第一篇：英文畢業論文 網絡流行語及其英文翻譯

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網絡流行語及其英文翻譯

院 系： 外國語學院 專 業： 英 語

I A Study of English Translation of Network Catchwords

摘要

隨著中國國際化進程日益加快和互聯網的普及，越來越多的外國友人更加密切地關注中國。與此同時，中國網民也創造了不少幽默詼諧、充滿智慧的語言，一些鮮活的流行語不僅在網絡上迅速傳播，還滲透到社會生活中。然而通過對漢語網絡流行語翻譯的研究現狀來看，漢語網絡流行語的翻譯工作還有待進一步的發展。本文首先介紹了流行語和網絡流行語的背景以及它們之間的從屬關系。其次，網絡流行語主要來源于網絡用語、影視用語和外來語。通過對其來源的分析，進一步概括出網絡流行語之所以流行的原因。從廣義上來說，網絡流行語的形成不僅是語言繼承性和創新性的有機結合，它的簡潔、幽默、流行性和周期性也讓眾多網民對其更加追捧和使用。然而，在網絡流行語不斷追求個性、不斷創新的洪流中，也不可避免地出現了粗俗化現象。本文根據奈達的功能對等理論，對漢語網絡流行語的翻譯技巧進行了分析和總結之后發現，在網絡流行語的翻譯中直譯、直譯夾注、意譯、意譯加注、加綴法和改譯法仍是十分有效和常用的技巧。

關鍵詞：網絡流行語；來源；特征；翻譯

II

Abstract

With the accelerating process of China Internationalization and popularity of the Internet, more and more foreigners pay closer attention to China.At the same time, Chinese netizens also create many humorous and witty words some of which spread like wildfire through Internet and also deeply enter the social life.However, through the translation situations of Chinese network catchwords, the translation problem needs further development.The thesis firstly introduces the background of catchword, network catchwords and their subordinate relationship.Secondly, network catchwords mainly originate from network expression, expression in entertainment industry and foreign words.By analyzing its sources, the causes of popularity of network catchwords have been displayed clear for us.Broadly speaking, network catchwords are not only combination of linguistic inheritance and innovation, but also adored and used by netizens because of its concision, humor, popularity and periodicity.However, continuous pursuit for uniqueness and innovation also emerge vulgar usage of it.After analyzing and concluding the translation skills of Chinese network catchwords according to Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory, it is found that the translation methods including literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes, affixation method and adapted translation are still effective and common ones.Key Words: Network Catchwords;Sources;Features;Translation

III

Table of Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。摘要................................................................................................................................................II Abstract.......................................................................................................................................III Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................IV Chapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Chapter2 Sources of Network Catchwords.....................................................................................3

2.1 From Network Expression.................................................................................................3

2.1.1 From Current Affairs..............................................................................................3 2.1.2 From Network Paste Bar........................................................................................4 2.2 From Entertainment Industry............................................................................................6

2.2.1 From Television Play..............................................................................................6 2.2.2 From Film and Variety Show.................................................................................7 2.3 From Foreign Words..........................................................................................................7 2.4 Causes of the Popularity of Network Catchwords.............................................................8 Chapter 3 Features of Network Catchwords.................................................................................11 3.1 Combination of Linguistic Inheritance and Innovation...................................................11 3.2 Economic effect...............................................................................................................12 3.3 Popular and Periodic Tendencies....................................................................................12 IV 3.4 Vulgarness Expression....................................................................................................13 Chapter 4 Translation Methods of Network Catchwords..............................................................15 4.1 Literal Translation...........................................................................................................15 4.2 Literal Translation with Interlinear Notes.......................................................................16 4.3 Free Translation...............................................................................................................17 4.4 Free Translation with Interlinear Notes...........................................................................18 4.5 Affixation Method...........................................................................................................19 4.6 Adapted Translations of Sentences..................................................................................19 Chapter 5 Conclusion....................................................................................................................21 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................23

V

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Chapter 1 Introduction Catchwords as a lexical phenomenon reflect people’s general concern on problems and issues of specific periods of time in one country or one district.Different period has different catchwords.In the early days of new China, the word 同志（people who hold same aspirations/comrade）originated from Soviet Union was popular among different strata;During the cultural revolution period, 階級斗爭（class struggle）,上山下鄉(going to the mountainous areas and the countryside)became catchwords of that time;between 1980s and1990s, 脫貧致富（cast off poverty to get rich）, 奔小康（strive for a relatively comfortable life）were prevalent in those two decade years;Since the new century, all kinds of catchwords have become popular by means of network transmission.Furthermore, different social groups also hold distinct catchwords.Therefore, catchword as a piece of social sensitive nerves represents various changes of society and widespread responsive reflection of public attitudes.Having carried out reform and opening-up policy for thirty years, China has given birth to many new thoughts and things while so-called catchwords appropriately bear witness to these changes.Changing times arouses surge in people’s mind, which seeks innovation methods from a linguistic point of view.Therefore, based on complicated psychology and social background, catchwords mostly result form era of social changes which carry much higher cultural contents.Meanwhile, some also originate from dialects and influenced by regional cultures.In a word, the existence and prevalence of catchwords is both a cultural phenomenon and a linguistic phenomenon.From a positive aspect, catchwords are pipelines to multiply lexis and also accesses to some certain social culture or emotional abreactions.Moreover, network catchwords are one type of whole catchwords.Network catchwords namely prevalent words in internet which are the expressions established by netizens through common usage.With popularization of the internet, Chinese netizens create many humorous and witty words some of which spread like wildfire through internet and also gradually enter the 1

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social life.These network catchwords as a type of special linguistic variants also hold cultural connotations besides denotations.All in all, network catchwords use vivid forms to express special meanings, which enrich our discourse space, generalize the raw style and content for living together with build up aesthetic value through ridicule person and ridicule words.With social development, cultural diversification and flourishing mass media as well as thriving network, the popularization range of network catchwords will be expanded step by step.Thus, it is necessary to research its Chinese-English translations because they have a realistic meaning in current society.The thesis consists of five chapters.Chapter one is an introduction to background information of catchword and network catchword.Chapter two firstly focuses on the sources of network catchwords then concludes the causes of its popularity.Chapter three introduces main features of network catchwords.By means of arduous analysis and generalization, chapter four have given priority to the English translation versions of Chinese network catchwords.Finally, the thesis comes to a conclusion.本科畢業論文

Chapter2 Sources of Network Catchwords The birth of internet to the production of human life brought about profound changes.Network becomes the fourth media after newspaper, radio and television and also creates new information exchanges and dissemination, which has brought communication environment, communication way to update and formed a new variant of network language-network catchwords.Xie Xinzhou(2002)considered that generalized network language could be classified into three types, firstly network technical terms like online, chat room, website, internet bar and hacker and so on.Secondly, language used in chat room, BBS or other forums namely netizens’ communication language.Thirdly, language of network news, network advertisement and network literature.However, narrowly-defined network catchwords refer to the second type.On one hand, lexis is one of the most active aspects in linguistic revolution of which network catchwords are complicated one.Furthermore, the formation and development of any language are linked with social background and cultural accumulation.It is these sources that form the new linguistic style—network catchwords.2.1 From Network Expression

With the coming of internet era, network has penetrated into people’s daily life.Though closely linked with communication activities of daily life, Language used in the virtual world is different from it.2.1.1 From Current Affairs

CNN(Cable News Network)originally is a US cable news channel founded in 1980 by Ted Turner.Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24 hour television news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States(Wikipedia).In the CNN report of 2008, it appeared foreign media’s twisted coverage of Tibet happenings.Many Chinese thought it was biased.It drew more attention after CNN commentator Jack Cafferty’s rude talk of China 3

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during the Olympic torch passed in the United States.Later, network catchword做人不能太CNN(do not be too CNN)which means how to keep one’s integrity towards some falsification events becomes popular among netizens.In previous time, 打醬油(to get some soy sauce)was a true portrayal of people’s daily life.Nowadays, it is given a new meaning it is none of my business to imply audiences’ attitudes of drawing veil over politics and sensitive topics to protect themselves.As far as we know, Phoenix was a miraculous animal and king of birds in Chinese ancient mythology and legend.However, in Western mythology, there still has such kind of bird called fire bird or immortal bird.As Chinese saying goes golden phoenix flying from the deep hill, the new compounding catchword鳳凰男(phoenix man)is prevalent in society because it represents a kind of men who grew up poor and in the countryside, but later move to a big city and married a city girl.Are you obsessed with football? If you are, you must know the source of network catchword叉腰肌(Psoas muscle).Xie Yalong, the former head of the Chinese Football Association, once criticized women players, saying they have weak psoas muscles.(this is the muscle that links the trunk to the legs ,it is important for motion.)However, nobody knew where the muscle is.Altogether, about the network catchwords of this type, it is hard to find corresponding English versions in the progress of translation.As long as event-backgrounds are defined, translation versions will be better understood by foreigners.2.1.2 From Network Paste Bar

What is paste bar? Paste bar is an online community bound tightly with searching service in which people express what they think about a specific topic, like a big group.In this big group, there are so many smaller groups, each group has its own keywords which is the common interest of every members.Generally, users search or create a bar by keyword.They type the keyword and enter the bar.If the bar has not been created before, it will be created at the time you search it(Wikipedia).Due to the convenience of senting pictures into internet, sometimes, many netizens are struck 4

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dumb with astonishments even without uttering any words to depict them when faced with these weird, peculiar pictures.So the word雷(stun)becomes an replacement to express netizens’

embarrassing feelings of that specific moment.After that, these new lexis 雷人(stunning),雷倒(stunned)and 雷文(stunning words)came out but not briefly translated as surprise or astonishing just with literal meanings.From internet forum mop hodgepodge in March,2009, a netizen named don’t be infatuated with me have a spoof on some pictures and then others quickly transmit the catchword不要迷戀哥，哥只是一個傳說(Don’t be obsessed with me, I’m only a legend.)in internet.Later, in September, someone posts a photograph of an non-mainstream man eating noodle adding a sentence哥吃的不是面，是寂寞(What I’m eating is not noodles, but solitude)in Baidu paste bar.After that, this catchword turns out to be the greatest love of people.With fertile imaginations of new generations about new social fashion, they create different kinds of network catchwords to generalize some kinds of people.Nowadays, many job-seeking youngsters including college students devote their time and energy to preparing exams that award an array of certificates in order to prove their language and computer skills in the hope of securing an edge over other applicants in the job market.Because of this phenomenon, the network catchword哈證族(Certificate maniac)emerges as the times require.On the contrary, a graduate student once issued a post to claim that he was employed without knowing.Behind the scenes, we could imagine what the true employment percentage of university graduates is.Additionally, the word 被就業(falsification of graduates employment status)comes into people’s view.In other cases, some traditional words change or completely change its original semantic meanings to some degree in current society.Some small factories started by small workshops imitate famous brands to create low-price, civilian products.Owing to their cheapness and popularity, the catchwords 山寨(copycatting)becomes a top hit because it reflects common phenomenon in Chinese manufacturing industry.Therefore,山寨(copycatting)originally means a mountain fortress but later transforms into new meaning duplicates of world class brands criticized by foreigners on this phenomenon.Moreover, Google gives a suitable 5

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translation version copycatting which has been included to network dictionary.2.2 From Entertainment Industry

The entertainment industry(also informally known as show business or show biz)consists of a large number of sub-industries devoted to entertainment.However, the term is often used in the mass media to describe the mass media companies that control the distribution and manufacture of mass media entertainment.In the popular parlance, the term show biz in particular connotes the commercially popular performing arts, especially musical theatre, vaudeville, comedy, film, television play and variety shows etc.Broadly speaking, as a type of tertiary industry, the bloom of entertainment not only brings about mental and psychological pleasure in people, but also makes us have an opportunity to taste new-appeared network catchwords.2.2.1 From Television Play

A television sketch不差錢(Money is not a problem)of Spring Festival Evening Party in 2009 becomes popular all over the country after the classic performance of Zhao Benshan,Xiao Shenyang.Nowadays, some guests always use this catchword when having meals in restaurants.Along with audiences’ high concern on house slave of television play蝸居(dwelling narrowness),two catchwords 蟻族(the ant tribe)and 房奴(house slave)of this type are becoming hit catchwords during the two meetings(National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference)of 2010.Meanwhile,the classical lines人情債，我肉償了(My debts of gratitude have been repaid with my body!)also receives an unexpected reaction in the recesses of people’s heart.As far as I am concern, the reason why these words of dwelling narrowness are conspicuous in current society is that this teleplay deeply touches white-collar employees to the sweets and bitters of battling strenuously for a house.While at the early time of previous year, Topics in Focus of CCTV broadcasts a programme suspicious toll which immediately causes public concern on it.When questioned how large amounts of Tianjin annual road construction loan, Liu Bo, deputy director of Tianjin municipal highway

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administration fees said that it can not be explained in detail(這事不能細說)which turns into a conspicuous network catchwords implying the dirty trick among some governmental or regional departments.Are you familiar with Lecture Room of CCTV 10? If you are, you may be a fan of Yi Zhongtian.In a programme of Lecture Room, professor Yi Zhongtian once sighed such a sentence,悲劇啊(tragedy,ah).Later, netizens copy this exclamatory sentence into internet filled with allegorical illustration.Thus, netizens has given birth to the usage of such catchwords人生就像茶幾，上面擺滿了茶具(Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life)in internet.Besides the above-mentioned catchwords, dialects of some teleplay also arouse audiences’ interest and then popularize over the whole country.For example, dialect catchwords 得瑟(arrogant/rampant)and妥了(something is done)become beloved ones in people’s mouths.2.2.2 From Film and Variety Show

In view of 2008 Chinese network catchwords issued by Google at the beginning of 2009 year, monosyllabic catchwords become eye-catching objects among people.With the hit broadcast of film Lost on Journey, 囧(sunken)originated from ancient Chinese character literally means light shining through a window while refers embarrassing or confused under the circumstance of variety shows.However, official translation issued by Google(2009)is being sunk in accordance with foreign culture because Google considers that embarrassing generally means awkward in Chinese people’s minds.With the popularity of the hit show If You Are the One, a series of catchwords閃婚(shotgun marriage),做秀(make a show)and 拜金主義(money warship)represent new hit topics on personal values towards contemporary society, family relations and individuals.For instance, Ma Nuo, a player of the hit shows If You Are the One once said ‘I would rather cry in the BMW, than smile in the bicycle’.Thought this material girl was well-known by us, how many other worldly girls are there in current society?

2.3 From Foreign Words

Foreign words play a vital role in the formation of network catchwords to some extent of

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which English accounts for large part.In internet, we frequently see the new catchword 酷斃了(ultra cool)and 曬(share)appeared in entertainment programmes.In fact, both two words are originated from transliteration of English words ultra cool and share.The first word is used to express astonishing, exciting feelings about performance.While the latter word is a self-released life style to share personal resources with others including innovation, life condition, pets etc.In summation, whether from network expression, expression in industry or foreign words, the whole sources reflect the complicated and dynamic features of network catchwords.It is its unique and popular sources that attract many people’s close attention to the starting and ending of each social event.2.4 Causes of the Popularity of Network Catchwords

American scholar J.B.Pride(1971)once put forward the theory Covariation between Language and Social Structure in his book The Social Meaning of Language.When social life has gradual or sudden changes, language as a social phenomenon will necessarily change in accordance with the tempo of social life progress.Nowadays, being in a transitional period, China has corresponding and intense changes in social structure and life.By the end of 2010, the number of Chinese netizens reaches 457.3 million which leaps to the first place in the world.With the fast development of the Internet, social resources like speech privilege, acquisition right and sensibility towards social events are being redistributed.Under the strict regulation of traditional media in domestic China, the Internet is regarded as a platform on behalf of freedom of speech and grassroots culture which has a dominant role in public opinions.Moreover, Linguists hold that language expresses not only contents but also closely relates to life style, economic level and current affairs.During the period of reform and opening-up, advertisement language was being the greatest love of all among citizens.While in recent years, network catchwords become the top topic in streets and lanes.Innovation of any social behavior always motivates linguistic changes.In other words, linguistic changes are the external representation of 8

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people’s social behavior.For instance, the development of network makes people actively participate into social life to express their thoughts and reach affirmative praise from other people towards their talents and innovations.In this participation society, each person has the right to give free rein to his imagination, unique thoughts.According to the table of 27th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China by China Internet Network Information Center in 19 January, 2011, the age span of Chinese netizens from 10 to 39 takes up 81.9 percent in 2009;80.5% in 2010 compared with the whole ages.Concerning academic degree and educational background of the netizen group, there are large numbers of student netizens holding a college or equivalent degree in China.Filled with agile minds and special pursuits for fashion and innovation, these youngsters spare free time in virtual world without bearing heavy burden on realistic life.Undoubtedly, they provide themselves with private spaces for exerting talents and abilities.Once social events appear in all kinds of media, netizen groups will actively express their personal judgment in the first time in order to amuse themselves or audiences.From the viewpoint of our country, public opinions play a good supervisory role in public affairs;as for audiences themselves, their reflections on social events seem to be like a flavoring of releasing stress of work and life, family friction and interpersonal relationship.Nowadays, network catchwords become fashionable for a time of which each one has an affair happened behind the scene.As for the network catchwords 范跑跑(Running Fan), it emerged in response to Fan Meizhong’s escape from classroom regardless of any student when Wenchuan earthquake happened in May,12,2008.Later, he issued a post named the moment the earth was moving and said ‘at the moment between life and death, I may care sacrificing myself only for my daughter.Other people even like my mother;I would ignore them in that case.’ His escape behavior and outrage speech cause hot topic among netizens and then they give him a nickname running Fan.On one hand, this popular catchword wakens Chinese people the loss of teachers’ virtue in current society.On the other hand, it also reflects collective concern and fierce

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response of Chinese netizens towards this event.Another network catchword 我爸是李剛(My father is Li Gang)refers to the event a 22-year-old student of HeBei University named Li Qiming, who was intoxicated, tried to speed away after a Volkswagen sedan he drove raced down a narrow lane and struck two students named Chen Xiaofeng and Zhang Jingjing head-on.Security guards intercepted him, but he was undeterred.He warned them, my father is Li Gang(the deputy police chief in the Beishi district of Baoding).Thus, the transparence of social events not only motivates people’s communication enthusiasms for thoughts, beliefs and participation but also make more netizens actively express their attitudes and judgments towards society events.Accordingly, network catchwords as recorder of social history are closely connected with realistic society in which netizens reveal their genuine attitudes towards thinking, grievances or enjoyment in society.Though being different from rigorous and complete language of traditional mass media, network catchwords always simply arouse public concentrated feelings through netizens’ opinions on top issues.Consequently, in current multicultural society, the appearance of network media provides audiences golden opportunities with new things, rich minds and fashionable life style.At the same time, the transparency of social events and people’s great concern on current affairs both motivate the popularity of network catchwords.本科畢業論文

Chapter 3 Features of Network Catchwords

Network is just like an open square towards people while anonymity breaks the bound of authority and reverse relations between center and edge.In the network stage, grassroots netizens attain unprecedented freedom of expression, which leads to depressed netizens roaring out special language to audiences.Network catchwords are just special language to some extent.Thus, most netizens regard the popularity of network catchwords as success of common people.On all accounts, network catchwords are the conventional product of social collective thoughts while containing love-hate sentiments and value judgments on social events.Why do so many people like such kind of language style? For many netizens, using network catchwords not only show their close concern on social events but also save their time to reach economic effects due to its popularity and periodic features.Of network catchwords itself, it perfectly combines advantages between linguistic inheritance and linguistic innovation to form this unique language style.3.1 Combination of Linguistic Inheritance and Innovation

The advancement and development of any language firstly can not depart from linguistic transmission and inheritance.Undoubtedly, network catchwords originate from realistic society.Thus, formations of network catchwords like monosyllable, compounding of lexis and sentence are similar to spoken language or written language in ordinary life.Moreover, innovation includes three features new, unusual and queer.New mostly refers to spoken expressions based on distinctive feature and condition of current life.For instance,富二代(second rich generation)originally appeared from an entertainment programme refers to these rich children who were born in the 1980s and might inherit property of hundred million.Unusual is not a special or rebelling but reflections of minds and dispositions which displays special thoughts of linguistic users.Like Chinese characters 槑(nuts)pronounced mei,the word is a variant of the word for 梅.but it also looks like a double version of the character 呆

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which means stupid.So netizens have borrowed it to mean 槑 nuts.Queer partly means going against even destroying linguistic convention on the basis of arbitrariness and dynamics.Some catchwords surpass lexical collocation standard like被就業(falsification of graduates employment status)and abuse usage of linguistic arbitrariness as 歇菜(finished，dead, napoo).However, just these unconventional usages of network catchwords bring about netizen unique feelings.3.2 Economic effect

Economic principle is a fundamental one to conduct human behaviors.Usage of language as one of human behaviors also accords with the influence of economic principle.In other words, the smallest cognitive expense exchanges the biggest communication profits.American pragmatic scholar Laurence Horn(2002)holds that people are apt to choose the least words to satisfy both speakers and hearers.Formation and pragmatic aspects of network catchwords reflect both concision and condensation trait.Such as Chinese-English abbreviative words Happy(開心)一下,今天太high(興奮)了(it is so exciting today!),你真out(落伍)了(you are behind the times).3.3 Popular and Periodic Tendencies

The essential feature of network catchwords is its popularity.Unlike these steady traditional words, some catchwords will be gradually gone out of use until accepted and recognized by citizens to become ordinary lexis.For this reason, network catchwords are dynamic phenomenon and go through the process of appearance-popular-disappearance with exception of turning into ordinary words.In view of late network catchwords found in television programme, and hot social issues by netizens, the catchword打醬油(get some soy sauce)gradually fade away with the end of influence and then is replaced by newly-appeared event magic horses are floating clouds(神馬都是浮云).When netizens type Chinese characters 什么啊 by means of Sogou pinyin input method, without remembering the usage of delimiter ′, so pinyin s′m′a always turns

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into s′ma(神馬).Thus, magic horses(神馬)become a top hit in current internet due to its humorous effect.Whereas, the word floating clouds(浮云)namely illusory or fleeting meaning nothing is worthy of being mentioned.During the national day of 2010, a post named thank you a perfect friend for bringing me a sentimental national day reminds us of these weird and thunderous words spoken by xiaoyueyue.Hence, netizen connect magic horses with floating clouds to describe her because other words are less insipid than these two words.These two catchwords give us desperate but detached feelings which represent certain mental features of social people.Of course, other catchwords also keep its consistent popularity like English abbreviation PK concerned by people in 2005.Though some local government definitely prohibiting its usage in textbooks or media, this word is still prevalent in spoken language, mass media, and advertisement.Another example Gelivable(給力)originally comes from Japanese humorous animation Journey to the West-the destination of Pilgrimage.When the four people reach tianzhu(Just have a flag marked two words tianzhu)through trials and tribulations, meanwhile, Wukong complains ungelivable, master.During the period of 2010 world cup, the word gelivable(給力)becomes all the rage for football fans and netizen.Thereby, popular and periodic features of network catchwords become a general trait accepted by netizens and linguists.3.4 Vulgarness Expression

Network as a virtual space in which netizens hide their ages, genders, identifications and social status in order to gross over their natural countenances.Without concerning about actual condition, they always speak their minds without reservation to show off so-called self-righteous attitudes.Owing to the platform in revealing gloomy sentiments, someone unscrupulously create language rubbishes to get rid of their grievances or satisfy vulgar tastes such as appearances of TMD(他媽的)/ NND(奶奶的)/ SB(傻逼).These vulgar words may penetrate into traditional media step by step even some become new favorite of mainstream press.Therefore, it is necessary for us to draw

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the essence and discard the dregs from current network catchwords.Although network catchwords are prevalent among people because of its weird, special formation, some of which directly form rude even obscene linguistic phenomenon.Thus, it is necessary for us to have right judgments from the scurrilous network catchwords.Certainly, besides above-mentioned four main aspects, there are also other features of network catchwords like background trait, holding strong cultural color, usage of irony and metaphor as well as analogical devices duplicated into network.本科畢業論文

Chapter 4 Translation Methods of Network Catchwords In the informal verbal communication, network catchwords cater to popular tastes and also bring about translators a lot of troubles.In the thesis, it mainly refers to Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence theory as a whole.Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence are two approaches to translation, of which the former attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text(if necessary, at the expense of word order, the source text’s grammatical voice, etc.)while the latter means to render the text word-for-word(if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language).The two approaches respectively represent emphasis on readability and literal fidelity to the source text.There is no sharp boundary between Functional and Formal equivalence.Broadly, the two represent a spectrum of translation approaches.Furthermore, the terms Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence are associated with the translator Eugene Nida, and were originally coined to describe ways of translating the Bible, but nowadays the two approaches are applicable to any translation(Wikipedia).Therefore, Nida acclaims that there are no such things as identical equivalence in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the closest possible equivalent.Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence, Functional Equivalence and Formal Equivalence theory.In specific translation skills, the thesis will contain literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes and adapted translation etc.the following translation references all originate from China Daily Website(2009/2010)and Google(2009).4.1 Literal Translation

Literal translation or direct translation is the rendering of text from one language to another word for word rather than conveying the sense of the original(Wikipedia).Spoken network catchwords always refer to new words that appeared in casual or informal circumstance used by netizens.Literal translations of catchwords always appeared in the forum and entertainment

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news like狗仔隊(paparazzi/ dog packs),做秀(make a show),拜金主義(money warship).For example, the network catchword狗仔隊 translated as paparazzi or dog packs has a vivid which seems to be like a pack of dogs chase something at top speed.Some popular sentences are still used by netizens as follows.哥吃的不是面，是寂寞.(What I’m eating is not noodles, but solitude.)不要迷戀哥，哥只是一個傳說.(Don’t be obsessed with me, I’m only a legend.)

4.2 Literal Translation with Interlinear Notes While faced with some social events on the basis of backgrounds, when translate it directly, the additional explanations of events are necessary to make foreigners understood clearly and concisely as follows.When a person in Guangzhou was asked to give his opinion of the sex scandal involving Hong Kong star Edison Chen(Chen Guanxi), the man answered, it is none of my business and I am just out to get some soy sauce.Later, this catchword implies audience’s attitudes of being worldly-wise and playing safe.Thus, the network catchword 打醬油 Get some soy sauce(it implies the meaning it is none of my business)become popular in different strata.鳳凰男 Phoenix man(a man who grew up poor and in the countryside, but later moved to a big city and married a city girl.)Another case like this, Xie Yalong, the former head of the Chinese Football Association, once criticized women players, saying they have weak psoas muscles.(This is the muscle that links the trunk to the legs;it is important for motion.)However, nobody, including the players, knew where the muscle is.So the catchword叉腰肌Psoas muscle(having nothing definite in mind)takes on overnight.At the same time, one night in late October of 2010 in Baoding, China.A college student named Chen Xiaofeng was in-line skating with a friend on the grounds of Hebei University in

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central China.They were gliding past the campus grocery when a Volkswagen sedan raced down a narrow lane and struck them head-on.The impact sent Ms Chen flying and broke the other woman’s leg.The 22-year-old driver named Li Qiming, who was intoxicated, tried to speed away.Security guards intercepted him, but he was undeterred.He warned them, ‘My father is Li Gang!’ Later, the network catchword我爸是李剛 My father is Li Gang(it implies morbid psychology of the second officer generation)represents us the genuine psychology of some contemporary adolescents.4.3 Free Translation

Free translation is applied when there is conflict between the source language meaning and the form of target language expression, that is to say, when the language form in the target language can not faithfully convey the meaning that is expressed in the corresponding target language form.In this case, meaning is the first choice.The translator has to give up the original language form and try to keep the meaning instead.Free translation does not mean that the translator can ignore the source text;it only means that the surface structure of the source text is not completely rendered while the deep structure is faithfully reproduced.Free translations always apply to these words when netizens conclude specialized name after reading representative articles such as 閃婚(shotgun marriage),山寨(copycatting),哈證族(certificate maniac).For instance, the word 閃婚 literally gives us a shock feeling of quick marriage as startled as a clap of thunder.So the translation version shotgun marriage just conforms to the charm of source language.Other spoken catchwords originally come from dialect language then become popular in society.For example, Northeastern catchwords 得瑟 was also prevalent along with television play Country love meaning rampant, aggressive or arrogant.妥了(something is ok / done)from television named Happiness of the eldest among siblings is also frequently quoted by netizens.In order to save time and improve efficiency, many monosyllabic catchwords appear to suit 17

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audience tastes as follows.在這里碰到他，雷！(It is embarrassing to meet him here!)可真夠雷人的！(It is so stunning!)你女友的身材簡直酷斃了！(How slim your girlfriend’s figure is!)人在囧途(Lost on journey)囧事(Embarrassing things)Some network popular sentences have vivid meanings and regional differences.Due to the cultural differences, there might be existing semantic vacancies, namely, Chinese cultural connotations have not corresponding elements in English language.Under this circumstance, translation materials should satisfy foreign culture and psychology.Such as,(R represents right, W represents wrong)不差錢！R: Money is not a big deal / problem!W: there is no lack of money!人情債，我肉償了！R: I have paid the debt of gratitude by selling my self!

W: I have paid the debt of gratitude with my flesh!

曬工資 R:

Wages online exposure

W:

Shine one’s wages

4.4 Free Translation with Interlinear Notes

During a CCTV interview about a new Internet censorship regulation, a girl said that an uncensored web page once popped up on her computer.She called it ‘very pornographic, very violent’.Some believe the girl was told to say it by CCTV, so it is now used to mock the way the network covers news.So the word很黃很暴力 very pornographic, very violent(it implies some

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websites’ unrestricted regulations on many pornographic pictures)reflect the falsification coverage of some websites on unhealthy web pages.做人不能太CNN do not be too CNN(It emerged in response to foreign media’s falsification of Tibet happenings even the commentator Jack Cafferty’s rude talk of china to express how to keep one’s integrity towards some falsification events).In this translation version, 做人 could not be given priority to the translation of to conduct yourself, to behave.In western countries, people stress on done or undone in the influence of democracy and freedom.For this reason, do not be too CNN is much better for foreigners’ psychology.4.5 Affixation Method

Nominal catchwords always add to an affixation to state its meaning by use of suffix and prefix.××族(adding a suffix –ers）

刷卡族(card-users), 工薪族(wage-earners)×奴(adding a suffix word slave)房奴(mortgage slave), 婚奴(wedding slave)While 巨搞(spoof), 臥槽族(job-hugging clan)is exception without adding to affixation mega-and –ers.4.6 Adapted Translations of Sentences

Some network catchwords are formed in the way of imitation, analogy, pun or conferring traditional words to new meanings, unconventional word-making to receive humorous and ridicule effect.In order to reach this effect, adapted translation skills are good for keeping functional equivalence.人生就像茶幾，上面擺滿了杯具(Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life).In

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Chinese character, 悲劇(tragedy)is the homonym of 杯具(tableware).So, corresponding translation is fit for delicate touch of pun usage

被就業(Bei jiuye, which is impossible to translate.Literally, is be hired, but it really means be hired without one’s knowing).This is a passive structure and also an unconventional phrase.The word 被 implies a black humor to express unavoidable obsession upon some social phenomenon.Due to the complicated and dynamic features of network catchwords, it is difficulty for many translators to have identically accurate English translation versions of Chinese network catchwords.As for the translations of network catchwords of this type, acquainting with foreign cultures and target language expressions plays a key role in the translation equivalence between the source text and the target language.本科畢業論文

Chapter 5 Conclusion After previous discuss on the thesis, it will have a conclusion of the whole paper.The thesis starts with an introduction to background information of catchword and network catchword, of which their relationship and difference have been displayed clear for us.The second part firstly introduces the sources of network catchwords mainly from network expression, expression in industry and foreign words.With the appearance of network, people gradually indulge in their opinions on social events.It is the concerned thoughts of netizens from transparency of social events that stimulate the popularity of network catchwords.After the detailed analysis of its sources and causes, people begin to pay more attention to features of network catchwords.Thus, on one hand, the formation of network catchwords is a combination of linguistic inheritance and innovation to some extent.On the other hand, because of its concision, humor, popularity and periodicity features, the usage of network catchwords save most time for audiences but abuse formations also bring about vulgar linguistic phenomenon.By way of detailed and vivid introductions of three previous chapters, the English translations versions of Chinese network catchwords will be represented under the guidance of Nida’s Functional Equivalence theory.In specific conditions, the thesis will contain literal translation, literal translation with interlinear notes, free translation, free translation with interlinear notes and adapted translation etc.The famous translator Eugene Nida sets forth the differences in translation, as he accounts for it, within three basic factors.(1)The nature of the message.In some messages, the content is of primary consideration and in others the form must be given a higher priority.(2)The purpose of the author and of the translator.To give information on both form and content;to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message;for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation.(3)The type of audiences.Prospective audiences differ both in decoding ability and in potential interest(Wikipedia).As far as I am concerned, based on its 21

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detail causes, sources and features, the English translations of Chinese network catchwords should not only take cultural differences between natives and foreigners into account, but also need finding corresponding or appropriate target-language versions with the accurate grasp of foreign cultures.As long as conforming to reflections of target-people, it might be appearing much better translation versions.Due to its complicated and dynamic features, there are all kinds of network catchwords in different category.What is more, for current linguists, they mainly have given priority to the research on the definition, formation of network catchwords.In view of academic blank in this aspect, the thesis will have a brief discuss on translation methods to find corresponding English versions of Chinese network catchwords according to the four previous aspects.Owing to the lack of relating translation materials, please oblige me with your valuable comments and criticism.At last, I thank all of you for giving me your generous helps and enormous enthusiasms to motivate me complete the thesis.本科畢業論文

Bibliography [1] China’s top 10 Internet buzzwords of 2009 [EB/OL].http://www.tmdps.cn/wiki/Eugene-Nida.[4] Nord, Christiane.Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist Approach Explained [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.[5] Reiss, Katharine.Translation Criticism-the Potentials and Limitations, Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment [M].Manchester: St.Jerome Publishing, 2000.[6] Suzanne, Romaine.Language in society.An Introduction to sociolinguistics [M].Oxford: Oxford university press, 1994.[7]曾常紅.試論現代流行語流行的基本條件[J].華中科技大學學報(社會科學).[8]顧源.社會學視野下的網絡流行語分析[J].社會學, 2009(3)：15-20． [9]黃濤.流行語與社會時尚文化[M].上海: 上海辭書出版社, 2003.[10]林綱.網絡用語的類型及其特征[J].修辭學習, 2002(1).[11]林大津.跨文化交際研究[M].福州: 福建人民出版社, 1996(10).[12]李亮，黃樂平，王翊． 網絡流行語探析[J].語文學刊：高等教育版, 2009(7)：116-118． [13]劉志杰.網絡熱詞傳播的社會現象透視[J].新聞世界, 2009(6)：143-144． [14]索緒爾.普通語言學教程.高銘凱,譯.北京: 商務印書館, 2001.[15]盛若菁.網絡流行語的社會文化分析[J].江淮論壇, 2008(4)：119-121，158． [16]許鐘寧.網絡詞語變異的語言文化解析[J].修辭學習, 2004(6).[17]許斐絢.解讀當下青少年流行語.http:// www.tmdps.cn.hk/Psychtheory.[18]楊玲.從網絡流行語看大眾文化特征[D].華中師范大學, 2006.[19]中國流行語2009發布榜:文匯新民聯合報業集團新聞信息中心,文匯出版社2009年5月版.

第二篇：網絡流行語英文PPT

2015年即將要過去了。回首一年，都有哪些網絡流行語紅極一時呢？你知道用英文怎么講嘛？跟小編一起看看吧！

1.上交給國家(handover sth to the government)“上交給國家”出自電視劇版《盜墓筆記》，為了能順利過審，主角吳邪一改原著中的盜墓說辭，改成將所有看到的文物“上交國家”，于是片中的所有寶藏，都擺脫不了“上交國家”的命運，由此引發原著粉和看劇黨的大規模的吐槽。

這個詞組也是屬于中國特有滴，所以小編認為直譯會比較靠譜，即為handover sth to the government 或者說handover sth to the authority，你覺得呢？ 2.嚇死本寶寶了(scared to death)“嚇死寶寶了”這里的“寶寶”指的是自己，是嚇死我了的意思，自稱本寶寶只是為了賣萌，說自己很可愛！可以譯成im scared to death或者說it scared my pants off!3.明明可以靠臉吃飯(could have earned a living with face)小編認為這句話用英語表達就是：she could have earned a living with face, but instead, she uses her talent.4.世界那么大，我想去看看(the world is big and i want to see it.)5.睡什么睡，起來嗨(wake up and get high with us!)6.重要的事情說三遍(important things cannot be underscored too much.)最早說的應該是某房地產網站的電臺廣告語：“走直線，走直線，走直線，重要的事情說三遍。”此廣告一經推出，迅速火遍各大電臺，重要事情說三遍被各類廣告和跟風使用，洗腦作用可見一斑。

7.傻白甜(blonde)傻白甜通常指電視劇或電影中的女主角，蠢萌沒有心機，后用來形容沒有演技的角色。傻白甜有兩個方向，一是指盡管橋段有些老舊，但劇情并不狗血，比較美好溫柔甜美的愛情故事；另外可以用來形容愛情故事里的女主角，個性沒有心機，蠢萌可愛，讓人感覺很溫馨。

在英語中相應的表達就是blonde，來形容那些容貌姣好，內心單純甚至有點小傻的女人。8.我的內心幾乎是崩潰的(i lost my control, in my heart.)某公司ceo在接受媒體采訪中說了一句：“我的內心幾乎是崩潰的”，鴨梨山大的表達道出很多人的心聲，在播出之后被不少網友爭相借用，成為2015年的熱詞。9.小鮮肉(he is such a young handsome!)用于形容年輕、帥氣、有肌肉的男生，一般是指年齡在12-25歲之間的性格純良，感情經歷單純，沒有太多的情感經驗，且長相俊俏的男生。10.城會玩(townies behaviors.)“你們城里人真會玩(we cant understand you townies behaviors.)”的簡稱，指某些人的行為很作。

11.心塞(feel stifled)12.么么噠(love you, my darling)一般用于情侶、閨蜜或關系較好的人之間，表示親近的意思，可譯為love you, my darling, my dear。

13.你行你上啊(you can you up/if you can do it then you should go up and do it.)14.有錢就是任性(a rich man is capricious.)這句話也在2015年紅遍了大江南北，有人明知自己被騙，但還是給騙子匯去54萬元。警察問他為什么時，他說就想知道騙子還能騙他多少錢！被廣大網友調侃為：有錢就是這么任性！

任性一詞在兩會上被官方翻譯翻成了capricious，更多人覺得willful比較貼切，所以“有錢任性”可以譯為a rich man is absolutely capricious/willful.或者you rich men can do anything with the money you’ve got.篇二：英語網絡流行語

eps: representative(銷售)代表 expd: experienced 有經驗的 req: required 需要 ext.: extension 延伸、擴展 sal: salary 工資 fr.ben: fringe benefits 額外福利 sctry: secretary 秘書 f/t: full time 全日制 sh: shorthand 人手不足 gd: good 好sr: senior 資深 grad: graduate 畢業 stdnt: student 學生 hosp: hospital 醫院 stmts: statements 報告 hdqtrs : headquarters 總部 tech: technical 技術上 hr: hour 小時 tel/ph: telphone 電話 hrly: hourly 每小時 temp: temporarily 臨時性(工作)hs: high school 高中(學歷)trans: transportation 交通 immed: immediate 立即 trnee: trainee 實習生 incl: including 包括 typ: typing/typist 打字/打字員 ind: industrial 工業的 wk: week/work 周/工作 inexp: inexperienced 無經驗的 wpm: words per minute 打字/每分鐘 intl: international 國際性的 yr(s): year(s)年1.素質教育 ：quality education2.eq：分兩種，一種為教育商數 educational quotient，另一種情感商數 emotional quotient3.保險業： the insurance industry4.保證重點指出： ensure funding for priority areas5.補發拖欠的養老金： clear up pension payments in arrears6.不良貸款： non-performing loan7.層層轉包和違法分包： mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting8.城鄉信用社： credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas9.城鎮居民最低生活保障： a minimum standard of living for city residents10.城鎮職工醫療保障制度： the system of medical insurance for urban workers11.出口信貸： export credit12.貸款質量： loan quality13.貸款質量五級分類辦法： the five-category assets classification for bank loans14.防范和化解金融風險： take precautions against and reduce financial risks15.防洪工程： flood-prevention project16.非法外匯交易 ： illegal foreign exchange transaction17.非貿易收匯： foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels18.非銀行金融機構： non-bank financial institutions19.費改稅： transform administrative fees into taxes20.跟蹤審計： foolow-up auditing21.工程監理制度： the monitoring system for projects22.國有資產安全： the safety of state-owned assets23.過度開墾 ： excess reclamation24.合同管理制度： the contract system for governing projects25.積極的財政政策 ： pro-active fiscal policy26.基本生活費： basic allowance27.解除勞動關系： sever labor relation28.金融監管責任制： the responsibility system for financial supervision29.經濟安全： economic security30.靠擴大財政赤字搞建設： to increase the deficit to spend more on development31.擴大國內需求 ： the expansion of domestic demand32.拉動經濟增長： fuel economic growth33.糧食倉庫： grain depot34.糧食收購企業： grain collection and storage enterprise35.糧食收購資金實行封閉 2009年中國十大網絡流行語英文版

這是一個充滿無限可能的時代，也是一個網絡推動的時代。歲末將至，盤點2009年中出現的每一句網絡流行語，無一不與我們的生活息息相關；細讀每一個網絡流行語詼諧和無厘頭的背后，無一不是對現實問題的最理性的思考。

值此之際，特別推出2009十大網絡流行語的英文版，讓我們一起來對剛剛走遠的集體記憶溫故知新。1.不差錢

money is not a problem.出處：2009年央視春晚，趙本山、小沈陽等演出了小品《不差錢》。幾乎一夜之間，二人轉演員小沈陽連同小品中的多句經典臺詞，紅遍大江南北。2.哥抽的不是煙，是寂寞！

what brother is smoking is not a cigarette, but loneliness!出處：7月初，在百度貼吧里突然有人發了一張一名非主流男子吃面的圖片，圖片配文“哥吃的不是面，是寂寞”。之后一發不可收拾，有網友相繼模仿“哥×的不是×，是寂寞”的句式，“哥上的不是網，是寂寞”、“哥愛的不是你，是寂寞”?? 3.賈君鵬你媽媽喊你回家吃飯！

jia junpeng, your mother wants you to go home to have some food.出處：賈君鵬只是個網絡虛擬人物，但是在2009年7月16日百度貼吧里的魔獸世界吧里，一個只有標題《賈君鵬，你媽媽喊你回家吃飯！》的空帖，短短幾個小時就被390617名網友瀏覽，引來超過1.7萬條回復，并在接下來的一天時間內吸引了710萬點擊和30萬的回復。入選理由：相當長一段時間內，“×××，你媽媽喊你回家吃飯！”這種兼具家庭式溫馨的調侃語錄成了最流行的網絡問候語，并影響了社會各界和媒體們對此語錄的深度分析。4.人生就像茶幾，上面擺滿了杯具。

life is like a tea table, with bitter cups placed all over it.出處：首先是易中天因為在一期《百家講壇》中瞪大眼睛感嘆了一句“悲劇啊”，結果就被網友截了圖并上傳到了網上，隨即成為無數網友爭相引用的簽名檔。其實，這句流行語的句式模板來自張愛玲筆下的———“人生是一襲華美的袍，上面爬滿了虱子。”

“杯具”一詞誕生后，網上出現了“杯具黨”，網友們又創造了“餐具（慘劇）”、“洗具（喜劇）”和“茶具（差距）”。

入選理由：在網友看來，“杯具”這個詞比“悲劇”能表現內心的無奈，同時又多了一分自嘲的樂觀態度，比之前單純的悲觀也多了一分希望。5.不要迷戀哥，哥只是個傳說。

dont be obsessed with brother.he is only a legend.出處：這句話的起源是貓撲大雜燴，由網友“不要迷戀哥”的一個帖子引起的惡搞。

入選理由：原本是很自戀的一句話，卻給無聊的生活添加了一瓶調味劑，它火到什么程度呢？連國際知名大導演張藝謀的新任“謀男郎”小沈陽都在唱“不要瘋狂地迷戀我，我只是個傳說??”

6.人情債，我肉償了！

my debts of gratitude have been repaid with my body!出處：《蝸居》用犀利的筆觸講述了現代都市白領階層對房子的渴望以及房奴生活的酸甜苦辣。雖然仍然以上海為故事背景，但劇中人物每日掙扎與奮斗，付出巨大的大城市生活成本，卻是很多都市白領的生活寫照，編劇六六的犀利臺詞也成為很多人新的msn簽名。

入選理由：除了關注熱門的社會話題外，劇中的臺詞也很潮，不僅幽默風趣充滿智慧，還貼近老百姓的生活。隨著《蝸居》的熱播，劇中犀利有深度的臺詞也隨之走紅，成為觀眾們討論的熱點。

7.你有什么不開心的？說出來讓大家開心一下。

what makes you unhappy? tell us to make us happy.出處：生活很苦，開心很難。所以要看開一點，你有什么不開心的，說出來讓大家開心一下。

入選理由：你失業了，那還有失戀的呢；你做生意失敗了，那還有自殺未遂的呢；天不遂人愿的事多了去了，要是都如意了，還要上帝干什么——帝哥說了，你們都爽了，我還保佑誰去？！

耍貧嘴才是生活的真諦，你噼里啪啦一頓胡侃，不光自己忘了苦惱，也把別人忽悠的忘乎所以——還一本正經的拉住你的手，放在她手心，一把鼻涕一把淚的說：麥兜，我終于找到生活的真諦了~ 8.你out了！

you are left behind the times.入選理由：據了解，現在國內無論是電視媒體還是平面媒體都在統計2009的流行語，對于out這個詞兒，有相當一部分人在肯定它流行的同時，也表現出了“深惡痛絕”的態度。這個詞兒乍一聽沒什么殺傷力，可真要攤到自己身上，還真是挺不舒服的。9.雷鋒做好事不留名，但把每一件事情都記到日記里。

lei feng does good without seeking recognition, but he records everything in his diary.出處：為什么雷鋒做好事不留名，但把每一件事情都記到日記里？這成為今年各大論壇的熱貼。人們的回答花樣百出，令人捧腹。

入選理由：接過雷鋒的槍，雷鋒是我們的好榜樣；接過雷鋒的槍，千萬個雷鋒在成長??兒時的歌又在耳邊響起。也有網友回帖道：雷鋒做了好事不留名，但是每一件事情都記到日記里面，而我從來不寫日記。10.這事兒不能說太細。

it cannot be explained in detail.入選理由：在天涯、貓撲等論壇，一些帖子下面，常常跟有“這事樓主說得太細了，下回注意”、“這事兒我不能說太細”之類的回帖，與去年“我是來打醬油的”、“做幾個俯臥撐就走”等回帖風格十分近似。在“百度知道”，已經出現了“這事兒不能說太細”的解答，并且已有網友建立“這事兒不能說太細”吧，搜狐還有網友列出了“這事兒不能說太細”的俄語、荷蘭語、法語、德語等版本譯法。

第三篇：畢業論文英文翻譯

武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

Automatic Statistical Process Control of a CNC Turning Centre Using Tool Offsets and Tool Change

P.R.Gibson and K.Hoang

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia

數控車削中心刀補及換刀的自動統計過程控制

P.R.Gibson and K.Hoang

澳大利亞伍倫貢大學機械工程系，新威爾士大學機械制造工程學

院 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

該論文涉及了自動統計過程控制（ASPC）在數控車削中刀補和換刀的自動周期測量上的運用。由于當今制造對快速穩定的控制系統的需求，而且為了實現較高的產出率，一個閉環ASPC系統已被采用。我們引入了自動周期測量技術，以全面測量該系統。

關鍵字： 工藝規劃； 數控； 車削 簡介

今天，所有制造行業都面臨著采用更加經濟高效的質量控制系統，以滿足客戶的需求這一問題。其中一個與檢驗相關的主要經濟性問題是，該費用不會直接增加產品的價格。因此，檢驗的目標應該是在成本最小化同時保證產品的質量，以滿足客戶的需求。開環與閉環系統

在近幾年的主要發展中，自動產品檢測已經從開環系統過渡到閉環系統。在開環控制系統中，操作員需要根據由測量單元得到的結果，采取相應的糾正措施。因此，從數據的的收集分析到糾正，使得系統的延時較長，很顯然，這是在快速精確響應及反饋場合所不愿見到的。

閉環控制系統可以將測量數據直接送到處理裝置并進行隨后的分析，然后自動將合適的糾正信號傳送給加工設備。因此，閉環控制系統的速度和精確性較高。閉環控制系統可以通過計算機來進行實時的數據分析，這樣就可以快速的對加工過程中的變量作出反應并修正，以防止產品缺陷。過程測量、周期測量和加工后測量

自動測量系統并不是一個新概念，各種類型的自動測量系統已推出多年。到目前為止，自動測量過程采用了三種模式：

1.過程測量。該測量不會中斷加工進程。這往往被認為是理想的測量技術，因為沒有任何斷過程，從而節省了時間，進而減少該產品的總成本。缺點是不適用于惡劣的環境，比如車削中可能存在的大量高速切屑粒，冷卻液以及潤滑劑。

2.周期測量。該測量伴隨著加工周期。與過程測量不同的是，這種測量必須停止加工進程。在數控機床的高運行成本下，測量周期可以與加工周期相同，或者更長。這可能使最終產品成本的大大增加，因為在測量時，昂貴的機床并沒有創造價值。

3.加工后測量。該測量位于加工完成之后，通常使用通用檢測設備或專用檢測設備。缺點是，在檢測的同時，加工還在繼續。在檢測結果出來之前，可能會導致大批量的產品缺陷。因此，這可能是一個昂貴而不理想的檢驗方法。

理想的情況是采用過程測量，然而由于上述缺點，周期測量也是一個不錯的選擇，有其突出的優點。在應用這種技術時的主要問題是生產時間的損失。如果在質量可以用有限元準確估算的時候結合SPC（統計過程控制），則可以將時間損失最小化：這樣不武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

用每次都停機去測量每一個組成單元[1]。

通過采用SPC，可以定期抽樣測量，然后統計分析由此產生的數據。換句話說，可以節省大量的生產時間，因為在采樣和測量的同時可以監控生產過程，以此來檢測產品質量。因此，我們可以在生產時間最大化的同時減少缺陷產品的數量。這將確保一個昂貴的數控車削中心效益的最大化，因此周期測量是更經濟的。統計過程控制（SPC）

通過SPC可以推測出生產過程的質量狀況，減少了大規模檢查的需要。與簡單地檢測和消除缺陷或質量不合格的產品不同的是，SPC可以監視和控制的影響進程的變量因素，以確保沒有缺陷產品。因此，SPC的目的之一是發現存在的相關原因，從而診斷和修正生產過程，以提高生產質量。

通過直接糾正和控制生產過程，SPC可提供一種既能提高質量又具有成本效益的控制手段。質量控制是通過極限化地統計控制以及持續改進工作來實現的。只檢查最終產品是不能得到質量結論的，而單靠檢查也不能達到提高質量的控制效果。自動檢測

總的來說有兩種類型的自動檢測，即接觸式和非接觸式[2]。如運用接觸式探測器以及光感系統來檢測。由于接觸式檢測直接適用于這項工作，因此下面的討論會全部集中在這一類型的自動測量。探測器檢測

如今，各種能夠校準的探測器已可供可供精確檢測。探測器的精確性根據任務的類型以及對精確度的要求的不同而不同[3]。

為了實現SPC對數控車削中心的監測目的，接觸式探測器已被用于這項工作。這種探測器不需要內置的測量裝置，它是基于對自己運動位置的高重復性原則。它的可靠性較高。這種探測器的精度對于數控車床、銑床以及鏜床已經足夠。數控車床中心的自動過程統計控制

該設備的基本配置包括：

1.Renishaw LP2車床周期測量的探測器系統。車床的工作環境惡劣，為了保證其內部的密封性，其探測器系統要有金屬制成的滑行保護層，通常通過油封來增加其可靠性及壽命。探測器的測量部分有一個非常靈敏的的轉換器，在接觸或碰撞后，會產生并發送信號。圖1顯示了Renishaw LP2車床的探測器系統。

2.Leadwell LTC-15機床的數控車削中心裝備了Fanuc OTA的PLC系統。該車削中武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

心有一個刀具轉塔，能同時裝載八把刀具，完成車外圓，車平面，車槽，鉆孔，鏜孔，車螺紋（圖2）。

3.具備CGA圖形處理器的IBM兼容計算機。該電腦用于運行ASPC監控軟件。

圖1 Renishaw LP2車床探測系統 圖2 Fanuc OTA Leadwell LTC-15數控加工中心

首先要將數控車床的探測系統加以整合，像安裝切削刀具一樣，將探測器安裝在數控車床的八把刀具的位置之一。探測器通過電磁感應將能量從機床傳到傳輸模塊[4]，這消除了探測器對電池的需要，從而減少了維修費用。

由于轉塔的運動是由PLC監控，因此探頭的確切位置可由X坐標和Z坐標來確定。當探測器在機床系統的控制下與工件接觸時，機器就會運動停止，工件的大小也可以被確定，因為根據PLC中內置的不斷提供位置信號的譯碼器，可以得到轉塔的相對軸位置。另外，RS232通訊端口提供了兩種機床和電腦的整合方式。首先，探測器收集到的測量數據被傳輸到電腦中進行統計首先，根據分析得到的必要糾正指令再被傳送回機床。在這個階段，機床、探測器以及電腦相互傳送信息。統計程序

統計程序用Turbo Pascal語言編寫，用于：

1.識別和分析異變量以及自動初始化需要糾正的步驟。引起異變量產生的特殊原因是由于發生的事件超出正常生產過程的范圍之外。這種變化的原因不是正態分布，而是偶爾發生的，其結果也不可預測。該原因只占引起生產過程異常問題的15％，并能夠在該進程的位置上被控制。例如，在車削操作中，刀具磨損可能引起直徑偏差。在這種情況下，可能通過改換具或刀補來修正。

2.識別和分析常變量。其目的是提供管理信息和建議，以提高生產以及產品或工藝設計的效率。常變量的常見原因（隨機或偶然的原因）是其固有的。由此產生的變化結果通常根據其平均值而正太分布，并能被預測的。例如，在車削過程中，產品的尺寸通常根據其平均值而變化，并且其變量是已知的。其制造的尺寸與界限無限接近的概率是極低的。因此，當只有普通變量存在是，生產進程被認為是可控的。這種典型的變量通常構成生產問題的85％，而且被認為是可以通過管理來控制的，例如，通過控制原材料或運用能達到精度要求的設備。武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

為了達到上述目標，我們用被稱為“自動測量”的子程序來生成所需要的數控代碼。這些數控代碼的指令用于控制機器的具體操作，它被存儲在磁盤一個名為“Automate.Lnc”的文件夾中。該系統要求輸入“BatchSize”（在批量生產的情況下）。“GroupSize”和“SampleSize”，以確立一個采樣計劃（圖3）。圖4顯示了程序產生的抽樣案例。生成的數控代碼可以下載到數控車床中去，用于自動加工、采樣和測量。

另一個重要的數控程序變量是零件的設計尺寸。圖5顯示了編程所需的零件的的詳細參數，該信息被“自動測量”程序用來產生正確的刀具路徑。

圖3 所需加工信息

圖4 生成抽樣方案的實例

圖5 組件的詳細信息

圖6 自動數據輸入簡介

生成的數控程序基本上可分為4個主要部分：

1.啟動程序觸發每個相應的變量在PLC中的內存地址。

2.加工循環程序選擇適當的刀具（包括自動換刀以及在需要時更新刀補），并設置加工零件的預定進給速度和主軸轉速。

3.檢查循環程序中包含了必要的工件測量指令，并將測得的數據存入PLC中相應的寄存器中。這涉及到Renishaw測量軟件中兩個被存儲程序編號為9014及9015的程序指令。9014號程序包含在測量周期之前將探測器移動到目標位置的定位軟件，即在刀武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

補之前將探測器移到安全位置。9015號程序包含了測量工件X軸的測量周期。這些子程序都可以很容易的改變用戶所需要修改的特定參數。

4.數控程序的最后一部分是可分割的。這里的加工組件被分割為需要的長度，而且警報會通知操作者安裝下一個需要加工的工件。將樣本數據存儲到PLC中

將樣本尺寸存儲到相應的PLC中的內存位置，必須有相應的數控代碼。該指令在“Automate.Lnc”中的數控主程序中。Fanuc OTA PLC有16個偏移存儲器，前8個用來存儲刀補，剩下的8個用來存儲樣本尺寸。在每個采樣周期結束時，樣本的尺寸必須在下一個采樣周期之前發送到電腦上。樣本數據傳輸到個人電腦

在每段采樣周期結束時，車床將自動停止并通知操作員發送樣本數據到統計程序以供分析，該過程是通過程序SendData來完成的。它通過調用另一個程序“AuxlnOut”（用集成語言編寫）來打開RS232通訊端口。接著，它讀取所有的偏移寄存器，將內容寫入存儲在磁盤上的“Offsets.Dat“文件中去。

“SendData”程序只提供警報，用以表明新的樣本數據已準備好進行分析。所有這一切只需要操作者先按下鍵盤上“RETURN”鍵，然后按下數控車床上的“OUTPUT鍵，（這一點在電腦屏幕上有明確指令）。新的樣本數據集將覆蓋以前存儲在“Offsets.Dat”中的數據。讀樣本數據

“Offsets.Dat”中的樣本數據不能直接用于統計程序，因為它含有大量不相關的信息。另一個“ReformatData”程序可用來提取數據。它將提取的第一個樣本數據存儲在9號偏移存儲器中的X值，然后重復此過程，直到取出最后的樣本數據。變量的樣本大小可以確定循環次數。

下一步是將所有提取出來的樣本數據存儲到另一個文件“Sample.Dat”中去，當用戶希望自動輸入數據時，程序“InputSample”將直接從文件“Sample.Dat”讀取，除此之外，從鍵盤輸入的數據也可以被讀取。圖6顯示了自動輸入數據的操作指南。控制圖診斷

ASPC可以檢測以下方面： 1.一點超過警戒限制 2.一點超過運動限制 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

3.一條線段高于或低于平均值 4.一條線段上升或下降 一點超過警戒限制

圖10分析繪制了7套樣本的X線形圖以排列圖表。

從X線形圖中可以看出，樣本2超出了警戒線，排列圖表中的樣本6表明在該過程中的一個可能的重要變化。（超過警戒線的概率為1/40，平均而言，40個樣本中只有一個）。對此，屏幕將顯示一條消息，建議操作員立即采取另一個樣本。圖8顯示的是X線形圖的信息，圖9顯示排列圖表的信息。

圖7 X線形圖、排列圖表

圖8 X線形圖警報

從圖7中的X線形圖中可以看出，樣本2之后的下一個樣本表明，該程序依然是可控的，而接近警戒線的值只是一個隨機事件。如果第二個樣本落在警戒線之外，程序很可能會失控（2個連續的概率為1/40事件發生的概率為1/1600，這表明了導致這一程序變化的特殊原因的存在性非常大）。在這種情況下，要求更換刀具或停止進一步進程以處罰權診斷程序。

圖9 圖列警報

圖10 X線形圖診斷信息

武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯 超過運動限制

如果X線形圖上的樣本值上突然超過運動限制，那么很有可能是刀具破損或出現故障。（如果進程并沒有出現問題，那么其發生的概率是1/1000）。對自動操作而言，通過PLC換刀將是很明智的選擇。圖10顯示的是診斷訊息和換刀指令。

當某一點穿過了較低的運動限制時，將很難查找出引起問題的原因。在這種情況下，程序指令將告訴操作員停止進程，并檢查機器。

當排列圖表上的某一采樣點超過運動限制時，表明加工精度（如段對段的變化傾向）降低了。如果同時超出了X線形圖運動限制，那么很可能是由于刀具破損，那么接下來就會自動換刀。

但是更應注意的是，X線形圖沒有超出界限而排列圖表超出運動限制的情況。圖11顯示了排列圖表中超出了運動限制的樣本值的診斷記錄。

圖11 ASPC的診斷結果

圖12 X線形圖的診斷結果 一條線段高于或低于平均值

一條只在平均值一端的采樣點線段可能意味著該進程的平均值已經改變。八個連續的樣本點落在平均值一側而程序依然可控的概率大約只有0.004[5]。因此，其平均值很有可能已經改變。

X線形圖超出行程的最大平均值而排列圖表沒有超出范圍，那么需要根據過程平均值及精度做一個簡單的調整，以使樣本點的平均值下降，重新恢復到控制范圍之內，該過程主要通過調整刀補來實現。圖12顯示了X線形圖中某一進程超過最大平均值的診斷紀錄。

如果排列圖表上的某一線段超出行程的最大平均值，而在X線形圖上卻沒有這一趨勢，那么很難有自動調整程序。在這種情況下，最好停機做進一步的檢查。圖13顯示了對可能導致這一故障的某些原因的診斷記錄。武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

如果一條樣本點組成的線段位于排列圖表的最大平均值之下，說明該進程的精確度以及執行能力都有了提高。如果X線形圖顯示進程在可控范圍之內，那么便可以繼續執行，其他進一步的調整將會增加變動的可能性。

圖13 診斷記錄及建議糾正措施

圖14 自動換刀簡介 一條線段上升或下降

X線形圖上的某一線段持續上升表明該進程存在故障，在這種情況下最好最好通過PLC來換刀（圖14）。

X線形圖上的某一線段持續下降表明該進程平均值在逐漸降低。在這種情況下，應該停機做全面檢查。

再者，如果排列圖表上的某一線段持續上升，而X線形圖卻一切正常時，將很難有相應的執行程序。診斷紀錄說明應注意軸承是否磨損，工件是否振幅過大等。

如果排列圖表上的某一線段持續下降，說明加工進程得到了改進，在X線形圖正常的情況下，加工精度也會有所提高，那么該過程就不用再做任何調整。加工能力

統計程序除了可用于執行上述檢測之外，還可用于加工性能分析（性能指標），它能夠探測加工不能滿足設計規格的情況。改變性能指標里的任一參數都可以用來提高加工能力。統計程序本身也可以通過提供改變設計或改變流程的管理信息，來是性能最優化。文件處理

所有從日常生產中獲得的樣本數據都可以存儲到磁盤上，這些數據使管理或是改進人員能夠深入調查那些可能導致只能用管理措施解決的流程問題的案例（如選擇供應商確保原材料相同）。武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯 自動糾正措施

ASPC提供了兩種類型的自動糾正措施：

1.修改刀補。“ModifyOffsets”程序用于計算刀補的調整量，以及調整刀補所需的數控代碼。

2.換刀。當需要換刀時，Pascal程序將調用“ToolChange”。該程序首先檢查是否目前所有的刀具都在使用中。該信息被存儲在“ToolNumber”程序中。在該程序中，道具編號是用來追蹤正在使用中的刀具數量。

在獲得這些信息之后，“ToolChange”生成用來根據上述數字順序換刀的數控代碼。這些數控代碼被存儲在磁盤里的“Tool.Lnc”文件中。由此，操作者只需要按照診斷記錄給出的操作說明下載文件“TooI.Lnc”即可。另一個Pascal程序“ToolActions”用來打開通訊端口，并發送“Tool.Lnc”中的內容到PLC中第550號程序中去。

上述所有的自動糾正措施都主要是針對局部作用這一類型，適用于控制圖表上的特定行為，根據以上介紹，SPC的作用遠不限于此。除了在過程控制中起探測和警報的作用外，SPC還可以被管理人員用來調查所有的質量動態以及那些在日常生成中不明顯的缺陷案例的歷史數據。局部作用通常被認為只占有關進程問題的15％，剩下的85%在于管理問題。因此，SPC作為管理人員（或改進小組）的一個工具在持續改進流程方面的作用是不容忽視的。發展前景

為了實現真正的實時閉環ASPC控制系統，不能有人工參與電腦和PLC之間的信息傳遞。為此，必須調整及更新PLC，以使PLC在自動傳遞數據時完全不借助人力。

為了使車削過程進一步自動化，可以在系統中進一步自動化車削加工增加自動喂料裝置。通過該裝置，下一個需要加工的工件將被自動放置到機床上去而不需要人工操作。該方案類似于無人生產線的概念。

目前的統計程序將會被擴展，包括記錄在整個制造過程中的各種情況，由此，管理人員可以更好的處理車間中遇到的各種流程問題。廣泛應用

在現階段，該統計程序僅用在控制關鍵部分，在實際的制造過程中，往往不只一方面需要評測。因此，擴展該軟件以控制所有質量特性具有非常大的前景。

隨著必要的硬件和軟件的面世，整個柔性制造系統中的所有機器都可以由統計程序自動控制。

目前的裝置只使用一個探測頭，當需要檢測更復雜的輪廓（如螺紋部分）時，必須運用不同的探測系統。武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

過程測量與閉環控制一起組成了一個很好的質量測量控制體系，然而，進一步發展的過程中周期測量將會被過程測量來取代。隨著低成本光感系統的發展，車削加工的過程測量將得以實現，同時進行實時控制并消除生產時間浪費（如在周期測量的情況下）這一問題。效率以及盈利能力也將得到進一步地改善和提高。

最近的發展趨勢是將人工智能用于統計過程控制，用專家系統來輔助SPC是一個新概念，與適用于大部分的制造流程的通用SPC軟件[6]不同的是，增加專家系統的SPC能夠用于特定的生產流程。人工智能（AI）

將AI植入SPC有以下兩種方法：

1.自學 2.專家知識

在自學的過程中，系統動態地收集數據，并嘗試在所需的變量之間建立相互關系，這些數據包括控制變量、尺寸以及相對應的結果，然后運用非線性回歸和貝葉斯方法構建統計模型。在收到足夠的數據之后，該模型將變得足夠智能，并可以學習輸入和輸出變量之間的相互關系。那些輸出變量可以被看作為目標，該模型可以通過設定控制變量以得到要求的輸出結果。

第二種方法是將特定流程的相關知識及其控制機制傳輸到基于規則的結構中去，比如設定和調整平均數、變化幅度等數學專業知識也包含在內。該系統不僅可以給出樣本范圍、刀具磨損等方面的建議，還能提供所有與刀具壽命、不同工藝的能力相關的信息數據庫。

為了調整SPC以適應該程序，特定流程中的信息將會被嵌入基于規則的專家系統。例如，它可以告訴操作員，什么時候需要檢測下一個樣本，以及在生產流程中需要檢測其變化量的最小工件數。

該專家系統的主要特點是能夠提供生產流程的歷史紀錄，以及不斷更新的數據庫[7]。通過含有刀具壽命和刀具磨損模板的歷史記錄的數據庫，生產工藝將得以優化。

將專家系統植入到SPC中之后，可以自動糾正那些由常見原因引起的加工問題如果采用這種系統，管理人員將得到極大的幫助。（常見原因占進程變動問題的85%。）因此，該系統將加強缺陷預防以及不斷改善的觀念，綜合生產力也將得到進一步的提高。結論

統計過程控制為保證缺陷預防而不是缺陷探測提供了一種經濟有效的質量體系，同時也在不斷地改進生產工藝。微型電腦的普及，也使得SPC的計算機化成為了可能，與此同時，數據分析的速度及精度也將大大提高。

由于高產數控機床可能會造成大量的廢鋼，急需一個能夠快速響應并反饋的質量控武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

制系統。這種需求促進了使用自動統計程序以及Renishaw探測器的SPC系統在數控機床上的運用。

隨著ASPC的軟件和硬件的進一步發展，并被嵌入專家系統，智能閉環控將成為可能。假以時日，ASPC也將被運用到多種質量特性以及柔性制造及探測系統中去，而目前的周期測量系統最終將會被能為ASPC提供實時控制的光感系統所取代。

致謝

在此感謝新威爾士大學工程學院、B.E.Milton教授、機械制造工程學院的領導的對該研究項目贊助支持，并提供設備，以及Mr Y.C.K.Yee、Mr A.Harris 和Mr R.Montgomery 的協助。

第四篇：畢業論文英文翻譯

湖北汽車工業學院科技學院

畢 業 設 計（論文）參考文獻譯文

譯文內容譯文出處

系 別：專 業：班 級：學生姓名：學 號：指導教師：

無線短消息服務的用戶接受：解構感知價值 【作 者】Ofir Turela;Alexander Serenkob and

Nick Bontisa

【刊 名】Information and Management 【出版日期】2007 【卷 號】Vol.44 【期 號】NO.1

經濟管理學院 工商管理（汽車市場營銷）

K1253-3 黃登宇 20129530310 李建忠

畢業設計（論文）參考文獻譯文

題 目

Information & Management 44(2007)63–73。

[10]W.W.下巴，問題意見的結構方程模型，MIS季刊22（1），1998，第七–西。[11]W.W.下巴，偏最小二乘法的結構方程模型，在該marcoulides（主編），商業研究的現代方法，勞倫斯大學出版社，臺北，NJ，1998，pp.295–336。

[12]W.W.下巴，偏最小二乘法的研究：概述和使用PLS方法的最新研究進展的介紹，2000最后訪問：2006年4月5日：http://disc-nt.cba.uh.edu/下巴/ icis2000plstalk.pdf。[13]W.W.下巴，請圖的用戶指南，3版，軟模型公司，2001。

[ 14 ]科恩，行為科學的統計分析，勞倫斯大學出版社，希爾斯代爾，NJ，1988。[ 15 ]戴維斯，感知有用性、感知易用性和用戶接受信息技術，MIS季刊13（3），1989，頁319–340。

[ 16 ]戴維斯，該巴戈，公關沃肖，外在和內在動機在工作場所使用電腦，應用社會心理學雜志，22（14），1992，頁1111–1132。

[ 17 ]·多茲，該夢露，D.格雷瓦爾，影響價格、品牌和商店對消費者的產品評價信息，畢業設計（論文）參考文獻譯文

市場營銷研究雜志28（3），1991，頁307–319。

[18]A.Eggert，W.Ulaga，顧客感知價值：一個滿意的商業市場的替代品？的商業與工業營銷雜志17（2 / 3），2002，頁107–118。

[19]eMarketer，移動的未來，eMarketer的報告，2005年9月20日。

[20] M.菲什拜因，I.Ajzen，信念，態度，意圖和行為：介紹理論與研究，艾迪生衛斯理，閱讀，MA，美國，1975。

[21]C.Fornell，醫學博士約翰遜，據安德森，J.茶，成為布萊恩特，美國客戶滿意度指數：性質、目的、結果、營銷雜志60（7），1996，頁7–18。

[22]C.Fornell，D.F.拉克爾，與不可觀測的變量和測量誤差的結構方程模型評價、市場研究雜志18（1），1981，頁39–50。

[23]GSM協會GSMA統計，第一季度04，GSM協會，都柏林，愛爾蘭，2004。

[24]G.哈克巴特，訴格羅弗，我一，電腦游戲和焦慮：系統的經驗影響感知易用性的正面和負面的介質、信息與管理40（3），2003，頁221–232。

[ 25 ]該霍爾布魯克，E.赫希曼，消費體驗方面：消費幻想、感情和樂趣，消費者研究雜志9（2），1982，頁132–140。

[26]哈頓先生，定價成為移動運營商的消費者的戰略重點，洋基，十月2003。溫家寶凱廷格等人[ 27 ]，C.C.李，帶公差測量信息系統服務質量的另一種尺度，MIS網terly 29（4），2005，頁607–623。

[28]該國王，他，一個技術接受模型的Meta分析，信息與管理43（6），2006，頁740–755。

外文參考文獻2.An examination of the effects of perceived value and attitude on customers’ behavioral intentions in e-shopping 在網上購物的感知價值和態度對顧客行為意向的影響檢查 外文參考文獻3.Applying the Technology Acceptance Model and Flow Theory to Online Consumer Behavior 將技術接受模型和流程理論應用于在線消費行為 外文參考4.Exploring the effects of perceived values, free bus transfer, and penalties on intermodal metro–bus transfer users' intention 探索感知價值的影響，免費公交換乘，并處罰–聯運地鐵公交換乘用戶意圖 畢業設計（論文）參考文獻譯文

外文參考5.Perceived values and prospective users’ acceptance of prospective technology: The case of a career eportfolio system 感知價值和潛在用戶的前瞻性技術接受：一個職業生涯的電子檔案袋系統的案例 畢業設計（論文）參考文獻譯文

譯 文 要 求

1、外文翻譯一律采用計算機錄入，用A4紙打印輸出。

2、譯文內容必須與課題(或專業內容)相聯系，并需注明詳細出處。

3、外文翻譯3000-5000漢字,要求見《畢業設計(論文)指導工作條例》；外文參考資料閱讀量至少3篇以上。

4、譯文應在畢業設計前八周內完成，并附上英文原件一起裝訂。

(本頁作為封底)

導師評語(應根據學校“譯文要求”,對學生譯文翻譯的準確性、翻譯數量以及譯文的文字表述情況等作具體的評價。)

導師簽名：

年 月 日

第五篇：畢業論文英文翻譯

水產養殖對環境造成的影響及中國對水產養殖污染的對策

摘要

目標、范圍和背景。水產養殖活動是廣為人知的增加水中有機廢物和有毒化合物的主要因素。隨著水產養殖業在中國的密集的發展,已激起了關于不斷增加的水產養殖廢棄物對生產力都在水產養殖系統和水生生態環境可能造成的影響。因此,很明顯,適當的廢物處理流程是必須維持水產養殖業的發展。本文旨在識別當前狀態的水產養殖和水產養殖廢棄物在中國生產。

主要特點。中國是世界上最大的漁業國家以總海產品產量,這一地位一直保持了1990年以來。淡水農業的主要部分我國漁業行業。海洋水產養殖在中國既包含了陸地和海上水產養殖的,后者主要操作在淺海、淤泥和保護海灣。水產養殖業對環境的影響也同樣引人注目。結果。案例研究造成污染熱點已經被介紹。水產養殖質量和數量的廢物從水產養殖主要取決于文化系統的特點和選擇的物種,但也在飼料質量和管理。廢水沒有治療,如果不斷排入水體環境,可能導致顯著的海拔的總有機質含量和造成巨大的經濟損失。廢水的處理主要可分為三個類別:物理、化學和生物學方法。

討論。對環境的影響不同的水產養殖物種是不一樣的。新的廢物處理治療還介紹了參考了中國的發展潛力的廢物處理系統。最合適的廢物處理系統為每個站點選擇應根據網站的條件和經濟狀況以及通過把握各系統的優缺點。策略和視角提出了可持續水產養殖業的發展,強調環境保護。

結論。負面效應的廢物從水產養殖對水生環境越來越得到認可,盡管他們只是一個小比例陸基污染物。適當地計劃利用水產養殖廢棄物污染問題以及有利于緩解水資源不僅節約寶貴的水資源也利用在廢水的營養成分。它要求很高,發展可持續水產養殖使動物密度和污染環境容量下加載。

建議和觀點。傳統的水產養殖廢棄物的處理程序，主要是基于物理和化學方法，應該克服的更多的特定方法,考慮了特征和抵抗力的水生環境。進一步的研究需要改進或優化當前方法的廢水處理方法和重用。提出了新的處理技術進行了可行性評價應在實際應用的規模。關鍵詞:水產養殖;水產養殖污染;水產養殖廢棄物;中國;對策;環境污染

介紹

水產養殖是一個一直快速增長的行業，因為整個世界對魚和海鮮的需求的增加。它是增長速度超過任何其他部分動物的文化產業。中國有悠久的水產養殖歷史,追溯到2000年前。自20世紀70年代以來，在改革政策和所推動的經濟效益,迅速發展的中國的水產養殖無論是在淡水水體和海域一直是世界的關注的焦點。中國現在是世界上最大的漁業國家以總海產品產量,這一地位保持了持續1990年代之后。根據漁政處、中國農業部(MOA)，總生產總量2005噸,占世界總量的四分之一(自然統計局年的中國)。水產養殖導致漁業總產量的65%,其中淡水、海水養殖的一個重要部分。毫無疑問，中國的水產養殖將繼續發揮重要作用在全球魚類資源的未來。然而,隨著發展,關注的是誘發的潛在影響,不斷增加的水產養殖廢棄物導致生產力、水產養殖系統和水生生態環境的惡化。但它仍是自相矛盾的是依賴于供應清潔的水域。傳統的農業系統主導水產養殖生產在許多地區,但這些是現在慢慢被密集面向西方技術。快速增長的強化海水養殖規模系統常常可以導致對環境的負面影響。密集的魚和蝦的農業，被定義為基礎的系統吞吐量,是一個連續或脈沖釋放的營養補充富營養化。氮化物視為在水產養殖廢水的主要污染物。氨是主要的含氮廢料生產的水生動物。過去，過時的技術和不完整的安排垃圾管理系統在水產養殖大大促進了水產養殖環境的惡化。Ackefors & Enell(1994年)估計9.5公斤P和78公斤N /噸魚被釋放到水中,每年飼料中的主要成分是0.9%p，7.2% N時，飼料的轉化系數是1.5。飼料中大約72%的 N和70%的P不被魚吸收。在提高飼料成分、消化、和飼料轉化效率近年來，釋放或許是現在減少到7.0公斤P和49.3公斤N每年每噸魚。水產養殖污染事故發生在1999年和2000年的數量萬噸2067,導致經濟損失1.32億美元。旨在解決日益惡化的環境問題所提出的水產養殖廢棄物,中國政府應該采取一系列的規定和控制措施。水產養殖系統將垃圾處理和污水重用設施在迅速發展,因為它們的優點是最少量的水輸入和污水排放的同時允許完全控制文化環境。這個形式的水產養殖廢物處理系統可能不同,但一般可分為三類:物理治療、化學法和生物法。許多研究已經開展檢查不同處理系統水產養殖廢棄物的處理效率。然而,每次處理的缺點也是顯而易見的,比如過度的污泥生產、不穩定的性能、硝酸鹽積累。因此,研究新的方法養殖廢水處理正在進行中。本綜述的目的是為了研究水產養殖在中國的現狀,分析水產養殖浪費和評估常見廢棄物的處理方法應用于中國的水產養殖。

1主要內容

1.1中國的水產養殖

1.2水產養殖對環境的影響

1.2.1水產養殖廢棄物

質量和數量的廢物從水產養殖主要取決于文化系統的特點和選擇的物種,但也在飼料質量和管理。從密集的水產養殖系統，主要廢物是固體廢物、化學品和療法。釋放細菌、病菌和養殖物種逃犯還應該包括作為廢物組件。固體廢物,或稱為顆粒有機物,通常由糞便或未吃的食物。一個建立在系統的固體廢棄物應該預防,因為它會導致氧元素的損耗和氨中毒。有機廢物中存在的三種主要形態再循環系統:沉積的固體顆粒定居在內膽底部;懸浮性的固體顆粒懸浮在水中，而不會溶于水;精細和溶解的固體浮在水中,而會導致有害刺激和損害魚的健康。從水生動物排出的尿和糞便會導致高含量的氨氮和增加生化需氧量(生化需氧量)。氨是主要的含氮廢物。亞硝酸鹽是一種天然的硝化過程的中間產品。硝態氮離子(NO3)是最氧化氮的形式在自然和相對無毒到魚。然而，當硝酸鹽含量變得過度和其它必需的營養因素存在,富營養化和相關的海藻可以成為一個嚴重的環境問題。廣泛的化學物質用于水產養殖行業,包括化合物應用于建筑材料、顏料納入提要、消毒劑和化學治療劑。抗菌素給予飲食和大多數人最終在環境相關的東西和糞便的食物。許多研究報告增加阻力,甚至多個電阻病原體的結果是廣泛使用的抗菌劑的水產養殖。濫用化學物質也能殺死有效微生物可能占一個平衡的生態系統的水。人們普遍認為,帶有某種特殊病原體的物種可能會擴散并摧毀當地的野生種群。Penczaket(1982)估計，大約5%的籠子里的虹鱒魚每年逃了出來。令人擔心的是野生動物成為建立和減少生物多樣性通過生活環境的改變,競爭,或者與本地種群的雜交。

1.2.3水產養殖廢水造成污染

如果不斷污水排放沒有治理,其中包含高濃度氮、磷的營養物質，可能會導致一個非常慢性總有機質含量的提高,特別是在管理不善或很差的網站定位。因此,一系列的負面生態影響可能發生:(1)所造成的嚴重缺氧狀態分解的有機物質。(2)富營養化水藻或者造成累積的有機營養,如氮和磷,從而促進高生物質淺表水。除了增加了浮游植物產量、富營養化會導致許多其他效果可能更加敏感和相關指標的變化如:能量和營養的通量,遠洋和底棲生物和社區的結構,魚類,沉積、養分循環和氧氣耗竭。(3)水惡化將導致低效率(4)疾病可能爆發。除了這個廢水的處理不足嚴重后果對人類健康、環境和經濟發展。其污染的水供應增加了感染疾病的風險和惡化的地下水和其他當地的生態系統,例如洪水。

2結果

2.1中國淡水、海水養殖的案例研究

太湖是中國第三大淡水湖,太湖總水面積2338平方公里。水產養殖業的主要形式是pen-fish-culture太湖。水產養殖一直僅限于東太湖、一個主要是大型植物的灣湖的東南部面積131平方公里,其中2833 hm2用于水產養殖。在這一區域,估計環境負荷的氮和磷的生產1噸魚分別是141公斤，14公斤。在pen-fish-culture領域,增加營養加載導致快速浮游植物,浮游動物,和細菌的生長。在一年的養魚,浮游植物的豐富了三次高于無植物地區,和異養細菌大量增加3到4倍。總有機碳、總氮、總氮有機表層沉積物中增加了141、87.5和86%,經過兩年的魚培養。最近,魚培養已經取代了更有利可圖的淡水蟹培育，這將增加在投入的飼料,而進一步增加有機材料殘余的飼料。從1984年到1993年,魚和蟹養殖在東太湖總計分別為11165噸和109噸。氮和磷的加載到這個湖是1634噸和166噸。無水產養殖地區相比,NH4 +n、磷和鱈魚與1983年相比分別增加為55% 180%、43%和91%。水質的變化在東太湖水產養殖在1990年代的影響提出了表2。水產養殖在東太湖增加養分的含量在水和沉積物,加速開發富營養化和沼澤。

2.4廢物處理方法

物理方法,旨在去除懸浮物獲得并減少BOD和化學需氧量(COD)的人,是最廣泛應用于水產養殖在中國的廢物處理。它們包括沉降、機械過濾,和砂濾。這些類型的方法通常是簡單和廉價。然而,他們屬于水質預處理和主要處理,其中只有溫和的影響可溶有機質除去諸如N和p.由挪威Hydrotechnical實驗室進行了廣泛的測試期間處理效率的一個60-mm孔徑鼓屏幕差異很大范圍內SS(6786%)和TN(4366 L / h。蒸餾生產線性增加風速。大約7097%的氮肥浪費出現在羅非魚廢水。平均回收率膜用于這個系統是約-57.5%-39.2。生產的成本約為1立方米的淡水從水產養殖廢水是4.00美元。盡管生產水使用風力驅動RO系統似乎過于昂貴,在目前情況下,該工藝具有偉大的承諾一旦系統規模可以升級。

4結論

中國的水產養殖將繼續發揮全球魚類資源的重要作用。負面效應的廢物從水產養殖對水

生環境越來越得到認可,盡管他們只是一個小比例陸基污染物。適當地計劃利用水產養殖廢棄物污染問題以及有利于緩解水資源不僅節約寶貴的水資源也利用在廢水的營養成分。它要求很高,發展可持續水產養殖使動物密度和污染環境下的負載能力。

5建議和觀點

這種治理水產養殖廢水的方法和在中國仍處于初步階段，沒有定量的計算數據。此外，檢測系統不足的水生環境和廢水排放標準的水產養殖促進環境造成直接的廢物排放。因此,有必要適當的政策和實踐管理系統調節水產養殖廢棄物被采納。不同階段的廢物管理在水產養殖應該是一體的，所以總體水平的污染物的去除和重用進行優化。這樣的階段將包括飼料質量操縱，喂養管理、浪費預處理、主要分離,污泥穩定化和處置。它可能會更有效的和有益的結合了兩種方法在未來更多。傳統的水產養殖廢棄物的處理程序,主要基于物理和化學方法,應該克服的更多的特定方法，考慮了特征和抵抗力的水生環境。進一步的研究需要改進或優化的當前方法污水處理和重用。擬議的新治療技術應該評估其可行性在實際應用的規模。