第一篇：ted演講稿 我們為什么要睡眠英文

ted演講稿 我們為什么要睡眠英文

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ted演講稿 我們為什么要睡眠英文

簡介：一生中，我們有三分之一的時間都在睡眠中度過。關于睡眠，你又了解多少?睡眠專家Russell Foster為我們解答為什么要睡覺，以及睡眠對健康的影響。

What I'd like to do today is talk about one of my favorite subjects, and that is the neuroscience of sleep.Now, there is a sound--(Alarm clock)--aah, it worked--a sound that is desperately, desperately familiar to most of us, and of course it's the sound of the alarm clock.And what that truly ghastly, awful sound does is stop the single most important behavioral experience that we have, and that's sleep.If you're an average sort of person, 36 percent of your life will be spent asleep, which means that if you live to 90, then 32 years will have been spent entirely asleep.Now what that 32 years is telling us is that sleep at some level is important.And yet, for most of us, we don't give sleep a second thought.We throw it away.We really just don't think about sleep.And so what I'd like to do today is change your views, change your ideas and your thoughts about sleep.And the journey that I want to take you on, we need to start by going back in time.“Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber.” Any ideas who said that? Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.Yes, let me give you a few more quotes.“O sleep, O gentle sleep, nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee?” Shakespeare again, from--I won't say it--the Scottish play.(Laughter)From the same time: “Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together.” Extremely prophetic, by Thomas Dekker, another Elizabethan dramatist.But if we jump forward 400 years, the tone about sleep changes somewhat.This is from Thomas Edison, from the beginning of the 20th century.“Sleep is a criminal waste of time and a heritage from our cave days.” Bang.(Laughter)And if we also jump into the 1980s, some of you may remember that Margaret Thatcher was reported to have said, “Sleep is for wimps.” And of course the infamous--what was his name?--the infamous Gordon Gekko from “Wall Street” said, “Money never sleeps.”

What do we do in the 20th century about sleep? Well, of course, we use Thomas Edison's light bulb to invade the night, and we occupied the dark, and in the process of this occupation, we've treated sleep as an illness, almost.We've treated it as an enemy.At most now, I suppose, we tolerate the need for sleep, and at worst perhaps many of us think of sleep as an illness that needs some sort of a cure.And our ignorance about sleep is really quite profound.Why is it? Why do we abandon sleep in our thoughts? Well, it's because you don't do anything much while you're asleep, it seems.You don't eat.You don't drink.And you don't have sex.Well, most of us anyway.And so therefore it's--Sorry.It's a complete waste of time, right? Wrong.Actually, sleep is an incredibly important part of our biology, and neuroscientists are beginning to explain why it's so very important.So let's move to the brain.Now, here we have a brain.This is donated by a social scientist, and they said they didn't know what it was, or indeed how to use it, so--(Laughter)Sorry.So I borrowed it.I don't think they noticed.Okay.(Laughter)

The point I'm trying to make is that when you're asleep, this thing doesn't shut down.In fact, some areas of the brain are actually more active during the sleep state than during the wake state.The other thing that's really important about sleep is that it doesn't arise from a single structure within the brain, but is to some extent a network property, and if we flip the brain on its back--I love this little bit of spinal cord here--this bit here is the hypothalamus, and right under there is a whole raft of interesting structures, not least the biological clock.The biological clock tells us when it's good to be up, when it's good to be asleep, and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus，the

lateral

hypothalamus，the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei.All of those combine, and they send projections down to the brain stem here.The brain stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here, with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness.So sleep arises from a whole raft of different interactions within the brain, and essentially, sleep is turned on and off as a result of a range of

Okay.So where have we got to? We've said that sleep is complicated and it takes 32 years of our life.But what I haven't explained is what sleep is about.So why do we sleep? And it won't surprise any of you that, of course, the scientists, we don't have a consensus.There are dozens of different ideas about why we sleep, and I'm going to outline three of those.The first is sort of the restoration idea, and it's somewhat intuitive.Essentially, all the stuff we've burned up during the day, we restore, we replace, we rebuild during the night.And indeed, as an explanation, it goes back to Aristotle, so that's, what, 2,300 years ago.It's gone in and out of fashion.It's fashionable at the moment because what's been shown is that within the brain, a whole raft of genes have been shown to be turned on only during sleep, and those genes are associated with restoration and metabolic pathways.So there's good evidence for the whole restoration hypothesis.What about energy conservation? Again, perhaps intuitive.You essentially sleep to save calories.Now, when you do the sums, though, it doesn't really pan out.If you compare an individual who has slept at night, or stayed awake and hasn't moved very much, the energy saving of sleeping is about 110 calories a night.Now, that's the equivalent of a hot dog bun.Now, I would say that a hot dog bun is kind of a meager return for such a complicated and demanding behavior as sleep.So I'm less convinced by the energy conservation idea.But the third idea I'm quite attracted to, which is brain processing and memory consolidation.What we know is that, if after you've tried to learn a task, and you sleep-deprive individuals, the ability to learn that task is smashed.It's really hugely attenuated.So sleep and memory consolidation is also very important.However, it's not just the laying down of memory and recalling it.What's turned out to be really exciting is that our ability to come up with novel solutions to complex problems is hugely enhanced by a night of sleep.In fact, it's been estimated to give us a threefold advantage.Sleeping at night enhances our creativity.And what seems to be going on is that, in the brain, those neural connections that are important, those synaptic connections that are important, are linked and strengthened, while those that are less important tend to fade away and be less important.Okay.So we've had three explanations for why we might sleep, and I think the important thing to realize is that the details will vary, and it's probable we sleep for multiple different reasons.But sleep is not an indulgence.It's not some sort of thing that we can take on board rather casually.I think that sleep was once likened to an upgrade from economy to business class, you know, the equiavlent of.It's not even an upgrade from economy to first class.The critical thing to realize is that if you don't sleep, you don't fly.Essentially, you never get there, and what's extraordinary about much of our society these days is that we are desperately sleep-deprived.So let's now look at sleep deprivation.Huge sectors of society are sleep-deprived, and let's look at our sleep-o-meter.So in the 1950s, good data suggests that most of us were getting around about eight hours of sleep a night.Nowadays, we sleep one and a half to two hours less every night, so we're in the six-and-a-half-hours-every-night

league.For teenagers, it's worse, much worse.They need nine hours for full brain performance, and many of them, on a school night, are only getting five hours of sleep.It's simply not enough.If we think about other sectors of society, the aged, if you are aged, then your ability to sleep in a single block is somewhat disrupted, and many sleep, again, less than five hours a night.Shift work.Shift work is extraordinary, perhaps 20 percent of the working population, and the body clock does not shift to the demands of working at night.It's locked onto the same light-dark cycle as the rest of us.So when the poor old shift worker is going home to try and sleep during the day, desperately tired, the body clock is saying, “Wake up.This is the time to be awake.” So the quality of sleep that you get as a night shift worker is usually very poor, again in that sort of five-hour region.And then, of course, tens of millions of people suffer from jet lag.So who here has jet lag? Well, my goodness gracious.Well, thank you very much indeed for not falling asleep, because that's what your brain is craving.One of the things that the brain does is indulge in micro-sleeps, this involuntary falling asleep, and you have essentially no control over it.Now, micro-sleeps can be sort of somewhat embarrassing, but they can also be deadly.It's been estimated that 31 percent of drivers will fall asleep at the wheel at least once in their life, and in the , the statistics are pretty good: 100,000 accidents on the freeway have been associated with tiredness, loss of vigilance, and falling asleep.A hundred thousand a year.It's extraordinary.At another level of terror, we dip into the tragic accidents at Chernobyl and indeed the space shuttle Challenger, which was so tragically lost.And in the investigations that followed those disasters, poor judgment as a result of extended shift work and loss of vigilance and tiredness was attributed to a big chunk of those disasters.So when you're tired, and you lack sleep, you have poor memory, you have poor creativity, you have increased impulsiveness, and you have overall poor judgment.But my friends, it's so much worse than that.(Laughter)

If you are a tired brain, the brain is craving things to wake it up.So drugs, stimulants.Caffeine represents the stimulant of choice across much of the Western world.Much of the day is fueled by caffeine, and if you're a really naughty tired brain, nicotine.And of course, you're fueling the waking state with these stimulants, and then of course it gets to 11 o'clock at night, and the brain says to itself, “Ah, well actually, I need to be asleep fairly shortly.What do we do about that when I'm feeling completely wired?” Well, of course, you then resort to alcohol.Now alcohol, short-term, you know, once or twice, to use to mildly sedate you, can be very useful.It can actually ease the sleep transition.But what you must be so aware of is that alcohol doesn't provide sleep, a biological mimic for sleep.It sedates you.So it actually harms some of the neural proccessing that's going on during memory consolidation and memory recall.So it's a short-term acute measure, but for goodness sake, don't become addicted to alcohol as a way of getting to sleep every night.Another connection between loss of sleep is weight gain.If you sleep around about five hours or less every night, then you have a 50 percent likelihood of being obese.What's the connection here? Well, sleep loss seems to give rise to the release of the hormone ghrelin, the hunger hormone.Ghrelin is released.It gets to the brain.The brain says, “I need carbohydrates,” and what it does is seek out carbohydrates and particularly sugars.So there's a link between tiredness and the metabolic predisposition for weight gain.Stress.Tired people are massively stressed.And one of the things of stress, of course, is loss of memory, which is what I sort of just then had a little lapse of.But stress is so much more.So if you're acutely stressed, not a great problem, but it's sustained stress associated with sleep loss that's the problem.So sustained stress leads to suppressed immunity, and so tired people tend to have higher rates of overall infection, and there's some very good studies showing that shift workers, for example, have higher rates of cancer.Increased levels of stress throw glucose into the circulation.Glucose becomes a dominant part of the vasculature and essentially you become glucose intolerant.Therefore, diabetes 2.Stress increases cardiovascular disease as a result of raising blood pressure.So there's a whole raft of things associated with sleep loss that are more than just a mildly impaired brain, which is where I think most people think that sleep loss resides.So at this point in the talk, this is a nice time to think, well, do you think on the whole I'm getting enough sleep? So a quick show of hands.Who feels that they're getting enough sleep here? Oh.Well, that's pretty impressive.Good.We'll talk more about that later, about what are your tips.So most of us, of course, ask the question, “Well, how do I know whether I'm getting enough sleep?” Well, it's not rocket science.If you need an alarm clock to get you out of bed in the morning, if you are taking a long time to get up, if you need lots of stimulants, if you're grumpy, if you're irritable, if you're told by your work colleagues that you're looking tired and irritable, chances are you are sleep-deprived.Listen to them.Listen to yourself.What do you do? Well--and this is slightly offensive--sleep for dummies: Make your bedroom a haven for sleep.The first critical thing is make it as dark as you possibly can, and also make it slightly cool.Very important.Actually, reduce your amount of light exposure at least half an hour before you go to bed.Light increases levels of alertness and will delay sleep.What's the last thing that most of us do before we go to bed? We stand in a massively lit bathroom looking into the mirror cleaning our teeth.It's the worst thing we can possibly do before we went to sleep.Turn off those mobile phones.Turn off those computers.Turn off all of those things that are also going to excite the brain.Try not to drink caffeine too late in the day, ideally not after lunch.Now, we've set about reducing light exposure before you go to bed, but light exposure in the morning is very good at setting the biological clock to the light-dark cycle.So seek out morning light.Basically, listen to yourself.Wind down.Do those sorts of things that you know are going to ease you off into the honey-heavy dew of slumber.Okay.That's some facts.What about some myths?

Teenagers are lazy.No.Poor things.They have a biological predisposition to go to bed late and get up late, so give them a break.We need eight hours of sleep a night.That's an average.Some people need more.Some people need less.And what you need to do is listen to your body.Do you need that much or do you need more? Simple as that.Old people need less sleep.Not true.The sleep demands of the aged do not go down.Essentially, sleep fragments and becomes less robust, but sleep requirements do not go down.And the fourth myth is, early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.Well that's wrong at so many different levels.(Laughter)There is no, no evidence that getting up early and going to bed early gives you more wealth at all.There's no difference in socioeconomic status.In my experience, the only difference between morning people and evening people is that those people that get up in the morning early are just horribly smug.(Laughter)(Applause)

Okay.So for the last part, the last few minutes, what I want to do is change gears and talk about some really new, breaking areas of neuroscience, which is the association between mental health, mental illness and sleep disruption.We've known for 130 years that in severe mental illness, there is always, always sleep disruption, but it's been largely ignored.In the 1970s, when people started to think about this again, they said, “Yes, well, of course you have sleep disruption in schizophrenia because they're on anti-psychotics.It's the anti-psychotics causing the sleep problems,” ignoring the fact that for a hundred years previously, sleep disruption

had

been

reported

before anti-psychotics.So what's going on? Lots of groups, several groups are studying conditions like depression, schizophrenia and bipolar, and what's going on in terms of sleep disruption.We have a big study which we published last year on schizophrenia, and the data were quite extraordinary.In those individuals with schizophrenia, much of the time, they were awake during the night phase and then they were asleep during the day.Other groups showed no 24-hour patterns whatsoever.Their sleep was absolutely smashed.And some had no ability to regulate their sleep by the light-dark cycle.They were getting up later and later and later and later each night.It was smashed.So what's going on? And the really exciting news is that mental illness and sleep are not simply associated but they are physically linked within the brain.The neural networks that predispose you to normal sleep, give you normal sleep, and those that give you normal mental health are overlapping.And what's the evidence for that? Well, genes that have been shown to be very important in the generation of normal sleep, when mutated, when changed, also predispose individuals to mental health problems.And last year, we published a study which showed that a gene that's been linked to schizophrenia, which, when mutated, also smashes the sleep.So we have evidence of a genuine mechanistic overlap between these two important systems.Other work flowed from these studies.The first was that sleep disruption actually precedes certain types of mental illness, and we've shown that in those young individuals who are at high risk of developing bipolar disorder, they already have a sleep abnormality prior to any clinical diagnosis of bipolar.The other bit of data was that sleep disruption may actually exacerbate, make worse the mental illness state.My colleague Dan Freeman has used a range of agents which have stabilized sleep and reduced levels of paranoia in those individuals by 50 percent.So what have we got? We've got, in these connections, some really exciting things.In terms of the neuroscience, by understanding the neuroscience of these two systems, we're really beginning to understand how both sleep and mental illness are generated and regulated within the brain.The second area is that if we can use sleep and sleep disruption as an early warning signal, then we have the chance of going in.If we know that these individuals are vulnerable, early intervention then becomes possible.And the third, which I think is the most exciting, is that we can think of the sleep centers within the brain as a new therapeutic target.Stabilize sleep in those individuals who are vulnerable, we can certainly make them healthier, but also alleviate some of the appalling symptoms of mental illness.So let me just finish.What I started by saying is take sleep seriously.Our attitudes toward sleep are so very different from a pre-industrial age, when we were almost wrapped in a duvet.We used to understand intuitively the importance of sleep.And this isn't some sort of crystal-waving nonsense.This is a pragmatic response to good health.If you have good sleep, it increases your concentration, attention, decision-making, creativity, social skills, health.If you get sleep, it reduces your mood changes, your stress, your levels of anger, your impulsivity, and your tendency to drink and take drugs.And we finished by saying that an understanding of the neuroscience of sleep is really informing the way we think about some of the causes of mental illness, and indeed is providing us new ways to treat these incredibly debilitating conditions.Jim Butcher, the fantasy writer, said, “Sleep is God.Go worship.” And I can only recommend that you do the same.Thank you for your attention.(Applause)

第二篇：ted英文演講稿

ted英文演講稿：犯錯的價值

每個人都會避免犯錯，但或許避免犯錯本身就是一種錯誤?請看以下這篇“犯錯家“凱瑟琳舒爾茨告訴我們，或許我們不只該承認錯誤，更應該大力擁抱人性中“我錯故我在“的本質。

So it's 1995, I'm in college, and a friend and I go on a road trip from Providence, Rhode Island to Portland, Oregon.And you know, we're young and unemployed, so we do the whole thing on back roads through state parks and national forests--basically the longest route we can possibly take.當時是95年 我在上大學 我和一個朋友開車去玩 從羅得島的普羅旺斯區出發 到奧勒岡州的波特蘭市。我們年輕、無業，于是整個旅程都在鄉間小道 經過州立公園 和國家保護森林 我們盡可能繞著最長的路徑

And somewhere in the middle of South Dakota, I turn to my friend and I ask her a question that's been bothering me for 2,000 miles.“What's up with the Chinese character I keep seeing by the side of the road?”My friend looks at me totally blankly.在南達科塔州之中某處 我轉向我的朋友 問她一個 兩千英里路途上 一直煩惱我的問題，“路邊那個一直出現的中文字到底是什么?”我的朋友露出疑惑的神情

There's actually a gentleman in the front row who's doing a perfect imitation of her look.(Laughter)And I'm like, “You know, all the signs we keep seeing with the Chinese character on them.”

正如現在坐在第一排的這三位男士 所露出的神情一樣，笑聲)我說“你知道的 我們一直看到的那個路牌 寫著中文的那個啊”

She just stares at me for a few moments, and then she cracks up, because she figures out what I'm talking about.她瞪著我的臉一陣子 突然笑開了 因為她總算知道我所指為何

And what I'm talking about is this.我說的是這個

(Laughter)Right, the famous Chinese character for picnic area.(笑聲)沒錯，這就是代表野餐區的那個中文字

(Laughter)I've spent the last five years of my life thinking about situations exactly like this--why we sometimes misunderstand the signs around us，(笑聲)過去的五年 我一直在思考 剛剛我所描述的狀況 為什么我們會對身邊的征兆 產生誤解

and how we behave when that happens, and what all of this can tell us about human nature.當誤解發生時我們作何反應 以及這一切所告訴我們的人性

In other words, as you heard Chris say, I've spent the last five years thinking about being wrong.換句話說，就像 Chris 剛才說的 過去五年的時間 我都在思考錯誤的價值

This might strike you as a strange career move, but it actually has one great advantage: no job competition.你可能覺得這是個奇異的專業 但有一項好處是不容置疑的： 沒有競爭者。

(Laughter)In fact, most of us do everything we can to avoid thinking about being wrong, or at least to avoid thinking about the possibility that we ourselves are wrong.(笑聲)事實上，我們大部分的人 都盡力不思考錯誤的價值 或至少避免想到我們有可能犯錯。

We get it in the abstract.我們都知道這個模糊的概念。

We all know everybody in this room makes mistakes.我們都知道這里的每個人都曾經犯錯

The human species, in general, is fallible--okay fine.人類本來就會犯錯一只走鵑鳥 都會跳下懸崖

which is fine, he's a bird, he can fly.反正牠是鳥，牠可以飛

But the thing is, the coyote runs off the cliff right after him.但土狼也會跟著牠一起跳崖

And what's funny--at least if you're six years old--is that the coyote's totally fine too.那很好笑 如果你是個六歲兒童 土狼也很好

He just keeps running--right up until the moment that he looks down and realizes that he's in mid-air.牠就這么繼續跑 直到牠往下看 發現自己漫步在空中

That's when he falls.這時候他才會往下掉

When we're wrong about something--not when we realize it, but before that--we're like that coyote after he's gone off the cliff and before he looks down.在我們犯錯時 在我們意識到我們犯錯時 我們就像那只土狼 還沒意識到自己奔出懸崖

You know, we're already wrong, we're already in trouble, but we feel like we're on solid ground.我們已經錯了 已經惹上麻煩了 但仍然感覺像走在地上

So I should actually correct something I said a moment ago.我應該改變我之前的說法

It does feel like something to be wrong;it feels like being right.犯錯的感覺就和 正確的感覺一樣

(Laughter)So this is one reason, a structural reason, why we get stuck inside this feeling of rightness.(笑聲)事實上我們這種自以為對的感受 是有構造性的原因的

I call this error blindness.我稱之為錯誤盲點

Most of the time, we don't have any kind of internal cue to let us know that we're wrong about something, until it's too late.大部份的時間里 我們身體里沒有任何機制 提醒我們錯了 直到木已成舟

But there's a second reason that we get stuck inside this feeling as well--and this one is cultural.但還有第二個理由 文化性的理由

Think back for a moment to elementary school.回想小學時代

You're sitting there in class, and your teacher is handing back quiz papers, and one of them looks like this.你坐在課堂里 你的老師發回小考考卷 像這樣的小考考卷

This is not mine, by the way.雖然這張不是我的

(Laughter)So there you are in grade school, and you know exactly what to think about the kid who got this paper.(笑聲)你從小學時代 就知道該對拿這張考卷的同學 下甚么評語

It's the dumb kid, the troublemaker, the one who never does his homework.笨蛋，搗蛋鬼 從不做功課的壞學生

So by the time you are nine years old, you've already learned, first of all, that people who get stuff wrong are lazy, irresponsible dimwits--

你不過才九歲 你已經懂得，首先 那些犯錯的人 都是懶惰、不負責任的傻瓜

and second of all, that the way to succeed in life is to never make any mistakes.第二 想要在人生中成功 就不要犯錯

We learn these really bad lessons really well.我們很早就得到這些錯誤訊息

And a lot of us--and I suspect, especially a lot of us in this room--deal with them by just becoming perfect little A students，而我們 尤其是這個大廳里的許多人 都因此成為好學生 拿全A perfectionists, over-achievers.完美主義、永不滿意

Right, Mr.CFO, astrophysicist, ultra-marathoner? 不是嗎? 財務長、天體物理學家、超級馬拉松先生們?

us.(Laughter)You're all CFO, astrophysicists, ultra-marathoners, it turns out.(笑聲)結果是你們全成了財務長、天體物理學家、跑超級馬拉松 Okay, so fine.那很好

Except that then we freak out at the possibility that we've gotten something wrong.但一旦我們發現有可能犯錯 就開始手足無措

Because according to this, getting something wrong means there's something wrong with

因為依照規定 犯錯 代表我們一定也有甚么不對勁

So we just insist that we're right, because it makes us feel smart and responsible and virtuous and safe.于是我們堅持己見 因為那讓我們感覺聰明、得體 安全和可靠

So let me tell you a story.讓我告訴你們一個故事

A couple of years ago, a woman comes into Beth Israel Deaconess medical center for a surgery.幾年前 一個女人到 Beth Israel Deaconess 診所做手術

Beth Israel's in Boston.Beth Israel 在波士頓

It's the teaching hospital for Harvard--one of the best hospitals in the country.是哈佛大學的教學附屬醫院 全國數一數二的醫療中心

So this woman comes in and she's taken into the operating room.這個女人被送進開刀房

She's anesthetized, the surgeon does his thing--stitches her back up, sends her out to the recovery room.麻醉，外科醫生做完手術 縫合，將她送進恢復室

Everything seems to have gone fine.一切看上去都很好

And she wakes up, and she looks down at herself, and she says, “Why is the wrong side of my body in bandages?”

她醒來，往自己身上一看 說“為甚么我的左腿綁著繃帶?”

Well the wrong side of her body is in bandages because the surgeon has performed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one.她應該接受治療的是右腿 但為他做手術的外科醫生 卻把刀開在左腿

When the vice president for health care quality at Beth Israel spoke about this incident, he said something very interesting.當副院長出來為醫院的醫療質量 和這次意外做出解釋時 他說了句很有趣的話

He said, “For whatever reason, the surgeon simply felt that he was on the correct side of the patient.”

他說“無論如何 這位外科醫生感覺 他開下的刀是在正確的一側”

(Laughter)The point of this story is that trusting too much in the feeling of being on the correct side of anything can be very dangerous.(笑聲)故事的重點是 相信自己的判斷力 相信自己站在對的一邊 是非常危險的

This internal sense of rightness that we all experience so often is not a reliable guide to what is actually going on in the external world.我們心中時常感覺到的 理直氣壯的感覺 在真實世界中 并不是個可靠的向導。

And when we act like it is, and we stop entertaining the possibility that we could be wrong, well that's when we end up doing things

當我們依此行事 不再思考我們是否犯錯 我們就有可能

88.like dumping 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, or torpedoing the global economy.把兩百灣加侖的石油倒進墨西哥灣 或是顛覆世界經濟

So this is a huge practical problem.這是個很實際的問題

But it's also a huge social problem.這也是個很大的社會問題

Think for a moment about what it means to feel right.“感覺對”究竟是什么意思

It means that you think that your beliefs just perfectly reflect reality.這代表著你認為你的信念 和真實是一致的

And when you feel that way, you've got a problem to solve, which is, how are you going to explain all of those people who disagree with you?

當你有這種感覺的時候 你的問題就大了 因為如果你是對的 為甚么還有人和你持不同意見?

It turns out, most of us explain those people the same way, by resorting to a series of unfortunate assumptions.于是我們往往用同一種 思考方式去解釋這些異議

The first thing we usually do when someone disagrees with us is we just assume they're ignorant.第一是當他人不同意我們的說法 我們便覺得他們無知

They don't have access to the same information that we do, and when we generously share that information with them, they're going to see the light and come on over to our team.他們不像我們懂得這么多 當我們慷慨地和他們分享我們的知識 他們便會理解，并加入我們的行列

When that doesn't work, when it turns out those people have all the same facts that we do and they still disagree with us, then we move on to a second assumption，如果不是這樣 如果這些人和我們獲得的信息一樣多 卻仍然不認同我們 我們便有了下一個定論

which is that they're idiots.那就是他們是白癡

(Laughter)They have all the right pieces of the puzzle, and they are too moronic to put them together correctly.(笑聲)他們已經有了所有的信息 卻笨到無法拼湊出正確的圖像

And when that doesn't work, when it turns out that people who disagree with us have all the same facts we do and are actually pretty smart，一旦第二個定論也不成立 當這些反對我們的人 和我們有一樣的信息 又聰明

then we move on to a third assumption: they know the truth, and they are deliberately distorting it for their own malevolent purposes.我們便有了第三個結論 他們知道事實是甚么 但卻為了自己的好處 故意曲解真實。

So this is a catastrophe.這真是個大災難

This attachment to our own rightness keeps us from preventing mistakes when we absolutely need to and causes us to treat each other terribly.我們的自以為是 讓我們在最需要的時候 無法預防犯錯 更讓我們互相仇視

104.But to me, what's most baffling and most tragic about this is that it misses the whole point of being human.對我來說 最大的悲劇是 它讓我們錯失了身為人的珍貴意義

It's like we want to imagine that our minds are just these perfectly translucent windows and we just gaze out of them and describe the world as it unfolds.那就像是想象 我們的心靈之窗完全透明 我們向外觀看 描述在我們之前展開的世界

And we want everybody else to gaze out of the same window and see the exact same thing.我們想要每個人和我們有一樣的窗子 對世界做出一樣的觀察

That is not true, and if it were, life would be incredibly boring.那不是真的 如果是，人生將會多么無聊

The miracle of your mind isn't that you can see the world as it is.心靈的神奇之處 不在你懂得這個世界是甚么樣子

It's that you can see the world as it isn't.而是去理解那些你不懂的地方

We can remember the past, and we can think about the future, and we can imagine what it's like to be some other person in some other place.我們記得過去 思考未來 我們想象 自己成為他人，在他方

And we all do this a little differently, which is why we can all look up at the same night sky and see this and also this and also this.我們的想象都有些不同 于是當我們抬頭看同一個夜空 我們看到這個 這個 和這個

And yeah, it is also why we get things wrong.這也是我們搞錯事情的原因

1,200 years before Descartes said his famous thing about “I think therefore I am,”

在笛卡兒說出那句有名的”我思故我在“ 的一千兩百年前

this guy, St.Augustine, sat down and wrote “Fallor ergo sum”--“I err therefore I am.”

圣奧古斯丁，坐下來 寫下“Fallor ergo sum”“我錯故我在”

Augustine understood that our capacity to screw up, it's not some kind of embarrassing defect in the human system, something we can eradicate or overcome.奧古斯丁懂得 我們犯錯的能力 這并不是人性中 一個令人難堪的缺陷 不是我們可以克服或消滅的

It's totally fundamental to who we are.這是我們的本質

Because, unlike God, we don't really know what's going on out there.因為我們不是上帝 我們不知道我們之外究竟發生了甚么

And unlike all of the other animals, we are obsessed with trying to figure it out.而不同于其它動物的是 我們都瘋狂地想找出解答

To me, this obsession is the source and root of all of our productivity and creativity.對我來說 這種尋找的沖動 就是我們生產力和創造力的來源

Last year, for various reasons, I found myself listening to a lot of episodes of the Public Radio show This American Life.因為一些緣故 去年我在廣播上 聽了很多集的“我們的美國人生”

And so I'm listening and I'm listening, and at some point, I start feeling like all the stories are about being wrong.我聽著聽著 突然發現 這些故事全和犯錯有關

And my first thought was, “I've lost it.我的第一個念頭是 “我完了

I've become the crazy wrongness lady.我寫書寫瘋了

I just imagined it everywhere,”

四處都看到有關犯錯的幻覺”

which has happened.說真的是這樣

But a couple of months later, I actually had a chance to interview Ira Glass, who's the host of the show.但幾個月后 我訪問了那個廣播節目的主持人 Ira Glass

And I mentioned this to him, and he was like, “No actually, that's true.我向他提到這件事 他回答我“事實上

In fact,” he says, “as a staff, we joke that every single episode of our show has the same crypto-theme.你是對的”他說 “我們這些工作人員總是 開玩笑說每集節目之中的 秘密主題都是一樣的

And the crypto-theme is: 'I thought this one thing was going to happen and something else happened instead.' And thing is,” says Ira Glass, “we need this.這個秘密主題就是 ”我以為這件事會這樣發生 結果其它事情發生了“ 他說”但是，這就是我們需要的

We need these moments of surprise and reversal and wrongness to make these stories work.“

我們需要這些意外 這些顛倒和錯誤 這些故事才能成立。”

And for the rest of us, audience members, as listeners, as readers, we eat this stuff up.而我們身為觀眾 聽眾、讀者 我們吸收這些故事

We love things like plot twists and red herrings and surprise endings.我們喜歡故事轉折 令人驚訝的結局

When it comes to our stories, we love being wrong.我們喜歡在故事里 看到犯錯

But, you know, our stories are like this because our lives are like this.但，故事會這樣寫 是因為人生就是這樣

We think this one thing is going to happen and something else happens instead.我們以為某些事情會這樣發生 發生的卻是其它事

George Bush thought he was going to invade Iraq, find a bunch of weapons of mass destruction, liberate the people and bring democracy to the Middle East.小布什以為他入侵伊拉克 會找到大規模毀滅性武器 解放中東百姓，為他們帶來民主自由

And something else happened instead.但卻不是這樣

And Hosni Mubarak thought he was going to be dictator of Egypt for the rest of his life, until he got too old or too sick and could pass the reigns of power onto his son.穆巴拉克以為 他到死都會是埃及的獨裁者 一直到他年老或臥病 再把他的權力交給下一代

And something else happened instead.但卻不是這樣

And maybe you thought you were going to grow up and marry your high school sweetheart and move back to your home town and raise a bunch of kids together.或許你想過 你會長大、嫁給你的初戀情人 搬回老家，生一群孩子

And something else happened instead.但卻不是這樣

And I have to tell you that I thought I was writing an incredibly nerdy book about a subject everybody hates for an audience that would never materialize.我必須說 我以為我寫的是一本很冷僻的書 有關一個人人討厭的主題 為一些從不存在的讀者

And something else happened instead.但卻不是這樣

(Laughter)I mean, this is life.(笑聲)我們的人生

For good and for ill, we generate these incredible stories about the world around us, and then the world turns around and astonishes us.無論好壞 我們創造了啦 那包圍我們的世界 而世界轉過頭來，令我們大吃一驚

No offense, but this entire conference is an unbelievable monument to our capacity to get stuff wrong.說真的，這整個會議 充斥著這樣難以置信的時刻 我們一次又一次地意識到自己的錯誤

We just spent and entire week talking about innovations and advancements and improvements, but you know why we need all of those innovations

我們花了整整一周 討論創新，進步 和改善 你知道我們為甚么需要這些創新

and advancements and improvements?

進步和改善嗎?

Because half the stuff that's the most mind-boggling and world altering--TED 1998--eh.因為其中有一半 來自最應該改變世界的 98年的TED 呃

(Laughter)Didn't really work out that way, did it.(笑聲)真是出人意料之外啊，不是嗎

(Laughter)Where's my jet pack, Chris?

(笑聲)我的逃生火箭在哪，Chris?

(Laughter)(Applause)So here we are again.(笑聲)(掌聲)于是我們又在這里

And that's how it goes.事情就是這樣

We come up with another idea.我們重新想出其它點子

We tell another story.我們有了新的故事

We hold another conference.我們開了另一個會議

The theme of this one, as you guys have now heard seven million times, is the rediscovery of wonder.這次的主題是 如果你還沒有聽到耳朵出油的話 是重新找到想象的力量

And to me, if you really want to rediscover wonder, you need to step outside of that tiny, terrified space of rightness and look around at each other

對我來說 如果你真的想重新找到想象的力量 你需要離開 那個小小的、自我感覺良好的小圈圈 看看彼此

and look out at the vastness and complexity and mystery of the universe and be able to say, “Wow, I don't know.看看宇宙的 廣大無垠 復雜神秘 然后真正地說 “哇，我不知道

Maybe I'm wrong.”

或許我錯了。”

Thank you.謝謝各位

(Applause)Thank you guys.

第三篇：ted演講稿 英文

ted演講稿 英文

歡迎來到聘才網，以下是聘才小編為大家搜索整理的ted演講稿 英文，歡迎大家閱讀。萊溫斯基ted演講稿(英文版)

You're looking at a woman who was publicly silent for a decade.Obviously, that's changed, but only recently.It was several months ago that I gave my very first major public talk at the Forbes 30 Under 30 summit:1,500 brilliant people, all under the age of 30.That meant that in 1998, the oldest among the group were only 14, and the youngest, just four.I joked with them that some might only have heard of me from rap songs.Yes, I'm in rap songs.Almost 40 rap songs.But the night of my speech, a surprising thing happened.At the age of 41, I was hit on by a 27-year-old guy.I know, right? He was charming and I was flattered, and I declined.You know what his unsuccessful pickup line was? He could make me feel 22 again.I realized later that night, I'm probably the only person over 40 who does not want to be 22 again.At the age of 22, I fell in love with my boss, and at the age of 24, I learned the devastating consequences.Can I see a show of hands of anyone here who didn't make a mistake or do something they regretted at 22? Yep.That's what I thought.So like me, at 22, a few of you may have also taken wrong turns and fallen in love with the wrong person, maybe even your boss.Unlike me, though, your boss probably wasn't the president of the United States of America.Of course, life is full of surprises.Not a day goes by that I'm not reminded of my mistake, and I regret that mistake deeply.In 1998, after having been swept up into an improbable romance, I was then swept up into the eye of a political, legal and media maelstrom like we had never seen before.Remember, just a few years earlier,news was consumed from just three places: reading a newspaper or magazine, listening to the radio, or watching television.That was it.But that wasn't my fate.Instead, this scandal was brought to you by the digital revolution.That meant we could access all the information we wanted, when we wanted it, anytime, anywhere, and when the story broke in January 1998, it broke online.It was the first time the traditional news was usurped by the Internet for a major news story, a click that reverberated around the world.What that meant for me personally was that overnight I went from being a completely private figure to a publicly humiliated one worldwide.I was patient zero of losing a personal reputation on a global scale almost instantaneously.This rush to judgment, enabled by technology, led to mobs of virtual stone-throwers.Granted, it was before social media, but people could still comment online, email stories, and, of course, email cruel jokes.News sources plastered photos of me all over to sell newspapers, banner ads online, and to keep people tuned to the TV.Do you recall a particular image of me, say, wearing a beret?

Now, I admit I made mistakes, especially wearing that beret.But the attention and judgment that I received, not the story, but that I personally received, was unprecedented.I was branded as a tramp, tart, slut, whore, bimbo, and, of course, that woman.I was seen by many but actually known by few.And I get it: it was easy to forget that that woman was dimensional, had a soul, and was once unbroken.When this happened to me 17 years ago, there was no name for it.Now we call it cyberbullying(網絡欺凌)andonline harassment(網絡騷擾).Today, I want to share some of my experience with you, talk about how that experience has helped shape my cultural observations, and how I hope my past experience can lead to a change that results in less suffering for others.In 1998, I lost my reputation and my dignity.I lost almost everything, and I almost lost my life.Let me paint a picture for you.It is September of 1998.I'm sitting in a windowless office room inside the Office of the Independent Counsel underneath humming fluorescent lights.I'm listening to the sound of my voice, my voice on surreptitiously taped phone calls that a supposed friend had made the year before.I'm here because I've been legally required to personally authenticate all 20 hours of taped conversation.For the past eight months, the mysterious content of these tapes has hung like the Sword of Damocles over my head.I mean, who can remember what they said a year ago? Scared and mortified, I listen, listen as I prattle on about the flotsam and jetsam of the day;listen as I confess my love for the president, and, of course, my heartbreak;listen to my sometimes catty, sometimes churlish, sometimes silly self being cruel, unforgiving, uncouth;listen, deeply, deeply ashamed, to the worst version of myself,a self I don't even recognize.A few days later, the Starr Report is released to Congress, and all of those tapes and trans, those stolen words, form a part of it.That people can read the trans is horrific enough, but a few weeks later, the audio tapes are aired on TV, and significant portions made available online.The public humiliation was excruciating.Life was almost unbearable.This was not something that happened with regularity back then in 1998, and by this, I mean the stealing of people's private words, actions, conversations or photos, and then making them public--public without consent, public without context, and public without compassion.Fast forward 12 years to XX, and now social media has been born.The landscape has sadly become much more populated with instances like mine, whether or not someone actually make a mistake, and now it's for both public and private people.The consequences for some have become dire, very dire.I was on the phone with my mom in September of XX, and we were talking about the news of a young college freshman from Rutgers University named Tyler Clementi.Sweet, sensitive, creative Tyler was secretly webcammed by his roommate while being intimate with another man.When the online world learned of this incident, the ridicule and cyberbullying ignited.A few days later, Tyler jumped from the George Washington Bridge to his death.He was 18.My mom was beside herself about what happened to Tyler and his family, and she was gutted with painin a way that I just couldn't quite understand, and then eventually I realized she was reliving 1998, reliving a time when she sat by my bed every night, reliving a time when she made me shower with the bathroom door open, and reliving a time when both of my parents feared that I would be humiliated to death,literally.Today, too many parents haven't had the chance to step in and rescue their loved ones.Too many have learned of their child's suffering and humiliation after it was too late.Tyler's tragic, senseless death was a turning point for me.It served to recontextualize my experiences, and I then began to look at the world of humiliation and bullying around me and see something different.In 1998, we had no way of knowing where this brave new technology called the Internet would take us.Since then, it has connected people in unimaginable ways, joining lost siblings, saving lives, launching revolutions, but the darkness, cyberbullying, and slut-shaming that I experienced had mushroomed.Every day online, people, especially young people who are not developmentally equipped to handle this, are so abused and humiliated that they can't imagine living to the next day, and some, tragically, don't, and there's nothing virtual about that.ChildLine, a nonprofit that's focused on helping young people on various issues,released a staggering statistic late last year: From XX to XX, there was an 87 percent increase in calls and emails related to cyberbullying.A meta-analysis done out of the Netherlands showed that for the first time, cyberbullying was leading to suicidal ideations more significantly than offline bullying.And you know what shocked me, although it shouldn't have, was other research last year that determined humiliation was a more intensely felt emotion than either happiness or even anger.Cruelty to others is nothing new, but online, technologically enhanced shaming is amplified, uncontained, and permanently accessible.The echo of embarrassment used to extend only as far as your family, village, school or community, but now it's the online community too.Millions of people, often anonymously, can stab you with their words, and that's a lot of pain, and there are no perimeters around how many people can publicly observe you and put you in a public stockade.There is a very personal price to public humiliation, and the growth of the Internet has jacked up that price.For nearly two decades now, we have slowly been sowing the seeds of shame and public humiliation in our cultural soil, both on-and offline.Gossip websites, paparazzi, reality programming, politics, news outlets and sometimes hackers all traffic in shame.It's led to desensitization and a permissive environment online which lends itself to trolling, invasion of privacy, and cyberbullying.This shift has created what Professor Nicolaus Mills calls a culture of humiliation.Consider a few prominent examples just from the past six months alone.Snapchat, the service which is used mainly by younger generationsand claims that its messages only have the lifespan of a few seconds.You can imagine the range of content that that gets.A third-party app which Snapchatters use to preserve the lifespan of the messages was hacked, and 100,000 personal conversations, photos, and videos were leaked online to now have a lifespan of forever.Jennifer Lawrence and several other actors had their iCloud accounts hacked, and private, intimate, nude photos were plastered across the Internet without their gossip website had over five million hits for this one story.And what about the Sony Pictures cyberhacking? The documents which received the most attention were private emails that had maximum public embarrassment value.But in this culture of humiliation, there is another kind of price tag attached to public shaming.The price does not measure the cost to the victim, which Tyler and too many others, notably women, minorities,and members of the LGBTQ community have paid, but the price measures the profit of those who prey on them.This invasion of others is a raw material, efficiently and ruthlessly mined, packaged and sold at a profit.A marketplace has emerged where public humiliation is a commodity and shame is an is the money made? Clicks.The more shame, the more clicks.The more clicks, the more advertising dollars.We're in a dangerous cycle.The more we click on this kind of gossip, the more numb we get to the human lives behind it, and the more numb we get, the more we click.All the while, someone is making money off of the back of someone else's suffering.With every click, we make a choice.The more we saturate our culture with public shaming, the more accepted it is, the more we will see behavior like cyberbullying, trolling, some forms of hacking, and online harassment.Why? Because they all have humiliation at their cores.This behavior is a symptom of the culture we've created.Just think about it.Changing behavior begins with evolving beliefs.We've seen that to be true with racism, homophobia, and plenty of other biases, today and in the past.As we've changed beliefs about same-sex marriage, more people have been offered equal freedoms.When we began valuing sustainability, more people began to recycle.So as far as our culture of humiliation goes, what we need is a cultural revolution.Public shaming as a blood sport has to stop, and it's time for an intervention on the Internet and in our culture.The shift begins with something simple, but it's not easy.We need to return to a long-held value of compassion--compassion and empathy.Online, we've got a compassion deficit, an empathy crisis.Researcher Brené Brown said, and I quote, “Shame can't survive empathy.” Shame cannot survive empathy.I've seen some very dark days in my life, and it was the compassion and empathy from my family, friends, professionals, and sometimes even strangers that saved me.Even empathy from one person can make a difference.The theory of minority influence, proposed by social psychologist Serge Moscovici, says that even in small numbers, when there's consistency over time, change can happen.In the online world, we can foster minority influence by becoming upstanders.To become an upstander means instead of bystander apathy, we can post a positive comment for someone or report a bullying situation.Trust me, compassionate comments help abate the negativity.We can also counteract the culture by supporting organizations that deal with these kinds of issues, like the Tyler Clementi Foundation in the , In the , there's Anti-Bullying Pro, and in Australia, there's Project Rockit.We talk a lot about our right to freedom of expression, but we need to talk more about our responsibility to freedom of expression.We all want to be heard, but let's acknowledge the difference between speaking up with intention and speaking up for attention.The Internet is the superhighway for the id, but online, showing empathy to others benefits us all and helps create a safer and better world.We need to communicate online with compassion, consume news with compassion, and click with compassion.Just imagine walking a mile in someone else's headline.I'd like to end on a personal note.In the past nine months, the question I've been asked the most is why.Why now? Why was I sticking my head above the parapet? You can read between the lines in those questions, and the answer has nothing to do with politics.The top note answer was and is because it's time: time to stop tip-toeing around my past;time to stop living a life of opprobrium;and time to take back my narrative.It's also not just about saving myself.Anyone who is suffering from shame and public humiliation needs to know one thing: You can survive it.I know it's hard.It may not be painless, quick or easy, but you can insist on a different ending to your story.Have compassion for yourself.We all deserve compassion, and to live both online and off in a more compassionate world.Thank you for listening.

第四篇：TED演講稿英文

當工作越來越復雜，給你6個簡化守則

Ihave spent the last years, trying to resolve two enigmas: why is productivity so disappointing in all the companies where I work? I have worked with more than 500 companies.Despite all the technological advance

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computers，IT，communications, telecommunications, the internet.Enigma number two: why is there so little engagement at work? Why do people feel so miserable, even actively disengaged? Disengaged their colleagues.Acting against the interest of their company.Despite all the affiliation events, the celebration, the people initiatives, the leadership development programs to train managers on how to better motivate their teams.At the beginning, I thought there was a chicken and egg issue: because people are less engaged, they are less productive.Or vice versa, because they are less productive, we put more pressure and they are less engaged.But as we were doing our analysis we realized that there was a common root cause to these two issues that relates, in fact, to the basic pillars of management.The way we organize is based on two pillars.The hard—structure, processes, systems.The soft—feeling, sentiments, interpersonal relationship, traits, personality.And whenever a company reorganizes, restructures, reengineers, goes through a cultural transformation program, it chooses these two pillars.Now we try to refine them, we try to combine them.The real issue is – and this is the answer to the two enigmas – these pillar are obsolete.Everything you read in business books is based either two of the other or their combine.They are obsolete.How do they work when you try to use these approaches in front of the new complexity of business? The hard approach, basically is that you start from strategy, requirement, structure, processes，systems，KPIs，scorecards，committees, headquarters, hubs, clusters, you name it.I forgot all the metrics, incentives, committees, middle offices and interfaces.What happens basically on the left, you have more complexity, the new complexity of business.We need quality, cost, reliability, speed.And every time there is a new requirement, we use the same approach.We create dedicated structure processed systems, basically to deal with the new complexity of business.The hard approach creates just complicatedness in the organization.Let’s take an example.An automotive company, the engineering division is a five-dimensional matrix.If you open any cell of the matrix, you find another 20-dimensional matrix.You have Mr.Noise, Mr.Petrol Consumption, Mr.Anti-Collision Propertise.For any new requirement, you have a dedicated function in charge of aligning engineers against the new requirement.What happens when the new requirement emerges? Some years ago, a new requirement appeared on the marketplace: the length of the warranty period.So therefore the requirement is repairability, making cars easy to repair.Otherwise when you bring the car to the garage to fix the light, if you have to remove the engine to access the lights, the car will have to stay one week in the garage instead of two hours, and the warranty budget will explode.So, what was the solution using the hard approach? If repairability is the rew requirement, the solution is to create a new function, Mr.Repairability.And Mr.Repairability creates the repairability process.With a repairability scorecard, with a repairability metric and eventually repairability incentive.That came on top of 25 other KPIs.What percentage of these people is variable compensation? Twenty percent at most, divided by 26 KPIs, repairability makes a difference of 0.8 percent.What difference did it make in their action, their choices to simplify? Zero.But what occurs for zero impact? Mr.Repairability, process, scorecard, evaluation, coordination with the 25 other coordinators to have zero impact.Now, in front of the new complexity of business, the only solution is not drawing box es with reporting lines.It is basically the interplay.How the parts work together.The connection, the interaction, the synapse.It is not skeleton of boxes, it is the nervous system of adaptiveness and intelligence.You know, you could call it cooperation, basically.Whenever people cooperate, they use less resources.In everything.You know, the repairability issue is a cooperation problem.When you design cars, please take into account the need of those who will repair the cars in the after sales garage.When we don’t cooperate we need more time, more equipment, more system, more teams.We need – when procurement, supply chain, manufacturing don’t cooperate we need more stock, more investories, more working capital.Who will pay for that? Shareholder? Customers? No, they will refuse.So who is left? The employees, who have tocompensate through their super individual efforts for the lack of cooperation.Stress, burnout, they are overwhelmed, accidents.No wonder they disengage.How do the hard and the soft try to foster cooperation?

The hard: in banks, when there is problem between the back office and the front office, they don’t cooperate.What is the solution? They create a middle office.What happens one years later? Instead of one problem between the back and front, now have to problems.Between the back and the middle and between the middle and the front.Plus I have to pay for the middle office.The hard approach is unable to foster cooperation.It can only add new boxes, new bones in the skeleton.The soft approach: to make people cooperate, we need to make then like each other.Improve interpersonal feelings, the more people laike each other, the more they will cooperate.It is totally worng.It even counterproductive.Look, at home I have two TVs.Why? Precisely not to have to cooperate with my wife.Not to have to impose tradeoffs to my wife.And why I try not to impose tradeoffs to my wife is precisely because I love my wife.If I didn’t love my wife, one TV would be enough: you will watch my favorite football game, if you are not happy, how is the book or the door? The more we like each other, the more we avoid the real cooperation that would strain our relationships by imposing tough tradeoffs.And we go for a second TV or we escalate the decision above for arbitration.Definitely, these approaches are obsolete.To deal with complexity, to enhance nervous system, we have created what we call the smart simplicity approach based on simple rules.Simple rule number one: understand what others do.What is their real work? We need go beyond the boxes, the job description, beyond the surface of the container, to understand the real content.Me, designer, if I put a wire here, I know that it will mean that we will have to remove the engine to access the lights.Second, you need to reinforce integrators.Integrators are not middle office, they are managers, existing managers that you reinforce so that they have power and interest to make others cooperate.How can you reinforce your managers as integrators? By removing layers.When there are too many layers people are too far from the action.Therefore they need KPIs, metrics, they need poor proxies for reality.They don’t understand reality and they add the complicatedness of metrics, KPIs.By removing rules—the bigger we are, the more we need integrators, therefore the less rules we must have, to give discretionary power to managers.And we do the opposite – the bigger we are, the more rules we create.And we end up with the Encyclopedia Britannica of rules.You need to increase the quanitity of power so that you can empower everybody to use their judgment, their intelligence.You must give more cards to people so that they have the critical mass of cards to take the risk to cooperate, to move out of insulation.Otherwise, they will withdraw.They will disengage.These rules, they come from game theory and organizational sociology.You can increase the shadow of the future.Create feedback loops that expose people to the consequences of their actions.This is what the automotive company did when they saw that Mr.Repairability had no impact.They said the design engineers: now, in the three years, when the new car is launched on the market, you will move to the after sales network, and become in charge of the warranty budget, and if the warranty budget explodes, it will explode in your face.Much more powerful than 0.8 percent variable compensation.You need also to increase reciprocity, by removing the buffers that make us self-sufficient.When you remove these buffers, you hold me by the nose, I hold you by the ear.We will cooperate.Remove the second TV.There are many second TVs at work that don’t create value, they just provide dysfunctional self-sufficiency.You need to reward those who cooperate and blame those who don’t cooperate.The CEO of The Lego Group, JK, has a great way to use it.He say, blame is not for failure, it is for failing to help or ask for help.It changes everything.Suddenly it becomes in my interest to be transparent on my real weakness, my real forecast, because I know I will not be blamed if I fail, but if I fail to help or ask for help.When you do this, it has a lot of implications on organizational design.You stop drawing boxes, dotted lines, full lines;you look at their interplay.It has a lot of implication on financial policies that we use.On human resource management practices.When you do that, you can manage complexity, the new complexity of business, without getting complicated.You create more value with lower cost.You simultaneously improve performance and satisfaction at work because you have remove the common root cause that hinders both.Complicatedness: this is your battle, business leader.The real battle is not against competitors.This is rubbish, very abstract.When do we meet competitors to fight them? The real battle is against ourselves, against our bureaucracy, our complicatedness.Only you can fight, can do it.Thank you!

第五篇：TED英語演講稿：我們為什么要睡覺

TED英語演講稿：我們為什么要睡覺

簡介：一生中，我們有三分之一的時間都在睡眠中度過。關于睡眠，你又了解多少?睡眠專家russell foster為我們解答為什么要睡覺，以及睡眠對健康的影響。

what i'd like to do today is talk about one of my favorite subjects, and that is the neuroscience of sleep.now, there is a sound--(alarm clock)--aah, it worked--a sound that is desperately, desperately familiar to most of us, and of course it's the sound of the alarm clock.and what that truly ghastly, awful sound does is stop the single most important behavioral experience that we have, and that's sleep.if you're an average sort of person, 36 percent of your life will be spent asleep, which means that if you live to 90, then 32 years will have been spent entirely asleep.now what that 32 years is telling us is that sleep at some level is important.and yet, for most of us, we don't give sleep a second thought.we throw it away.we really just don't think about sleep.and so what i'd like to do today is change your views, change your ideas and your thoughts about sleep.and the journey that i want to take you on, we need to start by going back in time.“enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber.” any ideas who said that? shakespeare's julius caesar.yes, let me give you a few more quotes.“o sleep, o gentle sleep, nature's soft nurse, how have i frighted thee?” shakespeare again, from--i won't say it--the scottish play.[correction: henry iv, part 2](laughter)from the same time: “sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together.” extremely prophetic, by thomas dekker, another elizabethan dramatist.but if we jump forward 400 years, the tone about sleep changes somewhat.this is from thomas edison, from the beginning of the 20th century.“sleep is a criminal waste of time and a heritage from our cave days.” bang.(laughter)and if we also jump into the 1980s, some of you may remember that margaret thatcher was reported to have said, “sleep is for wimps.” and of course the infamous--what was his name?--the infamous gordon gekko from “wall street” said, “money never sleeps.”

what do we do in the 20th century about sleep? well, of course, we use thomas edison's light bulb to invade the night, and we occupied the dark, and in the process of this occupation, we've treated sleep as an illness, almost.we've treated it as an enemy.at most now, i suppose, we tolerate the need for sleep, and at worst perhaps many of us think of sleep as an illness that needs some sort of a cure.and our ignorance about sleep is really quite profound.why is it? why do we abandon sleep in our thoughts? well, it's because you don't do anything much while you're asleep, it seems.you don't eat.you don't drink.and you don't have sex.well, most of us anyway.and so therefore it's--sorry.it's a complete waste of time, right? wrong.actually, sleep is an incredibly important part of our biology, and neuroscientists are beginning to explain why it's so very important.so let's move to the brain.now, here we have a brain.this is donated by a social scientist, and they said they didn't know what it was, or indeed how to use it, so--(laughter)sorry.so i borrowed it.i don't think they noticed.okay.(laughter)

the point i'm trying to make is that when you're asleep, this thing doesn't shut down.in fact, some areas of the brain are actually more active during the sleep state than during the wake state.the other thing that's really important about sleep is that it doesn't arise from a single structure within the brain, but is to some extent a network property, and if we flip the brain on its back--i love this little bit of spinal cord here--this bit here is the hypothalamus, and right under there is a whole raft of interesting structures, not least the biological clock.the biological clock tells us when it's good to be up, when it's good to be asleep, and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus，the

lateral

hypothalamus，the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei.all of those combine, and they send projections down to the brain stem here.the brain stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here, with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness.so sleep arises from a whole raft of different interactions within the brain, and essentially, sleep is turned on and off as a result of a range of

okay.so where have we got to? we've said that sleep is complicated and it takes 32 years of our life.but what i haven't explained is what sleep is about.so why do we sleep? and it won't surprise any of you that, of course, the scientists, we don't have a consensus.there are dozens of different ideas about why we sleep, and i'm going to outline three of those.the first is sort of the restoration idea, and it's somewhat intuitive.essentially, all the stuff we've burned up during the day, we restore, we replace, we rebuild during the night.and indeed, as an explanation, it goes back to aristotle, so that's, what, 2,300 years ago.it's gone in and out of fashion.it's fashionable at the moment because what's been shown is that within the brain, a whole raft of genes have been shown to be turned on only during sleep, and those genes are associated with restoration and metabolic pathways.so there's good evidence for the whole restoration hypothesis.what about energy conservation? again, perhaps intuitive.you essentially sleep to save calories.now, when you do the sums, though, it doesn't really pan out.if you compare an individual who has slept at night, or stayed awake and hasn't moved very much, the energy saving of sleeping is about 110 calories a night.now, that's the equivalent of a hot dog bun.now, i would say that a hot dog bun is kind of a meager return for such a complicated and demanding behavior as sleep.so i'm less convinced by the energy conservation idea.but the third idea i'm quite attracted to, which is brain processing and memory consolidation.what we know is that, if after you've tried to learn a task, and you sleep-deprive individuals, the ability to learn that task is smashed.it's really hugely attenuated.so sleep and memory consolidation is also very important.however, it's not just the laying down of memory and recalling it.what's turned out to be really exciting is that our ability to come up with novel solutions to complex problems is hugely enhanced by a night of sleep.in fact, it's been estimated to give us a threefold advantage.sleeping at night enhances our creativity.and what seems to be going on is that, in the brain, those neural connections that are important, those synaptic connections that are important, are linked and strengthened, while those that are less important tend to fade away and be less important.okay.so we've had three explanations for why we might sleep, and i think the important thing to realize is that the details will vary, and it's probable we sleep for multiple different reasons.but sleep is not an indulgence.it's not some sort of thing that we can take on board rather casually.i think that sleep was once likened to an upgrade from economy to business class, you know, the equiavlent of.it's not even an upgrade from economy to first class.the critical thing to realize is that if you don't sleep, you don't fly.essentially, you never get there, and what's extraordinary about much of our society these days is that we are desperately sleep-deprived.so let's now look at sleep deprivation.huge sectors of society are sleep-deprived, and let's look at our sleep-o-meter.so in the 1950s, good data suggests that most of us were getting around about eight hours of sleep a night.nowadays, we sleep one and a half to two hours less every night, so we're in the six-and-a-half-hours-every-night

league.for teenagers, it's worse, much worse.they need nine hours for full brain performance, and many of them, on a school night, are only getting five hours of sleep.it's simply not enough.if we think about other sectors of society, the aged, if you are aged, then your ability to sleep in a single block is somewhat disrupted, and many sleep, again, less than five hours a night.shift work.shift work is extraordinary, perhaps 20 percent of the working population, and the body clock does not shift to the demands of working at night.it's locked onto the same light-dark cycle as the rest of us.so when the poor old shift worker is going home to try and sleep during the day, desperately tired, the body clock is saying, “wake up.this is the time to be awake.” so the quality of sleep that you get as a night shift worker is usually very poor, again in that sort of five-hour region.and then, of course, tens of millions of people suffer from jet lag.so who here has jet lag? well, my goodness gracious.well, thank you very much indeed for not falling asleep, because that's what your brain is craving.one of the things that the brain does is indulge in micro-sleeps, this involuntary falling asleep, and you have essentially no control over it.now, micro-sleeps can be sort of somewhat embarrassing, but they can also be deadly.it's been estimated that 31 percent of drivers will fall asleep at the wheel at least once in their life, and in the , the statistics are pretty good: 100,000 accidents on the freeway have been associated with tiredness, loss of vigilance, and falling asleep.a hundred thousand a year.it's extraordinary.at another level of terror, we dip into the tragic accidents at chernobyl and indeed the space shuttle challenger, which was so tragically lost.and in the investigations that followed those disasters, poor judgment as a result of extended shift work and loss of vigilance and tiredness was attributed to a big chunk of those disasters.so when you're tired, and you lack sleep, you have poor memory, you have poor creativity, you have increased impulsiveness, and you have overall poor judgment.but my friends, it's so much worse than that.(laughter)

if you are a tired brain, the brain is craving things to wake it up.so drugs, stimulants.caffeine represents the stimulant of choice across much of the western world.much of the day is fueled by caffeine, and if you're a really naughty tired brain, nicotine.and of course, you're fueling the waking state with these stimulants, and then of course it gets to 11 o'clock at night, and the brain says to itself, “ah, well actually, i need to be asleep fairly shortly.what do we do about that when i'm feeling completely wired?” well, of course, you then resort to alcohol.now alcohol, short-term, you know, once or twice, to use to mildly sedate you, can be very useful.it can actually ease the sleep transition.but what you must be so aware of is that alcohol doesn't provide sleep, a biological mimic for sleep.it sedates you.so it actually harms some of the neural proccessing that's going on during memory consolidation and memory recall.so it's a short-term acute measure, but for goodness sake, don't become addicted to alcohol as a way of getting to sleep every night.another connection between loss of sleep is weight gain.if you sleep around about five hours or less every night, then you have a 50 percent likelihood of being obese.what's the connection here? well, sleep loss seems to give rise to the release of the hormone ghrelin, the hunger hormone.ghrelin is released.it gets to the brain.the brain says, “i need carbohydrates,” and what it does is seek out carbohydrates and particularly sugars.so there's a link between tiredness and the metabolic predisposition for weight gain.stress.tired people are massively stressed.and one of the things of stress, of course, is loss of memory, which is what i sort of just then had a little lapse of.but stress is so much more.so if you're acutely stressed, not a great problem, but it's sustained stress associated with sleep loss that's the problem.so sustained stress leads to suppressed immunity, and so tired people tend to have higher rates of overall infection, and there's some very good studies showing that shift workers, for example, have higher rates of cancer.increased levels of stress throw glucose into the circulation.glucose becomes a dominant part of the vasculature and essentially you become glucose intolerant.therefore, diabetes 2.stress increases cardiovascular disease as a result of raising blood pressure.so there's a whole raft of things associated with sleep loss that are more than just a mildly impaired brain, which is where i think most people think that sleep loss resides.so at this point in the talk, this is a nice time to think, well, do you think on the whole i'm getting enough sleep? so a quick show of hands.who feels that they're getting enough sleep here? oh.well, that's pretty impressive.good.we'll talk more about that later, about what are your tips.so most of us, of course, ask the question, “well, how do i know whether i'm getting enough sleep?” well, it's not rocket science.if you need an alarm clock to get you out of bed in the morning, if you are taking a long time to get up, if you need lots of stimulants, if you're grumpy, if you're irritable, if you're told by your work colleagues that you're looking tired and irritable, chances are you are sleep-deprived.listen to them.listen to yourself.what do you do? well--and this is slightly offensive--sleep for dummies: make your bedroom a haven for sleep.the first critical thing is make it as dark as you possibly can, and also make it slightly cool.very important.actually, reduce your amount of light exposure at least half an hour before you go to bed.light increases levels of alertness and will delay sleep.what's the last thing that most of us do before we go to bed? we stand in a massively lit bathroom looking into the mirror cleaning our teeth.it's the worst thing we can possibly do before we went to sleep.turn off those mobile phones.turn off those computers.turn off all of those things that are also going to excite the brain.try not to drink caffeine too late in the day, ideally not after lunch.now, we've set about reducing light exposure before you go to bed, but light exposure in the morning is very good at setting the biological clock to the light-dark cycle.so seek out morning light.basically, listen to yourself.wind down.do those sorts of things that you know are going to ease you off into the honey-heavy dew of slumber.okay.that's some facts.what about some myths?

teenagers are lazy.no.poor things.they have a biological predisposition to go to bed late and get up late, so give them a break.we need eight hours of sleep a night.that's an average.some people need more.some people need less.and what you need to do is listen to your body.do you need that much or do you need more? simple as that.old people need less sleep.not true.the sleep demands of the aged do not go down.essentially, sleep fragments and becomes less robust, but sleep requirements do not go down.and the fourth myth is, early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.well that's wrong at so many different levels.(laughter)there is no, no evidence that getting up early and going to bed early gives you more wealth at all.there's no difference in socioeconomic status.in my experience, the only difference between morning people and evening people is that those people that get up in the morning early are just horribly smug.(laughter)(applause)

okay.so for the last part, the last few minutes, what i want to do is change gears and talk about some really new, breaking areas of neuroscience, which is the association between mental health, mental illness and sleep disruption.we've known for 130 years that in severe mental illness, there is always, always sleep disruption, but it's been largely ignored.in the 1970s, when people started to think about this again, they said, “yes, well, of course you have sleep disruption in schizophrenia because they're on anti-psychotics.it's the anti-psychotics causing the sleep problems,” ignoring the fact that for a hundred years previously, sleep disruption

had

been

reported

before anti-psychotics.so what's going on? lots of groups, several groups are studying conditions like depression, schizophrenia and bipolar, and what's going on in terms of sleep disruption.we have a big study which we published last year on schizophrenia, and the data were quite extraordinary.in those individuals with schizophrenia, much of the time, they were awake during the night phase and then they were asleep during the day.other groups showed no 24-hour patterns whatsoever.their sleep was absolutely smashed.and some had no ability to regulate their sleep by the light-dark cycle.they were getting up later and later and later and later each night.it was smashed.so what's going on? and the really exciting news is that mental illness and sleep are not simply associated but they are physically linked within the brain.the neural networks that predispose you to normal sleep, give you normal sleep, and those that give you normal mental health are overlapping.and what's the evidence for that? well, genes that have been shown to be very important in the generation of normal sleep, when mutated, when changed, also predispose individuals to mental health problems.and last year, we published a study which showed that a gene that's been linked to schizophrenia, which, when mutated, also smashes the sleep.so we have evidence of a genuine mechanistic overlap between these two important systems.other work flowed from these studies.the first was that sleep disruption actually precedes certain types of mental illness, and we've shown that in those young individuals who are at high risk of developing bipolar disorder, they already have a sleep abnormality prior to any clinical diagnosis of bipolar.the other bit of data was that sleep disruption may actually exacerbate, make worse the mental illness state.my colleague dan freeman has used a range of agents which have stabilized sleep and reduced levels of paranoia in those individuals by 50 percent.so what have we got? we've got, in these connections, some really exciting things.in terms of the neuroscience, by understanding the neuroscience of these two systems, we're really beginning to understand how both sleep and mental illness are generated and regulated within the brain.the second area is that if we can use sleep and sleep disruption as an early warning signal, then we have the chance of going in.if we know that these individuals are vulnerable, early intervention then becomes possible.and the third, which i think is the most exciting, is that we can think of the sleep centers within the brain as a new therapeutic target.stabilize sleep in those individuals who are vulnerable, we can certainly make them healthier, but also alleviate some of the appalling symptoms of mental illness.so let me just finish.what i started by saying is take sleep seriously.our attitudes toward sleep are so very different from a pre-industrial age, when we were almost wrapped in a duvet.we used to understand intuitively the importance of sleep.and this isn't some sort of crystal-waving nonsense.this is a pragmatic response to good health.if you have good sleep, it increases your concentration, attention, decision-making, creativity, social skills, health.if you get sleep, it reduces your mood changes, your stress, your levels of anger, your impulsivity, and your tendency to drink and take drugs.and we finished by saying that an understanding of the neuroscience of sleep is really informing the way we think about some of the causes of mental illness, and indeed is providing us new ways to treat these incredibly debilitating conditions.jim butcher, the fantasy writer, said, “sleep is god.go worship.” and i can only recommend that you do the same.thank you for your attention.(applause)

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