第一篇:黑洞的大一英語演講
General relativity predicts a particularly dense dark objects.Evolution of massive stars in their late collapse occurs, the dense material in particular, it has one called “event horizon” of the closed border, a black hole hidden in a huge gravitational field, due to the gravitational field so strong, including in particular photon光量子(the composition of light particles粒子), including any material can only be entered could not escape.The formation of a black hole minimum mass star's core is about three times the solar mass質(zhì)量, of course, this is the last star of nuclear quality, rather than main sequence stars in the period of quality.In addition to this stellar-class black hole, there are other sources of black holes-the so-called micro-black holes may be formed in the early universe, the so-called supermassive black holes may exist in the central galaxy.A black hole can be found through the concept of electronic equipment.(laser light for instance)The black hole within its borders to prevent any outsiders to see anything, which is the object known as the “black hole” of the reason.We were unable to observe the reflection of light it can only be affected indirectly understand the objects around the black hole.Having said that, but the black hole still has its borders, namely “event horizon(horizon).”
The ergosphere(能層,黑洞周圍假設(shè)區(qū))is an oblate spheroid region outside of the event horizon, where objects cannot remain stationary.It is assumed that the evolution of stellar black hole of death matter, is in a special super-massive stars collapse generated.In addition, the quality of a black hole must be larger than the Chandrasekhar limit of stellar evolution to the end of the form, quality, smaller than the Chandrasekhar limit of the star is unable to form a black hole.Next introduce one famous formula ,it was declared by Hawking to describe the black hole’s state.The formula for the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy(S)of a black hole, which depends on the area of the black hole(A).The constants are the speed of light(c), the Boltzmann constant(k), Newton's constant(G), and the Planck constant(h
Finally, present you a picture of the black hole.
第二篇:大一英語演講
Learn to relax
Good afternoon ladies and gentlman,I am very glad to be here to make this short speech for you.As you know, there are more and more problems caused by stress from so many aspects that we must learn to relax so that our pressure can be released.So today I want to say something about how to relax..Stress exists in your study.You want to learn all the subjects well? you want to make full use of your time studying? you want to be better than others? In these situations, you will inevitably meet stress,and if you do not treat it seriously, it will lead to bad results.But if you can make use of it , maybe it can motivate your potential and make you study better.Stress exists in your daily life.You want to make enough money to support your education? You want to be accepted by the people around you? You want to make the realationship between you and your friends harmonious? Then you will fell stressful, and you should learn to overcome your stress.learn to release stress, and you will have a better living environment.Stress also exists in working area.You want to be well-paid? You want to get promotion? You want to have a brighter future? And then you will probably meet stress.Learning to release stress is the key to be a succeessful person..But how to relax? How to release the stress? How to overcome it and make use of it?
I have been in great stress when I was fighting for the college entrence examination last year!As you know, it is a hard time we don’t want to recall any more.But the exam was around the corner, and I was so nervous that I could not pay my attention to my study.I was afraid of getting a low grade and be caught up by others,I was afriend of be fail on the big day.I knew I must do some thing.So I asked my teacher for advice, she said: “it is no use worrying about something thathas not yet happened, just do something to delight yourself.Don’t think about it for the moment , and enjoy yourself for a while.” I was confused at first but I followed her advice afterwhile.I went to a cinema and watched a comdy , getting rid of the stress for a while.And when I went back to study, I am refreshed.So, in my opinion, it is not that difficult to reduce your stress!You can ask your tearchers or your classmates or your best friends for help.Just tell them what you are worried about.That is also a kind of release.You can do something to delight yourself, for example, you can play basketball for a while, you can surf the internet for a moment or you can just stay in a quiet place where no persons can bother you.Do remember, when you have stress, release it!Don’t hold it all the time.I remembered once Mr Kris told me in his speech that no mater how small the burden was , if you hold it all the time, it wouldl become a big burden for you to continue to carry on!So it is with stress, we should learn to relase the stress in time or take advantage of the motivation function of stress and be happier.Learn to relax, be a wise person in life!
At last I want to say something to our teacher Miss Caroline, I am glad to be your student this year,and I know you will not come to China to teach us next semester, I just want to thank you for your efforts for us and I wish you a happy holiday with your family.Finally, I hope you can find your Mr Right when you are back in America as soon as possilbe!We won’t forget you!
Thanks
第三篇:《黑洞》論文
論黑洞
摘要:黑洞(Black
hole)是現(xiàn)代廣義相對論中,宇宙空間內(nèi)存在的一種密度無限大,體積無限小的天體,所有的物理定理遇到黑洞都會失效。
黑洞是由質(zhì)量足夠大的恒星在核聚變反應(yīng)的燃料耗盡而死亡后,發(fā)生引力坍縮產(chǎn)生的。黑洞的質(zhì)量極其巨大,而體積卻十分微小,它產(chǎn)生的引力場極為強(qiáng)勁,以至于任何物質(zhì)和輻射在進(jìn)入到黑洞的一個事件視界(臨界點(diǎn))內(nèi),便再無法逃脫,甚至目前已知的傳播速度最快的光(電磁波)也逃逸不出。
黑洞無法直接觀測,但可以借由間接方式得知其存在與質(zhì)量,并且觀測到它對其他事物的影響。借由物體被吸入之前的因高熱而放出紫外線和X射線的“邊緣訊息”,可以獲取黑洞存在的訊息。并且,我們可以根據(jù)史瓦西半徑,可計(jì)算出一個天體要維持形態(tài)的最小半徑,根據(jù)黑洞的半徑可反推算其質(zhì)量。
一、黑洞的物質(zhì)介紹
“黑洞”這個名字,總是令人遐想聯(lián)翩。那么,究竟什么是“黑洞”呢?
這個名字的第一個字“黑”,表明它不會向外界發(fā)射或反射任何光線,也不會發(fā)射或反射其他形式的電磁波——無論是波長最長的無線電波還是波長最短的γ射線。因此人們無法看見它,它絕對是“黑”的。第二個字“洞”,說的是任何東西只要一進(jìn)入它的邊界,就休想再溜出去了,它活像一個真正的“無底洞”。[3]
也許有人會想:假如我用一只超級巨大的探照燈對準(zhǔn)黑洞照過去,像照妖鏡照住“妖怪”那樣,黑洞不就“現(xiàn)原形”了嗎?錯了!射向黑洞的光無論有多強(qiáng),都會被黑洞全部“吞噬”,不會有一點(diǎn)反射。這個“無底洞”,照樣還是那么“黑”。把這種奇特的天體稱為“黑洞”,真是太妙了。黑洞并不是科學(xué)家在一夜之間突然想到的。早在1798年,法國科學(xué)家拉普拉斯就根據(jù)牛頓建立的力學(xué)理論推測:“一個直徑像地球、密度為太陽250倍的發(fā)光恒星,在其引力作用下,將不允許它的任何光線到達(dá)我們這里。”
這話是什么意思呢?我們不妨先從宇宙飛船說起。宇宙飛船要擺脫地球的引力進(jìn)入行星際空間,速度至少要達(dá)到11.2千米/秒,否則它就永遠(yuǎn)逃不出地球引力的控制。這11.2千米/秒的速度,就是任何物體從地球引力場中“逃逸”出去所需的最低速度,稱為地球的“逃逸速度”。太陽的引力比地球引力強(qiáng)大得多,因此太陽的逃逸速度也要比地球的大得多,為618千米/秒。再進(jìn)一步,要是一個天體的逃逸速度達(dá)到了光速,那么就連光線也不可能從它那里逃逸出去了。這樣的天體就是黑洞,拉普拉斯所說的那個恒星便是生動的一例。光是宇宙間跑得最快的東西,既然連光都逃不出黑洞,那么其他一切東西也就休想逃出去了。
隨著科學(xué)的發(fā)展,人們對黑洞的認(rèn)識也越來越深入。如今,關(guān)于黑洞的更準(zhǔn)確的說法是:“黑洞是廣義相對論預(yù)言的一種特殊天體。它的基本特征是有一個封閉的邊界,稱為黑洞的‘視界’;外界的物質(zhì)和輻射可以進(jìn)入視界,視界內(nèi)的東西卻不能逃逸到外面去。”正因?yàn)楹诙慈绱恕爸贿M(jìn)不出、貪得無厭”,所以才有了一個不雅的外號:“太空中最自私的怪物”。
不過,事情也不是那么簡單。出乎人們意料,黑洞這個“怪物”,有時候竟然還十分“慷慨”。這又是怎么一回事呢?原來,在20世紀(jì)70年代,英國科學(xué)家霍金等人以量子力學(xué)為基礎(chǔ),對黑洞作了更縝密的考察,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)黑洞會像“蒸發(fā)”那樣穩(wěn)定地往外發(fā)射粒子。考慮到這種“蒸發(fā)”,黑洞就不再是絕對“黑”的了。霍金還證明,每個黑洞都有一定的溫度,而且質(zhì)量越小的黑洞溫度就越高,質(zhì)量越大的黑洞,其溫度反而越低。大黑洞的溫度很低,蒸發(fā)也很微弱;小黑洞的溫度很高,蒸發(fā)也很猛烈,類似劇烈的爆發(fā)。一個質(zhì)量像太陽那么大的黑洞,大約需要一年才能蒸發(fā)殆盡;但是質(zhì)量和一顆小行星相當(dāng)?shù)男『诙矗谷粫谝幻腌妰?nèi)就蒸發(fā)得干干凈凈!
二、黑洞的形成根據(jù)廣義相對論,引力場將使時空彎曲。當(dāng)恒星的體積很大時,它的引力場對時空幾乎沒什么影響,從恒星表面上某一點(diǎn)發(fā)的光可以朝任何方向沿直線射出。而恒星的半徑越小,它對周圍的時空彎曲作用就越大,朝某些角度發(fā)出的光就將沿彎曲空間返回恒星表面。
等恒星的半徑小到一特定值(天文學(xué)上叫“史瓦西半徑”)時,就連垂直表面發(fā)射的光都被捕獲了。到這時,恒星就變成了黑洞。說它“黑”,是指它就像宇宙中的無底洞,任何物質(zhì)一旦掉進(jìn)去,“似乎”就再不能逃出。實(shí)際上黑洞真正是“隱形”的,當(dāng)一顆恒星衰老時,它的熱核反應(yīng)已經(jīng)耗盡了中心的燃料(氫),由中心產(chǎn)生的能量已經(jīng)不多了。這樣,它再也沒有足夠的力量來承擔(dān)起外殼巨大的重量。所以在外殼的重壓之下,核心開始坍縮,直到最后形成體積小、密度大的星體,重新有能力與壓力平衡。
三、光被吸收的原因
光的發(fā)展可以分為幾個時期,萌芽時期、幾何光學(xué)時期、波動光學(xué)時期、量子光學(xué)時期以及現(xiàn)代光學(xué)時期。
17世紀(jì),意大利格里馬第首先得到光的衍射現(xiàn)象。他發(fā)現(xiàn)點(diǎn)光源的情況下,一根直桿的影子比假設(shè)光沿直線傳播應(yīng)有的寬度稍微大一點(diǎn),也就是說光不嚴(yán)格安智賢傳播,而會繞過障礙物前進(jìn)。接著1672-165年間胡克也觀察到衍射現(xiàn)象。并且和玻意耳獨(dú)立研究了薄膜產(chǎn)生的彩色干涉條紋。這些都是光的波動性的萌芽。
在1801年楊氏通過著名的“楊氏雙縫干涉實(shí)驗(yàn)”滿意地揭示了白光下薄膜顏色的由來。還第一次測定了光的波長。1815年菲尼耳補(bǔ)充了惠更斯原理。形成了人們熟知的惠更斯-菲尼耳原理,運(yùn)用這個原理不僅僅能圓滿地解釋光在均勻的各向同性的介質(zhì)中直線傳播,還能解釋光通過障礙物時發(fā)生的衍射現(xiàn)象。因此,它成為了波動光學(xué)的一個重要原理。
1900年普克郎引進(jìn)量子概念后,解決了波動理論不能解釋的黑體輻射問題,并且得到了黑體輻射公式。他的理論開始突破經(jīng)典物理在圍觀的束縛。打開了認(rèn)識光的微粒性的途徑。第一個完全肯定光除了波動性還有粒子性的是愛因斯坦在1905年發(fā)表的論文中。指出電磁輻射不僅被發(fā)射和吸收是以能量的微粒的形式出現(xiàn)而且以是速度c在空間當(dāng)中運(yùn)動。即光以微粒的形式存在。因此,即使是光,也無法逃逸出黑洞。
四、黑洞的觀測
黑洞的確無法觀測到,但是黑洞引力產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)象卻可以被科學(xué)家觀測到:(1)雙星吸積,即黑洞對周圍恒星的吸積現(xiàn)象是可以被觀測的.(2)黑洞接近無限大的引力可以某恒星的光線彎曲很厲害產(chǎn)生的引力透鏡讓我們看到恒星的全貌,即使該恒星背面我們沒有黑洞幫忙是永遠(yuǎn)也看不到的.(3)黑洞吸積物質(zhì)會產(chǎn)生非常強(qiáng)大的X射線暴.我們的科學(xué)家就是通過這些現(xiàn)象再加以計(jì)算推斷就知道是不是黑洞了.許多黑洞的四周都環(huán)繞著一些天體,通過觀察這些天體的行為,可以推斷出黑洞的存在。然后,使用所猜測黑洞四周的天體運(yùn)動測量值便可以計(jì)算黑洞質(zhì)量。
您要尋找的就是那些運(yùn)動表現(xiàn)似乎受到周圍巨大質(zhì)量影響的星體或氣盤。例如,倘若某個可見星體或氣盤在不穩(wěn)定地運(yùn)動或旋轉(zhuǎn),但又找不到附近有導(dǎo)致這種運(yùn)動的可見原因。并且這種不明因素產(chǎn)生了某種效應(yīng),而這種效應(yīng)似乎是由質(zhì)量比太陽大三倍的天體(由于質(zhì)量太大而不可能是中子星)造成的。那么,這種運(yùn)動就有可能是黑洞導(dǎo)致的。然后,可以通過觀測黑洞對可見天體產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)來估算黑洞質(zhì)量。
例如,在星系NGC
4261的核心,有一個旋轉(zhuǎn)的棕色螺旋形吸積盤。該吸積盤的大小與太陽系相當(dāng),但重量是太陽的12億倍。既然存在質(zhì)量如此巨大的吸積盤,就暗示著它的內(nèi)部可能有一個黑洞。
五、黑洞質(zhì)量的計(jì)算
根根據(jù)史瓦西半徑,可計(jì)算出一個天體要維持形態(tài)的最小半徑,根據(jù)黑洞的半徑可反推算其質(zhì)量,Rs=2Gm/c^2
推導(dǎo)過程:
由
F=GmM/r^2
得知
r
越小
則F越大
而引力F
正比于
物體吸引落下速度V
且速度V最大值為c
求星體半徑臨界直(V=c之
r
臨界直)
;
即史瓦西半徑
由
F=ma=mg
得
GMm/r^2
=
mg
故
g
=
GM/r^2
由固定重力場位能得非固定重力場位能公式
a.將
E=mgh
代換成E=GMmh/r^2
且
h=r
故
E=GMm/r
表位能
b.列受星體吸引物質(zhì)之速度與位能對應(yīng)式
求得臨界半徑r(史瓦西半徑)
1/2
mv^2
=
GMm/r
做
洛倫茲
變換
1/2
mv^2/√(1-v^2/c^2)=
GMm/r√(1-v^2/c^2)
得到r
=
2GM/V^2
當(dāng)v=c
求r之臨界直
則全式可得
Rs
=
2GM/c^2
;
Rs為史瓦西半徑
;
左為史瓦西半徑公式
(G為引力常數(shù)
M為恒星質(zhì)量
c為光速)
如果僅從史瓦西半徑
看,所有半徑尺度和質(zhì)量大小的黑洞的存在都是可能的參考文獻(xiàn):
《光學(xué)教程》姚啟鈞著
《時間簡史》霍金著
《果殼中的宇宙》霍金著
《廣義相對論》愛因斯坦著
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END
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第四篇:大一新生英語演講:如何才能受人歡迎
welcome and hello.it's great to have you here.let me tell you how to be popular.we all want to be liked and admired.we all want to be surrounded by friends.here's how to achieve that goal.just be yourself.act the way you want to be treated.popularity will come your way.first,improve your appearance.start exercising daily.start eating responsibly.being healthy feels great.being healthy gives you confidence.being in shape attracts people to you.be neat and well-dressed.be clean and well-groomed.your appearance says a lot about you.then,smile like crazy.a smile works like magic.a smile opens doors and wins friends.a smile says “i like you.”
“i'm so glad to see you.”
“you really make my day.”
a smile cheers people up.a smile warms up a heart.it's like sunshine on a cloudy day.next,put others first.put yourself in their shoes.please their interests before your own.become a great listener.ask wonderful questions.encourage people to talk.be a people person.enjoy making others feel important.enjoy cheering them up when they're down.in addition,be sincere.always compliment.show your respect.never gossip.never judge other people.focus on improving yourself.don't forget to be generous.you must “l(fā)ive to give.”
you must also give to “really live.”
in conclusion,let go of your ego.let kindness be your guide.you'll be popular in no time.don't be phony.it will backfire on you.it's more important to be true.thanks for your attention.now,go have a great day.go out and enjoy being popular!
第五篇:黑洞記錄片觀后感
黑洞影評
200億高齡的宇宙,浩瀚無比,無奇不有,黑洞就是一個令所有天文學(xué)家感興趣卻又捉摸不透的天體。
黑洞的定義是:由一個只允許外部物質(zhì)和輻射進(jìn)入而不允許物質(zhì)和輻射從中逃離的邊界即視界所規(guī)定的時空區(qū)域。乍一聽,確實(shí)很迷惑,再仔細(xì)點(diǎn)解釋就是:一種引力極強(qiáng)的天體,就連光也不能逃脫。當(dāng)恒星的半徑小到一定程度,小于史瓦西半徑時,就連垂直表面發(fā)射的光都無法逃逸了。這時恒星就變成了黑洞。說它“黑”,是指它就像宇宙中的無底洞,任何物質(zhì)一旦掉進(jìn)去,“似乎”就再不能逃出。由于黑洞中的光無法逃逸,所以我們無法直接觀測到黑洞。然而,可以通過測量它對周圍天體的作用和影響來間接觀測或推測到它的存在。那么黑洞是怎么出現(xiàn)的呢?黑洞(Black hole)是根據(jù)現(xiàn)代的廣義相對論所預(yù)言的,在宇宙空間中存在的一種質(zhì)量相當(dāng)大的天體。黑洞是由質(zhì)量足夠大的恒星在核聚變反應(yīng)的燃料耗盡而死亡后,發(fā)生引力坍縮而形成。黑洞的質(zhì)量是如此之大,它產(chǎn)生的引力場是如此之強(qiáng),以致于任何物質(zhì)和輻射都無法逃逸,就連光也逃逸不出來。由于類似熱力學(xué)上完全不反射光線的黑體,故名為黑洞。
了解了黑洞這么多東西,我首先想到的是為之奮斗的眾多科學(xué)家,他們到底付出了多少努力來計(jì)算這些東西。歷史上第一個意識到一個致密天體密度可以達(dá)到連光都無法逃逸的人是英國地理學(xué)家john michell,他在1783年寫給亨利·卡文迪許的一封信中提出這個
想法,他認(rèn)為一個和太陽同等質(zhì)量的天體,如果半徑只有3公里,那么這個天體是不可見的,因?yàn)楣鉄o法逃離天體表面。1796年,法國物理學(xué)家拉普拉斯曾預(yù)言:“一個質(zhì)量如250個太陽,而直徑為地球的發(fā)光恒星,由于其引力的作用,將不允許任何光線離開它。由于這個原因,宇宙中最大的發(fā)光天體,卻不會被我們看見”。黑洞會發(fā)出耀眼的光芒,體積會縮小,甚至?xí)ā.?dāng)英國物理學(xué)家史迪芬·霍金于1974年做此預(yù)言時,整個科學(xué)界為之震動。霍金的理論是受靈感支配的思維的飛躍,他結(jié)合了廣義相對論和量子理論。他發(fā)現(xiàn)黑洞周圍的引力場釋放出能量,同時消耗黑洞的能量和質(zhì)量。當(dāng)黑洞的質(zhì)量越來越小時,它的溫度會越來越高。這樣,當(dāng)黑洞損失質(zhì)量時,它的溫度和發(fā)射率增加,因而它的質(zhì)量損失得更快。這種“霍金輻射”對大多數(shù)黑洞來說可以忽略不計(jì),因?yàn)榇蠛诙摧椛涞谋容^慢,而小黑洞則以極高的速度輻射能量,直到黑洞的爆炸。
一直就對黑洞了解甚少,也沒有想過去了解它,但在馬克思課上
看了關(guān)于黑洞的紀(jì)錄片,對黑洞了解了許多,產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣,希望科學(xué)家們能夠早日探索到黑洞,幫我們更深的認(rèn)識宇宙。
材料成型及控制工程
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