會半殖民地化過程中的產(chǎn)物，而生存權(quán)利的最終被剝奪，則是下層勞動者無法規(guī)避的歷史命運(yùn)。

我們不禁發(fā)現(xiàn)無論是苔絲，裘德，還是中國的祥子，祥林嫂，孔乙己諸如此類的，他們身上都不免帶有深深地時代烙印。人是社會中的人，社會是由人組成的社會，社會給人的發(fā)展提供機(jī)會，當(dāng)然也會淹沒，甚至是吞噬。

關(guān)于批判資本主義倫理宗教道德觀念的西方文學(xué)作品并不少，挪威作家易卜生的《玩偶之家》對資本主義更是進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)烈譴責(zé)。

海爾茂律師剛謀到銀行經(jīng)理一職，正欲大展鴻圖。他的妻子娜拉請他幫助老同學(xué)林丹太太找份工作，于是海爾茂解雇了手下的小職員柯洛克斯泰，準(zhǔn)備讓林丹太太接替空出的位置。娜拉前些年為給丈夫治病而借債，無意中犯了偽造字據(jù)罪，柯洛克斯泰拿著字據(jù)要挾娜拉。海爾茂看了柯洛克斯泰的揭發(fā)信后勃然大怒，罵娜拉是“壞東西”、“罪犯”、“下賤女人”，說自己的前程全被毀了。待柯洛克斯泰被林丹太太說動，退回字據(jù)時，海爾茂快活地叫道：“娜拉，我沒事了，我饒恕你了。”但娜拉卻不饒恕他，因?yàn)樗芽辞澹煞蜿P(guān)心的只是他的地位和名譽(yù)，所謂“愛”、“關(guān)心”，只是拿她當(dāng)玩偶。于是她斷然出走了。

易卜生在《玩偶之家》中揭露和批判了社會上的丑惡現(xiàn)實(shí)，把改造丑惡現(xiàn)實(shí)的希望寄托在具有反叛精神的少數(shù)人身上。娜拉出走就是反叛。他在作品中提出了問題，但是他與哈代一樣沒有指出正確的斗爭道路。從他所處的階級地位和生活的社會環(huán)境來看，他找不到也不可能找到答案，這是與他們的所處時代是分不開。

再說哈代這個人，他是十九世紀(jì)英國杰出的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家，同時也是一位造詣非凡的詩人。哈代一生對希臘悲劇、莎士比亞悲劇研讀不已，并受叔本華悲劇意識影響，認(rèn)同近代科學(xué)思想上的懷疑派論調(diào)，致使他對人生的見解悲觀宿命。他認(rèn)為人類文明無論發(fā)展到何種地步，人類終是無法擺脫宿命的捉弄。這一思想成為囿哈代創(chuàng)作的一大框窗。哈代作品，巧合頻頻可見，自然氣息彌漫侵入；融性格與環(huán)境于一體。

他將這些小說大體分為3類：性格與環(huán)境的小說、羅曼史與幻想的小說和精于結(jié)構(gòu)的小說。其中以第一類最為重要。屬于此類的長篇小說有《綠林蔭下》、《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》、《還鄉(xiāng)》、《卡斯特橋市長》、《林居人》、《德伯家的苔絲》、《無名的裘德》。一般認(rèn)為它們是哈代思想、藝術(shù)上最成熟的作品，其中又以悲劇故事《德伯家的苔絲》和《無名的裘德》最為杰出。前者寫貧苦美麗的擠奶女工苔絲因年輕無知而失身于富家惡少亞雷·德伯，受盡精神上和物質(zhì)上的煎熬，最后失去自己真心愛戀的安璣·克萊，悲憤絕望之中，殺死亞雷，坦然走上絞架。后一部小說寫貧苦善良的孤兒裘德·范立奮發(fā)自學(xué)欲赴高等學(xué)府深造，但無入門之道。他與志趣相投的表妹淑·布萊德赫雙雙擺脫法定配偶而自由結(jié)合，但為社會所排斥，流浪街頭，最后家破人亡。

一百多年過去了，女主人公苔絲也早已樹立在世界文學(xué)畫廊之中，這不僅僅因?yàn)槿藗儗鹘y(tǒng)美德有所超越，更因?yàn)樽髌分魅斯鶕碛械娜诵耘c靈魂深處的巨大魄力使之成為最動人的女性形象之一。哈代以小說女主人公苔絲的悲慘命運(yùn)替西方悲劇作了一個形象的闡釋：苔絲本是一位純潔美麗又非常勤勞的農(nóng)村姑娘，她向往人生的真和善，但又時時遭到偽和惡的打擊。苔絲的悲劇始于為了全家人生計(jì)去遠(yuǎn)親家打工，卻因年幼無知而被亞雷騙去了處女的貞操，成了一個“墮落”的女人，受到社會輿論的非議，把她看成不貞潔的罪人；苔絲后來與青年克萊相愛，又因?yàn)樾禄橹固拐\有污點(diǎn)的過去而被丈夫遺棄，而與近在眼前的幸福失之交臂；出于高度的家庭責(zé)任感和自我犧牲精神，苔絲為換取家人的生存而再次違愿淪為亞雷的情婦；最后因?yàn)檎煞虻幕匦霓D(zhuǎn)意使得絕望的苔絲憤而舉起了復(fù)仇的利刃，終于成了一個殺人犯，最后不得不付出了生命的代價，導(dǎo)致“像游絲一樣敏感，像雪一樣潔白”的苔絲最后終被完全毀滅。這一切悲性遭遇全由于無情命運(yùn)所精心謀劃和設(shè)計(jì)，安排世事的宇宙主宰通過命運(yùn)的巨網(wǎng)毫無憐憫地將人倫道德意義上的好人、善良人籠罩于進(jìn)退維谷的苦難陷阱。

那么，苔絲的悲劇是社會悲劇？是命運(yùn)悲劇？還是性格悲劇？抑或是三種之外的什么？我就我個人見解下面作以簡要剖析與闡釋。

毫無疑問，苔絲的悲劇首先是社會悲劇。哈代的“威塞克斯”小說是以其故鄉(xiāng)威塞克斯為背景的。19世紀(jì)中期英國資本主義工業(yè)文明侵入農(nóng)村，哈代的故鄉(xiāng)也遭到強(qiáng)大的沖擊，其宗法社迅速解體，個體農(nóng)民在經(jīng)濟(jì)上陷入失業(yè)、貧困的悲慘境地。面對工業(yè)文明帶來的后果，哈代作為一個人道主義著者，心靈受到強(qiáng)烈沖擊，在感情上深深地依戀古老的宗法文明，痛恨工業(yè)文明對人們和諧生存狀態(tài)的摧毀。哈代鄉(xiāng)土小說的社會悲劇意識立足于當(dāng)時的社會背景，以工業(yè)文明與宗法文明的沖突為切入點(diǎn)，采用由全景到局部、由面到點(diǎn)的客觀描述筆法，深入地表現(xiàn)人們的生存困境。《苔絲》中，哈代對當(dāng)時工業(yè)文明對鄉(xiāng)村的沖擊進(jìn)行了全景式描繪，然后以苔絲家作為個體農(nóng)民的縮影，深入展現(xiàn)人們在物質(zhì)困境中的痛苦掙扎。社會悲劇是人同社會環(huán)境的沖突造成的。苔絲生活在英國資本主義侵襲到農(nóng)村并毒化社會氣氛的維多利亞時代。這位弱女子，盡管聰明美麗，勤勞善良，但家貧如洗、經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù)，負(fù)擔(dān)沉重，她處于低下的社會地位，作為一個勞動者、一個無權(quán)無錢的農(nóng)業(yè)工人，自然會受到資本主義社會的種種壓迫和凌辱，這些壓迫和凌辱有經(jīng)濟(jì)的、權(quán)勢的、肉體的、更有精神的、宗教的、道德的、傳統(tǒng)觀念的。她的悲劇是時代造成的，同時，亞雷和克雷代表了把苔絲推向深淵的兩種不同的客觀社會勢力，他們直接地共同造成了苔絲的社會悲劇。

苔絲悲劇的第二個原因，也是其悲劇的直接原因，即她是暴力、惡勢力及維護(hù)它們的法律、國家機(jī)器的受害者。這種暴力、惡勢力的集中代表就是亞雷·德伯。

亞雷的父親是個有錢的商人，而后冠以貴族德伯的姓氏。這個闊少憑借父親的金錢、權(quán)勢在鄉(xiāng)野稱霸，為非作歹。他第一次見到苔絲，荒淫好色的嘴臉就暴露無遺。由于苔絲年幼無知，缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而周圍的環(huán)境又是那樣黑暗，沒有一個人幫助，沒有一個人保護(hù)，因此，他趁人之危，設(shè)下圈套，蹂躪、玷污了苔絲，毀壞了苔絲少女的貞潔和一生的幸福。盡管后來他在老克萊牧師的幫助下一度改邪歸正，自己也作了牧師并打算變賣家產(chǎn)到非洲去傳教，然而幾十年的惡習(xí)并未根除。當(dāng)他再度碰見苔絲以后，邪念再生，幾年的教誨前功盡棄，倒是苔絲看透了這個身著道袍的牧師的靈魂：“象你這種人本來都是拿我這樣人開心作樂的，只顧自己樂個夠，至于我怎么受罪你就管不著啦；你作完了樂，開夠了心，就又說你悟了道了，預(yù)備死后再到天堂上去享樂；天下的便宜都叫你占了去了。”苔絲一針見血地揭穿了亞雷皈依宗教的虛偽，亞雷行為的本身也表明作者對宗教力量的懷疑。此后，亞雷又百般來糾纏、脅逼苔絲，他罵她是傻老婆，欺騙苔絲說她丈夫再也不會回來了，并威脅說：“你記住了，我的夫人，你從前沒逃出我的手心去，你這回還是逃不出我的手心去。你只要作太太，你就得作我的太太。”但是，苔絲寧可繼續(xù)留在農(nóng)場里忍受殘酷的剝削和壓榨，承受超負(fù)荷的重體力勞動，也不愿意屈服于亞雷，并接受他的幫助。然而父親病死，母親身體不好，弟妹失學(xué)，房子租賃到期，一家人被攆出村子無處安身，為了一家人的活命，苔絲不得不忍辱含垢，接受了亞雷的幫助，作了他的情婦。從此，徹底斷送了她終生的幸福。苔絲一生都是強(qiáng)權(quán)和暴力的受害者。亞雷之所以敢稱霸四野，為非作歹，為所欲為，不僅因?yàn)樗绣X、有勢，而且更主要的是有資產(chǎn)階級機(jī)器、法律的保護(hù)。社會和法律都認(rèn)為侮辱和迫害苔絲的人是正當(dāng)?shù)模芷群Φ奶z則是有罪的。苔絲一生都必得逆來順受，忍受含垢，不能自衛(wèi)，而當(dāng)她有生以來第一次起來自衛(wèi)的時候，“‘典型’明證了，埃斯庫羅斯所說的那個眾神主宰對于苔絲的戲弄也完結(jié)了。”苔絲成了資產(chǎn)階級國家祭壇上的祭品。苔絲的悲慘遭遇，社會對苔絲的不公正，表明了資產(chǎn)階級法律的不仁道和虛偽。

傳統(tǒng)倫理道德對苔絲精神上的摧殘，是苔絲悲劇的又一主要原因。如果說以亞雷為代表的惡勢力及其強(qiáng)大的后盾——國家機(jī)器、法律對苔絲的迫害是一種無形的更可怕的精神殘害。

苔絲受到亞雷的玷污、凌辱后，內(nèi)心的自尊使她不愿屈居亞雷身邊，作他的情婦，成為他享樂的工具。毅然決然離開亞雷，回到父母身邊。然而世俗的輿論、傳統(tǒng)的道德，像一支支利箭一樣向她射來。為了躲避輿論，也為了躲避人類，她不出家門，只有等天黑以后，她才跑到樹林里面，只有在最孤獨(dú)的時候，“她才好像最不孤獨(dú)”，才能體驗(yàn)到一種心靈上的自由。苔絲是一個勇敢的女性，她勇敢地接受了一個不貞潔女人的地位，為了她的忍氣吞聲地活著。孩子死后，為了躲避輿論和忘掉不幸的往事，同時，她體內(nèi)“沒有消耗的青春”，“尋找快樂的本能”，對未來的憧憬，都促使她第二次離開故鄉(xiāng)，受雇于克里克老板的牛奶廠，當(dāng)了擠奶工。就是在這里，她認(rèn)識了克萊，度過了她一生短暫而美好的時光。

克萊是與亞雷完全不同的人。他是個有開明思想的知識分子，他不象他的兩個哥哥那么庸俗。他雖然出身牧師家庭，卻不愿意當(dāng)牧師“為上帝服務(wù)”，更愿意從事實(shí)業(yè)——務(wù)農(nóng)，克萊鄙視階級偏見和等級觀念，厭棄都市繁華生活，自愿到鄉(xiāng)間務(wù)農(nóng)。他不怕吃苦，和農(nóng)工一樣從事繁重的體力勞動，力圖掌握各種門類的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)，以便實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想，成為一個大農(nóng)場主。在大自然的懷抱中，和天真無邪的農(nóng)家少女朝夕相處，使他更感到鄉(xiāng)村生活的純樸，也更向往著自然，純樸、清新的生活，為此，他不愿意娶有錢人家的小姐，而要娶農(nóng)家姑娘為妻。這些都表明克萊思想上進(jìn)步、開明的一面。在對待女性和戀愛問題上，他和亞雷也大相徑庭。他對女性溫文爾雅，對戀愛問題嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真，認(rèn)為如果要愛，就要認(rèn)真，就要負(fù)責(zé)任。這也顯示他精神上高尚的一面。正是由于克萊身上這些閃光之處和他對苔絲鍥而不舍的追求，使苔絲在經(jīng)歷了一個時期情與理的內(nèi)心沖突后，改變初衷，答應(yīng)了他的求婚，狂熱地愛上了他。然而，他們的愛情一開始就孕育著悲劇因素。克萊愛苔絲，不象苔絲愛他那樣無私和真誠，無論他“變成什么樣子”，“栽了多少跟頭”，“都要一樣地愛”。“他愛的是真火少，虛火多”，更趨于理性和“輕靈”。因此，在他眼里，苔絲是“大自然的新生女兒”，純潔的象征，完美無暇的杰作，“天地間沒有什么象苔絲那樣純正，那樣甜美，那樣貞潔了。”然而，一旦苔絲誠實(shí)地向他坦白了自己過去所受凌辱，那么克萊心目中的偶像就崩塌了。首先他感到的是受到了愚弄，“非常殘酷”的愚弄，這一下子“把他的生命、他的宇宙，全都給改變了。”他不能接受現(xiàn)實(shí)，不止一次地對苔絲說：“我原來愛的那個女人不是你！是另一個模樣兒跟你一樣的女人”。這種從理性、從觀念出發(fā)的愛，不僅扼殺了他心中真實(shí)的感情，也斷送了苔絲一生的幸福。當(dāng)然，這只是造成克萊和苔絲愛情悲劇的一方面因素，他們的愛情悲劇另一重要原因是克萊心理深層那種根深蒂固的傳統(tǒng)倫理道德觀念作祟的結(jié)果。他自己也有過放蕩行為，并得到苔絲的原諒，但是卻不肯原諒、饒恕原本無辜的苔絲；他也反抗過傳統(tǒng)觀念、階級偏見，但是卻不徹底，靈魂深處仍舊深深地烙有本階級的印記；他卑視出身，瞧不起大戶人家，但從傳統(tǒng)出發(fā)，仍舊認(rèn)為“身份不一樣，道德觀念也不一樣。”他說：“我不愿娶有身份、有財(cái)產(chǎn)、通達(dá)世務(wù)的女人，我把那一切野心一概放棄了，那我就不但可以得到一個天然美麗的女人，也可以得到一個樸素純潔的女人了??”正道出了她的心曲，他正是從傳統(tǒng)貞操觀來看待一個女人的“純潔”與否。克萊對苔絲不僅沒有絲毫同情，甚至“不能優(yōu)容苔絲”，他視而不見苔絲對他的一片深情厚意，冷酷無情地拋棄了她，置苔絲于痛苦絕望之中，而且永遠(yuǎn)撲滅了愛情在她心中重新喚起的希望。如果說是亞雷·德伯毀壞了苔絲的肉體，那么安璣·克萊帶給她的則是精神上的毀滅打擊。貞潔的喪失帶給苔絲深深的痛苦，但還未能泯滅她求生的欲望和對未來的希望，而被情人的遺棄，愛情的挫折，則摧毀了她生活的精神支柱，令她萬念俱滅，喪失了生活的勇氣。如果說苔絲第一次受到亞雷的欺騙和凌辱是由于她年幼無知，貧窮無依，那么第二次又被迫回到亞雷身邊，則是克萊的冷酷無情使然，從而也就更加深了苔絲的不幸。

克萊拋棄苔絲后，遠(yuǎn)涉異國來到巴西，飽受生活磨難之后，才真正了解人生，才認(rèn)識到自己所固守的傳統(tǒng)道德是何等的迂腐，既坑害了苔絲，也坑害了自己。內(nèi)心的悔恨，對苔絲的思念，使他又重新去找苔絲，然而，苔絲的幸福早已被他斷送了，他的到來，只能更加深苔絲的不幸，使她更感受到自身的屈辱，此時苔絲心中痛苦、悔恨、絕望之情達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)。丈夫的歸來，兩人的重逢，使苔絲看到自己再一次受騙，一怒之下，殺死亞雷，復(fù)了仇，對自己長期所受的痛苦，所遭受的折磨和屈辱，以及命運(yùn)對自己的不公正，進(jìn)行了大膽的、強(qiáng)烈的抗議。她用自己的行為，不僅向自己所愛的人——克萊證明，而且也是對自己證明無罪。在這里，盡管惡人遭到報(bào)應(yīng)，但主人公的悲劇并未能轉(zhuǎn)化為喜劇。苔絲復(fù)仇，只是殺了一個亞雷，造成社會悲劇的因素依然猖獗。何況，等待著苔絲的是絞架。苔絲的死是社會悲劇的集中和濃縮。

綜上所述，苔絲的悲劇既有社會的因素，也與她的性格和作者的悲觀主義宿命論有關(guān)，但這些因素都與當(dāng)時的資本主義社會有著直接的聯(lián)系，是資本主義社會的種種反映。她的毀滅是必然的，是資本主義社會中無法逃避的。正如蘇聯(lián)文學(xué)批評家阿尼克斯特所說：“苔絲招致毀滅的真正原因是屬于現(xiàn)實(shí)的性質(zhì)，女主人公的貧苦和無依無靠，社會上盛行的社會風(fēng)習(xí)——這些情況都決定了這個女子的悲慘命運(yùn)。”這句話也正指出了苔絲悲劇的根源是當(dāng)時資本主義社會。

第二篇：淺析哈代《德伯家的苔絲》的悲劇性及其原因 英文

On the Tragedy of Tess and Its Causes 淺析哈代《德伯家的苔絲》的悲劇性及其原因

Abstract

This paper states the writing background and main contents of the novel Tess of the D’urerviles, introduces the author----Thomas Hardy, the most outstanding realistic writer of the 19th century, describes the struggling spirits of the beautiful and innocent girl Tess when she was facing sufferings;and at the same time, reveals Tess’s failure in marriage, and the miserable destiny of being hanged.This paper also analyses the family background and social phenomena, and her personality, summaries all kinds of reasons leading to Tess’s miserable fate, and deeply exposes the darkness of the capitalist society and the more miserable destiny of the women.Key words: Tess, Tess’s tragedy, Social causes, Character, Inevitability

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摘 要

本文簡要陳述了小說《德伯家的苔絲》的寫作背景及主要情節(jié)，介紹了該小說的作----19世紀(jì)杰出的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家托馬斯·哈代，描寫了美麗純真的主人公苔絲姑娘面對苦難生活而表現(xiàn)出的那種不屈不撓的抗?fàn)幘瘢瑫r也揭示了苔絲失敗的婚姻，以及苔絲最后被處以絞刑的悲慘命運(yùn)。本文還分析了苔絲的家庭情況，當(dāng)時的社會背景，以及她的個人性格特點(diǎn)，總結(jié)了導(dǎo)致苔絲悲慘命運(yùn)的種種原因，深刻地揭露了資本主義社會的黑暗及婦女更加苦難的命運(yùn)。

關(guān)鍵詞: 苔絲, 悲劇, 人物性格, 必然性錯誤！未找到引用源。

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Table of Contents ChapterⅠ.Introduction..............................................................................................1 ChapterⅡ.The background of the novel: Tess of the D’Urbervilles......................2 2.1.About the author: Thomas Hardy........................................................................2 2.2.The main content of the novel.............................................................................3 ChapterⅢ.Inevitable causes of Tess’s tragedy.........................................................5 3.1.Objective factors..................................................................................................5 3.1.1.Social phenomenon and Social background.................................................5 3.1.2.“Impetus” from her family...........................................................................6 3.1.3.Hypocrisy of bourgeois morality and religion..............................................8 3.1.4.Unequal legal system....................................................................................9 3.2.Subjective factors..............................................................................................10 3.2.1.Tess’s figure and character..........................................................................10 3.2.1.1.Purity, diligence, self-esteem.............................................................10 3.2.1.2.Obedience, kindness, bravery............................................................11 3.2.2.Weakness of Tess’s personality and fate.....................................................11 3.2.2.1.Compromise, ignorance.....................................................................11 3.2.2.2.Traditional mind and weak personality..............................................12 3.2.2.3.Pessimistic fate theory.......................................................................12 Chapter Ⅳ.The influence of Tess.............................................................................14 ChapterⅤ.Conclusion..............................................................................................16 Bibliography...............................................................................................................17 Acknowledgements....................................................................................................18 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)小結(jié).............................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

ChapterⅠ.Introduction

Tess of D’Ubevilles, published in 1891, is one of Hardy’s last and most important novels, undoubtedly, one of his most significant masterpieces.The story tells us the tragic life of an intelligent and sensitive country girl, she turns from a simple and native girl to a woman who commits a supposedly criminal or immoral action, and she endures a great deal of tragedy during her brief life.Hardy demonstrates his deep sense of moral sympathy for England’s lower class during his era, particularly for rural woman.Tess, the heroine of this novel, was full of ups and downs in her whole life, and her tragic fate has always been a hot topic in the literary research.However, when considered it deeply, Tess’s pathetic life is not merely a story or an accidental event.What are the reasons for this unfortunate, poor peasant girl to have such sufferings? what lead to her tragedy? What killed her? So the aim of this paper is to look back the novel together, step by step, and make a detailed analysis on the novel to demonstrate the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy from the following prospective of social background, a main and objective factor.Family background, a promoting factor, and unequal legal and religion system as well as Tess’s imperfect personalities are being discussed to show the era of Hardy and Tess and Tess’s unavoidable tragedy.ChapterⅡ.The background of the novel: Tess of the

D’Urbervilles

2.1.About the author: Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy was born in 1840 in a small town near the Dorchester where later became the famous “Wessex” in many of his novels.When he was young, he showed a strong interest in religion and music.At the age of 16, he left school and was apprenticed to a local architecture.He left the rural South West at the age of 22 and traveled to London where he worked as an architect for Arthur Bloomfield.During his years in London, he continued his studies in his leisure time.He read works of Charles Darwin, Herbert Spenser, and John Stuart Mill.Their philosophy had a quite strong influence on him.At the same time, he began to write poetry.But the poetries were all refused by the magazines, thus he embarked to write fiction.The first novel of Hardy was Desperate Remedies.Later he became one of the most important realism writers in the 19th century in England.The age Hardy wrote was called Victoria Period.There were many famous works of Hardy’s whole life, including Under the Greetwood, A Pair of Blue Eyes, Far fromthe Madding Growd, The Return of the Native, Major of the Casterbridge, Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Jude the obscure.By the vivid description of the health, the fields, the seasons, the weather, Wessxs attained a physical presence in the novels and acted as a mirror of the psychological conditions of the characters.Hardy's poetry, first published in his 50s, has come to be as well-regarded as his novels and has had a gigantic influence over modern English poetry, especially after the movement poets of the 1950s and 1960s cited Hardy as a major figure.Thomas Hardy devoted most of his life to literary career and created a large amount of significant literary works which bring the society spiritual values and profound influence.2.2.The main content of the novel

Tess of the D’Urbervilles was published at the beginning of the last decade of the 19th century which was a time of considerable intellectual and social ferment.According to the novel, Tess is a beautiful, innocent, strong and diligent girl, but she is born in a poor and peasant family.One day, Tess’s father of the Durbeyfield household is wandering home when he is told that he is of the ancient line of the D’Urbervilles, a once powerful family.Knowing this, he returns home happily and relays the news to his family.Although being from a once great family, his current family is in need and decides to seek help from relatives by the name of D’Urberville.So, Tess is arranged and persuaded by her mother to claim kindred with this more prosperous branch of the D’Urbervillies family.Tess reluctantly agrees and begins working for them.However, she finds out that they are not truly of the D’Urberville line but simply changed their names to D’Urberville.Also, she finds out that the son of the house, Alec, is not of good character.There she is seduced and raped by Alec and gets pregnant;Then, Tess has to return home in disgrace.After she goes home, she gives birth to a baby, while unfortunately;the baby dies in a couple of days.Tess is hurt deeply again, she decides to look for a new life elsewhere where no one knows of her and the incident.Afterwards, she ends up at a farmland working as a milk maid.There, she meets three girls and a man, Angel Clare, the intellectual and free-thinking son of a clergyman.And soon, they two fall in love with each other and want to get married.There, Tess does live a most joyful life in her whole life.All the hurts in her heart are diluted and forgotten immediately.She starts to begin her new life full of love, passion, and hope.But, the virtual and kind Tess would not like to continue her life with the shadow by Alec and the guilty in her heart.Thus she decides to tell Clare all the truth about her history.She writes a letter to Clare, however, Clare doesn’t see it.With a restless heart, she comes to the church to marry Clare.On their wedding night, Tess and Angle tell each other about their past, Tess forgives him about Angle’s embarrassed past because she loves and cherishes him so much.But after hearing

Tess’s confession, Clare cannot accept the truth.He becomes so angry that he leaves her abruptly for Brazil.Poverty forces Tess to work at a farm Flincomb Ash.At the same time, Alec appears again, and tempts Tess by many methods, although Tess doesn’t change her mind.But her dad’s death makes the family lose their home.Then Tess is in contradiction and confusion in the periods.She writes several letters to Clare to ask for help, but gets nothing reply, meanwhile, Alec keeps in persuading her and cheating her, hopeless and helpless Tess, only can choose to be with Alec again, though her heart still goes with her lover Clare, who, on the other hand, is ill in Brazil.He knows none of the troubles of Tess.Eventually, noticed by a friend in Brazil, Clare realizes his fault and decides to come back to forgive Tess and begins their new life in Brazil together.When he finally finds his dear wife and tells he is still loves her so much.Tess is so excited and broken-hearted but only to tell him it’s too late.Angle gets to know everything and leaves the boarding house lonely.At the time of his getting into the train, somebody runs to him, it’s his wife, Tess.They get in to the train together;Tess tells Clare that she killed Alec, Clare makes up his mind to share anything with his wife.After several days of escaping for no destination, they are found by the police.Tess is arrested for murder and sentenced to death.Finally, Angel Clare marries Tess’ younger sister as Tess’ last wish.Soon after Tess of the D’Urbervilles was published some critics had already recognized that Mr.Hardy’s latest novel is his greatest.ChapterⅢ.Inevitable causes of Tess’s tragedy

3.1.Objective factors

Compared with the other heroines in the Hardy novel, Tess is more beautiful, passionate and dynamic.But so kind-hearted a girl has suffered a lot in his short life unfortunately and eventually forced to destruction.Thomas Hardy emphasizes the unavoidability of death.Actually, even though Hardy try to explain the misfortune of his characters from the viewpoint of the unseen but potential fate, his characterization and truthful representation of the lives of his characters reveal that their unfortunate fate is evidently determined by the objective factors.Tess’s life is closely connected with the world and background she lives in.Tess’s miserable life, Hardy shows in many different ways how her life was determined only partly by her own efforts, and how much it depends upon the pressure of things over which she had no control.To a large extent, the bourgeois society should assume much more responsibility for Tess’s pathetic death.Following, the paper is going to analyze the external factors from 4 angles which are classified to the Objective Causes that lead to Tess’s tragedy.3.1.1.Social phenomenon and Social background

As a heroine in the novel, Tess’s tragedy，to some degree, is arranged and determined by the Author’s tragic consciousness.Tess lived in the time of Victorian, when the rural areas were invaded by the British capitalist industrial civilization.At that time, as something new, capitalistic economy developed rapidly, meanwhile, the Enclosure Movement prevailed, which also reflected and coincided with Hardy's awareness of social tragedy.Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of Hardy’s Wessex novels, which gives the background of his home town Wessex.In the mid 19th century, the English capitalist industrial civilization penetrated the countryside;Hardy’s home also suffered the impact strongly.The rapid disintegration of patriarchal society and unemployment of

individual farmers lead to the poverty and plight.Confronting with the consequences brought by industrial civilization, Thomas Hardy, as a humanist, his heart was hit strongly.He was attached to the ancient patriarchal civilization deeply in emotion and hated the industrial civilization which was a radical destruction to people’s harmonious life.So the awareness of social tragedy in Hardy’s novel existed for the social background at that time.It starts from the clash between individual civilization and patriarchal civilization, and from the panorama to the local, from the surface to the point, it gives an objective description and comprehensively expresses people’s living troubles.In the book, Hardy creates a panoramic picture of the impact from industrial civilization on the rural, deeply shows the throes in their physical plight.The social tragedy, however, mostly is caused by the conflicts between human and the environment they live in.Tess lives in the Victorian age which British capitalism assaults the countryside even poisons the social atmosphere.Under this circumstance, people’s social status is classified by their economic status.People who rank top class always are those rich in material.Just like the slave owners in slave society, the landlord in feudal society and the capitalist in capital society.Hardy witnessed the emerging of the local bourgeoisie and ruination that farmers suffered;sensitive he intuitively realized that this is the kind of conflict between human and social environment, which is totally objective as well as irreversible.Tess is smart, beautiful and diligent, but she was born in a family as poor as washed, as a labor and a farm worker with no right and money, which compels her to fall into Alec’s trap gradually.This kind of economic status only can belong to the bottom society of that time and dooms to suffer from sorts of social oppression and abuse.From this angle, Tess’s tragedy comes from society;also as a micro social side consciousness exists in the Hardy’s exploration of life and fate.3.1.2.“Impetus” from her family

Family, as a small unit, has a substantial influence to each family member.People’s character and attitude link with their living background, and a great extent

inherited from their parents.Tess’s family belongs to a particular rural community—the small traders, and lives together with traditional agricultural laborers, but Tess’s family’s status is slightly higher than the traditional one’s.They are more knowledgeable, and not only the backbone force of the ancient village life, but also a storeroom for rural customs and tradition.They are better educated, have received many advanced ideas and live a purposeful life with a quite stable career.Relatively speaking, they are supposed to be more independent.However, they are not engaged in agricultural work even though they live in rural areas.So, there’s no wonder that they don’t be liked by others.Tess’s family is big with lots of children;generally speaking, the parents should be diligent and work very hard to take up the important task of raising children and sustaining a family.But the fact is totally on the contrary, what is the attitude of this poor couple? They refuse through efforts and to use their own hands to improve their social status a little bit, but merely rely on the tiny and trivial achievements.When noticed that their family possibly be one branch of a noble descent, meantime, there is a wealthy relative lived not afar, the immediate idea came out of their mind is to persuade Tess to claim kindred and daydreaming she could be able to marry a gentleman in order to gain many benefits without any efforts.They immediately undertake the idea into reality.Upon such a heavy burden, Tess, with a special responsibility, an innocent country girl has been sent to the road of destruction without any other choices.Thus, confront of Alec’s material temptation and an opportunity to get a perfect job, together with the special task from her family as well as nature greed, even if she has already aware of Alec is a dangerous role on their way to Alec’s home, she still cannot get rid of him.Eventually, Tess has been raped by Alec, lost her chastity and falls into Alec’s trap step by step.Nevertheless, when Tess’s parents find that Tess cannot satisfies with what they want, they keep blaming Tess instead of comforting and helping the injured daughter.Later, when Tess is abandoned by Angel and hurts deeply again, both of her father and mother seem indifferent to explore the truth, what’s more, out of vanity and

narrow mind, they boast to the villagers about their daughter has obtained a satisfactory marriage.This is undoubtedly a heavy pressure on Tess, to protect her poor self-esteem, Tess have to spare half of her little money to satisfy the greedy parents, and pretend to be very happy and rich.However, Tess’s method only promotes her parents’ laziness, vanity and greed.They think they have a noble birth and now the daughter marries a rich man, so it is almost unnecessary to work any more.But Tess, she couldn’t be much poorer and become penniless soon.Meanwhile unfortunately, her father’s sudden death, withdrawal of rental lease and family house, which almost destroys this family, make Tess feel hopeless and into desperation.In order to maintain family, helpless Tess has to abandon her dignity, but commit herself to Alec once again.As mentioned above, it is the poor family impact that forces Tess head to the destruction.Under the circumstance of that time, because of the limitation and narrow mind of peasantry, Tess’s tragedy is unavoidable.3.1.3.Hypocrisy of bourgeois morality and religion

Hypocrisy of feudal ethical morality is another important factor that leads to Tess’s tragedy.In Victorian era, women are still men’s appendages.Their natural attributes are the objectives of slavery.Treated as an incomplete beings, women are under the oppression of that society, where dominated by men’s core power.It’s impossible for a man and a woman that could be equal in marriage and love.Triangle love relations, divorce and outside marriage relationship and so forth, are also considered as unethical behavior.Tess, exactly, is the victim of this unfair ethics and morals.Her whole life is under the force and violence, nevertheless, the society and the law regards those insults and persecution as justified.Tess couldn’t self-defense.In this traditional patriarchal society, women will be considered as not pure if they lost virtue and will suffer from endless abuse despite they are willing or not.Men can do everything they want, women, however, because of restriction from traditional morality, they had no right, no freedom.Alec is a representative who put his particular male right into practice perfectly, constantly torture, makes Tess under a huge

pressure both physical and emotional.As to Angel Clare, the love between him and Tess is pregnant with tragedy from the beginning.Apparently, he loves Tess, but he couldn’t as selfless and frank as Tess.To some degree, most of his love is a sense of satisfaction came from completely possess.In his eyes, Tess is “the daughter of nature”, the symbol of purity and the perfect masterpiece, no one can compare with her.Even so, when his sweet lover Tess confesses her embarrassed and terrible past to him, her perfect image collapsed momentarily.Clare can’t accept the fact;he abandons Tess and goes away resolutely.What Clare has done is a deadly hit to Tess again.Thus, externally, Clare is open and broad minded, but actually, the traditional moral concept firmly rooted in his heart.His prejudice of chastity and indifferent attitude to Tess reflect the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality, which traps Tess into an abyss of tragedy.Religion, serviced as a spiritual tool used by governing class also has to be responsible for Tess’s tragedy.There is an extreme irony plot said that, Alec, who directly lead to Tess’s tragic fate, he is rude, misbehaving and “sensual”.He depends on the business and soon become a rich bourgeois.He sets a trap to lure Tess, but use the allusion from bible to shirk the responsibility to Tess.Later, he even becomes a cleric to deliver Christian sermon.Obviously, in capitalist society, religion is only a tool for ruling class to cheat and fool the people.Through the Author’s depiction about Alec, Hardy spares no efforts to expose the darkness and hypocrisy of British society and religion.Live in this environment, no matter how hard Tess’s struggling and resisting, she can not survive and escape from the tragedy.3.1.4.Unequal legal system

Tess’s tragedy is the product of contradiction between human beings and that society.Also, unjust legal system is one of the important reasons leading to Tess’s tragic fate.During the Victorian era of late 19th century and early 20th century when Capitalism invade the rural region, the society in which Tess’s living, similar as religion, the bourgeoisie and the legacy of feudal nobility are the ruling class.All of

the national systems are worked for the government class.Of course, the legal system has no exception.Farmers are at the bottom of the society who never hold equal right as the capitalist class.Alec, however, is the typical representative of capitalist power and violence.He dares to do what he want, on one hand, is because he has lots of money and ranks as a top class of that society, on the other hand, is also because his evil behavior is always protected by the capitalist law and rules.As a young upstart, in the eyes of Victorian people, Alec is noble, nevertheless, Tess is considered as a bad girl who lures Alec in order to get his money.Tess has to endure all the injustice alone and silently all the way.And, she is hanged for paying, when she encouraged defending herself for the first time.Just as what Hardy says at the end of this novel: “Justice was done, and the President of the immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess”.(Tess, 467)Thus, obviously, hypocritical law should assume responsibility for Tess’s tragedy.3.2.Subjective factors

The basic principle of dialectic said that, the cause of all things, the inner reason is always the dominant factor.In this book, Tess of the D’Urbervilles, undoubtedly, the author has deep mercy on Tess, whom, to a large extent, is a innocent victim of social environment.Well, however, when throughout the whole text, it is not hard to find that, in addition to condemning the social background, Hardy holds a criticism attitude toward the heroine’s tragedy between the lines.He believes Tess’s weak character is a deadly factor that should be responsible for her inevitable tragic fate.Here, this paper is going to analyze the heroine’s figure and character weakness to clarify the internal cause that lead to Tess’s tragedy.3.2.1.Tess’s figure and character 3.2.1.1.Purity, diligence, self-esteem Tess is a significant figure in Hardy’s masterpiece, under Hardy’s writing, Tess is a pure country woman although she has been seduced and lost virginity.From the beginning, the author gives a special depiction to Tess, and prominent her pure, beauty, outstanding.She dares to sacrifice herself, set at defiance for good wishes.She is kind，love and believe others, gentle as well as strong enough.She is loyal and honesty as all the other people in Wesex.That is why she has courage to confess to her husband about her embarrassing past.As the oldest daughter in her family, Tess keeps a diligent habit all the time.When she first goes to claim kindred with another branch of D’Urbervilles, she doesn’t mean to please the host by her beauty, but would like to work for pay.After she is cheated and seduced by Alec, she doesn’t marry him or live with him, but leaves the manor without hesitation.From the above, we can feel that Tess is self-respect that when even she gives birth to her baby, she never asks for Alec’s help either asks for help from Angle’s parents when she is abandoned by Clare.3.2.1.2.Obedience, kindness, bravery On the other hand, Tess is obedient, she always obey what her parents say.What’s more, Tess’s sense of responsibility plays a central role in tragedy.When the horse Prince dead, she becomes self-blaming and think that is her fault, what exists in her mind all the time is that as the oldest child, she has the responsibility to her family.In order to save her mother, brothers and sisters out of the difficult life and heavy burden after her father’s death, Tess compromised and turns to Alec for help again and again and neglects her own feelings.Tess’ kindness provides Alec with a perfect opportunity to cheat her.Even suffers a lot, Tess always keep an optimistic mind and a hot heart full of hope to future.She is brave enough and finally not flinch when encounter with love.She loves Clare so much, that when Clare’s back from Brazil, she breaks out courage and determines to get rid of Alec forever.Thus, she is forced to choose a wrong way to kill Alec and eventually fails to escape from the legal sanctions.3.2.2.Weakness of Tess’s personality and fate 3.2.2.1.Compromise, ignorance The biggest feature of Tess’s character is pure and innocent, however, in the society at that time, her selflessness and self-sacrifice offers an opportunity to the evil force to ruin her.Her own pursuit of purity and candor makes her miss the chance with happiness.After the death of horse Prince, to look after her family, she comes to a chicken farm which gives Alec chances to lure her.In case of been ridiculed, she

even jumps onto Alec’s horse, we can easily find, her pure mind and lack of the sense of self-protection traps her into dangerous.When it is already dark and only Alec and herself in the forest, she shouldn’t have realized that Alec is attempting to infringe on her.During the wedding night, her pure nature makes her to confess her past to Clare regardless of her mother’s objection.She innocently thinks, Clare is kindhearted, selfless and generous as her.But the fact is she is abandoned by her husband.Finally, she picks up weapon to resist and kills Alec and also destroy herself.3.2.2.2.Traditional mind and weak personality

Arthur Schopenhauer, a very famous philosopher said, personality plays an important role in our lives and works every moment.It can affect our mind to make different choices when face to different problems and determine our fate to a large extent.So Tess is a good example.Even though, lots of external causes lead to her tragic fate, but her weakness in character is the radical and decisive inner reason contributed to her tragedy.Tess is born in a farmer family, when resisting the old tradition and morality;she presents her weakness because of the remnants of traditional morality and fatalistic view.She is obedient, and never disobey her parents words regardless what they said is correct or not.According to her father and mother’s order, she goes to claim kindred with Alec, when she knows that Alec is not a good person, she cannot rebel and protect herself.While, after losing her virginity, she feels guilty, unconfident, complex, flinched and concessive.It is this mentality that makes her refuse Clare’s proposal repeatedly.Her heart is struggling in a great contradiction.When confesses her past to Clare, her husband’s unforgiveness and abandon deepen her inferiority.To get his heart back and live with Clare forever, she explains and begs his forgiveness continuously, willing to be his slave and even sacrifice for him.Tess used to be a brave and strong country girl, but after raped by Alec, the painful memory tortures her so much.Clare’s love is a heavy burden to her and increases her fear, anxiety, shame and regret.It seems that she is born with guilty and pain.All of these characters illustrate the weakness of Tess.3.2.2.3.Pessimistic fate theory

Thomas Hardy, however, to some degree is a pessimistic person, He believes in fatalism.There is a definition of fatalism in Cliff's Notes, it says fatalism being view of life which says that all action is controlled by the nature of things or by fate which is a great, impersonal, primitive force existing through all eternity, absolutely independent of human wills and superior to any god created by man.As the author, heroine's tragic fate is arranged by Hardy, so Tess's character, to some extent is influenced and similar with Hardy.There is also a weakness of fatalism in Tess's character.Many coincidences are linked with her fate.Through the novel, we can get many clues that present her mind of fatalism.When first time Tess go to claim kindred with Alec, she is injured by rose, which she thinks is an unlucky sign and shadowed her life.Tess believes a folk idiom said “The wedding dress will never fit a bride who lost her chastity”, when she is trying her new wedding dress.She worries about that and become heavy in mind.Besides, she feels anxious and fear if it is not a good sign when seeing the picture of ancestor in her wedding room.This kind of fatalism always exists in Tess mind and tortures her all the time, impairs her courage.All these tiny plots display Tess's mentality of fatalism, from this aspect, Tess's tragedy seems a more reasonable and inevitable result.Chapter Ⅳ.The influence of Tess

Tess of D’Urbervilles, when published first time, becomes a bestseller and hot topic and attracts attention of literary research.Tess, a pure kind country girl, her whole fate is full of ups and downs.However, it seems that her tragic fate is more determined by the social background than her own reasons.Hardy’s depiction gives us a intuitive idea about the author and Tess’s society, reflects a backward feudal society.Bourgeois society is not a mature society, for it is not harmony and equal in human rights.Tess is innocent, her pure mind, simplicity and diligence could not prevent her from being ruined in the circumstance of bourgeois society, only because she is a poor and weak female who is never respected by others and eventually becomes a victim of hypocritical morality of the capitalist society.Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect many aspects of people’s lives and also can be meaningful and inspiring to our contemporary life.Generally speaking, the only way for a society to survive and be sustainable is that equal in human rights and harmony in people’s relations.Tess of D’Urbervilles, through this novel, we can easily see the impact of ideology on society, nation, families and individuals is crucial.As a ruling class, to some degree, their mentality determines the whole society, they have to aware of that, equality of status of human rights, and establishment of a sound legal and religious system is directly related to a long term

survival of an era.The promotion and penetration of culture ideas affect the people’s way of thinking and behaving.Besides, as the folk, we have to be better educated and open-minded, improve our quality and keep a positive mind.As far as I am concerned, under this circumstance, Tess’s tragedy is not her own tragedy, but a whole feudal society.The bourgeois society is full of injustices and destruction.Thus, connecting with the above many aspects, the society Tess lived in, fool ruling class, narrow minded people, hypocritical in morality and religion and unjust in legal system as well as unequal status between men and women, dooms to be an end society.Besides, I want to highlight that, Tess’s rough and rugged life is not only the fate tragedy, but the tragedy of our female.So, for the female, we should keep our pure, self-esteem nature, and, at the same time, we only to break the bound of tradition morality find our right position, self-worth and equal social status, we can get our happiness and realize our life value.ChapterⅤ.Conclusion

Comprehensive speaking, Tess's tragedy is linked with social elements, while her character has an inescapable responsibility to her tragic fate as well.Further more, all these causes are directly related to the bourgeois society and Tess's tragedy is a vivid reflection of it.Under that environment, the purer and poorer a woman is, the easier she will get hurt.Thomas Hardy is a giant;his depiction of this novel gives us a much clearer knowledge of the society he lives in.After a thorough appreciation to this touching novel, we can't help having mercy on Tess, and her figure is unforgettable.But, when we think about this story rationally, the society of Victorian era together with Tess's kind and weak character lead to Tess's unavoidable destruction.Just as Soviet literary critic Alnwick Manchester says the real reasons for Tess's destruction are the reality, the heroine's nature, the dispossession, and the social prevailing conventions.All these determine the poor lady's miserable fate.From the above narrative, we can easily see Tess’s tragedy is inevitable;besides, we can have a general knowledge about Thomas Hardy’s society of 19th century and deeply educated that we’d better to take the essence and discard the dregs of different eras and histories.Thomas Hardy is a great author, his affection and contribution to the literature

is immense and eternal.Bibliography

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Acknowledgements

Firstly I would like to show my gratitude to my supervisor Sun zhonglun for his guidance during my studies.Although he was very busy then, he was willing to spare time to give me generous guidance and support, especially to provide me with a good environment, which benefits me a lot.With his serious and responsible attitude, rigorous scientific research methods, keen academic insight, diligent style of work, innovative and pioneering spirit, Mr.Sun has set a good example for me.Here I extend my deep appreciation and heartfelt thanks to Mr.Sun

I’m also grateful to my parents for their hard working.Then I thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I can’t list here one by one.

第三篇：(英語畢業(yè)論文)托馬斯哈代《德伯家的苔絲》中注定的女性悲劇命運(yùn)

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淺析《哈克貝利費(fèi)恩歷險記》的寫作風(fēng)格 從禮貌原則看英語委婉語的構(gòu)成和社會功能 論托馬斯哈代《還鄉(xiāng)》的悲劇效果 跨文化交際背景下英語禁忌語探析 英語詞匯中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象及回避方式 淺析廣告發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及其未來發(fā)展趨勢

An Analysis of the Names in Tess of the d’Urbervilles 社會階層與語言關(guān)系在《霧都孤兒》中的投射研究 從Hofstede的文化維度角度解析中美家庭教育的差異 北京奧運(yùn)會與中國品牌發(fā)展

A Comparison of Chinese and Western Taboos of Social Communication 奧斯卡王爾德童話中的理想與現(xiàn)實(shí) 母語在小學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)中的正遷移 論《傲慢與偏見》中的女性形象

非傳統(tǒng)式英雄——從女性主義批評角度看《名利場》 論英語寫作中中式英語的成因及解決策略 互動在高中英語閱讀課的應(yīng)用

The Relationship Between Oscar Wilde and Dorian Gray 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 目的論指導(dǎo)下的旅游資料漢英翻譯及翻譯策略

亨利詹姆斯的《戴茜米勒》中的文化沖突和文化融合 口譯中的停頓原因分析及處理

跨文化交際在寶潔公司營銷戰(zhàn)略中的應(yīng)用 從《逃離》解讀門羅的女性觀 家樂福定價策略研究

“龍”和“Dragon”的語義與文化內(nèi)涵比較 英語中介語無標(biāo)志被動語態(tài)的錯誤分析 模糊限制語在求職中的應(yīng)用研究

埃德加·愛倫·坡和蒲松齡恐怖小說的比較 消費(fèi)文化理論視角下的《嘉莉妹妹》 Diversification in Translation 廣告翻譯策略初探

論英語稱謂語中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象

從《吶喊》英譯本看楊憲益的翻譯思想 《玻璃動物園》中的逃避主義解讀 英漢習(xí)語文化差異淺析

當(dāng)代中美青年恭維言語行為對比研究 《追風(fēng)箏的人》中阿米爾的性格分析 初中英語詞匯教學(xué)法研究綜述 《美國麗人》中的倫理主題研究 《理智與情感》中埃莉諾的性格簡析 《憤怒的葡萄》的生態(tài)主義分析

一個為追求自我掙扎的靈魂——看凱特肖邦的《覺醒》 《湯姆叔叔的小屋》中的伊萊扎人物形象分析 An Eco-Critical Approach to Moby Dick 論《弗蘭肯斯坦》中怪物悲劇的必然性 從文化負(fù)載詞褒貶意義看中西文化差異 英漢白色詞的文化象征意義及翻譯

卡森麥卡勒斯《心是孤獨(dú)的獵手》福柯式解讀 淺談羅密歐與朱麗葉的愛情悲劇

從《愛瑪》看簡奧斯丁的女性主義意識

《喪鐘為誰而鳴》中羅伯特.喬丹性格的多視角分析

論視覺小說中的西方神話形象重塑——以《命運(yùn)之夜》系列為例 杰克倫敦《熱愛生命》中天氣描寫的作用 目的論視角下的《邊城》的英譯研究 英語定語從句的理解與翻譯

論〈麥田里的守望者〉中“垮掉派”特質(zhì)的體現(xiàn) 漢英稱贊語的對比研究

淺析丹尼爾笛福《摩爾弗蘭德斯》的主題思想 從順應(yīng)論的角度談英文電影片名的漢譯 從生態(tài)學(xué)角度解讀《白鯨》

Yellow Peril–the Image of Fu Manchu in the West 透過美國環(huán)境類電影淺析人與自然的關(guān)系 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 探討中英文化差異——以宗教習(xí)語翻譯為案例 美國牛仔形象演變和西部電影發(fā)展的研究 廣告英語的特點(diǎn)及其翻譯探索 東西方恐怖電影的文化差異

《太陽照樣升起》內(nèi)外的迷惘一代 從功能對等角度看商務(wù)英語合同的翻譯 《無名的裘德》中哈代的宗教思想探討

從最佳關(guān)聯(lián)原則看口譯中的“歸化”和“異化”

論社會達(dá)爾文主義的“適者生存”在《熱愛生命》中的運(yùn)用

An Analysis of Hemingway' Religious Complex in The Old Man and the Sea 96 中英文隱喻對比研究 97 商務(wù)談判中的語言技巧

身體，規(guī)訓(xùn)與自我意識——《可以吃的女人》之福柯式解讀 99 從日常交際禮貌用語失誤看中西方文化差異 100 簡析《日常用品》中的矛盾沖突 101 莎士比亞喜劇中的人文主義愛情觀 102 《喧嘩與騷動》中凱蒂悲劇的分析 103 《魯賓遜漂流記》中殖民主義思想淺析 104 影視英文在初中口語教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用性研究 105 試析新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下詞匯教學(xué)策略的改變 106 論《紅色英勇勛章》中的象征主義 107 《雙城記》中的象征手法分析 108 文化背景知識在英語教學(xué)中的作用 109 An Analysis of Sexism in English Proverbs 110 《瓦爾登湖》中寂寞觀的超驗(yàn)主義分析 111 Reread Shylock from a Tragic Viewpoint 112 英漢委婉語的對比及翻譯

對《兒子與情人》中女性形象的分析

英語諺語中關(guān)系分句之先行詞he高頻使用之探析 115 國際商務(wù)中的跨文化溝通

以“三美論”對比《登高》兩個英譯版本的“意美”與“音美” 117 功能對等理論指導(dǎo)下的外貿(mào)函電翻譯 118

淺析《墓園挽歌》中意象的變化 120 《玻璃動物園》中的逃避主義解讀 121 廣告的翻譯

英語漢源借詞研究

中學(xué)生英語閱讀語義障礙和其教學(xué)應(yīng)對策略 124 身勢語在基礎(chǔ)英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

《呼嘯山莊》中男主人公希斯克利夫復(fù)仇動機(jī)分析 126 淺析隱藏在“面紗”之后的伯莎梅森

論格列佛人物形象在《格列佛游記》中所起的諷刺效果 128 耶穌成為彌賽亞以及被民眾接受之原因 129 文化商務(wù)交際中的個人主義與集體主義 130 淺析初中英語語音教學(xué)中存在的問題及對策 131 文化視野下的中美家庭教育方法的比較

A Comparison Between the History of Development of Law in Western Countries and China 133 由女性“奴性”潛意識解析瑪利婭姆多舛命運(yùn) 134 苔絲的悲劇成因淺析

A Comparison of the English Color Terms 136 歐亨利短篇小說藝術(shù)手法淺析

An Analysis of Tess’s Tragic Fate and the Realization of Hardy’s Fatalism

《簡愛》的特征—一位獨(dú)立的女性

英漢基本顏色詞的文化差異及其翻譯策略 140 華盛頓歐文與陶淵明逃遁思想對比研究

The Comparison of the Two Main Characters in Daniel Defoe’s Roxana and Emily Zola’s Nana 142 《阿Q正傳》中文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯

質(zhì)本潔來還潔去——解讀茶花女瑪格麗特的悲情人生 144 《不能承受的生命之輕》中薩賓娜和特蕾莎的人物分析

An Analysis of Trademark Translation——from the perspective of Skopos Theory 146 A Lonely but Strong-willed Soul A Character Analysis of Ellen Weatherall in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 147 淺析愛德華·摩根·福斯特《霍華德莊園》中的語言特色

A Brief Analysis of the Differences and Similarities of Chinese and British Wedding Culture 149 反復(fù)在格特魯?shù)滤固┮虻淖髌贰度齻€女人》中的運(yùn)用 150 論海明威《一天的等待》的冰山原則寫作風(fēng)格

151 老紐約下的女性悲劇——對《純真年代》中兩位女性的分析 152 Strategies of Vocabulary Teaching in Middle School English Class 153 基于弗洛伊德心理學(xué)分析《飄》中斯嘉麗的行為 154 從語用學(xué)角度分析《老友記》中的幽默 155 論科技英語新詞的翻譯

156 A Brief Study on Brand Name Translation 157 母語正遷移在初中英語教學(xué)中的研究與應(yīng)用 158 大學(xué)校訓(xùn)反映出的中美文化差異 159 論基督教教義對美國人慈善觀的影響 160 《遠(yuǎn)大前程》中的幽默與諷刺分析

161 從皮普的身份扭曲淺析狄更斯《遠(yuǎn)大前程》中人文主義的“不道德” 162 淺析英語教學(xué)中的情感因素

163 隱喻視野下英漢動物詞匯文化內(nèi)涵的比較分析 164 學(xué)生寫作中中式英語的表現(xiàn)形式及其改進(jìn)方式

165 理性主義與理想主義的結(jié)合——從“灰姑娘情結(jié)”看簡奧斯汀的作品 166 中國英語在中國文化輸出中的作用

167 從《七個尖角閣的房子》看霍桑的罪惡觀 168 詞組詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方法

169 從文化差異的角度論文學(xué)譯者的翻譯技巧

170 The Translation of Irony in Pride and Prejudice—A Comparison of Two Chinese Versions 171 論《老友記》幽默字幕翻譯

172 《紅字》中的丁梅斯代爾和齊靈渥斯誰更“惡”？ 173 論《隱形人》中的象征主義

174 如何激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)初中生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣 175 從文化視角看漢英翻譯中的語篇連貫性 176 A Study of the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 177 從文化角度談旅游翻譯

178 跨文化交際視角下沉默行為的解析 179 協(xié)商課程在高中英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用初探 180 國際商務(wù)談判中的禮貌原則

181 從女性意識的角度解讀《荊棘鳥》中的女性形象 182 大學(xué)英語教師課堂話語禮貌現(xiàn)象研究 183 從《老人與海》中看海明威的人生哲學(xué) 184 譯者主體性觀照下的中文菜名英譯 185 淺析愛倫坡《烏鴉》的語音象征 186 從《紅字》看霍桑的政治觀

187 殘酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)與審美愉悅——論《羅密歐與朱麗葉》的崇高美 188 淺析從《刮痧》中反映出的中西文化差異

189 從《沒有國家的人》看一個無政府主義者對人性的呼喚 190 英漢廣告語篇中語法銜接手段對比研究

191 《紅樓夢》楊譯本與霍譯本文化意象的翻譯對比

192 A Probe into Three Phases for Effective Business Negotiations 193 《莎樂美》中月亮的意象——從原型批評視角進(jìn)行分析 194 立法語言模糊現(xiàn)象研究——以刑法為視角

195 淺析《傲慢與偏見》中伊麗莎白和達(dá)西關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)變 196 中外英語教師的優(yōu)劣勢比較：從中學(xué)生視角 197 試論《了不起的蓋茨比》中的象征手法 198 命運(yùn)與社會的犧牲品—苔絲的悲劇根源探析

199 Analysis of the Personality Changes of the Characters in The Grapes of Wrath

第四篇：關(guān)于《德伯家的苔絲》

關(guān)于《德伯家的苔絲》

《德伯家的苔絲》是托馬斯·哈代的代表作，是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。它描寫了一位農(nóng)村姑娘的悲慘命運(yùn)。哈代在小說的副標(biāo)題中稱女主人公為“一個純潔的女人”，公開地向維多利亞時代虛偽的社會道德挑戰(zhàn)。

本書作者托馬斯·哈代是十九世紀(jì)英國杰出的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家，同時也是一位造詣非凡的詩人。哈代一生對希臘悲劇、莎士比亞悲劇研讀不已，并受叔本華悲劇意識影響，認(rèn)同近代科學(xué)思想上的懷疑派論調(diào)，致使他對人生的見解悲觀宿命。他認(rèn)為人類文明無論發(fā)展到何種地步，人類終是無法擺脫宿命的捉弄。這一思想幾作的一大框窗。哈代作品，巧合頻頻可見，自然氣入；役境為人，融性格與環(huán)境于一體，是乃作家別外，因哈代早年曾攻建筑，故其作品之營造最堪玩密完善，或情節(jié)、人物、風(fēng)景、對話配合之緊湊和有比肩者。

他將這些小說大體分為3類：性格與環(huán)境的小與幻想的小說和精于結(jié)構(gòu)的小說。其中以第一類最于此類的長篇小說有《綠林蔭下》、《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》、《還

說、羅曼史為重要。屬鄉(xiāng)》、《卡斯成囿哈代創(chuàng)息彌漫侵一匠心。此味，如此精調(diào)和，當(dāng)少特橋市長》、《林居人》、《德伯家的苔絲》、《無名的裘德》。一般認(rèn)為它們是哈代思想、藝術(shù)上最成熟的作品，其中又以悲劇故事《德伯家的苔絲》和《無名的裘德》最為杰出。前者寫貧苦美麗的擠奶女工苔絲因年輕無知而失身于富家惡少亞雷·德伯，受盡精神上和物質(zhì)上的煎熬，最后失去自己真心愛戀的安璣·克萊，悲憤絕望之中，殺死亞雷，坦然走上絞架。后一部小說寫貧苦善良的孤兒裘德·范立奮發(fā)自學(xué)欲赴高等學(xué)府深造，但無入門之道。他與志趣相投的表妹淑·布萊德赫雙雙擺脫法定配偶而自由結(jié)合，但為社會所排斥，流浪街頭，最后家破人亡。

《德伯家的苔絲》描寫的是貧窮的農(nóng)家女子苔絲一生的遭遇。她渴望憑自己的勞動過日子，但是在當(dāng)時的社會中卻接二連三地受到沉重珠打擊。苔絲還非常年輕的時候，就因?yàn)榧彝ヘ毨В坏貌簧系虏胰ギ?dāng)女工，遭到資產(chǎn)階級紈绔子弟亞雷·德伯的污辱，懷了身孕，成為一個“失了身的女子。她忍受周圍人們歧視和道德偏見的壓力，孩子病死后，她在一家牛奶場工作，認(rèn)識了一個牧師的兒子，青年大學(xué)生安璣·克萊，不久便和他相愛。苔絲向克萊講述了自己過去的不幸經(jīng)歷之后，充滿資產(chǎn)階級的虛偽的倫理偏見的克萊，突然一反往常的態(tài)度，遺棄了苔絲，使她走上更加悲慘的道路。苔絲轉(zhuǎn)到另一個農(nóng)場勞動，受到資本家更為殘酷的剝削。后來父親死去，一家人淪落街頭，紈绔子弟亞雷又來糾纏她，她不得已而又遷就了他。克萊的突然歸來使苔絲受刺激太深終于釀成了她殺死亞雷的悲劇。她成了一個殺人犯，被法庭判處死刑。

女主人公苔絲是被哈代理想化了的現(xiàn)代女性。在哈代的理想世界中，苔絲是美的象征和愛的化身，代表著威塞克斯人的一切優(yōu)秀的方面：美麗、純潔、善良、質(zhì)樸、仁愛、堅(jiān)韌和容忍。她敢于自我犧牲，勇于自我反抗和對生活抱有美好的愿望。她所特有的感情就是對人的愛和信任，女性的溫柔和勇敢在她身上融成了一體。她有美麗的女人氣質(zhì)，堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志和熱烈的感情，同時也有威塞克斯人的正直忠實(shí)和自然純樸，但是同時卻包含有人固有的復(fù)雜的心態(tài)。她沒有借助婚姻來實(shí)現(xiàn)追求虛榮的愿望，而是立足于自尊去追求自由。在她到冒牌本家亞雷“德伯那兒尋求幫助的時候，她的目的是想通過自己的工作來解決家庭的困難。她一發(fā)現(xiàn)自己上當(dāng)受騙，就堅(jiān)決離開了亞雷”德伯。苔絲的靈魂是純潔的，道德是高尚的，但是在資產(chǎn)階級的道德面前，她卻被看成傷風(fēng)敗俗的典型，奉為警戒淫蕩的榜樣，是侵犯了清白領(lǐng)域的“罪惡化身”。在當(dāng)時的資本主義社會下，她成為了人們心中嘲諷的對象。哈代的觀點(diǎn)和社會偏見尖銳對立，他通過苔絲這個形象對當(dāng)時虛偽的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)加抨擊。哈代堅(jiān)持道德的純潔在于心靈的純潔，不在于一時的過錯，不僅僅在于她得過去，更包含她的將來，因此苔絲是“一個純潔的女人”。社會則堅(jiān)持傳統(tǒng)的習(xí)俗，認(rèn)為一時的過錯就是不可挽救的墮落，苔絲是一個犯了奸淫罪的罪人。哈代認(rèn)為世界上沒有完人。人的完美體現(xiàn)在對人生的理解、對生活的熱愛、感情的豐富和忠實(shí)的愛情之中，只有從這樣的完美中才能產(chǎn)生出純潔來。哈代嚴(yán)厲批評了克萊代表的資產(chǎn)階級的倫理道德，指出它已經(jīng)成為人們精神上的枷鎖。然而正是這種民族風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣結(jié)晶的倫理道德，它具有神圣的性質(zhì)，是不成文的法律，被認(rèn)作永遠(yuǎn)正當(dāng)?shù)臇|西。苔絲就是這種世俗謬見的犧牲品。哈代通過苔絲的悲慘遭遇無情結(jié)揭示出這種倫理道德的偽善及其劣根性，把它的殘酷內(nèi)容暴露出來。

那么，苔絲的悲劇是社會悲劇？是命運(yùn)悲劇？還是性格悲劇？抑或是三種之外的什么？我下面作以簡要剖析與闡釋：

毫無疑問，苔絲的悲劇首先是社會悲劇。哈代的“威塞克斯”小說是以其故鄉(xiāng)威塞克斯為背景的。19世紀(jì)中期英國資本主義工業(yè)文明侵入農(nóng)村，哈代的故鄉(xiāng)也遭到強(qiáng)大的沖擊，其宗法社會迅速解體，個體農(nóng)民在經(jīng)濟(jì)上陷入失業(yè)、貧困的悲慘境地。面對工業(yè)文明帶來的后果，哈代作為一個人道主義著者，心靈受到強(qiáng)烈沖擊，在感情上深深地依戀古老的宗法文明，痛恨工業(yè)文明對人們和諧生存狀態(tài)的摧毀。哈代鄉(xiāng)土小說的社會悲劇意識立足于當(dāng)時的社會背景，以工業(yè)文明與宗法文明的沖突為切入點(diǎn)，采用由全景到局部、由面到點(diǎn)的客觀描述筆法，深入地表現(xiàn)人們的生存困境。《苔絲》中，哈代對當(dāng)時工業(yè)文明對鄉(xiāng)村的沖擊進(jìn)行了全景式描繪，然后以苔絲家作為個體農(nóng)民的縮影，深入展現(xiàn)人們在物質(zhì)困境中的痛苦掙扎。社會悲劇是人同社會環(huán)境的沖突造成的。苔絲生活在英國資本主義侵襲到農(nóng)村并毒化社會氣氛的維多利亞時代。這位弱女子，盡管聰明美麗，勤勞善良，但家貧如洗、經(jīng)濟(jì)拮據(jù)，負(fù)擔(dān)沉重，她處于低下的社會地位，作為一個勞動者、一個無權(quán)無錢的農(nóng)業(yè)工人，自然會受到資本主義社會的種種壓迫和凌辱，這些壓迫和凌辱有經(jīng)濟(jì)的、權(quán)勢的、肉體的、更有精神的、宗教的、道德的、傳統(tǒng)觀念的。她的悲劇是時代造成的，同時，亞雷和克雷代表了把苔絲推向深淵的兩種不同的客觀社會勢力，他們直接地共同造成了苔絲的社會悲劇。

學(xué)號：9201120536 姓名：李娟

班級：11級注會5班

第五篇：從《德伯家的苔絲》看英國的宗教文化

從迷你英劇《德伯家的苔絲》看哈代的宗教觀

隨著國產(chǎn)古裝良心劇《瑯琊榜》勝利收官，許多小伙伴紛紛表示：看完《瑯琊榜》之后，韓劇、偶像劇神馬的，現(xiàn)在完全看不下去！跪求舔屏好劇，今天新語君給大家安利一個迷你英劇《德伯家的苔絲》，拿走不謝。

我叫苔絲，是19世紀(jì)的英國一個小商販家庭的女孩。我的父親愛好酗酒，不務(wù)正業(yè)，生活愈加困窘。于是，父母讓我去到一個富老太婆家攀親戚，以便能改善家里的經(jīng)濟(jì)。沒想到，這件事竟促成了我不幸的一生。

為了家里更好過，我就厚著臉皮地去了。我的堂哥亞雷克對我見色起意，最終在一片樹林里誘奸了我。我懷著憤懣回到了家里，向父母訴說著這一切，可他們還妄想攀圖富貴，讓我嫁給可惡猥瑣的亞雷克。不久，我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己懷孕了，孩子出生了，這件事讓父母覺得丟臉，他們不讓我出門，孩子不能受洗，生病了不能看醫(yī)生，可憐的孩子就這樣夭折，我祈求教父給他一個基督教的葬禮，可是教父殘忍地拒絕了，一個弱小的，從沒有犯過任何罪孽的嬰兒卻只能和自殺的懦夫、臭名昭著的酒鬼和醉人胡亂地葬在一起，我發(fā)誓再也不會來這個教堂了。

我離開了家，找到了一份擠奶工的活，遇到了我的愛人安吉爾，他像一個天使，風(fēng)度翩翩，對待生活充滿熱情。很快，我和他就訂婚了，我很想把我的過去坦誠于他，結(jié)婚前我把往事寫成長信塞到他的門里，卻因?yàn)檎`塞到了地毯下面而沒有達(dá)到。我以為我們的愛經(jīng)得起原諒，新婚當(dāng)晚，我把我的過去向安吉爾坦白，他竟決然地離開了我去往巴西。

從此，我沒有了生活來源，生活陷入困窘，我在農(nóng)場找了一份活糊口，卻不想遇到了成為牧師的亞雷克，他依然那么偽善，自私，整天糾纏著對我說：我的愛人不會再要我了。后來，我的父親病故，為了母親和弟弟妹妹們的生活，我被迫和亞雷克在了一起，可是我的心是那么地不快樂。

不久，安吉爾竟然從巴西回國找到了我，我對他的愛從沒改變過，如果不是亞雷克，我和他一定會幸福地生活在一起，我也會繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持等下去。一切都是亞雷克的錯，如果沒了他，我一定會幸福，想到這里，我就只想殺了他。一天，我趁著他在睡覺，拿起桌子上的水果刀捅了他一刀，他就死了。我換好衣服去找安吉爾，告訴他我殺了亞雷克，我們可以在一起了。盡管只有和安吉爾在一起五天的幸福日子，我也死而無憾了。

我們已經(jīng)聽完了美麗的苔絲的悲慘命運(yùn)，難道苔絲真的是命苦才會這么不幸嘛？其實(shí)，筆者覺得苔絲的不幸與當(dāng)時的英國社會脫不開干系。

一、社會原因造成苔絲的悲劇

苔絲所處的時代是英國十九世紀(jì)八十年代，那時，英國工業(yè)革命已經(jīng)完成，資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)大規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)向農(nóng)村發(fā)展，造成個體農(nóng)民的破產(chǎn)，走向貧困。苔絲作為小商販的女兒，又作為一個最低層的雇傭勞動者，必然會受到暴發(fā)戶亞雷克作為統(tǒng)治者的壓迫與殘害。隨之，她的孩子無法受洗，就醫(yī)，完成葬禮。后來她遇到正直善良的安吉爾，然而安吉爾也不能撇開當(dāng)時世俗的偏見-女人一定要有貞操，而拋棄了她。即便苔絲敢于大膽反抗傳統(tǒng)道德、追求幸福，然而她卻不能徹底擺脫傳統(tǒng)道德對自身的羈絆，這是社會固有的偏見。最終復(fù)仇的火焰變成苔絲的殺人利器殺死了亞雷克，同時也將自己推入了悲劇的深淵。雖然亞雷克的毀滅平息了苔絲的仇恨，但此時的資本主義依然籠罩于英國社會頂端，這里依然有千千萬萬個“苔絲”遭遇著社會的迫害，并以悲劇的形式告終！

二、宗教的束縛

英國是信仰上帝的國度，有三分之二的人信仰基督教。和中國的“人善論”不同的是，基督教認(rèn)為人類有原罪，相信耶穌是神子并被釘十字架從而可以洗清人類原罪，而受洗就是基督教的入教儀式，用水滴在受洗人的額頭，代表洗清原有的罪惡。苔絲是對于上帝是虔誠的，即便是牧師拒絕給她的私生子受洗和完成葬禮，她也只是說：“那我將憎恨你，憎恨你的上帝，而且我以后再也不會進(jìn)入你的教堂了”。她的軟弱也體現(xiàn)在后來又和作為牧師的亞雷克在一起。亞雷克作為牧師，承擔(dān)著宣傳圣教的重任，卻違背教義逼迫苔絲作他的情婦，這是多么可悲的對比。安吉爾雖是牧師的兒子，卻是一個追求自由的人，沒有階級等級偏見，熱愛農(nóng)場生活。即便是這樣，也依然不能接受有了污點(diǎn)的苔絲。