第一篇：比爾蓋茨演講 教師需要真實的反饋 TED Talks Teachers need real feedback - Bill Gates

Bill Gates: Teachers need real feedback TED Talks Education · 10:24 · Filmed May 2013 Everyone needs a coach.It doesn't matter whether you're a basketball player, a tennis player, a gymnast or a bridge player.(Laughter)My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg, says there are more pictures of the back of her head than anyone else's in the world.(Laughter)Sorry, Sharon.Here you go.We all need people who will give us feedback.That's how we improve.Unfortunately, there's one group of people who get almost no systematic feedback to help them do their jobs better, and these people have one of the most important jobs in the world.I'm talking about teachers.When Melinda and I learned how little useful feedback most teachers get, we were blown away.Until recently, over 98 percent of teachers just got one word of feedback: Satisfactory.If all my bridge coach ever told me was that I was “satisfactory,” I would have no hope of ever getting better.How would I know who was the best? How would I know what I was doing differently? Today, districts are revamping the way they evaluate teachers, but we still give them almost no feedback that actually helps them improve their practice.Our teachers deserve better.The system we have today isn't fair to them.It's not fair to students, and it's putting America's global leadership at risk.So today I want to talk about how we can help all teachers get the tools for improvement they want and deserve.Let's start by asking who's doing well.Well, unfortunately there's no international ranking tables for teacher feedback systems.So I looked at the countries whose students perform well academically, and looked at what they're doing to help their teachers improve.Consider the rankings for reading proficiency.The U.S.isn't number one.We're not even in the top 10.We're tied for 15th with Iceland and Poland.Now, out of all the places that do better than the U.S.in reading, how many of them have a formal system for helping teachers improve? Eleven out of 14.The U.S.is tied for 15th in reading, but we're 23rd in science and 31st in math.So there's really only one area where we're near the top, and that's in failing to give our teachers the help they need to develop their skills.Let's look at the best academic performer: the province of Shanghai, China.Now, they rank number one across the board, in reading, math and science, and one of the keys to Shanghai's incredible success is the way they help teachers keep improving.They made sure that younger teachers get a chance to watch master teachers at work.They have weekly study groups, where teachers get together and talk about what's working.They even require each teacher to observe and give feedback to their colleagues.You might ask, why is a system like this so important? It's because there's so much variation in the teaching profession.Some teachers are far more effective than others.In fact, there are teachers throughout the country who are helping their students make extraordinary gains.If today's average teacher could become as good as those teachers, our students would be blowing away the rest of the world.So we need a system that helps all our teachers be as good as the best.What would that system look like? Well, to find out, our foundation has been working with 3,000 teachers in districts across the country on a project called Measures of Effective Teaching.We had observers watch videos of teachers in the classroom and rate how they did on a range of practices.For example, did they ask their students challenging questions? Did they find multiple ways to explain an idea? We also had students fill out surveys with questions like, “Does your teacher know when the class understands a lesson?” “Do you learn to correct your mistakes?” And what we found is very exciting.First, the teachers who did well on these observations had far better student outcomes.So it tells us we're asking the right questions.And second, teachers in the program told us that these videos and these surveys from the students were very helpful diagnostic tools, because they pointed to specific places where they can improve.I want to show you what this video component of MET looks like in action.(Video)Sarah Brown Wessling: Good morning everybody.Let's talk about what's going on today.To get started, we're doing a peer review day, okay? A peer review day, and our goal by the end of class is for you to be able to determine whether or not you have moves to prove in your essays.My name is Sarah Brown Wessling.I am a high school English teacher at Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.Turn to somebody next to you.Tell them what you think I mean when I talk about moves to prove.I've talk about--I think that there is a difference for teachers between the abstract of how we see our practice and then the concrete reality of it.Okay, so I would like you to please bring up your papers.I think what video offers for us is a certain degree of reality.You can't really dispute what you see on the video, and there is a lot to be learned from that, and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a profession when we actually get to see this.I just have a flip camera and a little tripod and invested in this tiny little wide-angle lens.At the beginning of class, I just perch it in the back of the classroom.It's not a perfect shot.It doesn't catch every little thing that's going on.But I can hear the sound.I can see a lot.And I'm able to learn a lot from it.So it really has been a simple but powerful tool in my own reflection.All right, let's take a look at the long one first, okay? Once I'm finished taping, then I put it in my computer, and then I'll scan it and take a peek at it.If I don't write things down, I don't remember them.So having the notes is a part of my thinking process, and I discover what I'm seeing as I'm writing.I really have used it for my own personal growth and my own personal reflection on teaching strategy and methodology and classroom management, and just all of those different facets of the classroom.I'm glad that we've actually done the process before so we can kind of compare what works, what doesn't.I think that video exposes so much of what's intrinsic to us as teachers in ways that help us learn and help us understand, and then help our broader communities understand what this complex work is really all about.I think it is a way to exemplify and illustrate things that we cannot convey in a lesson plan, things you cannot convey in a standard, things that you cannot even sometimes convey in a book of pedagogy.Alrighty, everybody, have a great weekend.I'll see you later.[Every classroom could look like that] Bill Gates: One day, we'd like every classroom in America to look something like that.But we still have more work to do.Diagnosing areas where a teacher needs to improve is only half the battle.We also have to give them the tools they need to act on the diagnosis.If you learn that you need to improve the way you teach fractions, you should be able to watch a video of the best person in the world teaching fractions.So building this complete teacher feedback and improvement system won't be easy.For example, I know some teachers aren't immediately comfortable with the idea of a camera in the classroom.That's understandable, but our experience with MET suggests that if teachers manage the process, if they collect video in their own classrooms, and they pick the lessons they want to submit, a lot of them will be eager to participate.Building this system will also require a considerable investment.Our foundation estimates that it could cost up to five billion dollars.Now that's a big number, but to put it in perspective, it's less than two percent of what we spend every year on teacher salaries.The impact for teachers would be phenomenal.We would finally have a way to give them feedback, as well as the means to act on it.But this system would have an even more important benefit for our country.It would put us on a path to making sure all our students get a great education, find a career that's fulfilling and rewarding, and have a chance to live out their dreams.This wouldn't just make us a more successful country.It would also make us a more fair and just one, too.I'm excited about the opportunity to give all our teachers the support they want and deserve.I hope you are too.Thank you.(Applause)

第二篇：比爾蓋茨演講

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates:

I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this: “Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my degree.”

I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor.I'll be changing my job next year…and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.。

I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees.For my part, I'm just happy that the Crimson has called me “Harvard's most successful dropout.” I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class…I did the best of everyone who failed.But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school.I'm a bad influence.That's why I was invited to speak at your graduation.If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be here today.Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me.Academic life was fascinating.I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn't even signed up for.And dorm life was terrific.I lived up at Radcliffe, in Currier House.There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn't worry about getting up in the morning.That's how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group.We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.對

Radcliffe was a great place to live.There were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types.That combination offered me the best odds, if you know what I mean.This is Where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn't guarantee success.One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call From Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world's first personal computers.I offered to sell them software.I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me.Instead they said: “We're not quite ready, come see us in a month,” which was a good thing, because we hadn't written the software yet.From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft.What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence.It could be exhilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging.It was an amazing privilege…and though I left early, I was transformed

by my years at Harvard, the friendships I made, and the ideas I worked on.But taking a serious look back…I do have one big regret.I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world--the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country.And I knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing countries.我離開校園的時候，根本不知道在這個國家里，有幾百萬的年輕人無法獲得接受教育的機會。我也不知道，發展中國家里有無數的人們生活在無法形容的貧窮和疾病之中。

It took me decades to find out.我花了幾十年才明白了這些事情。

You graduates came to Harvard at a different time.You know more about the world's inequities than the classes that came before.In your years here, I hope you've had a chance to think about how--in this age of accelerating technology--we can finally take on these inequities, and we can solve them.在座的各位同學，你們是在與我不同的時代來到哈佛的。你們比以前的學生，更多地了解世界是怎樣的不平等。在你們的哈佛求學過程中，我希望你們已經思考過一個問題，那就是在這個新技術加速發展的時代，我們怎樣最終應對這種不平等，以及我們怎樣來解決這個問題。

僅僅是它縮短了物理距離，使得天涯若比鄰。它還極大地增加了懷有共同想法的人們聚集在一起的機會，我們可以為了解決同一個問題，一起共同工作。這就大大加快了革新的進程，發展速度簡直快得讓人震驚。

At the same time, for every person in the world who has access to this technology, five people don't.That means many creative minds are left out of this discussion--smart people with practical intelligence and relevant experience who don't have the technology to hone their talents or contribute their ideas to the world.與此同時，世界上有條件上網的人，只是全部人口的六分之一。這意味著，還有許多具有創造性的人們，沒有加入到我們的討論中來。那些有著實際的操作經驗和相關經歷的聰明人，卻沒有技術來幫助他們，將他們的天賦或者想法與全世界分享。

We need as many people as possible to have access to this technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another.They are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger, poverty, and desperation George Marshall spoke of 60 years ago.我們需要盡可能地讓更多的人有機會使用新技術，因為這些新技術正在引發一場革命，人類將因此可以互相幫助。新技術正在創造一種可能，不僅是政府，還包括大學、公司、小機構、甚至個人，能夠發現問題所在、能夠找到解決辦法、能夠評估他們努力的效果，去改變那些馬歇爾六十年前就說到過的問題——饑餓、貧窮和絕望。

Members of the Harvard Family: Here in the Yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.哈佛是一個大家庭。這個院子里在場的人們，是全世界最有智力的人類群體之一。

What for?

我們可以做些什么？

There is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world.But can we do more? Can Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name?

毫無疑問，哈佛的老師、校友、學生和資助者，已經用他們的能力改善了全世界各地人們的生活。但是，我們還能夠再做什么呢？有沒有可能，哈佛的人們可以將他們的智慧，用來幫助那些甚至從來沒有聽到過“哈佛”這個名字的人？

Let me make a request of the deans and the professors--the intellectual leaders here at Harvard: As you hire new faculty, award tenure, review curriculum, and determine degree requirements, please ask yourselves:

請允許我向各位院長和教授，提出一個請求——你們是哈佛的智力領袖，當你們雇用新的老師、授予終身教職、評估課程、決定學位頒發標準的時候，請問你們自己如下的問題：

Should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems?

我們最優秀的人才是否在致力于解決我們最大的問題？

Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world's worst inequities? Should Harvard students learn about the depth of global poverty…the prevalence of world hunger…the scarcity of clean water…the girls kept out of school…the children who die From diseases we can cure?

哈佛是否鼓勵她的老師去研究解決世界上最嚴重的不平等？哈佛的學生是否從全球那些極端的貧窮中學到了什么……世界性的饑荒……清潔的水資源的缺乏……無法上學的女童……死于非惡性疾病的兒童……哈佛的學生有沒有從中學到東西？

Should the world's most privileged people learn about the lives of the world's least privileged?

那些世界上過著最優越生活的人們，有沒有從那些最困難的人們身上學到東西？

These are not rhetorical questions--you will answer with your policies.這些問題并非語言上的修辭。你必須用自己的行動來回答它們。

When you consider what those of us here in this Yard have been given--in talent, privilege, and opportunity--there is almost no limit to what the world has a right to expect From us.想一想吧，我們在這個院子里的這些人，被給予過什么——天賦、特權、機遇——那么可以這樣說，全世界的人們幾乎有無限的權力，期待我們做出貢獻。

In line with the promise of this age, I want to exhort each of the graduates here to take on an issue--a complex problem, a deep inequity, and become a specialist on it.If you make it the focus of your career, that would be phenomenal.But you don't have to do that to make an impact.For a few hours every week, you can use the growing power of the Internet to get informed, find others with the same interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut through them.同這個時代的期望一樣，我也要向今天各位畢業的同學提出一個忠告：你們要選擇一個問題，一個復雜的問題，一個有關于人類深刻的不平等的問題，然后你們要變成這個問題的專家。如果你們能夠使得這個問題成為你們職業的核心，那么你們就會非常杰出。但是，你們不必一定要去做那些大事。每個星期只用幾個小時，你就可以通過互聯網得到信息，找到志同道合的朋友，發現困難所在，找到解決它們的途徑。

Don't let complexity stop you.Be activists.Take on the big inequities.It will be one of the great experiences of your lives.不要讓這個世界的復雜性阻礙你前進。要成為一個行動主義者。將解決人類的不平等視為己任。它將成為你生命中最重要的經歷之一。

You graduates are coming of age in an amazing time.As you leave Harvard, you have technology that members of my class never had.You have awareness of global inequity, which we did not have.And with that awareness, you likely also have an informed conscience that will torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change with very little effort.You have more than we had;you must start sooner, and carry on longer.在座的各位畢業的同學，你們所處的時代是一個神奇的時代。當你們離開哈佛的時候，你們擁有的技術，是我們那一屆學生所沒有的。你們已經了解到了世界上的不平等，我們那時還不知道這些。有了這樣的了解之后，要是你再棄那些你可以幫助的人們于不顧，就將受到良心的譴責，只需一點小小的努力，你就可以改變那些人們的生活。你們比我們擁有更大的能力；你們必須盡早開始，盡可能長時期堅持下去。

Knowing what you know, how could you not?

知道了你們所知道的一切，你們怎么可能不采取行動呢？

And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30 years From now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy.I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the world's deepest inequities…on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity.我希望，30年后你們還會再回到哈佛，想起你們用自己的天賦和能力所做出的一切。我希望，在那個時候，你們用來評價自己的標準，不僅僅是你們的專業成就，而包括你們為改變這個世界深刻的不平等所做出的努力，以及你們如何善待那些遠隔千山萬水、與你們毫不涉及的人們，你們與他們唯一的共同點就是同為人類。

第三篇：比爾蓋茨北大演講全文

比爾蓋茨北大演講全文

[日期： 2007-05-08 ]來源： 經管學辦作者： 經管學辦

我今天上午非常激動的來到這里，來談一談軟件的未來，軟件在未來的二十年將改變世界，將比其它任何東西更能改變世界，實際上它將極大的改變世界，對我們所有人都將是非常令人激動的一段經歷，軟件把世界連接起來，把人們連接起來，把思想連接起來。而且，創造更高的效率，賦予我們更多的力量，這就是我們這些有想法的人們要更多的在這方面作出貢獻，我們使這個世界便的更加小。微軟公司非常幸運的能夠參與到軟件的革命當中來，從一開始就是如此。我在高中的時候，和朋友一起看到微處理器的一篇文章，當時芯片功能非常有限，我的朋友告訴我，這芯片還會有進一步的改進，并且他還提到了每兩年就要更新一倍的摩爾定律，我們認識到這是很重要的，我們也希望參與其中，我們也很奇怪為什么其他人沒有看到這一點呢？仍然在想計算機是很大的，組織一些大的工具，而不是特別使用的工具，不是賦予人們力量，創造力的工具，不是幫助人們溝通的工具，當時人們是這樣認為的。在過去三十年個人電腦在不斷的改進，微軟公司也已經走過了三十年，我們走過了漫長的歷程。我們現在有六億臺計算機在全球，而且都是聯網的，它也在這些信息的交流，我們還有一些軟件的工具，人們在使用這些工具，但是我們還僅僅是起步而已，我們從很多方面而言都是起步的，包括我們在軟件方面發生的力量，包括我們看到的我們為經濟提高效率所做的工作，我們都只是做這樣的工作。人們經常是低估了軟件改變世界的能力。在八十年代，人們認識到硬件在不斷的改進，摩爾定律使得我們有能力來引入圖形的用戶界面，在九十年代人們認識到連接性得到了改進，那么在九十年代末期，我們看到有很多新發起的公司，并預測因特網如何改變世界，有些預測是相當樂觀的。當然，當時提出的一些想法，基本上后來都破滅了。當然，商業效率會進一步提高，有能力人也會找到更好的工作，而不是這樣的。這十年來所取得的進展將繼續的在硬件和連接性發展方面得到反應，軟件不是可以看到的東西，所以很多人在低估軟件的重要性，他們并沒有看到這方面我們所奠定的基礎，比如說要連接計算機所奠定的基礎，以及我們解決一些復雜問題的軟件，如何讓機器相互的互動，比如說語言的識別，語音的識別，視頻的識別等等，這也是信息技術當中非常好的領域。

我們到中國來很高興看到這么大的變化，尤其是看到中國非常重視教育，很多領域對人們進行教育，尤其是計算機技術方面。中國在運用軟件，實現經濟現代化方面有很多工作可以做。中國也可以為世界作出貢獻，進一步提高軟件的質量，這也是為什么微軟公司堅定的承諾與中國的公司、大學、政府建立伙伴的關系，把這些發展盡可能快的予以實現。那么，我上次到中國來之后，我們看到取得的進展比我們預料要大的多。那么，硬件的進展，也使得我們得到剛才談到的一些突破，比如說我們現在有了64位的計算，這使得我們計算非常簡單。而且，我們也看到存儲現在也更加順暢，從八位到六十四位，而且還看到計算機的兼容性，從二十位技術到二十四位技術是很復雜的，到了三十二位技術，因特爾公司有很多存儲方案，在這里我們仍然運用三十二位系統，現在又有了六十四位系統。而且，在這方面，我們指令級用的還是同樣的指令級。因此，在內存方面不會有什么限制。即使是網絡的速度，現在也已經看到一些新的進展，人們有的時候還是在想到我們在視頻數據方面建立的網絡是彼此分開的，有的時候視頻主要是通過廣播系統實現的，尤其是有線網絡實現的，而實際上未來電視可能會出現更多因特網的內容，而且是實現端到端的連接。所以，人們可以在電視上看到他們想看到的東西，而且可以看到高清晰度的東西，在他們想看的時間里來看，而且廣告也會更加符合他們興趣愛好，使得廣告發布也更加有針對性。現在，網絡的速度已經可以達到幾米的速度，而且它的速度還會進一步的增快，而且因特網的發展也向我們展示了我們用這些額外的帶寬可以做什么，我們可以看見存儲量是這樣的，可以看到音樂、電影、照片，可以是用很低的成本，走一走可以看到你們喜歡的歌曲帶在身上，這是非常有意思。微軟公司還有它的合作伙伴，一個人在他的脖子上掛了小的照相機，在白天自動的拍照，如果發生新的事情可以拍照，而且照片馬上又能夠進行歸類。我們就可以把你們的歷史，把你們的經歷，一生的經歷記錄下來，和孩子其他人分享，然后你可以自動的來瀏覽這些東西，我想這也是一種應用，我想這也是硬件的進展使我們軟件成為可能。在我們談到音樂照片的時候，我們完全是用數字的模式來思考著，在不久之前我把我的女兒帶到一個唱片長，她問我唱片是什么呢？當然她并沒有看到一個唱片，因為像CD、DVD今天可能是非常熱門的。但是，以后隨著高速的無線網絡發展，這些媒體還是否會像今天這么重要呢？包括把照相機以高清晰度的形式接入到手機形式當中，使得人們彼此和家庭成員交換照片，現在大家可能已經習以為常了。還有一些數字個人認證系統，它也使得我們效率更高。還有供應鏈，大家要了解到底買了什么東西，到底在使用什么東西，這些資源在什么地方。現在，已經變得非常實用，就是因為他們有了數字的標簽。這方面軟件產品正在推出過程當中，軟件的產業有成千上萬的公司，微軟公司對此也感到自豪，在我們啟動的時候當時并沒有所謂的軟件業，并沒有把軟

件當做一個創造價值的行業，他們認為硬件是一個因素。軟件的設計，包括應用和操作系統，都沒有受到足夠的重視，而且現在軟件是非常重要的，它的投資額也非常高，它的進步也非常大。我們合作伙伴都取得了成功，合作伙伴包括全球合作公司，傳播我們的經驗和知識。為了給合作伙伴更好的平臺，我們研發工作翻了一番，我們在研發方面花了68億美元，可以說很大的部分都是進入我們中國研發部門，因為中國取得了巨大的成功，我們在研究院，在中國建立了合作伙伴關系，促進了這些向前的發展。現在，大家很清楚一點，現在計算機并沒有達到應有的水準，不是太可靠，本來可以更可靠。而且，它的能力也不是強有力的，而且不是達到了應有的安全度。有些人講是不是這種事情越來越復雜，把我們帶到錯誤的方向，我們從來不能把計算機做的這么安全，這是一些問題，比如說把程序建立正確，這是科學當中幾十年討論的問題。但是我們現在看到隨著把互聯網盡可能做到安全，更可靠，我們正在考慮認證它們的可靠性，這幫助我們減少了安全化的代碼，我們確保這些代碼是安全的。要解決這些問題，在全球都進行科研工作，我們正在把它們做成產品，這些問題是可以解決的。在安全性方面，關鍵的一個技術就是我們所謂的隔離的問題，和全球計算機聯系在一起的時候，人們充分利用這種連接性，可以非常清楚了解哪個計算機可以跟其它計算機溝通，并且能夠識別正確的，到底誰發送這個信息，這是一個正常結構的部分。互聯網針對一個事情設計非常好，如果一個地方出現了問題，其它地方可以運作下去。但是，基本的設計當中，比如說在探測一些惡意使用方面，這方面也有考慮，比如說互聯網郵件的規程協議并沒有，所以這個郵件發給別人，欺騙別人，人們覺得這是銀行發的保密信，或者說你應當買這個產品。那么，這是互聯網標準當中的一個局限，我們必須要解決這個問題，必須確保我們知道到底這封信是從哪兒來的，我們可以把這個瀏覽確定一下，做一個優先的規定。我們必須把軟件更新，一旦進行溝通之后，必須要改善，必須要進行修改，必須要按照網絡速度，使得大家可以做到更好的更新。我們需要這些驗證的技術，需要高層的軟件更為安全，我們需要確定一下到底是誰來使用這個網絡。

其中一個具體的問題，我們現在所謂的垃圾郵件，在我們這個收件箱每天當中都有成千成萬的垃圾郵件，有一些郵件是非常有意思的，有些人給我發一個大學的學位，我沒有這個學位，我就點一下，看一下，我一點會有更多的垃圾郵件過來，怎么解決垃圾郵件的問題呢？可以看一下內容進行過濾，選取這種方法，這種方法已經在使用了，而且取得了一定的成功。但

是，我們需要還更進一步，也就是說要驗證一下這個給你發郵件的人，是不是應當引起你的注意，因為這是一個缺稀的資源。隨著真正的確保，發信的人是不是要給你發信的人，給這個人列一個表，這個封是可以接受的。但是，有些人來的信你們也是想接到的，所以需要有一些技巧技術，證明一下你值得看這封信，有一個很好的想法，就是讓計算機做充分的工作，對那些陌生人更容易讓他們計算機做這個事情。但是，我們這么做使得垃圾郵件的成本會更高，我們有一些新的技術，會把它放到電子郵件當中。我們促進這個事情，做到這個事情，就可以解決垃圾郵件問題，至少不像現在這么嚴重。我們把這些計算機連在一起的時候，人們覺得馬上可以實現買賣在全球進行，找到最好的產品，找到最好的咨詢人員。但是，非常不幸的是高層的描述，來實現這種豐富連接描述是不存在的。這些高層的協議都是超過互聯網協議的，他們現在正在開發之中，現在使用這樣一些服務，未來這些年我們看到會把它們建立起來，所有計算機互相連在一起，不管是什么操作系統，什么語音開發軟件，都可以進行非常豐富的溝通講安全問題，講可靠性，而且可以講工作流，兩個組織可以互相合作，可以使用安全的數碼方式，這是一個主要的突破。這會給世界經濟帶來什么東西呢？大家在進行商業運行的時候，商業伙伴是有益處的，大多數人并沒有認識到，他們怎么樣把工作做的更好，獲得更多的信息，怎么做這個事情。比如說客戶的信息，他們的想法，以及市場上出現了什么情況，他們的同事向你來咨詢，那么這里面設計一個新模型的時候，或者是把這個信息給你的員工，讓他們有創造力，有效率，這個是軟件做的工作，我們這個工作剛剛開始，為了做到這個事情，我們必須拿出一個非常新的方法，可視化的做法，比如圖形可視化的做法，放到軟件當中去，這時候企業工作達到應有的速度，可以使用一個完全數字的方法，不會由于缺乏信息而使工作效率降低。很好的一個例子，比如說開會，有一些會不能深挖信息，看一個銷售的數字，這個數字比較小，大家要看看到底問題在哪兒呢？什么造成銷售不夠，在什么地區銷售什么情況，現在很難做到這個事情。但是，我們現在不僅僅是講這個案頭的東西，講一個屏幕的時候，比如說想象一個平板，一張紙，信息是活動的，可以點擊獲得情況，做一個注解，我們可以看，我們用更多的方式來工作，比現在案頭方式多很多。還有一些軟件可以提供出來，給我們工作人員在全球使用，成本也非常之低。還有這些器械之間交流非常重要，關鍵問題很多情況下不管是開會也好，還是醫生到醫院來，我們使用墨水，能夠識別這個墨水，這個筆記是非常重要的，語音的識別也是非常重要的。比如說我們開會，我們可以制作一個會議的記錄，而且應該成為一個普通的東西，翻譯的時候也成了問題，我們現在正在這方面取得進展，希望可以在具體某一個固定的領域和自動的方式來進行翻譯。我們聽到很多人他們在手機上寫信息，這是一個非常好的工具，但是如果加上語音識別的能

力那就更好了。比如說我們想將來有這個手機，要買一個產品，手機上有一個軟件，有一個照相機，照一下相，軟件可以識別出來，比較公平的價格是什么，最好的價格是什么，可以告訴你這個產品顧客對它的評論，競爭對手的產品，使你更有效，可以貨比三家。你需要做的事情，軟件多可以幫助你做這些事情，幫助你體驗更為美妙的工作。在通訊方面，我們還有太多的事情，E－mail地址太多，包括瞬間的聊天，軟件應當幫助我們，非常重要的一點，開會的時候，可能會出現有一些電話不太重要，不應當在不方便的時候打進來，現在看到手機要么是打開，要么是關掉，所以必須加進去一個軟件幫助解決這個問題。我們可以看到紙和無紙的世界，還有智能的筆，可以幫助我們跟蹤一下這個筆記，來跟蹤一下研究的情況，來協調一下工作人員的工作，這是非常重要的一個事情。現在應該使我們寫更少的軟件，現在公司要寫成百萬的代碼，但是我們有很好的技術，用數學的方法，我們就可以把這個事情做的非常之簡單。所以，必須要建平臺，這個平臺應該是速度很快的，應該是可靠的。這個平臺不斷的能夠改善作為低成本的電腦的速度，比如說使用Windows和Intel的硬件，這應該是一個里程碑的事件，我們也使用新技術，比如說自動恢復，我們看到一些監測的技術，看看是不是會出現問題，或者說為什么會感到很沮喪？比如說我們Office系統幫助的東西放在服務器上，大家可以跟它有交互，有交流，如果大家有糊涂的地方，可以馬上進行改善，把它做得更好。還有服務的問題，把事情都連在一起了，這樣可以使我們把系統用自動方式進行管理，把應用連在一起，這是一個非常好的合作，公司因為非常激烈的競爭，包括IBM和微軟也是競爭很激烈的，我們也是進行合作，來建立這些標準。

通過這些新的方法，我們可以考慮這些復雜性的問題，然后把它解決，也就是說這是考慮一下你想要什么服務，系統提供什么服務，下面我們確定一下你使用什么硬件，能夠替你來解決這個事情，計算的成本還可以繼續下降的。作為經理，賣這個軟件，大批量賣計算機，能夠使我們計算解決方案越來越便宜，這樣量上去，會使我們勢頭更為強勁，軟件工具需要向前發展，這樣我們可以建立一些模式，來測試，可以更精確，還可以進行驗證。我們并不是把老的東西拋棄了，老的系統慢慢會淡出的，這是過去的東西。但是，我們不會出現一種不連續的情況，或者說這個標準一下子斷掉，我們把外部服務放在系統上面一層，我們讓系統，袖珍的設備和PC是這樣的，我們不應該用手工方式來做。如果你有很多的PC，所有信息都在這上面，應該是一種豐富的，自動方式擺在上面。如果你回家之后，通過輕松的聲音辨別，電視屏幕和互聯網在一起，可以進行通信。這方面很好的一個實驗，就是說人們可以做游戲，可以和寬帶連在一起，跟你朋友在一起做交談。我們做下一代的產品，會把這個功能置進去，這樣我們在中國也發布這個產品，這樣使體驗更好。我們也考慮邊界的問題，通訊的邊界和娛樂的邊界，要打破這個邊界。前面你們也聽到張亞勤先生介紹的，我們要使得這些設備越小越好，放到口袋里面，我們也在這方面投資了很多的資金，我覺得這個機會也是非常大的。我看到昨天我們一個合作伙伴向我們展示了他們用手機運用我們的一些軟件，我們可以來看一看在某一個特定時刻，一個特定地點，北京交通狀況的視頻圖象，覺得這是非常令人驚異的，我們的確可以使得這些設備更加有用，這也把我們創新的工作有很好的例子，中國的市場不僅僅是最大的，而且從很多方面來說也是最具有創新性的一個市場，我們也在進行越來越多的研發工作，我們在這里和合作伙伴進行工作，我們對我們未來工作充滿期待。

所以，軟件是一種奇跡，我們在過去二、三十年一直持有軟件夢想，我想你們大家有機會實現這些夢想，這是軟件的黃金時代。我們來想一想它給我們帶來的變化，包括改進教育，改進我們產品的設計，使得我們更好的接觸全球各地的人們，使得我們共同努力形成合力。這里我們可以說是無所不及的，我們沒有任何的界線，也許軟件可能是最令人激動的一個行業了，沒有什么其它行業可以和我們相比，我們希望你們能把它變成現實。

謝謝！

第四篇：比爾蓋茨哈佛演講 全文

比爾蓋茨哈佛演講 全文

Remarks of Bill Gates Harvard Commencement June 7, 2007

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates:

I’ve been waiting more than 30 years to say this: ―Dad, I always told you

I’d come back and get my degree.‖ I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor.I’ll be changing my job next year … and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees.For my part, I’m just happy that the Crimson has called me ―Harvard’s most successful dropout.‖ I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class … I did the best of everyone who failed.But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school.I’m a bad influence.That’s why I was invited to speak at your graduation.If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be

here today.Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me.Academic life was fascinating.I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn’t even signed up for.And dorm life was terrific.I lived up at Radcliffe, in Currier House.There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn’t worry about getting up in the morning.That’s how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group.We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.Radcliffe was a great place to live.There were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types.That combination offered me the best odds, if you know what I mean.This is where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn’t guarantee success.One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world’s first personal computers.I offered to sell them software.I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me.Instead they said: ―We’re not quite ready, come see usin a month,‖ which was a good thing, because we hadn’t written the software yet.From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey

with Microsoft.What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence.It could be exhilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging.It was an amazing privilege – and though I left early, I was transformed by my years at Harvard, the friendships I

made, and the ideas I worked on.But taking a serious look back … I do have one big regret.I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world – the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn

millions of people to lives of despair.I learned a lot here at Harvard about new ideas in economics and politics.I got great exposure to the advances being made in the sciences.But humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries – but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.Whether through democracy, strong public education, quality health care, or broad economic opportunity –

reducing inequity is the highest human achievement.I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country.And I knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing

countries.It took me decades to find out.You graduates came to Harvard at a different time.You know more about the world’s inequities than the classes that came before.In your years here, I hope you’ve had a chance to think about how – in this age of accelerating technology – we can finally take on these inequities, and we can solve them.Imagine, just for the sake of discussion, that you had a few hours a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a cause – and you wanted to spend that time and money where it would have the greatest impact in saving and improving lives.Where would you spend it?

For Melinda and for me, the challenge is the same: how can we do the most good for the greatest number with the resources we have.During our discussions on this question, Melinda and I read an article about the millions of children who were dying every year in poor countries from diseases that we had long ago made harmless in this country.Measles, malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis B, yellow fever.One disease I had never even heard of, rotavirus, was killing half a million kids each year – none of them in

the United States.We were shocked.We had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save them.But it did not.For under a

dollar, there were interventions that could save lives that just weren’t being

delivered.If you believe that every life has equal value, it’s revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not.We said to ourselves: ―This can’t be true.But if it is true, it deserves to be the priority of our giving.‖

So we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it.We asked: ―How could the world let these children die?‖

The answer is simple, and harsh.The market did not reward saving the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidize it.So the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and

no voice in the system.But you and I have both.We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop amore creative capitalism – if we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit, or at least make a living, serving people who are suffering from the worst inequities.We also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money in ways that better reflect the values of the

people who pay the taxes.If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the world.This task is open-ended.It can never be finished.But a conscious effort to answer this challenge will change

the world.I am optimistic that we can do this, but I talk to skeptics who claim there is no hope.They say: ―Inequity has been with us since the beginning, and will be with us till the end – because people just …don’t … care.‖ I completely

disagree.I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.All of us here in this Yard, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothing – not because we didn’t care, but because we didn’t know what to do.If we had known how to help, we

would have acted.The barrier to change is not too little caring;it is too much complexity.To turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the impact.But complexity blocks all three steps.Even with the advent of the Internet and 24-hour news, it is still a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problems.When an airplane crashes, officials immediately call a press conference.They promise to investigate, determine the cause, and prevent similar crashes in the future.But if the officials were brutally honest, they would say: ―Of all the people in the world who died today from preventable causes, one half of one percent of them were on this plane.We’re determined to do everything possible to solve the problem that took the lives of the one half of one percent.‖

The bigger problem is not the plane crash, but the millions of preventable

deaths.We don’t read much about these deaths.The media covers what’s new –and millions of people dying is nothing new.So it stays in the background, where it’s easier to ignore.But even when we do see it or read about it, it’s difficult to keep our eyes on the problem.It’s hard to look at suffering if the situation is so complex that we don’t know how to help.And so

we look away.If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution.Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring.If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks ―How can I help?,‖ then we can get action – and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted.But complexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who cares — and that makes it hard for their caring

to matter.Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already have — whether it’s something sophisticated, like a drug, or something simpler, like a bed net.The AIDS epidemic offers an example.The broad goal, of course, is to end the disease.The highest-leverage approach is prevention.The ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with a single dose.So governments, drug companies, and foundations fund vaccine research.But their work is likely to take more than a decade, so in the meantime, we have to work with what we have in hand – and the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behavior.Pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again.This is the pattern.The crucial thing is to never stop thinking and working – and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th century– which is to surrender to

complexity and quit.The final step – after seeing the problem and finding an approach – is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so

that others learn from your efforts.You have to have the statistics, of course.You have to be able to show that a program is vaccinating millions more children.You have to be able to show a decline in the number of children dying from these diseases.This is essential not just to improve the program, but also to help draw more investment from business and government.But if you want to inspire people to participate, you have to show more than numbers;you have to convey the human impact of the work – so people can feel what saving a life means to the families affected.I remember going to Davos some years back and sitting on a global health panel that was discussing ways to save millions of lives.Millions!Think of the thrill of saving just one person’s life – then multiply that by millions.… Yet this was the most boring panel I’ve ever been on – ever.So boring even I couldn’t

bear it.What made that experience especially striking was that I had just come from an event where we were introducing version 13 of some piece of software, and we had people jumping and shouting with excitement.I love getting people excited about software – but why can’t we generate even more excitement for

saving lives?

You can’t get people excited unless you can help them see and feel the impact.And how you do that – is a complex question.Still, I’m optimistic.Yes, inequity has been with us forever, but the new tools we have to cut through complexity have not been with us forever.They are new – they can help us make the most of our caring –and that’s why the

future can be different from the past.The defining and ongoing innovations of this age – biotechnology, the computer, the Internet – give us a chance we’ve never had before to end extreme poverty and end death from preventable disease.Sixty years ago, George Marshall came to this commencement and announced a plan to assist the nations of post-war Europe.He said: ―I think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation.It is virtually impossible at this distance to grasp at all the real

significance of the situation.‖ Thirty years after Marshall made his address, as my class graduated without me, technology was emerging that would make the world smaller, more open, more visible, less distant.The emergence of low-cost personal computers gave rise to a powerful network that has transformed opportunities for learning and communicating.The magical thing about this network is not just that it collapses distance and makes everyone your neighbor.It also dramatically increases the number of brilliant minds we can have working together on the same problem – and that scales up the rate of innovation to a staggering degree.At the same time, for every person in the world who has access to this technology, five people don’t.That means many creative minds are left out of this discussion--smart people with practical intelligence and relevant experience who don’t have the technology to hone their talents or contribute

their ideas to the world.We need as many people as possible to have access to this technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another.They are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger, poverty, and desperation George Marshall

spoke of 60 years ago.Members of the Harvard Family: Here in the Yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.What for?

There is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world.But can we do more? Can Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name? Let me make a request of the deans and the professors – the intellectual leaders here at Harvard: As you hire new faculty, award tenure, review curriculum, and determine degree requirements, please ask yourselves:

Should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems?

Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world’s worst inequities? Should Harvard students learn about the depth of global poverty … the prevalence of world hunger … the scarcity of clean water…the girls kept out of school … the children who die from diseases we can cure?

Should the world’s most privileged people learn about the lives of the

world’s least privileged? These are not rhetorical questions – you will answer with your policies.My mother, who was filled with pride the day I was admitted here –never stopped pressing me to do more for others.A few days before my wedding, she hosted a bridal event, at which she read aloud a letter about marriage that she had written to Melinda.My mother was very ill with cancer at the time, but she saw one more opportunity to deliver her message, and at the close of the letter she said: ―From those to whom much is given, much is expected.‖ When you consider what those of us here in this Yard have been given –in talent, privilege, and opportunity – there is almost no limit to what the world has

a right to expect from us.In line with the promise of this age, I want to exhort each of the graduates here to take on an issue – a complex problem, a deep inequity, and become a specialist on it.If you make it the focus of your career, that would be phenomenal.But you don’t have to do that to make an impact.For a few hours every week, you can use the growing power of the Internet to get informed, find others with the same interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut

through them.Don’t let complexity stop you.Be activists.Take on the big inequities.It will be one of the great experiences of your lives.You graduates are coming of age in an amazing time.As you leave Harvard, you have technology that members of my class never had.You have awareness of global inequity, which we did not have.And with that awareness, you likely also have an informed conscience that will torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change with very little effort.You have more than we had;you must start sooner, and carry on longer.Knowing what you know, how could you not?

And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30 years from now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy.I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the world’s deepest inequities … on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but

their humanity.Good luck.過去30年里，我一直在等待著說這樣一句話，―父親，我一直對您說我將拿

到自己的學位。‖。

我要感謝哈佛及時地授予我學位。我明年要換工作(注：指全力投入比爾及梅琳達基金會的慈善工作)，有了學位我的簡歷看起來會更好一些。

祝賀今天的哈佛畢業生都直接獲得了學位。哈佛校報稱我為―哈佛歷史上最成功的輟學生‖，這讓我感到非常高興。當我面對同一屆畢業生時，我可以對他們說，―我是失敗者中最為成功的。‖

眾所周知，當初史蒂夫·鮑爾默(Steve Ballmer)從哈佛商學院退學，我是始作俑者。我并不是一個好榜樣，這也是我受邀在你們的畢業典禮上發表演講的原因。如果你們都像我一樣輟學，那今天就沒有人會坐在這里。

對我來說，在哈佛的經歷是一段難忘的體驗。校園生活總是讓人留戀，我曾經上了很多根本沒有注冊的課。當然，宿舍的生活并不太美好。當時我住在拉德克里夫學院，同一宿舍的很多人經常討論問題到深夜，因為他們都知道我并不擔心早上起不來床。正是在這樣的環境下，我成長為反社會集團的領導者。

拉德克里夫是一個適合生活的地方。那時候這里有很多女孩子，而且大多數男生都屬于較為死板的類型，因此我的機會很多，你們都知道我的意思。不過，正是在這里，我明白了擁有機會并不一定能獲得成功的道理。(笑)

微軟的起步

在哈佛的日子里，最令我難忘的一天是在1975年1月。當時我給Albuquerque的一家公司打了電話，這家公司已經開始生產全世界首批個人計算

機，我希望向它們銷售軟件。

最開始我忐忑不安，因為擔心這家公司會因為我是學生而掛斷電話。但幸運的是，它們沒有這樣做，而是對我說，―我們還沒有準備好，一個月內來我們公司看看吧。‖這對我來說是一個好消息，因為我們當時還沒有完成軟件開發。從那一刻起，我夜以繼日地工作。這一項目雖然價值不大，但它標志著我大學生

活的結束，以及微軟的起步。

哈佛給我留下印象最深的是所有人都活力十足，而且非常聰明。在哈佛的日子有快樂，也有失落，但總是充滿挑戰。盡管我很早離開了哈佛，但那幾年已經足以改變我。在這里，我結識了很多朋友，并想出了很多創意。

最大遺憾

認真回顧過去，我確實有著一大遺憾。

當我離開哈佛時，我并沒有意識到這個世界存在著可怕的不平等現象。人們享受的醫療、保健和機會嚴重不均，很多人生活在絕望的邊緣。

我在哈佛學到了很多東西，包括經濟和政治方面的新思想，但體會最深的還是科學的不斷進步。

可是，人類的最大進步并不體現在發現和發明上，而是如何利用它們來消除不平等。不管通過何種方式，民主、公共教育、醫療保健、或者是經濟合作，消除不平等才是人類的最大成就。

當我離開校園時，并不知道美國有數百萬的青少年享受不到受教育的機會，我也不知道在發展中國家有數百萬人生活在極度的貧困之中。

我用了數十年的時間才明白了這些。

你們和我完全不同，你們更了解這個世界上存在的不平等。我希望你們過去幾年都曾經認真想過，應當如何應對這樣的不平等，以及如何解決這些問題。

假如，如果你愿意付出每周幾小時時間和每月幾美元，希望這些時間和錢能拯救更多的人，改善更多人的生活。那么，你會將時間和錢花在哪里呢？

對于梅琳達(注：蓋茨之妻)和我來說，也存在著同樣的問題：應該怎樣做，才能讓我們擁有的資源給最多的人帶來好處呢？

在討論這一問題的過程中，梅琳達和我看到一篇關于疾病每年在發展中國家殺死數百萬兒童的新聞。這些疾病包括麻疹、瘧疾、肺炎、B型肝炎和黃熱病，它們在美國已經受到嚴密的控制。此外，一種我們從未聽說的疾病——輪狀病毒每年要殺死50萬兒童，但其中沒有一名美國兒童。

我們感到非常震驚。既然每年有如此多的兒童因為這些疾病而死，那么就應當將研發新藥、拯救生命放在首位，但事實并非如此。

人人生而平等

如果你們相信―人人生而平等‖，當了解到人們認為有些生命值得拯救，而有些生命不值得時，也會感到震驚。我們會對自己說：―這并不是真的。但是，如果它是真的，我們就應當努力改變這種情況。‖

因此，我們開始了這樣的工作，我們相信別人也會這樣做。有時我們會感到不解：這個世界為什么會允許那么多的孩子死亡呢？

答案很簡單，也很殘酷。拯救這些孩子的生命并不會帶來市場回報，政府也沒有為此提供補貼。這些孩子之所以會死亡，主要因為他們的父母沒有強大的市場力量，甚至沒有話語權。

但是我和你們都有。

我們今天坐在這里，就在這一時間，世界各地仍在上演著人間慘劇。這讓我們感到心碎，我們之所以沒有采取任何行動，并不是我們沒有同情心，而是

因為我們不知道如何去做。

我們面臨的障礙并不是缺乏同情心，實際情況要復雜的多。

要將同情心轉化為行動，我們需要看到問題，找到解決方案，并了解最終結果。但實際情況是，我們很難做到這三點。

即使有了互聯網和24小時新聞播報，我們仍然很難真正地了解問題。如果一架飛機墜毀，官方會立即舉辦新聞發布會。他們將會承諾展開調查，確定事故原因，并保證今后不會出現同樣的情況。

但實際情況卻是，飛機失事死亡人數還不足全世界每天因可避免原因死

亡人數的0.5%。

更嚴重的問題并不是飛機失事，而是全球數以百萬計的可避免死亡。

事實上，我們很難獲得同后者相關的消息。新聞媒體希望獲得新消息，而數以百萬計的人因貧窮和疾病死亡并不是新消息。因此，這樣的消息很難出現在媒體報道中，從而更容易被人們所忽略。另一方面，即使我們看到這樣的報道，也不太情愿仔細閱讀。因為情況過于復雜，我們不知道如何提供幫助。在這種情況下，我們大多數情況會將視線轉向其它方向。

看到問題只是第一步，我們要做的下一步是降低問題的復雜度，并找到

解決方案。

如果我們想讓自己的同情心發揮作用，找到解決方案非常必要。因為只有這樣，我們才能確保同情心沒有被浪費。當然，由于大部分問題都很復雜，要

找到解決方案并不容易。

那么，我們又應當如何降低復雜度，找到解決方案呢？我認為可以分為四個階段：確定一個目標、發現最有效的方式、為這種方式找到理想的技術、以及開發最優秀的應用，例如用于治病的藥品。

我們要做的最后一步就是衡量工作的成果，并與他人共享我們的成功與失

敗。

第五篇：比爾蓋茨北大演講2017

Good evening.Thank you, Professor Lin.It's great to be here today.Beida has an incredible history and I'm sure next year, as you celebrate your 120th-year anniversary, you'll get to look back on the incredible contributions that you have made to this country.I've been coming to China since the early 1990s, initially as part of my work at Microsoft.It was ten years ago that Iwas privileged to be named an honorary trustee here at Beida.I remember what a great time I had in 2008 when I was here watching the Olympic table tennis semi-finals between China and South Korea.As I'm sure you remember, China took the gold medal in every category – men's singles, women's singles, men's and women's team's event.That was on top of two silvers and two bronze medals.For someone who's a big table tennis fan, that was pretty incredible to witness.And that highlights in one way, what incredible potential China has.China is on a quest for excellence, a quest not only to improve itself but to contribute to the whole world.As China's economy is maturing, it's making bold and difficult decisions on things like energy and pollution.And it's assuming a greater role in critical issues like climate and development.And this matters now more than ever as the world is navigating a time of change and uncertainty.In some rich countries, there is skepticism about globalization.The results of the U.S.presidential election and the Brexit vote in the UK, both seem to underscore a rise of turning inward on issues like migration, security, and perhaps even global development.It's great to see China stepping up to engage even more with other countries.It is greatly equipped to do so.No other country has accomplished what China has achieved in the last few decades – breaking the relentless cycle of poverty and disease for hundreds of millions of people while modernizing its economy at a scale and speed unprecedented in human history.Although no one is expecting China to fill a gap in development aid from wealthy countries, it has made a very smart commitment to triple its commitment to African development.China has long understood that helping other countries lift themselves out of poverty creates a stable and secure world for people everywhere.And by encouraging investment through innovative financing mechanisms like the China-Africa Development Fund, China is strengthening not only Africa's economic capacity, but also, over time, the markets for Chinese goods.It's great to see President Xi's commitment to eliminate extreme poverty here in China by 2020.China did a great job of lifting millions out of poverty.But progress has been uneven.Forty-three million people still live in extreme poverty.Our foundation looks forward to a new partnership with China that will focus on innovative ideas to bring this number down to zero – working on nutrition, healthcare in rural areas, and also finding ways to increase financial services for the poor.Of course, China isn't not only striving to reach new heights here at home.It's using its own experience fighting poverty and disease to help other countries tackle similar challenges.When I was in Beijing a few years ago, Vice Premier Wang Yang said something that stayed with me.He said: “Africa today is our yesterday.” Now, China is using the lessons it's learned to usher in a new tomorrow for Africa, too.This is a pretty incredible time to be a young person in China.Your generation's entrance into the workforce will coincide with your country's rise as a center of global progress and innovation.The world's eyes are on Chinand as a new generation comes of age, the world's eyes are specifically on all of you.So, I want to spend the rest of my comments focusing on four areas where I think there are exciting opportunities to use your education, your passion, and opportunities to unlock more amazing progress – for both China and for the world.Specifically,health, agriculture, energy, and technology.First, health.When my wife and I started the Gates foundation 17 years ago, we asked ourselves: how can we use our financial resources to make the biggest impact? It didn't take long to realize that improving health deserved to be at the top of the list.When people aren't healthy, they can't learn in school or be productive at work.They're unable to seize economic opportunities or do any of the things they need to lift themselves out of poverty.Melinda and I saw the example of China creating a better life for its people, and it inspired us to see if there was a way to support China's progress.Over the last decade, our work here has focused on several of the most persistent domestic health challenges – specifically reducing the incidence of tuberculosis and tobacco-related diseases, preventing HIV transmission, and improving treatment and care for people living with AIDS.We are continuing to support progress in these areas, but our work in China is also evolving along with China's new priorities.For example, China has a great opportunity to be a global leader in health innovation.No one exemplifies the strong history here better than Professor TuYouyou.As I'm sure most of you know, Professor Tu is a Beida graduate and the first woman in China to win a Nobel Prize.She was, of course, recognized for her discovery of artemisinin, the powerful medicine used to treat malaria.It was one of the most significant breakthroughs in tropical medicine in the 20th century and it has saved millions of lives.With its rich pool of talented scientists and its capacity to develop new drugs and vaccines, China was a clear choice for us to locate a new Global Health Drug Discovery Institute.This institute – a collaboration between our foundation, the Beijing Government, and Tsinghua University – will help speed the discovery and development of new lifesaving medicines.I had a chance earlier today to meet with some of the Chinese scientists who are driving cutting-edge research.For example, Dr.He Ruyi is the Chief Scientist at the Center for Drug Evaluation for the Chinese Food and Drug Administration(CFDA).His work – and the reforms being carried out by his agency – will create an environment where innovation will thrive.We are working with the CFDA to bring in more experts like Dr.Ruyi to help improve its regulatory capacity so that more Chinese health products can be made accessible to the entire world, including developing countries.One area that China has an incredible chance to lead in is in both reducing malaria and eventually eradicating malaria.With Chinese leadership, we have a chance to make malaria the third wide-scale human disease – after smallpox and, soon, polio – to be wiped off the face of the earth.A little more than a century ago, malaria was the leading cause of death in nearly every country on earth.There has been great progress since then, and China is on track to eliminate malaria completely in the next few years.But more than 3.2 billion people around the world still live in areas where there's a significant risk of malaria infection.To achieve the goal of global eradication, we need to build on Professor Tu's discovery of artemisinin and develop more powerful tools – like a single-dose cure and better ways to block transmission of malaria from mosquitos to humans.China has the potential to develop these new high-impact solutions at a very low cost that the developing world can afford.We can start today by doing the elimination of malaria in places like the Mekong River basin and in the southern part of Africa.Drawing on lessons learned from its own experience, China can help ensure that every family has bed nets to protect them from infection.And it can help countries strengthen their health and disease systems to better diagnose, treat, and prevent future cases of malaria.That's health.The second area where I believe China can accelerate global progress is agriculture.Since 1975, Chinese agricultural productivity has grown at a rate of 12 percent per year – four times the annual rate of growth in Africa.That has not only fed a growing population, but it has led to better nutrition and health, higher rural incomes, falling poverty rates, and more labor available to other sectors to drive Chinese economic development.There are many factors that accounted for China's recent green revolution.One of the most significant is its commitment to agricultural innovation and the work of people like Professor Yuan Longping.A crop scientist at Hunan Agricultural University, Professor Yuan developed hybrid rice varieties that increased crop yields over 20 percent.China's continuing advances in rice could be of enormous benefit to millions of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa, many of whom today are barely growing enough to feed their families and who'll face more difficult weather conditions in the decades ahead.Since 2008, Our foundation's supported work by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and others to develop new varieties of rice that – when crossed with domestic varieties in countries like Senegal, Tanzania, Rwanda – will result in high-yielding, stress-tolerant crops that will boost farmer yields and income.But to feed the entire planet, we need to do even more.One of the most exciting efforts is research by Chinese scientists to supercharge the basic process of photosynthesis itself.This would significantly increase crop yields while reducing the demand for irrigation and fertilizer.We are also supporting research by Chinese scientists to improve the health of livestock, which plays a vital role in food security and the rural economy of developing countries.We are working with the Ministry of Commerce(MOFCOM)and the Ministry of Agriculture to promote sustainable agricultural development throughout Africa.That brings me to what I think of as China's third global opportunity: energy innovation.China is already one of the world leaders in renewable energy.And it recently announced that it will spend $360 billion on renewable power sources by 2020.This will pay off handsomely for China domestically, and it's a great, long-term business opportunity.There are challenges: sorting out the right mix of technologies, managing the reliability in the new large transmission grid.All of these will be needed to manage in a very complex way to meet the growing energy needs.One element of the system would be the next-generation of nuclear technology.This, for generation, can be dramatically safer and substantially cheaper and solve a lot of the challenges with today's nuclear energy.I work with a company, TerraPower, that is partnering with China National Nuclear Corporation and other Chinese companies to provide one way to make this a reality.I've had the opportunity to meet several times with President Xi and I am encouraged by his commitment in a number of barriers – including his leadership at the Paris Climate talks.China was one of the 22 countries that committed to doubling their investments in clean energy innovation over the next five years.I'm also working with Jack Ma and other Chinese investors who have pledged to invest $1 billion in the development of early-stage energy technology so we can move the best ideas from the labs to the marketplace.A fourth area where I know China has great potential is software.During my time at Microsoft, we were so impressed by the quality of computer scientists and developers coming out of the universities here that we established one of our first research labs in Beijing almost 20 years ago.Today, it's Microsoft's largest research center outside the United States.It's a phenomenal place, with 200 of the world's top researchers and developers and more than 300 visiting scientists and fellows.The best thing is that researchers are free to explore what they're most passionate about, which leads to breakthroughs like Xiaobing, a natural-language chat bot that simulates human conversation.Some of you may have had conversations with Xiaobing on Weibo, or seen her weather forecasts on TV, or read her column in the Qianjiang Evening News.Xiaobing has attracted 45 million followers and is quite skilled at multitasking.And I've heard she's gotten good enough at sensing a user's emotional state that she can even help during a relationship breakup.Besides developing new technologies for Microsoft, the Beijing lab also helps software entrepreneurs who have a great product ideas and need help scaling their business.In the last two years, most of the 125 companies that graduated from the Microsoft Accelerator program were able to secure additional funding.And three of those startups have gone public.The Beijing lab also supports up-and-coming software developers.We've hired more than 5,000 interns here.And you'll be happy to know that we've recruited more students in the last three years from Beida than from Tsinghua.But it's a slim lead, so those of you here in computer science will have to keep up your good work!Technology is also helping to power the philanthropic sector in China.It's a growing sector and one with immense potential.In 2015, people contributed 966 million RMB to causes they care about using the four largest online donation platforms.And the success of 9/9 Charity Day, started a few years ago by Tencent, shows what is possible when people have an easy way to get involved and give back.In just three days last year, 6 million people – people like you – raised 305 million RMB in support of more than 3,600 projects.So this is just one example of how philanthropy is beginning to blossom here in China.A lot of the most successful entrepreneurs, like Jack Ma, Pony Ma, Charles Chen Yidan and NiuGensheng, have helped create the world's second largest pool of individual wealth.And now they're taking, some of their time to get involved and start giving back.The new Charity Law that took effect last September begins to open up more opportunities for people to be engaged.People are coming together at events like the China's Sixth Social Good Summit held at Beida last fall.Some of you may decide to work for NGOs that are making life better for the most vulnerable in society.But even if you don't end up doing that, or make big financial donations, there are many other ways of getting involved.Just learning about something, lending your voice, or volunteering your time is important.What an incredible, motivating thing that is – the belief that you can make the world a better place.And there has never been a better time.As the geopolitical currents shifts, China has an opportunity to advance progress on the most urgent challenges the world faces.China's leaders are embracing this opportunity, but it will be up to China's youth to carry it forward.In the last few decades, millions of people in China have achieved professional and financial success.I'm sure all of you will too, and that's a great thing.I certainly enjoyed all of my work at Microsoft and I wouldn't trade it for anything.But now I've also had the opportunity in my philanthropic work to meet people who apply their talents and passion in giving-back ways.Many of these people are impatient to see the world improve, but there're optimists as well.People who believe in the possibility of change and are eager to do something about it.Doctors courageous enough to risk their own lives to save the lives of others suffering from Ebola.Entrepreneurs using their ingenuity to deliver life-saving drugs to remote villages by drone.And people of all walks of life who volunteer their time to help the homeless or mentor a child at risk.Maybe you are the person who wants to ensure that every child growing up in poverty has the nutrition they need to do their best in school.Maybe you want to develop the next vaccine that protects everyone from malaria.Maybe you want to design the battery that lights people's desks at night, or the mobile technology that will allow people to start new businesses.No matter what your ambition is to improve the world, this is the best time and the best place to do it, and all of you have a great opportunity.I look forward to seeing what you'll achieve.Thank you!