第一篇:文體學論文
A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dream
Course: English Stylistics and Rhetoric Lecturer: Zhang Xuhong Credit: 2 Time of Assigned on 28/11/2013 Time of Submission:19/12/2013 Student No:2010010225 Name:杜敏
Class:(Grade 2001)Class 1English Dept, Harbin Normal Univ.從文體學的角度分析演講稿《我有一個夢》
杜敏
摘要:本文根據文體學理論從文體手段角度試圖對美國著名黑人領袖馬丁.路德.金的著名演講《我有一個夢》中所使用的文體手段進行了詳盡的分析,作者在此基礎上進而對演講文體的風格進行了簡要的論述。本研究對演講稿的文體風格的選用具有啟示作用。
關鍵詞:文體學;文體學理論;文體手段;文體的風格;分析;演講
A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dream
DuMin
Abstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style.Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, Analysis, Speech.Introduction As an interdisciplinary field of study, stylistics promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature with its explicit aims and effective techniques.It is very useful in the analysis of various styles of writing.In this thesis, the author tries to offer a stylistic analysis of the famous speech by Martin Luther king, Jr.I Have a Dream.1.Introduction: Definition of Stylistics and Stylistic Analysis As far as the definition of stylistics is concerned different scholars define the branch of study in different ways.Wales defines stylistics simply as “ the study of style”(1989:437), while Widdowson provides a more informative definition as “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation” and takes “a view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two”(1975:3).Leech holds a similar view.He defines stylistics as the “study of the use of language in literature”(1969:1)and considers stylistics a “meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study”(1969:2).From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study that straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics.It takes literary discourse(text)as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.Stylistic analysis is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text;that is, what it is that is peculiar to the uses of language in a literary text for delivering the message.This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse.Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a literary text by Systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another.Halliday points out, “The text may be seen as ?this? in contrast with ?that?, with another poem or another novel;stylistics studies are essentially comparative in nature…”(1971:341).On this points, Widdowson is of the same opinion as Halliday.He says:“All literary appreciation is comparative, as indeed is a recognition of styles in general”(1975:84).Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity that is highly comparative in nature.2.A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech(An analysis of some of the stylistic devices used in the speech.Martin Luther King?s speech of August 28, 1963 is widely regarded as one of the most powerful ever delivered in the United States.Although this address was delivered orally, it was read from a written text composed with GREat care.It is an example of formal English with a convincing style.Here are some of the stylistic devices(which maybe considered traditionally as rhetorical devices)used by Dr King to inspire and persuade.2.1 Repetition Throughout the speech, Dr.King repeats words and sentence.This is a very outstanding feature in this speech called repetition.It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity.The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence(Leech, 1969), because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense repetitious.Used in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable.In paragraphs 8 through 16, for example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times.This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker?s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God?s children.If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.(1)But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free.One hundred years later, the life of the Negro(2)is still sadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.Here the phrase “one hundred years later” has been repeated three times, seemingly indicating that it is really a long time for the Negro to wait for the coming of the time of justice and righteousness.(3)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity of this nation.(Par.4)(4)Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God?s Children.Now Is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.(Par.4)In this short passage, the clause “Now is the time to…” has been used four times to emphasize the fierce urgency of “NOW” and to encourage and persuade the blacks to take immediate action to rise above and gain their own rights and freedom.2.2 Use of Parallelism Parallelism is another syntactic over-regularity.It means exact repetition in equivalent positions.It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it “requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are ?parallel? with respect to their position in the pattern”(Leech, 1969:66).To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal.To take them parallel, balance nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, clauses with clauses, and so forth.In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help the audience line up his ideas.Here are few examples:(5)…by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination…(Par.2, two parallel noun phrases)(6)“This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.”(Par.4, two parallel infinitive phrases: “to engage…to take…”)
(7)“there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America…”(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “neither…nor”)
It is traditionally believed that parallelism is used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp.in speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker(or author in written versions), thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience.We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King?s speech and classified as is followed: 2.2.1 Parallel Nouns:(8)This not was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.(Par.3, three parallel nouns as attributive)(9)1963 is not an end, but a beginning(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “not…but…”)(10)Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.(Par.6)2.2.2 Parallel Noun Phrases:(11)So we have to came to cash this check-a check that will give as upon demand the riches of freedom and The security of justice.(Par.4)(12)I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brother hood(Par.10)2.2.3 Parallel Infinitive Phrases:(13)It would be fetal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro.(Par.5, two parallel infinitive phrases)(14)With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.(Par.7, five parallel infinitive phrases).2.2.4 Parallel Prepositional Phrases(15)I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.(Par.12)(16)…, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, …(Par.25)
E.Parallel clauses:(17)…, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and(that)their freedom is inextricably bound t our freedom.(Par.6, two parallel objective clause)2.3 Use of Similes and Metaphors As two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing.As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the “metaphoric rule”(1969: 151).That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors.In paragraph 1, for example, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness.The first-“a joyous daybreak”-compares it to the sunrise, which(in this case)ends “the long night of captivity”.In paragraph 2, he speaks of “the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination,” comparing segregation and discrimination under which the Negro people live to the manacles and chains once used on slaves.Therefore, it is very clear that the using of similes and metaphors can definitely add vividness and vitality to writing and make it easy for the readers or audience to understand.Now let?s cite some of the similes and metaphors used in King?s speech.(18)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2, metaphors)(19)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity for this nation(Par.4, metaphors)(20)This is no time … to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.(Par.4, metaphor)2.4 Use of Contrast Although maybe a rhetorical device instead of a stylistic one, contrast has also been used effectively, like repetition, in this speech, achieving the function of making clear the ideas of the speaker.In paragraph l, for example, “GREat beacon light of hope” is contrasted with “flames of withering injustice,” and “joyous daybreak” with long night of captivity.”
As it is defined, contrast is used to show the difference between two things.Therefore, it is not very difficult for us to understand why the speaker king uses so many contrasts in his speech.(21)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2)(22)Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.(Par.4)(23)Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood(Par.4)
Conclusion
As we have analyzed above, stylistic devices are frequently used in the discourse of literary works especially in speech, to achieve certain specific purposes.Thus making the style of a speech somewhat particular to the others.Generally speaking, a speech may have the following stylistic characteristics: To begin with, it must be very persuasive.Thus the sentence patterns are very well-organized, with repetitions, parallelism and contrasts frequently used.Secondly, it should be emotional so as to be convincing, because the speaker should face the audience directly and his words should not only be orderly and informative but also be expressive and inspiring.Therefore, the stylistic devices such as similes and metaphors are often involved.Finally, in many cases, written-conversational style is usually used with not very formal diction and not very complicated sentence structure.Reference [1].Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, August 28, 1963 [2].Wang Shouyuan, Essentials of English Stylistics, Shandong University Press, July, 2000 [3].Pan Shaozhang, English Rhetoric and Writing, Shanghai Transportation University Press, December, 1998 [4].Widdowson, H.G.Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature, Longman, 1975
[5].Leech, G.N.“ ?This bread I break? Language and interpretation”.In D.C.Freeman.(ed.).Linguistics and Literature Style.New York:Holt, Rinhart & Winston.
第二篇:英語文體學論文范式
題目:1)stylistic analysis of …………..2)comparative study of a and b from the perspective of stylistics
abstract in english
key words(3-5)
introduction(the text you analyze)
ⅰat the phonological level
ⅱat the graphological level
ⅲat the lexical level
ⅳat the syntactic level
ⅴat the semantic level
conclusion
references(including at least 2 references)
appendix(the text you analyze)
1.根據所學內容對某個文本進行分析。論文里若引用別人的觀點必須用夾注標明,格式為(thomas, XX: 12);論文末尾列出的參考文獻必須是論文里引用過的。引用別人的內容不得超過15%,否則視為抄襲。切忌拼湊。
2.格式要求按以上模板,統一用times new roman五號字體,每部分大標題用黑體,1.25倍行距,頁面兩端對齊。使用英文標點。
3字數要求:1500以內
文末參考文獻格式:
論文
thomas, j.d.XX.“science and the sacred: intertextuality in richard powers's the gold bug variations.” critique 51, no.1: 18-31.academic source premier, ebscohost(accessed december 7, XX).專著
hung, eva.XX(ed.).teaching translation and interpretation 4: building bridges.amsterdam-philadelphia: john benjamins.4.論文截止時間:18周周二三四節,打印版:a4紙打印,(學委收齊后按學號排序)
電子版(文件名:班級+中文姓名+論文題目)由學委收齊后,按學號排序,打包壓縮發至(電子版可延至18周周五交。)
5.評分標準:原創性;語言流暢地道;格式符合要求;按時與否
第三篇:論文摘要格式與文體的淺析
論文摘要格式與文體的淺析?
『中國論文榜』中國論文榜是中國權威優秀論文收錄平臺。專業論文發表網,我們致力于學術咨詢、免費論文收錄、論文指導和論文發表等相關服務。經過多年的努力,我們已與眾多學術期刊雜志社建立了長期友好的合作關系,協助雜志社對外征集優秀文章。攜手十年,真誠相伴,中國論文榜將一如既往本著權威、誠信、便捷、高效的服務理念為您提供更完善、更優質、更高效的服務!
中國論文榜小編根據十幾年的經驗,今天在這里跟大家分享下:
1文摘的版面位置
在每一篇文獻中,文摘應盡量靠前排列。分析,在學術期刊中,文摘應醒目地位于每篇文章或其他摘要款項的首頁,最好是位于標題及作者之后的,正文之前按照文獻工作-期刊中的文摘專頁,將文摘編入“文摘專頁”也是很理想的。
在單行本報告中,如有可能的話,文摘應位于題名頁上的。如該單行本中有“本報告文獻處理專頁”,文摘可位于該頁。還可以將文摘置于緊接目次表之前的右頁上。
在書籍、專著或學位論文中的,文摘應位于書名頁的背面,或位于緊接該頁的右頁面上,至于分屬各章(篇)的文摘,應位于各章(篇)的首頁,或緊接首頁之前的一頁。
2有關文獻的著錄出處資料
在一次出版物中,應在文摘同頁適當位置標出原文獻的著錄出處。例如位于該頁篇眉或底欄內。在二次出版物或從某一文獻單獨復制其文摘時,則應在文摘之前或之后附以原文獻的著錄出處。例6中表示三種不同的編排方法。有關引文的詳細編排方法,參見文獻工作-供參考的文獻題錄-基本標目與輔助標目。
3文獻卡
如果文摘及其著錄出處的編排格式又能適用于文獻卡,那是非常理想的。最好是“文獻專頁”和附于某一文獻的文獻卡都采用硬卡片制成,但若采用與出版物同一種紙張印刷,則應都印刷在同一頁面上,以便剪下后裝幀到空白卡片上。
4文摘的完整性、準確性與長度
既然文摘必須使讀者無需參閱原文獻便能看懂,那么,文摘應該具有自含性,但必須保持原文獻的基本信息與格調。文摘既應力求簡明,其內容又須符合要求,便不能因此而晦澀難解。即使必要,背景介紹也力求簡短。不得將原文獻本身未含的信息或主張寫入文摘之內。
對于大部分論文和專著中的各章(篇),其文摘少于250個詞是適宜的。對于札記、短訊,少于100個詞己足,至于編者按語或讀者來信,其文摘通常只需一句話。對于報告及學位論文等較長文獻,其文摘一般也應少于500個詞,最好能短到在一頁版面上登完。文摘的長短不取決于原文的長短,而取決于它的內容。
5文體
除非在文摘前的文獻標題中己確切地反映該文獻的主題思想,否則在文摘的一開頭就應寫明反映該文獻主題內容的主題句。如果從文獻標題、出版者說明或文摘其他部分三者之中都不能看清文獻的類型,則應在文摘(特別是為二次應用而編寫或改寫的文摘)中及早寫清。應說明作者對論題的論述方式或文獻性質。例如,理論性論述、病例分析、科學發展動態報告、回顧性綜述、原始研究報告、讀者來信、文獻調研等等。
6段落完整句
短文摘只需一整段,長文摘則可多于一段。文摘要用完整句撰寫,并宜采用轉接詞或詞組加以連接,以求連貫。在文摘正文之后可標引出一連串用標點符號分隔的關鍵詞,這些關鍵詞可以代替本擬另行編寫的指示性文摘。
7主動態動詞與人稱代詞的用法
應盡量采用主動語記、因主動語態有助于文字的清晰、簡潔及有力的表達。然而,在指示性甚至報道性陳述中,為強調動作承受者,也需采用被動態動詞。除非采用第一人稱可避免語句結構繁瑣累贅從而更易于理解,否則,一般均采用第三人稱。
8專用名詞(術語)
應從正文中選用有利于計算機原文檢索的實義詞。
避免選用人們不熟悉的術語、首字母縮略詞、編造詞或符號。若必須采用時,則應在它們首次在文摘中出現時指明其意義。要盡可能使用ISO(國際標準化組織)規定的單位、符號和名詞術語。若無國際標準可循的話,則可采用國家標準。
9非文字材料
代寫論文說,簡短表格、方程式、結構式及圖形等,只有在因為簡潔和明晰而必須采用且又別無其他變通辦法可用時,才可在文摘中采用。
以上內容,只是小編個人拙見,若有介紹不清楚的,可以聯系中國論文榜客服。
第四篇:語文論文的文體特點
語文論文的文體特點
語文教學論文,是以語文教學作為研究對象的科學論文。
就語體學的分類而言,語文教學論文屬于科學研究論文的范疇。但是教學論文與一般的科研論文、學術論文又有所不同。學術論文可以是純理論、純學術的研究;而教學論文除了具有一定的學術性、理論性之外,還應具有突出的實踐性。因為“教學”本身是一個實踐活動。比如,就漢語語音問題來說,用音位學理論來分析現代漢語語音成分,分析單元音a及韻母ia,ai,ian中的a有什么不同,zhi和zi中的元音的發音特點如何,這樣的語文論文屬學術論文;而分析漢語拼音怎樣教,有介音(韻頭)的音節是三拼法好還是兩拼法好,兩拼法中是“聲韻”相拼(如j+ian)好還是“聲介合母/后隨成分”相拼(如ji+an)好等等,這樣的語文論文屬語文教學論文。又如,研究句式是語法學方面的語文論文,研究句子在中小學怎樣教則是語文教學論文。語文教學論文不能只是理論分析,而應該有具有充分說服力的實踐性材料來加以證明,必須以教學實踐為基礎,是教學經驗的總結和提煉。它應該對人們的教學實踐有指導意義。
語文論文與語文教學論文的區別
這就是說,教學論文與一般學術論文的不同,是它具有突出的實踐性,是針對教學實踐來寫的論文。教學論文雖然來自教學實踐,是對教學實踐的總結和提煉,但教學論文又不同于一般的教學總結。語文教學論文與教學總結屬于兩個不同的文體范圍。前者屬科學研究論文范疇,后者屬工作報告范疇。因此,二者具有不同的特點。教學總結是對某個教學階段、某個教學范圍中教學工作情況的總結,它的內容主要是對教學實踐的一種說明。教學論文則是一種理論聯系實踐的文體,它除了具有實踐的說明之外,還應該有理論的分析和一些學術性的探討.當然,教學論文是在總結教學實踐的基礎上產生出來的,因此,它與教學總結之間并沒有不可逾越的鴻溝。好的教學總結經過加工和提煉就可以成為一篇教學論文。但從文體上說,二者畢竟有區別。教學總結中當然也可以有一些理性的分析和理論的探討,但這不是必需的;教學論文則必須具有理論的探討,必須在實踐的基礎上升華為理論,必須以規律的總結和提煉為目的,而不能僅僅停留在對教學實踐作法的表述上。
通過以上說明,我們認為寫語文教學論文首先要把握住這種文體的基本特點:既注重實踐性,又注重理論性和學術性。既要以教學實踐為基礎,總結實踐經驗(包括自己的,或別人的;正面的,或反面的),又要在此基礎上運用有關的理論(如教育學理論、心理學理論、語言學理論等等)加以分析提煉,去粗取精,去偽存真,歸納出帶規律性的東西;而這些規律又要能對教學實踐有指導意義,具有可操作性。
不注意這一點,就難以寫好語文教學論文,要么只闡述某種觀點,不提出有現實針對性的實踐依據,泛泛而論,不解決實際問題;要么只說自己怎么做怎么教,不分析為什么這樣做這樣教,其中有什么值得認真研究的地方,這就和一般的教學工作總結沒有什么不同。語文論文的研究視野
寫語文論文,可以寫也就是說可以研究的東西很多,研究的題目也可大可小。大到研究語文教學的原則理論,小到研究一篇課文甚至一句話、一個字詞的讀法教法。研究題目的大小,本身并不決定文章的優劣,大題目不見得好,小題目也不見得不好,關鍵在于自己的研究是否有針對性,分析是否深入,總結出的規律是否有指導意義。
從目前語文教學研究情況看,語文論文中針對教材和教法的具體問題進行研究的情況比較多,比如某一篇課文如何教,某一類課文如何教,識字課如何教,拼音課如何教,作文課如何教,看圖學文課如何教……等等。有一些“傳統課文”(中小學都有)人們研究了幾十年,提出過各種各樣的教法。這一類的問題我們當然還可以再研究.因為教法本身是一門富有活力的藝術,而不是死板的模式。一個高水平的教師教同一篇課文,在不同的時間,不同的地方,針對不同的學生,他的教法絕對不會是一樣的。因此同樣的教材在不同的具體環境中可以有不同的教法。我們可以針對人們還沒有注意到的具體環境、具體情況再進行研究,提出不同于別人的見解。
不過,如果我們研究的眼光只盯住教材中某一課、某一類課文、某一個知識點的教學,這樣就局限了自己的研究范圍,不容易找到有突破性、創新性價值的研究題目,寫出的語文論文就往往會缺乏新意,難得有獨到的見解。因此,我們應該把視野再擴大一些,從傳統研究中著重對教材教法的研究拓展開去,尋找新的研究范圍、研究題目的語文論文。比如說,我們 寫語文教學論文的思路可以向以下兩個方面展開。
一個是課程方面的語文論文,即對課程設置、課程性質目的、課程間相互關系的研究。人們在基礎教育即小學、中學階段都要學語文課。解放前小學叫“國語”、中學叫“國文”,解放以后叫“語文”。語文究竟是一門什么樣的課,為什么要學語文、教語文,怎樣教、怎樣學才算達到這門課的目的,這些問題雖然專家們已經談論甚至爭論得很多,但并不是每一個教語文的人都了然于胸.呂叔湘先生說:“我認為每一個做教學工作的人必須首先認清他教的是什么。”語文教師每天教的“語文”究竟是什么?這門課究竟應該讓學生學些什么,學會什么?這樣的問題的確值得我們思考。很多有識之士都指出過,幾十年來我們國家的語文課教學是不成功的。呂叔湘曾說:“講到中小學語文教學問題,首先我們肯定它有問題……教學時間很多,效果并不理想……”呂先生這話是20年前講的,現在的情況也未必有多大好轉。只要看看目前社會公民的總體文化水平、語文水平的低下(商店、報刊、電視,到處寫錯字,讀錯字,到處是不通的句子,學校中很多老師說不了普通話,板書極糟……),就可以知道學校語文教學從總體來說是低效益的,甚至是失敗的。葉圣陶先生曾經指出語文教學三大弊病,其中之一是讀書作文不是為了增長知識、發表思想、抒發感情,而是為了應付考試。這一點不僅沒有改變,而且是愈演愈烈.從這個角度看,語文教學的成敗問題,自然也不僅僅是語文教學本身的問題,它還受到教育體制的影響和限制。不過,就語文教學自身而言,如何正確認識這門課的性質和功能,從而自覺自主地(而不是僅僅為完成上面規定的教學內容、教學計劃)去上好這門課程,這里仍然有很多問題值得研究。
拿葉圣陶先生的觀點來說,語文課的任務就是幫助學生養成使用語文的良好習慣。因為語文是工具,是人生日用不可缺少的工縣.語文課和語文老師要做的事情,就是指導和培養學生學會使用這個工具.有的學生從小學讀到中學畢業,發電報不會擬電報稿,十個字八個字可以說清楚的用了二三十個字還說不清楚,這就是沒掌握好這個人生日用的工具.從教的這一面檢查,就是語文課或語文老師還沒有盡到職責。語文課既然是“幫助”培養學生使用語文的良好習慣,那么如何“幫助”就大有文章可做。時代不同(比如改革開放以來同以前就不同)、地域不同(比如大城市和小地方不同,漢族地區和少數民族地區不同),學生的情況不同(總體素質,經濟文化環境等不同),教師“幫助”的方法就可以大有不同。處于教學第一線的教師在如何有效地“幫助”學生養成良好習慣這個問題上比專家教授更有發言權,很可以通過教學實踐總結出一些東西來,充實甚至改寫我們目前的語文課程教學法理論。
當然,涉及課程性質目的等方面的問題,是比較大的問題,把語文課的性質、目的任務作為研究題目甚至語文教學論文的題目,往往不容易做好。不可能人人都來做這樣的大題目。但是,如果我們善于把自己研究的小題目與這些大問題聯系起來,雖然是微觀的研究,但卻包含宏觀的思考,這樣的研究,就可能站得高一些,分析問題說得透一些。
另一個是教語方面的語文論文,即對教師教育教學用語的研究。教語是教師教育工作中的主要工具。一方面,它自身有它的規律值得研究;另一方面,它作為講授教材、體現教法的主要工具和載體,與教材教法有密切的關系。目前師范院校都開設有各科教學法課。除了講授一些教學理論、課程性質等問題之外,著重研究的是教材及相關的教法。所以,有的干脆叫“教材教法”課。這門課本應是最具有針對性、最實用、最有可操作性的課,可惜它的現狀卻不能令人滿意。從師范院校畢業出來教書的老師,沒有幾個承認是從這門課學會教法的。造成這種情況,原因是多方面的,其中之一便是過去這門課往往脫離實際。
這些年來,人們日益注重到對教學中一個極為重要的方面——教學語言的研究。實踐證明,離開了對教學語言的研究,教學法的研究是難以深入的。現在國家教委已正式下達文件,把教師口語作為教師職業技能訓練的必修課列入師范院校的教學計劃。在語文教學研究中,過去對教材研究較多,對教法的研究要薄弱一些,而對“教語”,過去的研究很少涉及。在今后的語文教學研究中,必然會形成“教材.教法.教語”這樣的新格局。其中“教語”的研究基本上是剛開墾的生荒地,語文教師大可以把自己的眼光投向這片土地,搞出一些研究成果來。
教學語言的研究范圍是寬廣的。比如:教學語言作為一種語體,它有什么特征?它與一般口語有什么不同?教師口語中課堂語言和課下語言有什么不同?中學階段或小學階段教師口語分別有什么共性特征?對高年級和低年級學生使用的教師口語有什么區別?這些區別與學生的語言認知能力和心理因素等有什么關系?課堂教學中導入語、講授語、提問語、交談語等有什么特點?等等.結合地區特點,我們還可以研究對落后山區、少數民族地區學生教學時使用教師口語的具體情況,在雙語教學情況下教師口語的使用情況,以及在落后地區如何提高教師自身口語水平等問題。當我們把目光投向這些方面的時候,就會發現在很多問題上都大有文章可做,我們的研究就可以不步人后塵,不人云亦云,甚至可以發前人所未發,開拓新領域,發現新問題,總結新規律,提供新經驗。
第五篇:各種文體及其格式
應用體大致可分七大類
(一)公文類
這類應用文主要指以黨政機關、社會團體、企事業單位的名義發出的,表達自己法定意愿、聯系與處理公務、記載與傳遞信息的文件類應用文。如:命令、批復、指示、報告等。
(二)工作文書類
這類應用文主要指企事業單位、政府部門、社會團體以及個人為工作、生產和學習的正常運作而制作的一系列文書。如:計劃、總結、章程、制度等。
(三)法律文書類
這類應用文主要指司法部門在執法 過程中依照法律程序所需而制作的各種文書。如:筆錄、立案報告、鑒定書,起訴書,調解書,判決書以及各種訴狀等。
(四)經濟文書類
這類應用文主要指金融、財稅、工商、審計以及商業團體、公司和個人在市場運作及業務交往中所使用的文書。如:財務報告、市場調查、招投標書、合同,以及財稅、工商、審計、地產等部門的各種業務文書等等。
(五)、條據文書類
這類文書是指人們日常工作、生活中相互交往具有憑據作用的一些文書。如:請假條、留言條、借據、收條欠條、領條、便條、托事條、催托條、饋贈條等。
(六)、書信文書類
此類文書是指人們日常生活和工作中相互交流、溝通、表達意愿而普遍使用的文書。如:一般書信(給長輩的信、寫給晚輩的信、寫給兄弟姐妹的信、寫給親朋的信)、情書(初戀情書、求愛情書、熱戀情書)和表揚信、推薦信、慰問信、邀請信、感謝信、求職信、咨詢信、介紹信、證明信、申請書(入學申請書、入黨入團申請書、住房申請書、困難補助 申請書、辭職申請書)、聘書、履歷、說明書、報捷書、保證書、倡議書、建議書、悔過書等專用書信。
(七)、禮儀文書類
此類文書是指人們在社會交往活動中,遵循長期以來交往的禮儀形式和活動方式而使用的文書。如:祝詞、賀信、請柬、歡迎詞、歡送詞、題詞、悼詞、訃告、唁電、碑文、對聯(節令聯、祝壽聯、婚聯、喜聯、挽聯、名勝聯)等。
(八)啟事文書類
此類文書是組織(或個人)公開向大家說明,讓更多人知曉的公告性文體。啟事可以張貼、散發或通過報刊、電視、廣播等媒體進行廣泛傳播,是樹立組織形象,擴大知名度的有利手段。如:征稿啟事、征婚啟事、征訂啟事、開業啟事、尋人啟事、尋物啟事、招聘啟事、招生啟事等。
此外,還有會議類、公證遺囑類、科技類、宣傳類、廣告類、史志類等文類。
舉例:
1.公文:
2.工作文
3.經濟文
4.書信文
5.條據文
6.禮儀文
7.啟事文