第一篇:TED演講:改變你的人生,兩分鐘就夠了
改變你的人生,兩分鐘就夠了
【摘要】這是一篇TED演講。我們的身體姿態會改變我們分泌的荷爾蒙,而不同的荷爾蒙會改變我們的行為,我們的行為最終會改變結果。這不是你對待別人的方式,而是你與自己對話。用兩分鐘改變自己的身體姿態,最終改變人生。在閱讀這篇文章之前,請先留意一下你身體的姿勢。你是在讓自己的身體縮小,占用更少的空間,還是盡量延展自己的身體?讀完這篇文章你就知道答案了。身體語言是人與人之間溝通和相互關聯的方式。你的身體語言在向別人傳遞特定的信息,反之亦然。社會科學家用了很多時間研究人們的身體語言是如何影響判斷。我們自己也會受到我們的非語言行為,思想,感受和生理的影響。今天這個演講就是關于強大和主導性的非語言表達。
什么是強大和主導性的非語言表達?在動物王國里,身體的擴張體現了強大和主導性,即動物使自己的體型變大,向外延展占有更多的空間,是最基本的開放。人類也是一樣的。人們伸展身軀,那一刻他們會感受到強大。與這種感覺相反的是當他們縮小身軀,包裹住自己,不希望撞到旁邊的人。當強氣場的人與弱氣場的人在一起,雙方都試圖去完善對方的非語言行為,即遇弱則強,遇強則弱。人們不是鏡像對方,而是做與之相反的行為。
我在教室里觀察這個行為。我發現MBA的學生會真正地、最大化地通過非語言行為表達強大。他們會徑直走到教室的中央,當他們坐下的時候,是那種延展的姿態。他們高高地舉手。你會看到一些人進來像是把自己折疊起來一樣,你從他們的臉上和身體上就可以讀出這種感覺。他們縮著身體坐下來。你可能會奇怪,這似乎適合性別有關系,女性較之男性更容易產生后者的行為。
此外,還有一種情況,強大的身體姿態似乎還反應了學生的參與度。參與度對MBA非常重要,因為參與度占到一半的學分。因此商業學校試圖縮小這種由于性別帶來的分數差異。我在想如果人們走入教室時是那種強大的姿態,是否就可以更好地參與到教學活動中。也就是說是否有可能讓人們假裝強大,而這種強大又會導致他們更多地參與?
我和我的同事Dana Carney致力于研究我們是否可以讓自己假裝強大而真的變得強大。我們有很多證據證明我們的非語言行為影響著別人對我們有怎樣的印象和感受。那么,我們的非語言行為是否能夠影響我們對自己的認知?
有些證據可以證明這種影響是存在的。當我們心情愉悅的時候,我們會笑。同樣,當我們強迫自己笑一笑,這會讓我們感覺高興。以此類推,當你感覺到自己強大時,你可能正這樣做,但是也有可能當你假裝強大時,你實際上也可能會認為自己強大。
既然我們的行為能夠改變我們的身體,那么我們的身體是否可以改變我們的荷爾蒙?那么什么是有力量的荷爾蒙,什么又是缺少力量的荷爾蒙呢?前者是更加自信,樂觀,甚至認為自己在機會游戲中都能贏。他們能夠抽象地思考,愿意冒險。有力量和沒有力量的人之間有很多不同。從生理上來說,這也是睪丸素和皮質醇這兩種主要荷爾蒙的區別。前者是主導性荷爾蒙,后者是壓力荷爾蒙。通過一系列的實驗證明兩分鐘的身體姿態會改變刺激你大腦的荷爾蒙,他們可以使你變得自信,舒適,或者只是應對壓力,感覺到沮喪。因此,我們的非語言是能夠控制我們如何認識自己,不僅僅是對方會如何看待我們。我們的身體姿態能夠改變我們分泌的荷爾蒙。
這分別是有力量和缺乏力量的五種身體語言。
也許有人會說,“我不要這樣做,感覺是假的。”“我不這樣做,這不是我。”“我不想感覺像個冒牌貨。”“我不想感覺是個騙子。”“我不希望這樣做,只是我覺得自己不屬于這里。”我想說的是假裝強大不僅僅是直到你可以做到,而是要你真正變得強大。要做的更加徹底,直到你真正變成,而且內化為這樣。
兩分鐘可以產生有意義的改變。下次再經歷被評估的高壓環境時,試圖擺出有力量的姿勢兩分鐘,可以在電梯,在盥洗室,在一扇緊關的門后面。這就是你要做的,配置你大腦,讓他能夠最好地適應環境。睪丸素升高,皮質醇降低。讓你在高壓環境下能夠充分而真實地表現自己。
我們的身體姿態會改變我們分泌的荷爾蒙,而不同的荷爾蒙會改變我們的行為,我們的行為最終會改變結果。這不是你對待別人的方式,而是你與自己對話。與你們的朋友分享這個科學理論,用兩分鐘改變自己的身體姿態,最終改變人生。(來自 知行軟技能 微信號:zxrjn01)
第二篇:如何改變你的人生
每日名言
熱愛真理,寬恕錯誤.每日自勵
我記得自己是誰.每日短文:如何改變你的人生
1、給予和接受贊美
當你真心稱贊別人的時候,被稱贊者會感覺到他是有價值和惟一的。當你聽到他人溫文爾雅地稱贊你的時候,你一定要答謝那個贊美你的人。學會真誠地贊美。培養一種友愛的品質,那樣你會很真誠地贊美一個人;忘記抱怨。不要說噢,沒有什么或者說你瘋了嗎?如果有人告訴你,你看起來狀態不錯,你應該回應謝謝,我感覺還可以或者說謝謝,這是我最喜歡的東西,而不是抱怨說真的嗎?我覺得這條仔褲只會使我的屁股看起來更大;馬上實行。在下個月的每一天都說一句贊美的話;牢牢記住:你說話的內容要有創造性,學會果斷地說話。
2、大膽表露心聲
我們周圍的人往往不是想得很多的人。當你希望其他人能夠知道你想什么的時候,你一定要主動告訴他們,否則你可能就不會得到你想要的。
自己要學會延緩的思考判斷。舉一個例子吧,如果你一個星期需要到體育館去三次才能達到最佳狀態的話,那么要向你的家人解釋去體育館對你來說是很重要的,并且告訴他們現在你將有一個怎樣的計劃等待著去實現;忘記你的感情。針對你所需要的,你必須達到更高的層次,這只是你想要得到的一種途徑;馬上實行。剛開始時做一些很簡單的事情。你每周六都和朋友共進午餐嗎?下一次你可以選擇一個新的地方,告訴她你在那里等她;記住:期望、要求、相信、接受。
3、請求幫助
盡可能像我們所想的那樣做一個女人。如果我們有了很充裕的時間,你會怎樣度過呢?當我們有大量超負荷工作的時候;身體飽受摧殘,沒有節假日,就連心智也會混亂。了解你最大的工作限度。你必須找出你所需要的。癌癥專家伯尼針對癌癥患者有一個令人吃驚的建議:他讓病人給自己所有的家屬寫了一封解釋這種癌癥的信。當你在一個星期內工作了更多時間的時候,要讓你的家庭成員知道,你會需要額外的幫助;忘記完美的神話。心理學家麗普茲說:通常人們在請求幫助時會有恐懼和羞愧的心理,所以要告訴人們在你生活中所發生的事情是重要的,當這些事情并不完美的時候,不要把每件事情都刻意裝扮得很完美。如果你正處在危機之中,就要讓人們知道,這樣他們可能會很樂意幫助你。馬上實行。制定一項切實可行的計劃,同時也要求家庭中的其他成員參與這項計劃或者雇用他人來完成;記住:兩個頭腦總要比一個頭腦好用。
4、與一個朋友不合,并不意味著你將失去友誼 婚姻和友誼都需要不斷地發展
爭論不但不會影響婚姻和友誼,反而會有增強的效果,當然說話要講究藝術。學會把焦點放在問題上,而不是針對個人。如果你的女朋友做了一個缺乏考慮的評論傷害到你的感情,你這樣說效果會好一點:為什么我們之間的感情會這樣呢?也許其他時候你說這些話不會傷害我的感情。而不是說:你怎么感覺這么遲鈍呢?忘記強烈的爭論,接受精神治療師的意見,做一個深呼吸并且認真地想一想。如果你憤怒到極點,那么先擱置一下這次的討論,這并不意味著你會放棄原來所說的話,因為人們更喜歡與一個清醒的人談話;馬上實行。你自己就活在爭論當中,挑戰自己不再為個人的觀點辯護,并且積極地聽從朋友的勸告。你可以先找到一個你所同意的觀點,然后平靜地陳述。如果你感到充滿了感情,告訴你的朋友你被征服了,在過后的時間里仍需要繼續討論。這將會有助于積累你們的感情而不是繼續無休止的爭論;記住:真正的友誼是不會平靜的。
5、獨自舒適地生活
對女人而言,孤獨就意味著與不再惹人喜愛、不再受歡迎和不再被需要劃上等號了。但是事實上,只有當你感覺到孤獨的時候,你才能聽到你內心真正的聲音。當你太過繁忙和心煩意亂時是不能聽到自己內心深處聲音的。
學會感激孤獨。在安靜的時候,獨自散步和狂歡;忘記忙碌的理由。有時候自己一個人孤獨的生活是令人恐慌的:內心深處的呼喚經常會有很多真實的話要表露。每一天為了自己而不斷創立事業,每一個周末你都要外出游玩一次,哪怕只是坐在咖啡館里看一會兒書;馬上實行。做一項有利于冷靜頭腦的活動。像做瑜伽或是在公園里散步;記住:使你自己成為消聲器,自己消化的東西越多內心的真實感受也就會越多。
冒險能夠讓人愉快、充滿挑戰精神。當然,還能夠改變生活。以前我們中的大部分人都更喜歡待在屬于我們自己的舒適的地方。冒險并不意味著魯莽的表現,它也不會危及到你自己或是其他人。簡單地說冒險就是暫時離開你的家人到一個不為人知卻又充滿很多風險的挑戰中去。
要知道每個人對于嘗試新鮮事物都會感到害怕。你不能讓這種害怕阻止你。害怕通常會來源于個人的想像當中,這實際上是很愚蠢的。要記住為了能夠很好地做成某些事情,自己必須首先要做好壞的打算。比如你一直想寫東西,可想想又沒有海明威寫出來的東西那么好,那么就打消這個念頭。
凡事要按照預想的方法去做,僅此而已;要忘
我不能這句話。問問你自己為什么覺得你不能。你以為你害羞、太老了或是學歷不夠,還是害怕你會失敗?難道這些都寫在你臉上嗎?要意識到這些因素只是在無形當中困擾著你,它們并非是真正的障礙。必須要學會邁過那些因你自己而產生的絆腳石,要敢于冒險;馬上實行。如果你害怕失敗,那么寫一張你最喜歡做的二十種事情的清單,然后按照所寫的去做,但不要期望在第一次做的時候完全正確;記住:不是因為事情太難而使我們不敢去面對它,而是因為我們不敢去面對太難的事情.第三篇:Photos-that-changed-the-world(改變世界的照片TED演講)
Photos that changed the world Good moring,everyone.My name is Xiehonglan,I come from Fuzhou, the capital city of Fujian province.It faces the island of Taiwan,off the China coast.This area nurtures many eminent scholars and politicians of the Chinese contemporary history,such as Yanfu,BinXing and Lin Zexu.I love my city.I graduated from Nankai University.Today my topic is Photos that changed the world To start with, I want to ask a question.Do you believe images can change the world? However, the truth is that we know that the images themselves don’t change the world, but we are also aware that, since the beginning of photography, images have provoked reactions in people, and those reactions have caused change to happen.So let’s begin with a group of images, they are so well-known, you might even recognize them in a different form.But I think we are looking for something more.We are looking for images that shine an uncompromising light on crucial issues, images that transcend borders, that transcend religions, images that provoke us to step up and do something.In other words, to act.Well, this image, you have all seen.It changed our view of the physical world.We have never seen our planet from this perspective before.Many people credit a lot of the birth of the environmental movement to our seeing the planet like this for the first time, its smallness, its fragility.40 years later, this groupare aware of the destructive power that our species can wield over our environment.These images taken by Brent Stirton in the Congo, these gorillas were murdered, some would even say crucified, and unsurprisingly, they sparked international outrage.Now, images have power to shed light of understanding on suspicion, ignorance, and in particularthe issue of HIV/AIDS.In the 1980s, people avoided talking about the disease.A simple act, in 1987, of the most famous woman in the world, the Princess of Wales, touching an HIV/AIDS infected baby, did a great deal, especially in Europe, to stop that.She, better than most, knew the power of an image.So when we are confronted by a powerful image, we all have a choice.We can look away, or we can address the image.Thankfully, when these photos appeared in the Guardian in 1998, they put a lot of focus and attention, and in the end, a lot of money, towards the Sudan famine relief efforts.Did the images change the world? No, but they had a major impact.Ansel Adams said, “you don’t take a photograph, you make it.” In my view, it’s not the photographer who makes the photo, it’s you.We bring to each image, our own values, our own belief systems, and as a result of that, the image resonates with us.
第四篇:兩分鐘改變你的生活勵志文章
"千里之行始于足下""間隔無關緊要,難題的是邁出第一步"在你的生活中做一個積極的改變并不是必需要做一個宏大的忽然的改變。然而我信任信奉是這些事中能夠支持人們去提高自己生活水溫和世界生活環境的之一。導致采用實際舉動和建立新的習慣的常見的簡單方法(至少在我的生活中)--邁出更多更小的步伐。所以這里有在僅僅兩分鐘內或一天內改變你生活的10種方法。通過這些小的步驟,你可以開始造就讓你變得更增強壯的興趣喜好,一段時間后,它將會以你現在想像不到的方式轉變你的生活。記住你卻是每天都在做下面的每一件事并且做一個簡單的提醒記載。把它放在你的床頭邊,這樣你就可以在每天凌晨起床時看到它。或者把它放在你工作的處所,這樣你就可以在每天的早些時候看到它。如果你愛好并且有才能,在一周或兩周后增添一個小習慣,每天多做多少分鐘就可。
1、用兩分鐘開始你最困難的工作義務。我每周至少用一次這個方法。有些時候我不想要一工作開始我一天的生活。我只想要勤懶地躺在沙發上。這些天,我僅僅破費兩分鐘在我的最主要的工作上,就處置好了。事實是:開始往往是最困難的局部。在我開始工作并且工作了兩分鐘之后,繼承工作就會變得相稱的容易和簡單。
2、在每一天的最后回想并感謝曾經領有過它。假如你一天中做過好的事情或占有過讓你可能進步自我省視的事件。如果你可以反應出你能做到的事情。因而,在天天工作后話花兩分鐘。思考你做了些什么想了些什么。這就是我寫文章跟工作的時候將要去做的事情。
3、為每天的快樂設定低的界限。最近在我凌晨醒來的時候我不停地告訴自己:"今天要有一個低的快樂的界線。"跟著我不停地告訴自己并且嘗試者在一天中把它記在腦袋里,我欣賞了更多的事物。食品,工作,氣象,一天內產生的一些小事情不再是每天的累贅而是我愿意去擁有和感受的事情。這些小事可能將會變成我現在看作是我停頓一會或更久去接收和欣賞學習的事情。但是我每天因為發生在我生活中的小事變得快活并不是象征著我變得對生活中更大的事情堅持關注和學習的動力。不是地!用這種方式去對待我的生活確切是為我增長了更多的能量,能源,靈感和歡喜,生活變得晶瑩,在我挖掘和感受生活中的小事和大事時也少了些許心坎的執拗。
4、有壓力時深呼吸。當你有壓力時,當你因為壓力覺得焦急,攪擾或者懼怕時,深呼吸兩分鐘。坐下,用你的肚子深深的呼吸。集中精神在這兩分鐘內深深地呼吸。它將鎮靜你的身體和腦袋,然后你可以恢復到沉著些的狀況下去持續你的工作。
5、在你現在所處的環境中翻開你的意識。把你自己從你回想舊的矛盾中抽離出來,從進一步的失蹤的情感中脫離出來。把你本人從設想中的將來的會議,約會或表演中所要面臨的艱苦或麻煩中抽離出來。端正好自己的立場和地位,把留神力放在你當下生活的環境中。寧靜的坐兩分鐘,看看你面前準確積極的事情。聽聽外面的鳥兒和汽車的聲音,感受如春天般的陽光透過窗戶灑在你身上的的暖和的感覺。聞聞花朵和樹木開端萌芽的滋味。空虛的感觸這兩分鐘。它會輔助你使你的腦袋和身體安靜下來。思考會變得更加簡單,樂觀的主意來的也更加天然。
6、當你認為需要斷定某人發掘的懂得相反時。當你覺得需要評判某人你懂得或不了解時,用兩分鐘問你自己兩個問題:你可以看見這個人的哪些方面?他或她對你的印象如何?為什么做這些來代替判定?由于不樂意被別人消極的評判并且這也不會幫助建立良好的人脈關系。另外,你越趨勢于去評判斷人就相稱于你在評判你自己。所以用當你覺得需要斷定或抉擇一些更好的事情時,停頓一下這樣的方法來贊助你生活在一個更加積極的環境中。
7、想一分鐘,然后給某人一個真誠的稱頌。花一分鐘去想一想你生活的某個人的一些你真正真摯的去觀賞他的事情,這也是在你一生成活遇到同樣事情時所要做的。花一分鐘甚至更少的時間去告知他你對他的夸獎。他或她會很開心。你的自我感到也會變好,并且可能從當初很開心被你稱贊的人的身上得到一些積極的感想。這是一個能夠樹立更加踴躍的關聯的又好又簡單的小方式。
8、擁抱。這是一件固然微不足道但卻可以讓身材親密接觸來減少你的壓力使咱們感覺更好的方法。因此每天花兩分鐘擁抱。擁抱就像稱贊一樣是一個可以和你的生活中各種各樣的人建破更加密切積極關系的小辦法。就像平凡一樣去擁抱就可。
9、用感興趣代替感到有趣。在一段對話的開始或是攻破一個為難和冷場的局勢時,問一個人或一對夫妻對于他或他們生活的問題。注意不要等到輪到你說的時候再說。你所表示出來的興致不僅僅可以開始建立一個好的對話也可以充實你們之間的關系。
10、把事情混淆在一起。嘗試著去發i對。如果你一直吃肉就嘗試著去吃素菜。用遠離笨拙的抵觸來取代把事情變得更糟。闊別你一直偏向于它的事情。如果你始終說不,看待生活的規矩很嚴苛的話,就多去自發的說是。花兩分鐘或更少的時光在你今天的畸形的或消極的生活中,停頓一下做一個簡短的反饋然后做一個對你來說不真唱的決議。培育一個讓事情變龐雜的習慣去取得更多的樂趣。去讓你的生活在小或更大的方法中成長,詞語。去增加一些意想不到的閱歷。在你真正須要時,使得你面對通常所要面對的事情使邁出的步調更加的簡略和輕易。而后去實在的感觸生涯。
第五篇:ted演講 科技并沒有改變愛為什么?
TED演講
科技并沒有改變愛,為什么?
演說者:Helen Fisher演說題目:科技并沒有改變愛,為什么?在這個科技導向、互連的世界,我們發展出求愛新招及新規則,然而愛的本質卻不曾改變,Helen 如是說。她在這場活力充沛、巨細靡遺的演講中,以第一手資料解釋:更快速度的連結反而產生步調更慢、更親密的關系。
科技并沒有改變愛,為什么? 來自TED英語演說
00:00 19:13
I was recently traveling in the Highlandsof New Guinea, and I was talking with a man who had three wives.I asked him,'How many wives would you like to have?' And there was this longpause, and I thought to myself, 'Is he going to say five? Is he going tosay 10? Is he going to say 25?' And he leaned towards me and he whispered,'None.'最近,我正在新幾內亞高地旅行我訪談了一位有三個老婆的人我問他:“你想要多少個老婆?”他停頓了很長時間我就想 “他會說5個?還是10個?或許是25個呢?“” 結果他靠過來 小聲說道:“一個都不想要。”
Eighty-six percent of human societiespermit a man to have several wives: polygyny.But in the vast majority of thesecultures, only about five or ten percent of men actually do have several wives.Having several partners can be a toothache.In fact, co-wives can fight witheach other, sometimes they can even poison each other's children.And you'vegot to have a lot of cows, a lot of goats, a lot of money, a lot of land, inorder to build a harem.當今,86%的人類社會允許男人有好幾個妻子:一夫多妻。但在大多數這些社會中,有多個妻子的男性僅達5%~10%。有多個伴侶可是件頭疼的事。事實上,妻子們之間會產生爭執,有時甚至會毒害對方的孩子。而且你必須得有很多的牛羊大量金錢和土地,才能建立起一個妻妾成群的閨房。
We are a pair-bonding species.Ninety-sevenpercent of mammals do not pair up to rear their young;human beings do.I'm notsuggesting that we're not--that we're necessarily sexually faithful to ourpartners.I've looked at adultery in 42 cultures, I understand, actually, someof the genetics of it, and some of the brain circuitry of it.It's very commonaround the world, but we are built to love.我們是雙紐帶的種群。97%的哺乳動物不用成雙成對地撫育兒女,但人類卻是這樣的。我并不是建議人類在性方面無需忠誠彼此,但在研究了42種文化中的外遇行為之后,我明白了,其中有基因的原因,而有一些則是大腦回路的問題,整個世界都非常普遍,但愛是我們與生俱來的能力。
How is technology changing love? I'm goingto say almost not at all.I study the brain.I and my colleagues have put over100 people into a brain scanner--people who had just fallen happily in love,people who had just been rejected in love and people who are in love long-term.And it is possible to remain 'in love' long-term.科技改變了愛嗎?我認為沒有。我從事大腦研究,我和我的同事們對100多人進行了大腦掃描,包括那些剛剛陷入愛情的人、在愛情里受挫的人以及長期沉浸在愛之中的人。是的,長期處于熱戀期是有可能的。
And I've long agomaintained that we've evolved three distinctly different brain systems formating and reproduction: sex drive, feelings of intense romantic love andfeelings of deep cosmic attachment to a long-term partner.And together, thesethree brain systems--with many other parts of the brain--orchestrate oursexual, our romantic and our family lives.很早之前我就說過人類在求愛和繁殖過程中進化出了三個截然不同的大腦系統:性驅動、感受濃烈的浪漫以及對長期伴侶深層的強烈的依賴感。這三種大腦系統和大腦中的其他部分結合起來,控制著人類性、愛情以及家庭生活。
But they lie way below the cortex, waybelow the limbic system where we feel our emotions, generate our emotions.Theylie in the most primitive parts of the brain, linked with energy, focus,craving, motivation, wanting and drive.In this case, the drive to win life'sgreatest prize: a mating partner.They evolved over 4.4 million years ago amongour first ancestors, and they're not going to change if you swipe left or righton Tinder.但它們深藏在皮層下,在邊緣系統下,即人類感受情感發泄情緒的區域。它們位于大腦中最原始的位置,和能量、注意力、渴望度、動力、欲望及能動性相連。在這里便是為了贏得人生最大獎的動力:一位配偶。這些大腦系統早在440萬年前就從人類最早的祖先中演化而來,而不管你怎么在Tinder(社交軟件)上滑屏,它們都不會發生變化。
There's no question that technology ischanging the way we court: emailing, texting, emojis to express your emotions,sexting, 'liking' a photograph, selfies...We're seeing new rulesand taboos for how to court.But, you know--is this actually dramaticallychanging love? What about the late 1940s, when the automobile became verypopular and we suddenly had rolling bedrooms?可以肯定的一點是科技正在改變人類的求愛方式。電子郵件、短信、表達情感的符號、色情短信、給照片或自拍點贊...關于如何求愛有了新的規則和禁忌,但是,這真的徹底改變了愛嗎?來看看上個世紀40年代,那時候汽車剛大行其道,頓時人們便有了“可移動臥室”。
How about the introduction of the birthcontrol pill? Unchained from the great threat of pregnancy and social ruin,women could finally express their primitive and primal sexuality.再來看看引進避孕藥的時代,因為意外懷孕而導致人生從此慘淡的日子一去不復返。女性終于可以釋放她們最原始的性本能。Even dating sites are not changing love.I'm Chief Scientific Advisor to Match.com, I've been it for 11 years.I keeptelling them and they agree with me, that these are not dating sites, they areintroducing sites.就連征婚網站的出現都沒有改變愛。我在Match.com作首席科學顧問已經11年了,我一直宣導,而工作人員也認同我的意見。即這并不是一個征婚網站,這是個介紹網站。
When you sit down in a bar, in a coffee house, on a parkbench, your ancient brain snaps into action like a sleeping cat awakened, andyou smile and laugh and listen and parade the way our ancestors did 100,000years ago.We can give you various people--all the dating sites can--butthe only real algorithm is your own human brain.Technology is not going tochange that.當你走進酒吧、咖啡館或坐在公園的長椅時,你的大腦會立即開始反應,就像一只沉睡的貓被喚醒一樣。你開始微笑,大笑,試著傾聽,用那些早在10萬年前我們的祖先就使用的方式來炫耀。我們可以提供各式各樣的對象,所有的征婚網站都可以,但唯一真實的算法卻是你的大腦,科技改變不了這一點。Technology is also not going to change whoyou choose to love.I study the biology of personality, and I've come tobelieve that we've evolved four very broad styles of thinking and behaving,linked with the dopamine, serotonin, testosterone and estrogen systems.同樣它也改變不了你的擇偶對象。我研究生物心理學,我開始相信人類已經進化出了四個廣義的思考及行為方式,和多巴胺、血清素、睪丸激素和雌激素系統相關聯。
So Icreated a questionnaire directly from brain science to measure the degree towhich you express the traits--the constellation of traits--linked with eachof these four brain systems.I then put that questionnaire on various datingsites in 40 countries.Fourteen million or more people have now taken thequestionnaire, and I've been able to watch who's naturally drawn to whom.于是,基于腦科學原理,我設計了一份問卷用來衡量人們表達特征的程度——各種特征——與這四種大腦系統的關聯性在40個國家的各種征婚網站上刊登了這份問卷。目前,已有1400多萬人參與了問卷調查,我有幸可以觀察那些天生相互吸引的人。
And as it turns out, those who were veryexpressive of the dopamine system tend to be curious, creative, spontaneous,energetic--I would imagine there's an awful lot of people like that in thisroom--they're drawn to people like themselves.Curious, creative people needpeople like themselves.People who are very expressive of the serotonin systemtend to be traditional, conventional, they follow the rules, they respectauthority, they tend to be religious--religiosity is in the serotonin system--and traditional people go for traditional people.In that way, similarityattracts.結果是那些多巴胺系統反應活躍的人更有好奇心,富有創意,自然率真,且精力充沛。我想現場在座肯定有很多人屬于這一類型,他們通常被同類人所吸引。好奇且有創意的人需要和同類在一起。那些血清素系統反應活躍的人往往更加傳統,遵循慣例與規則,尊重權威 他們通常篤信宗教 —宗教信仰正屬于血清素系統— 傳統派自然找傳統派的人 如此一來,是同類相吸。In the other two cases, opposites attract.People very expressive ofthe testosterone system tend to be analytical, logical, direct, decisive, andthey go for their opposite: they go for somebody who's high estrogen, somebodywho's got very good verbal skills and people skills, who's very intuitive andwho's very nurturing and emotionally expressive.We have natural patterns ofmate choice.Modern technology is not going to change who we choose to love.而其他兩種情況則完全相反,對立性才有吸引力。睪丸激素系統反應活躍的人通常善于分析、邏輯思維強、直接、果斷,而他們尋找的是和他們對立的人,那些雌激素高的人,他們語言能力很強、善于處理人際關系、憑直覺行事且善于照顧他人,且直抒胸懷。人類擇偶有自然模式,現代技術不會改變我們選擇的對象。
But technology is producing one moderntrend that I find particularly important.It's associated with the concept ofparadox of choice.For millions of years, we lived in little hunting andgathering groups.You didn't have the opportunity to choose between 1,000people on a dating site.但科技正在制造一種當代潮流。我認為它尤為重要。它和選擇悖論這一概念相關千萬年來,人類都生活在小型狩獵及采集社會,那時的人沒有機會在社交網站上千里挑一選擇對象。
In fact, I've been studying this recently, and Iactually think there's some sort of sweet spot in the brain;I don't know whatit is, but apparently, from reading a lot of the data, we can embrace aboutfive to nine alternatives, and after that, you get into what academics call'cognitive overload,' and you don't choose any.事實上,從我最近對此的研究來看,我認為大腦中有某種“最佳狀態點”。雖然我并不知道在哪兒,但從大量數據來看人類只能接受大概5~9個選項。在此之后,會變成某些學者稱的“認知超載”。結果是不再做出選擇。
So I've come to think that due to thiscognitive overload, we're ushering in a new form of courtship that I call'slow love.' I arrived at this during my work with Match.com.Everyyear for the last six years, we've done a study called 'Singles inAmerica.' We don't poll the Match population, we poll the Americanpopulation.We use 5,000-plus people, a representative sample of Americansbased on the US census.于是,我想正是由于這種認知超載我們引進了一種新型求愛方式,我稱其為“慢慢愛”。這些都是我在 Match.com工作時總結出來的。過去六年中,我們做了一項研究名為“美國單身” 我們民調的對象不僅針對Match.com的會員,而是整個美國人口。我們調查了5000多人,這是基于美國統計局的代表性樣本。We've got data now on over 30,000 people,and every single year, I see some of the same patterns.Every single year whenI ask the question, over 50 percent of people have had a one-night stand--notnecessarily last year, but in their lives--50 percent have had a friends withbenefits during the course of their lives, and over 50 percent have lived witha person long-term before marrying.目前已收集了超過3萬人的數據。每年我都看到同樣的模式,向他們提問的結果是超過50%的人有一夜情的經歷,并不一定是上一年,而是他們一生中,在他們的有生之年50%的人曾經和朋友上過床。超過50%的人在婚前有過長期同居的經歷。Americans think that this is reckless.Ihave doubted that for a long time;the patterns are too strong.There's got tobe some Darwinian explanation--Not that many people are crazy.美國人認為這是輕率的行為,但我一直不這么認為,畢竟這種模式太普遍,肯定有某種類似于達爾文生物進化的地方。總不會是那么多人都喪失了理智?
And I stumbled, then, on a statistic thatreally came home to me.It was a very interesting academic article in which Ifound that 67 percent of singles in America today who are living long-term withsomebody, have not yet married because they are terrified of divorce.They'reterrified of the social, legal, emotional, economic consequences of divorce.So I came to realize that I don't think this is recklessness;I think it'scaution.結果我發現了一個震驚的數據,一篇極其有趣的學術文章發現67%的處于長期同居的美國未婚人士,之所以還未結婚是因為擔心離婚。他們擔心離婚后面對的社會、法律、情感以及經濟后果。于是 我認識到這并不是輕率的行為,而是謹慎。Today's singles want to know every single thing about a partner beforethey wed.You learn a lot between the sheets, not only about how somebody makeslove, but whether they're kind, whether they can listen and at my age, whetherthey've got a sense of humor.如今,人們在結婚之前想對其伴侶的每一個細節了如指掌,同居能讓人了解到許多事情,不僅是對方的床上功夫,而是對方是否善良、是否善于傾聽以及到了我這個年紀所關心的,就是對方是否有幽默感。
And in an age where we have too manychoices, we have very little fear of pregnancy and disease and we've got nofeeling of shame for sex before marriage, I think people are taking their timeto love.當今社會人們有很多選擇,很少為懷孕或疾病感到擔憂。且對婚前性行為毫無愧疚感,在這種情況下人們選擇愛得慢一些。
And actually, what's happening is, whatwe're seeing is a real expansion of the precommitment stage before you tie theknot.Where marriage used to be the beginning of a relationship, now it's thefinale.But the human brain--而真實情況是這其實是婚前準備階段的實際延伸。從前,婚姻意味著一段感情的開始。而現在它意味著尾聲,但人類大腦
The human brain always triumphs, andindeed, in the United States today, 86 percent of Americans will marry by age49.And even in cultures around the world where they're not marrying as often,they are settling down eventually with a long-term partner.人類大腦總是勝出者。如今,在美國 86%的美國人將在49歲結婚,即便在世界上結婚率不高的文化里,最終他們也會和長期伴侶安定下來。So it began to occur to me: during this longextension of the precommitment stage, if you can get rid of bad relationshipsbefore you marry, maybe we're going to see more happy marriages.So I did astudy of 1,100 married people in America--not on Match.com, of course--andI asked them a lot of questions.But one of the questions was, 'Would youre-marry the person you're currently married to?' And 81 percent said,'Yes.'于是我突然想到:在這個長期婚前準備期,如果你在婚前擺脫了一段糟糕的情感關系或許就會有更多美滿的婚姻。于是,我研究了美國1100位已婚人士,當然不是在Match.com上。我問了很多問題其中一個是如果再給你一次機會,你還會選擇和現在的伴侶結婚嗎? 81%的人說,會!In fact, the greatest change in modernromance and family life is not technology.It's not even slow love.It's actuallywomen piling into the job market in cultures around the world.For millions ofyears, our ancestors lived in little hunting and gathering groups.Womencommuted to work to gather their fruits and vegetables.They came home with 60to 80 percent of the evening meal.The double-income family was the rule.Andwomen were regarded as just as economically, socially and sexually powerful asmen.事實上當今的情感和家庭生活最大的變化不是科技造成的,甚至也不是“慢慢愛”的結果。而是在全世界范圍內大量女性進入職場的結果。幾百萬年以來我們的祖先都生活在小型捕獵采集社會,女性忙于采摘,餐桌上60%~80%的食物是由她們帶回來的。雙份收入家庭是一般法則,女性不論在經濟、社會還是性方面都和男性具有同等的地位。
Then the environment changed some 10,000years ago, we began to settle down on the farm and both men and women becameobliged, really, to marry the right person, from the right background, from theright religion and from the right kin and social and political connections.Men's jobs became more important: they had to move the rocks, fell the trees,plow the land.They brought the produce to local markets, and came home withthe equivalent of money.然而大約1萬年前社會發生了變化,人類開始以農耕為主,男女似乎有義務尋找合適的人結婚。對方必須有匹配的背景、宗教信仰、相稱的家族、社會及政治關聯。男性的工作變得更為重要,他們必須搬運大石、砍樹、耕地,他們把農產品帶到市場上賣換回來同等的錢。
Along with this, we see a rise of a host ofbeliefs: the belief of virginity at marriage, arranged marriages--strictlyarranged marriages--the belief that the man is the head of the household,that the wife's place is in the home and most important, honor thy husband, and'til death do us part.These are gone.They are going, and in many places, theyare gone.不僅如此,各種信仰開始傳播。堅信婚前必須保持處女身包辦婚姻(嚴格安排的婚姻)、堅信男性是一家之主女性就應該待在家里更重要的一點。女性一生一世必須尊夫所有這些都是過去式了,有些地方仍有這些現象,但大部分地區這些現象都不復存在了。
We are right now in a marriage revolution.We are shedding 10,000 years of our farming tradition and moving forwardtowards egalitarian relationships between the sexes--something I regard ashighly compatible with the ancient human spirit.我們正處于一場婚姻變革之中,我們摒棄了1萬年前的農業傳統,朝著兩性平等的方向發展。我認為這和遠古人類的精神相契合。
I'm not a Pollyanna;there's a great dealto cry about.I've studied divorce in 80 cultures, I've studied, as I say,adultery in many--there's a whole pile of problems.As William Butler Yeats,the poet, once said, 'Love is the crooked thing.' I would add,'Nobody gets out alive.'我不是一個盲目樂觀的人,還有很多事情值得擔憂。我研究了80種文化里的離婚行為、出軌行為還有許許多多的問題。正如詩人威廉·巴特勒·葉芝所說 “愛情是個狡猾的家伙” 我會再加一句,“沒人能活著出來”。
We all have problems.But in fact, I thinkthe poet Randall Jarrell really sums it up best.He said, 'The dark,uneasy world of family life--where the greatest can fail, and the humblestsucceed.'每個人都有困擾,但我認為詩人蘭德爾·賈雷爾總結的最好他說:在枯燥繁瑣的家庭生活中強者不顯其智,弱者反而取勝。But I will leave you with this: love andattachment will prevail, technology cannot change it.And I will conclude bysaying any understanding of human relationships must take into account one themost powerful determinants of human behavior: the unquenchable, adaptable andprimordial human drive to love.但我想說的是:愛和相互依賴會戰勝一切,科技無法改變這一點。總結下來,便是任何對人類關系的詮釋必須考慮到人類行為,最強大的決定因素是那難以抑制的極具適應性的最原始的愛的動力。
Kelly Stoetzel: Thank you so much for that,Helen.As you know, there's another speaker here with us that works in yoursame field.She comes at it from a different perspective.Esther Perel is apsychotherapist who works with couples.You study data, Esther studies thestories the couples tell her when they come to her for help.Let's have herjoin us on the stage.Esther?Kelly Stoetzel:感謝您的演講。海倫,今天還有另一位演講者,她和您在相同的領域里做研究,不過是從不同的視角來分析問題。誒斯特·佩雷斯從事情侶心理治療師的工作,您研究數據,誒斯特研究那些向她尋求幫助的情侶們所訴說的故事。現在請她上臺吧,有請誒斯特。
So Esther, when you were watching Helen'stalk, was there any part of it that resonated with you through the lens of yourown work that you'd like to comment on?誒斯特當您觀看海倫演講的時候是否有和您所做的工作產生共鳴的地方?您可以和我們說說嘛?
Esther Perel: It's interesting, because onthe one hand, the need for love is ubiquitous and universal.But the way welove--the meaning we make out of it--the rules that govern our relationships,I think, are changing fundamentally.Esther Perel:讓我覺得有意思的地方是,一方面,人們對愛的需求無所不在,無所不及但人類愛的方式愛與被愛背后的意義,以及控制雙方關系的規則正在發生根本性的改變。
We come from a model that, until now, wasprimarily regulated around duty and obligation, the needs of the collective andloyalty.And we have shifted it to a model of free choice and individualrights, and self-fulfillment and happiness.And so, that was the first thing Ithought, that the need doesn't change, but the context and the way we regulatethese relationships changes a lot.直到最近我們一直處于一種模式,即主要由責任和義務集體和忠誠主義支配的模式。而現在,我們轉向了另一種模式即追崇自主選擇、個人權利、自我實現與幸福的模式,這是我腦子里冒出的第一個想法,愛的需求沒有改變,但大環境和人們處理情感關系的方式發生了很大的變化。
On the paradox of choice--you know, onthe one hand we relish the novelty and the playfulness, I think, to be able tohave so many options.And at the same time, as you talk about this cognitiveoverload, I see many, many people who...who dread the uncertainty andself-doubt that comes with this massa of choice, creating a case of'FOMO' and then leading us--FOMO, fear of missed opportunity, orfear of missing out--it's like, 'How do I know I have found 'the one'--the right one?'關于選擇悖論我認為一方面我們追求多重選擇給我們帶來的新鮮感和趣味性,同時,就像你提到的“認知負荷” 我看到許多人對堆砌成堆的選項所帶來的不確定性和不自信而感到擔憂,從而制造出某種“害怕錯過的恐懼癥” 于是便引領我們--“FOMO”,表現為害怕機會流失,就好比“我怎么知道這個人就是我命中注定的那一個呢?”
So we've created what I call this thing of'stable ambiguity.' Stable ambiguity is when you are too afraid to bealone but also not really willing to engage in intimacy-building.It's a set oftactics that kind of prolong the uncertainty of a relationship but also theuncertainty of the breakup.與人建立親密關系。這是一種策略,不僅會使這段關系的不確定性期延長,還能拖延分手的不確定性。
So, here on the internet you have three major ones.One is icing and simmering, which are great stalling tactics that offer a kindof holding pattern that emphasizes the undefined nature of a relationship butat the same time gives you enough of a comforting consistency and enough freedomof the undefined boundaries.網絡上將其分為三個階段:一是冰凍期和溫吞水,這是很好的拖延戰術,它使人們處于某種停滯狀態。在這種狀態下,強調情感關系中的不界定屬性但同時能讓你維持這段關系以及自由做出選擇的空間。Yeah?對嗎?
And then comes ghosting.And ghosting is,basically, you disappear from this massa of texts on the spot, and you don'thave to deal with the pain that you inflict on another, because you're makingit invisible even to yourself.接下來就到了“幽靈階段”。“幽靈階段”基本上是指你突然不再做出選擇、不再應對你給對方帶來的痛苦,因為你自己都掩耳盜鈴。Yeah?說的對嗎?
So I was thinking--these words came upfor me as I was listening to you, like how a vocabulary also creates a reality,and at the same time, that's my question to you: Do you think when the contextchanges, it still means that the nature of love remains the same?這種現象我稱為“穩定的模棱兩可”。指的是你害怕被剩下來孤獨終老,但又不愿打開心扉。當我在聽你演講的時候我想到了這些,正如語言重現現實一樣。與此同時,我也有個問題要問你:當環境發生變化時,你認為愛的本質還是一樣的嗎?
You study the brain and I study people'srelationships and stories, so I think it's everything you say, plus.But Idon't always know the degree to which a changing context...Does it at somepoint begin to change--If the meaning changes, does it change the need, or isthe need clear of the entire context?你研究大腦,而我研究情侶關系。我認可你的觀點,但我不明白的是環境改變的程度——它是從某一點開始改變的呢?如果意義變了,需求是否也會改變呢?或需求本身不受整個大環境影響? HF: Wow!Well--海倫:哇!
Well, I've got three points here, right?First of all, to your first one: there's no question that we've changed, thatwe now want a person to love, and for thousands of years, we had to marry theright person from the right background and right kin connection.And in fact,in my studies of 5,000 people every year, I ask them, 'What are youlooking for?' And every single year, over 97 percent say--海倫:好的,我分為三點來說首先,回答你第一個問題:人類變了,這一點毋庸置疑現在人們依然渴望愛情。而幾千年來人們都遵從必須和來自匹配的背景和關聯的人結婚,每年我對5000人進行調研,我問他們:“你想找什么樣的人?” 每年超過97%的人會說。
海倫:是的。EP: The list grows--誒斯特:清單越來越長了吧? HF: Well, no.The basic thing is over 97percent of people want somebody that respects them, somebody they can trust andconfide in, somebody who makes them laugh, somebody who makes enough time forthem and somebody who they find physically attractive.That never changes.Andthere's certainly--you know, there's two parts--海倫:呃,沒有。超過97%的人都表示想找尊重自己、值得信任的、能交心的、能逗你笑的、花時間陪自己的以及長相看著順眼的人。這幾點從未改變過,大概有兩部分--EP: But you know how I call that? That'snot what people used to say--誒斯特:你知道我怎么定義這種現象嗎?過去人們并不是這樣的擇偶標準。HF: That's exactly right.EP: They said they wanted somebody withwhom they have companionship, economic support, children.We went from aproduction economy to a service economy.We did it in the larger culture, and we'redoing it in marriage.誒斯特:過去人們會說他們想找能夠與自己作伴、提供經濟支持、喜愛孩子的人,我們從生產經濟轉變為服務經濟。在其他文化中我們已經這么做了,現在我們把它帶到婚姻中。HF: Right, no question about it.But it'sinteresting, the millennials actually want to be very good parents, whereas thegeneration above them wants to have a very fine marriage but is not as focusedon being a good parent.You see all of these nuances.海倫:是的,這一點毫無疑問但有趣的是,如今千禧一代非常渴望成為合格的家長,而他們的上一代人希望有個美滿的婚姻,但卻不向他們一樣專注于成為合格的家長,你可以看到這些細微的差別。
There's two basic parts of personality:there's your culture--everything you grew up to do and believe and say--andthere's your temperament.Basically, what I've been talking about is yourtemperament.And that temperament is certainly going to change with changingtimes and changing beliefs.人格有兩個基本構成部分:你的文化、成長過程信仰和言行以及性格,我討論的基本上都是性格。而性格一定會隨著時間和信仰的改變而改變。
And in terms of the paradox of choice,there's no question about it that this is a pickle.There were millions ofyears where you found that sweet boy at the other side of the water hole, andyou went for it.就選擇悖論而言這確實是個兩難的境地。千百萬年以來,如果人們在河邊看到心動的對象,便會去爭取。EP: Yes, but you--誒斯特:是的,但是--HF: I do want to say one more thing.Thebottom line is, in hunting and gathering societies, they tended to have two orthree partners during the course of their lives.They weren't square!And I'mnot suggesting that we do, but the bottom line is, we've always hadalternatives.Mankind is always--in fact, the brain is well-built to what wecall 'equilibrate,' to try and decide: Do I come, do I stay? Do I go,do I stay? What are the opportunities here? How do I handle this there? And soI think we're seeing another play-out of that now.海倫:還有一件事歸根結底,在狩獵及采集社會中,人們一生中通常有2到3個伴侶他們并不是兩兩相對的。我當然不是建議我們也這么做,但重要的是我們始終可以做出其他選擇。人類一直如此,實際上,人類大腦的構造是平衡對稱的,去試探或下決心:來或走?去或留?留下來有什么樣的機遇?怎么處理這件事?我想現在上演的正是大腦決策的另一出戲。
KS: Well, thank you both so much.I thinkyou're going to have a million dinner partners for tonight!KS:非常感謝兩位。我想你今晚要和很多人共進晚餐了。
(Applause)Thank you, thank you.(掌聲)謝謝!