第一篇:TED演講抑郁,我們各自隱藏的秘密
00:14 “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain, and Mourners to and fro kept treading--treading--till [it seemed] that Sense was breaking through--And when they all were seated, a Service, like a Drum--kept beating--beating--till I [thought] my Mind was going numb--And then I heard them lift a Box and creak across my Soul with those same Boots of Lead, again, then Space--began to toll, As [all] the Heavens were a Bell, and Being, [but] an Ear, and I, and Silence, some strange Race, wrecked, solitary, here--[And] then a Plank in Reason, broke, and I fell down and down--and hit a World, at every plunge, and Finished knowing--then--” “我的腦海中,進行著一場葬禮,悼念者絡繹不絕 不停的走著, 踩踏著 直到儀式的氛圍漸濃 當所有人入座 儀式開始,敲鼓的聲音 沉重有力,敲打著, 敲打著 直到我的意識變得麻木 我聽見他們抬起棺材 沉重的腳步,搖搖晃晃 我的靈魂,吱呀作響 四周,喪鐘響起 天堂,就像一個鈴鐺 存在,那么就是一只耳朵 安靜的我,如同異類 在此孤獨,在此腐朽 失去依靠,理性開始崩塌 我從高處墜落 跌入一個又一個世界 終于,看清
01:11 We know depression through metaphors.Emily Dickinson was able to convey it in language, Goya in an image.Half the purpose of art is to describe such iconic states.我們能夠在一些文學作品中看到抑郁的影子 艾米莉·迪金森(美國十九世紀著名女詩人)通過詩歌詮釋它 戈雅(西班牙畫家)通過繪畫表達 許多藝術作品產生的初衷 就是為了表達這充滿象征意義的狀態
01:26 As for me, I had always thought myself tough, one of the people who could survive if I'd been sent to a concentration camp.就我自己來說,我一度認為自己非常堅強 認為自己是那一類即使被送去集中營 也可以存活下來的人 01:35 In 1991, I had a series of losses.My mother died, a relationship I'd been in ended, I moved back to the United States from some years abroad, and I got through all of those experiences intact.1991年,我經歷了一連串的不幸 母親去世 愛情終結 我也在幾年的海外生活之后 回到了美國 我在經歷了這一切之后依舊安然無恙 01:49 But in 1994, three years later, I found myself losing interest in almost everything.I didn't want to do any of the things I had previously wanted to do, and I didn't know why.The opposite of depression is not happiness, but vitality.And it was vitality that seemed to seep away from me in that moment.Everything there was to do seemed like too much work.I would come home and I would see the red light flashing on my answering machine, and instead of being thrilled to hear from my friends, I would think, “What a lot of people that is to have to call back.” Or I would decide I should have lunch, and then I would think, but I'd have to get the food out and put it on a plate and cut it up and chew it and swallow it, and it felt to me like the Stations of the Cross.然而在1994年,也就是三年之后 我突然發現自己對幾乎所有的事情都失去了興趣 甚至不愿意去做那些 我曾經很想去做的事情 我不知道這是為什么 抑郁的反面 并非快樂,而是活力 而正是這樣的活力 似乎就在那段時間從我的身體中慢慢消失了 所有需要完成的事情 都感覺那么麻煩 回到家的時候 看著電話留言機上閃爍的紅燈 我不但不會因為聽到朋友們的聲音感到興奮 反而會想 怎么有這么多人等我回電話 有時該吃午飯了 我卻開始想,我還得把食物拿出來 放到盤子里 得切,得嚼,得咽 讓我感覺就像耶穌受難一樣 02:44 And one of the things that often gets lost in discussions of depression is that you know it's ridiculous.You know it's ridiculous while you're experiencing it.You know that most people manage to listen to their messages and eat lunch and organize themselves to take a shower and go out the front door and that it's not a big deal, and yet you are nonetheless in its grip and you are unable to figure out any way around it.And so I began to feel myself doing less and thinking less and feeling less.It was a kind of nullity.人們在談論抑郁時 時常忽略了一點 那就是你知道這一切都很荒謬 即使你正處在抑郁之中,你也知道這一切都很荒謬 你知道多數人都可以讓自己 去聽語音留言,去吃午餐 緊接著讓自己沖個澡 然后出門 你知道這根本不是什么大不了的事情 然而你已經被它掌控 并且無法找到任何解決的方式 于是我開始感到自己事情做得越來越少 思考得越來越少 感知得越來越少 就好像整個人已經沒什么價值了 03:21 And then the anxiety set in.If you told me that I'd have to be depressed for the next month, I would say, “As long I know it'll be over in November, I can do it.” But if you said to me, “You have to have acute anxiety for the next month,” I would rather slit my wrist than go through it.It was the feeling all the time like that feeling you have if you're walking and you slip or trip and the ground is rushing up at you, but instead of lasting half a second, the way that does, it lasted for six months.It's a sensation of being afraid all the time but not even knowing what it is that you're afraid of.And it was at that point that I began to think that it was just too painful to be alive, and that the only reason not to kill oneself was so as not to hurt other people.緊接著焦慮就來了 如果你告訴我 我會在接下來的一個月里一直抑郁 我會說,“只要一個月之后不抑郁了我就可以接受。” 但如果你告訴我 “你會在接下來的一個月里嚴重焦慮。” 那么我寧可割腕也不愿意忍受 這是一種持續的感覺 就好像你走在路上 滑倒了或者絆倒了 地面猛沖向你的感覺 但這種感覺不是半秒鐘 而是持續6個月 這是一種時時刻刻感到懼怕 卻不知道自己在懼怕什么的感覺 就在那時我開始想 活著太痛苦了 人不自殺的唯一原因 是因為不想傷害身邊的人 04:08 And finally one day, I woke up and I thought perhaps I'd had a stroke, because I lay in bed completely frozen, looking at the telephone, thinking, “Something is wrong and I should call for help,” and I couldn't reach out my arm and pick up the phone and dial.And finally, after four full hours of my lying and staring at it, the phone rang, and somehow I managed to pick it up, and it was my father, and I said, “I'm in serious trouble.We need to do something.” 終于有一天,我醒來的時候 我覺得我可能中風了 因為我躺在床上整個人是完全僵硬的 我看著電話,心想 “不好了,我該打電話求助。” 但我沒辦法伸出手去 沒有辦法拿到電話來撥號 終于,在我躺在那盯著電話整整四小時之后 電話鈴響了 我不記得自己怎么拿到的電話 是我父親打來的 我說,“我現在遇到大麻煩了,我們必須做點什么。” 04:40 The next day I started with the medications and the therapy.And I also started reckoning with this terrible question: If I'm not the tough person who could have made it through a concentration camp, then who am I? And if I have to take medication, is that medication making me more fully myself, or is it making me someone else? And how do I feel about it if it's making me someone else? 第二天我開始吃藥 開始接受治療 與此同時我開始思考 一個可怕的問題 如果我不是那種堅強到 即使被送去集中營也可以存活下來的人 那么我是誰呢? 如果我需要吃藥的話 那么藥物是讓我變得更像自己 還是讓我更不像自己? 如果會讓我變得像別人 那么我又如何感覺到這點呢? 05:09 I had two advantages as I went into the fight.The first is that I knew that, objectively speaking, I had a nice life, and that if I could only get well, there was something at the other end that was worth living for.And the other was that I had access to good treatment.在這個抗爭的過程中我有兩個優勢 首先是我很清楚,客觀地說 我有一個不錯的生活條件 如果我能好起來 那么最終是會有一些東西 值得我去為之而活的 另外一點就是我能接受好的治療 05:25 But I nonetheless emerged and relapsed, and emerged and relapsed, and emerged and relapsed, and finally understood I would have to be on medication and in therapy forever.And I thought, “But is it a chemical problem or a psychological problem? And does it need a chemical cure or a philosophical cure?” And I couldn't figure out which it was.And then I understood that actually, we aren't advanced enough in either area for it to explain things fully.The chemical cure and the psychological cure both have a role to play, and I also figured out that depression was something that was braided so deep into us that there was no separating it from our character and personality.但我卻不知為何,好轉了又復發 又好轉,又復發 再好轉,再復發 最后我才意識到 我必須一輩子 依賴藥物以及治療 于是我想,“但這到底是一個化學問題 還是一個心理問題? 這到底需要化學療法還是心理療法(原話為“哲學”)呢?” 我無法找到問題的答案 然后我明白了 事實上我們對這兩個領域的了解都還不夠 都還不足以完全弄清真相 化學治療和心理治療 都發揮著重要的作用 我也發現抑郁是這樣一個東西 深深的嵌入在我們的體內 我們無法將它徹底剝離 它已經嵌入到我們的性格和個性中了 06:12 I want to say that the treatments we have for depression are appalling.They're not very effective.They're extremely costly.They come with innumerable side effects.They're a disaster.But I am so grateful that I live now and not 50 years ago, when there would have been almost nothing to be done.I hope that 50 years hence, people will hear about my treatments and be appalled that anyone endured such primitive science.我想說現在我們所用的 治療抑郁癥的方法太可怕了 這些方法沒有什么效果 還非常昂貴 并且伴隨著無數的副作用 它們簡直就是災難 但我很感激我活在當下 而不是50年前 那個時候還不存在 有效的方法 我希望50年后 人們聽到我接受的治療方法 會震驚于竟然有人愿意忍受 如此原始簡單的科學 06:41 Depression is the flaw in love.If you were married to someone and thought, “Well, if my wife dies, I'll find another one,” it wouldn't be love as we know it.There's no such thing as love without the anticipation of loss, and that specter of despair can be the engine of intimacy.抑郁是愛的附屬品 如果你跟一個人結婚了,然后想 “好吧,如果我的妻子去世了,我會找一個新的,” 那么據我們所知這不叫愛 沒有這樣一種愛情 可以只感受幸福而不體驗失去 這種絕望的幽靈 會成為親密關系的動力 07:07 There are three things people tend to confuse: depression, grief and sadness.Grief is explicitly reactive.If you have a loss and you feel incredibly unhappy, and then, six months later, you are still deeply sad, but you're functioning a little better, it's probably grief, and it will probably ultimately resolve itself in some measure.If you experience a catastrophic loss, and you feel terrible, and six months later you can barely function at all, then it's probably a depression that was triggered by the catastrophic circumstances.The trajectory tells us a great deal.People think of depression as being just sadness.It's much, much too much sadness, much too much grief at far too slight a cause.有三種東西是人們容易混淆的 抑郁,悲傷,難過 悲傷是一種明確的反應 如果你遭遇了不幸并感到極度不快樂 緊接著六個月以后 你還是非常難過,但是生活大致正常了 這很有可能是悲傷 而且它很有可能在最終 一定程度地自我恢復 如果你經歷了一次災難性的打擊 然后感覺非常糟糕 并且六個月之后你依然無法正常生活 那么很有可能就是你的抑郁 被這種災難性的情形觸發了 這中變化的過程告訴我們很多信息 人們往往認為抑郁只是難過而已 只是太多太多的難過 太多的悲傷 起因卻微不足道 07:56 As I set out to understand depression, and to interview people who had experienced it, I found that there were people who seemed, on the surface, to have what sounded like relatively mild depression who were nonetheless utterly disabled by it.And there were other people who had what sounded as they described it like terribly severe depression who nonetheless had good lives in the interstices between their depressive episodes.And I set out to find out what it is that causes some people to be more resilient than other people.What are the mechanisms that allow people to survive? And I went out and I interviewed person after person who was suffering with depression.當我開始著手了解抑郁 并且采訪那些有過這樣經歷的人時 我發現有些人 從表面上看來 好像是比較輕微的抑郁 卻已經因此徹底喪失行為能力了 另一些人 從他們的描述中得知他們 經歷了非常嚴重的抑郁 他們卻能夠在抑郁發作的間隙 過著不錯的生活 于是我開始研究 到底是什么 使一些人比另一些人能更好地適應 是什么樣的機制 讓這些人能夠幸免? 于是我去探訪了一個又一個 經歷過抑郁的人 08:37 One of the first people I interviewed described depression as a slower way of being dead, and that was a good thing for me to hear early on because it reminded me that that slow way of being dead can lead to actual deadness, that this is a serious business.It's the leading disability worldwide, and people die of it every day.我第一批采訪的人中有一個人 把抑郁描述為 一種緩慢的死亡方式 這種說法最初在我聽來是好的 因為這告訴我 緩慢的死亡方式 是會以真正的死亡結束的 這不是說著玩的 這是世界上導致機能障礙的主要原因之一 每天都有人因此死去 09:00 One of the people I talked to when I was trying to understand this was a beloved friend who I had known for many years, and who had had a psychotic episode in her freshman year of college, and then plummeted into a horrific depression.She had bipolar illness, or manic depression, as it was then known.And then she did very well for many years on lithium, and then eventually, she was taken off her lithium to see how she would do without it, and she had another psychosis, and then plunged into the worst depression that I had ever seen in which she sat in her parents' apartment, more or less catatonic, essentially without moving, day after day after day.And when I interviewed her about that experience some years later--she's a poet and psychotherapist named Maggie Robbins--when I interviewed her, she said, “I was singing 'Where Have All The Flowers Gone,' over and over, to occupy my mind.I was singing to blot out the things my mind was saying, which were, 'You are nothing.You are nobody.You don't even deserve to live.' And that was when I really started thinking about killing myself.” 在我試圖了解這些的時候 其中一個我采訪的人 是我的摯友 我們已經相識很多年了 她曾經在她大學入學的那一年 有過精神病發作 之后陷入了可怕的抑郁 她患有雙相情感障礙 當時叫做躁郁癥 她經過多年的化學治療 病情控制得很好 于是后來,她嘗試停止化學治療 想看看能夠獨立的支撐下來 她卻精神病復發 并且陷入了我所見過的 最嚴重的抑郁 她在父母的公寓里坐著 多少有些緊張癥的樣子,幾乎一動不動 日復一日都是如此 當我幾年之后采訪她那段經歷時 她叫瑪吉·羅賓斯,詩人,精神治療醫師 當我采訪她的時候她說 “我一遍一遍地唱著‘花兒去向何處’ 來占據我的頭腦 來清除我頭腦中不停重復的話語 ‘你一文不值,你這個無名小輩,你根本不配活在這世上。’ 那時候我真正開始 有了自殺的想法。” 10:14 You don't think in depression that you've put on a gray veil and are seeing the world through the haze of a bad mood.You think that the veil has been taken away, the veil of happiness, and that now you're seeing truly.It's easier to help schizophrenics who perceive that there's something foreign inside of them that needs to be exorcised, but it's difficult with depressives, because we believe we are seeing the truth.你沒有意識到自己抑郁,但是 你已經戴上了一層灰色的面紗 并且是透過這層壞情緒的薄紗 來看待這個世界的 你認為是快樂的面紗 被摘掉了 這樣你可以看得更加真實 相對而言幫助精神分裂癥患者更容易 他們認為自己身體里面有某些異質 需要被驅除 但對于抑郁癥患者來說這很難 因為我們堅信自己看到的是事實 10:42 But the truth lies.I became obsessed with that sentence: “But the truth lies.” And I discovered, as I talked to depressive people, that they have many delusional perceptions.People will say, “No one loves me.” And you say, “I love you, your wife loves you, your mother loves you.” You can answer that one pretty readily, at least for most people.But people who are depressed will also say, “No matter what we do, we're all just going to die in the end.” Or they'll say, “There can be no true communion between two human beings.Each of us is trapped in his own body.” To which you have to say, “That's true, but I think we should focus right now on what to have for breakfast.” 但事實是會說謊的 我非常喜歡這句話 “事實是會說謊的。” 當我與抑郁癥患者交談時我發現 他們有很多妄想出來的念頭 人們會說,“沒人愛我。” 然后你說,“我愛你,你的妻子愛你,你的母親愛你。” 你可以很快給出這個答案 至少對大多數人是如此 但是抑郁的人還會說 “不論我們做什么,最終都是要死的。” 或者他們說,“兩個人之間 是不可能有真正的親密交往的,我們每個人都被自己的身體所束縛了。“ 對于這個你只有回應說 ”這點沒錯,但我覺得我們眼下要考慮的 是早上該吃什么。“ 11:23(Laughter)11:25 A lot of the time, what they are expressing is not illness, but insight, and one comes to think what's really extraordinary is that most of us know about those existential questions and they don't distract us very much.There was a study I particularly liked in which a group of depressed and a group of non-depressed people were asked to play a video game for an hour, and at the end of the hour, they were asked how many little monsters they thought they had killed.The depressive group was usually accurate to within about 10 percent, and the non-depressed people guessed between 15 and 20 times as many little monsters--(笑聲)許多時候 困擾他們的不是疾病本身,而是對一些事實的偏執 他們會對一些事實超乎常人的在意 但是對于我們絕大多數人而言 并不在意這些有關存在的問題 我有一個特別喜歡的研究 是要一組抑郁癥患者 和一組非抑郁癥患者 分別打一小時的電子游戲 一小時結束的時候問他們 他們認為自己 殺了多少只小怪獸 抑郁組的答案往往準確 誤差不超過百分之十 而非抑郁組的人 估計的小怪獸數量 卻是實際殺掉的 15到20倍 12:02(Laughter)12:03 as they had actually killed.12:06 A lot of people said, when I chose to write about my depression, that it must be very difficult to be out of that closet, to have people know.They said, “Do people talk to you differently?” I said, “Yes, people talk to me differently.They talk to me differently insofar as they start telling me about their experience, or their sister's experience, or their friend's experience.Things are different because now I know that depression is the family secret that everyone has.當我決定寫下自己的抑郁經歷時,許多人說 要揭開這個秘密讓別人知道 一定非常不容易 他們說,”人們會用不一樣的口吻跟你說話嗎?“ 我說,”是的,人們用不一樣的口吻跟我說話。這種不一樣體現在 人們會告訴我他們自己的經歷 或是他們的兄弟姐妹的經歷 或是他們朋友的經歷 我現在明白,每個家庭 都埋藏著一個抑郁的故事 著改變了我的看法 12:34 I went a few years ago to a conference, and on Friday of the three-day conference, one of the participants took me aside, and she said, ”I suffer from depression and I'm a little embarrassed about it, but I've been taking this medication, and I just wanted to ask you what you think?“ And so I did my best to give her such advice as I could.And then she said, ”You know, my husband would never understand this.He's really the kind of guy to whom this wouldn't make any sense, so, you know, it's just between us.“ And I said, ”Yes, that's fine.“ On Sunday of the same conference, her husband took me aside, 幾年前我去參加一個學術會議 連開三天,第一天是周五 一個與會者把我叫到一邊,她說 “我有抑郁癥 我為此有點難為情 而且我一直在吃某種藥物 我只是想問問看你的意見?” 我但是盡我所能給了一些建議 之后她說,“其實,我的丈夫并不知道這件事情 他是那種無法理解這種事情的人 所以,嗯,我們的談話能否保密。” 我說,“好,沒有問題。” 周日開會的時候 她的丈夫把我叫到了一邊13:13(Laughter)13:14 and he said, ”My wife wouldn't think that I was really much of a guy if she knew this, but I've been dealing with this depression and I'm taking some medication, and I wondered what you think?“ They were hiding the same medication in two different places in the same bedroom.And I said that I thought communication within the marriage might be triggering some of their problems.對我說,“我的妻子并不知道 我跟她了解的那個我之間的不同 我有抑郁癥,有一段時間了 我現在需要吃一些藥物維持 我想聽聽你的看法?” 他們兩個人 服用同一種藥物,并且將藥物藏在 同一個臥室的不同的地方 于是我對他說 我覺得婚姻內部的溝通問題 可能是他抑郁的原因之一 13:41 But I was also struck by the burdensome nature of such mutual secrecy.Depression is so exhausting.It takes up so much of your time and energy, and silence about it, it really does make the depression worse.讓我感到震驚的 是人們想要保守這樣的秘密 并因此成熟的沉重負擔 抑郁讓人精疲力盡 它會消耗掉你幾乎全部的時間和精力 而對此保持沉默 只會讓抑郁的癥狀變得更加嚴重 13:56 And then I began thinking about all the ways people make themselves better.I'd started off as a medical conservative.I thought there were a few kinds of therapy that worked, it was clear what they were--there was medication, there were certain psychotherapies, there was possibly electroconvulsive treatment, and that everything else was nonsense.But then I discovered something.If you have brain cancer, and you say that standing on your head for 20 minutes every morning makes you feel better, it may make you feel better, but you still have brain cancer, and you'll still probably die from it.But if you say that you have depression, and standing on your head for 20 minutes every day makes you feel better, then it's worked, because depression is an illness of how you feel, and if you feel better, then you are effectively not depressed anymore.So I became much more tolerant of the vast world of alternative treatments.我開始考慮所有可能的途徑 幫助抑郁的人們變得好一些 我在治療方法上,一開始是很保守的 我覺得只有少數幾種療法是有效的 就那么幾種—— 藥物治療 幾類特定的精神療法 電休克療法有時候有效果 其它所有的方法都是扯淡 但是后來我的看法變了 如果你的腦子里長了腫瘤 然后你覺得自己每天早晨 倒立20分鐘會讓自己感覺好一些 或許讓你自己感覺好一些 但是你的腦瘤還在那里 你還是可能因此死去 但是如果你患上了抑郁 然后你覺因為每天倒立20分鐘 感覺好一些,那是有一定效果的 因為抑郁是你的感覺和情緒出了問題 如果你感覺好一些了 那么你的抑郁就會少一些 所以我現在變得非常的寬容 各種奇怪的偏門療法我都能接受了 14:46 And I get letters, I get hundreds of letters from people writing to tell me about what's worked for them.Someone was asking me backstage today about meditation.My favorite of the letters that I got was the one that came from a woman who wrote and said that she had tried therapy, medication, she had tried pretty much everything, and she had found a solution and hoped I would tell the world, and that was making little things from yarn.She sent me some of them.And I'm not wearing them right now.I suggested to her that she also should look up obsessive compulsive disorder in the DSM.我收到了成百上千的郵件 人們寫信跟我分享他們使用的治療方法 就在剛才還有人在幕后問我 關于藥物治療的事情 有一封郵件提供的方法我很喜歡 是一位女士寫給我的 她嘗試過心理療法,不管用 藥物療法,也不行,各種方法都嘗試了,還是不行 最后她自己發現了一個方法,她希望我告訴全世界 她認為最好的療法是用紗線做一些小制品(笑聲)她還給我郵寄了一些(笑聲)我現在沒穿在身上 我建議她再去醫院查查 看看有沒有強迫癥(譯注:演講者在開玩笑)
15:27 And yet, when I went to look at alternative treatments, I also gained perspective on other treatments.I went through a tribal exorcism in Senegal that involved a great deal of ram's blood and that I'm not going to detail right now, but a few years afterwards I was in Rwanda, working on a different project, and I happened to describe my experience to someone, and he said, ”Well, that's West Africa, and we're in East Africa, and our rituals are in some ways very different, but we do have some rituals that have something in common with what you're describing.“ And he said, ”But we've had a lot of trouble with Western mental health workers, especially the ones who came right after the genocide.“ I said, ”What kind of trouble did you have?“ And he said, ”Well, they would do this bizarre thing.They didn't take people out in the sunshine where you begin to feel better.They didn't include drumming or music to get people's blood going.They didn't involve the whole community.They didn't externalize the depression as an invasive spirit.Instead what they did was they took people one at a time into dingy little rooms and had them talk for an hour about bad things that had happened to them.“ He said, ”We had to ask them to leave the country.“ 當我去了解其它偏門療法時 我也接觸到了其它療法的不同的視角 我研究過塞內加爾一個部落的凈化儀式 他們在儀式中使用了大量的公羊血 這里我就不詳細講了 但是幾年之后,當我去盧旺達 參與另一個項目時 我向一個當地人介紹了那個儀式 他說,“嗯,你知道 那是西非,我們這里是東非 我們的宗教儀式有一些不同的地方 但是我們也有一些地方是共通的(我們的方法)跟你描述的那種有些相似 然后我說,“哦”。他說,“是的”,然后他繼續說道 但是西方世界跑過來的心理治療師給我們添了不少麻煩 尤其是那些大屠殺之后跑來的心理醫生們(譯注:指1990年代盧旺達大屠殺)于是我問他,“什么麻煩?” 他說,“是這樣的 他們做的事情很古怪 他們并不會讓人去陽光下活動 雖然這會讓人感覺舒服 他們不使用音樂或打鼓的方式激發人們的情緒 他們不會讓整個社區參與其中 他們也沒有將抑郁外顯化為一種惡靈 進行驅逐 相反的,他們將那些(抑郁的)人單獨地 帶到一個昏暗的小房間 花一個小時 讓他們回憶發生在他們身上的悲慘的事情。”(笑聲)(掌聲)他說,“我們只能請他們離開這個國家了。”(笑聲)
16:41 Now at the other end of alternative treatments, let me tell you about Frank Russakoff.Frank Russakoff had the worst depression perhaps that I've ever seen in a man.He was constantly depressed.He was, when I met him, at a point at which every month, he would have electroshock treatment.Then he would feel sort of disoriented for a week.Then he would feel okay for a week.Then he would have a week of going downhill.And then he would have another electroshock treatment.And he said to me when I met him, ”It's unbearable to go through my weeks this way.I can't go on this way, and I've figured out how I'm going to end it if I don't get better.“ ”But,“ he said to me, ”I heard about a protocol at Mass General for a procedure called a cingulotomy, which is a brain surgery, and I think I'm going to give that a try.“ And I remember being amazed at that point to think that someone who clearly had so many bad experiences with so many different treatments still had buried in him, somewhere, enough optimism to reach out for one more.And he had the cingulotomy, and it was incredibly successful.現在,我想分享另外一種替代的療法 弗蘭克·若薩克夫接受了這種替代療法 弗蘭克的抑郁癥可能是我見過的 最嚴重的抑郁癥之一 他一直處于抑郁狀態 當我剛見到他的時候 他每個月都要接受電休克治療 所以他每個月第一周會被電的迷迷糊糊 第二周變得正常起來 第三周開始情緒又開始走下坡路 然后他就會尋求下一次電休克治療 當我開始見到他的時候,他說 “這種(電休克的)周期對于我而言是無法避免的 我不能這么下去了 我知道如果我不能夠變好起來 意味著什么 “但是”,他對我說,“我聽說麻省總院最近在進行醫療實驗,實驗一種腦手術,叫扣帶回切開術 我想我會去嘗試一下。” 我至今都記得當時我聽到后的驚喜的心情 想想這樣一個人 經歷了如此多的悲慘經歷 忍受了那么多的治療方法 骨子里依然有一種與生俱來的樂觀 要去嘗試新的東西 后來他做了扣帶回切開術 出乎意料地成功
17:44 He's now a friend of mine.He has a lovely wife and two beautiful children.He wrote me a letter the Christmas after the surgery, and he said, ”My father sent me two presents this year, First, a motorized CD rack from The Sharper Image that I didn't really need, but I knew he was giving it to me to celebrate the fact that I'm living on my own and have a job I seem to love.And the other present was a photo of my grandmother, who committed suicide.As I unwrapped it, I began to cry, and my mother came over and said, 'Are you crying because of the relatives you never knew?' And I said, 'She had the same disease I have.' I'm crying now as I write to you.It's not that I'm so sad, but I get overwhelmed, I think, because I could have killed myself, but my parents kept me going, and so did the doctors, and I had the surgery.I'm alive and grateful.We live in the right time, even if it doesn't always feel like it.“ 他跟我現在成為了朋友 他有一個可愛的妻子和兩個漂亮的小孩 那次手術的圣誕節后,他寫了一封信給我 他說 “我的父親今年寄給我兩件禮物 一個是某個品牌的車載CD架 我不是很需要 但是我知道他是給我這個的目的 是想要慶祝一下,我可以重新開始 并且有了一份喜歡的工作 另外一件禮物 是我外婆的一張照片 她自殺了 當我拆開包裝的時候,我開始哭泣 我的媽媽過來問道 ‘你哭是因為你從來沒有見過外婆么?’ 我說,‘不,是因為她的痛苦,我同樣經歷過。’ 寫這封信的現在,我又忍不住哭泣 不是因為悲傷,而是因為我再也無法承受 我想我曾經也可能會自殺 但是我的父母給了我勇氣 還有治療我的醫生們 還有這個手術 我活著,心懷感恩 我們活在美好的時代 雖然有時候看起來很糟。” 18:46 I was struck by the fact that depression is broadly perceived to be a modern, Western, middle-class thing, and I went to look at how it operated in a variety of other contexts, and one of the things I was most interested in was depression among the indigent.And so I went out to try to look at what was being done for poor people with depression.And what I discovered is that poor people are mostly not being treated for depression.Depression is the result of a genetic vulnerability, which is presumably evenly distributed in the population, and triggering circumstances, which are likely to be more severe for people who are impoverished.And yet it turns out that if you have a really lovely life but feel miserable all the time, you think, ”Why do I feel like this? I must have depression.“ And you set out to find treatment for it.But if you have a perfectly awful life, and you feel miserable all the time, the way you feel is commensurate with your life, and it doesn't occur to you to think, ”Maybe this is treatable.“ 我很不能理解為什么 人們普遍的把抑郁癥看成是 現代西方中產階級特有的一種病 于是我開始尋找抑郁癥 與其它社會因素的關聯 在可能相關的社會因素中 我對貧困和抑郁的關系特別感興趣 于是我做了一些研究 嘗試去了解窮人是如何治療抑郁的 我發現大多數情況下 窮人的抑郁癥不會得到治療 抑郁屬于基因的缺陷 這意味著在不同的人群中容易抑郁的人的比例應該是一樣的 生活環境的不同導致了發病率的不同 而當人們處于貧困的生活環境中時 抑郁癥的發病率更高, 也更嚴重 但是, 如果你的生活一帆風順 然后你覺得自己一直都不開心 你會反思, ”我為什么不開心?“ ”我一定是抑郁了.“ 然后你會去找醫生給你治療 但是如果你的生活本來就很糟糕 然后你一直都不開心 你的感覺和你的生活狀態是相稱的 于是你就不會想到這個是病 ”或許這個可以治療一下“ 19:43 And so we have an epidemic in this country of depression among impoverished people that's not being picked up and that's not being treated and that's not being addressed, and it's a tragedy of a grand order.And so I found an academic who was doing a research project in slums outside of D.C., where she picked up women who had come in for other health problems and diagnosed them with depression, and then provided six months of the experimental protocol.One of them, Lolly, came in, and this is what she said the day she came in.She said, and she was a woman, by the way, who had seven children.She said, ”I used to have a job but I had to give it up because I couldn't go out of the house.I have nothing to say to my children.In the morning, I can't wait for them to leave, and then I climb in bed and pull the covers over my head, and three o'clock when they come home, it just comes so fast.“ She said, ”I've been taking a lot of Tylenol, anything I can take so that I can sleep more.My husband has been telling me I'm stupid, I'm ugly.I wish I could stop the pain.“ 所以實際上我們這個國家的低收入人群中 抑郁癥像是傳染病一樣流行 但是卻一直沒有被人注意過, 沒有人評估過患病的規模 也沒有人為這些低收入者提供治療 這是非常大的一個悲劇 后來我發現了一位研究人員 她當時正在華盛頓特區周邊的貧民窟中 做與之相關的一項研究 當有婦女前來看其它的疾病時, 她會邀請這些婦女 做一個抑郁癥的診斷 同時提供一份六個月的實驗協議 其中有一位女士, 名叫洛莉 以下是她第一天到診所來的自述 她說她是一位母親 7個孩子的母親, 她說, ”我曾經有一份工作, 但是不得不辭掉了“ ”因為我無法離開我的屋子“ 我一句話都不想跟我的孩子們說 早晨, 我迫不及待的讓孩子們出門上學 然后立刻爬上床蒙頭大睡 然后下午三點他們就陸續回家了 時間過得太快了 她說, ”我已經吃了很多的泰諾(一種止痛藥)“ 以及其它所有能夠讓我多睡一會兒的東西 我的丈夫一直說我蠢, 說我令人討厭 我真希望能夠結束這痛苦 20:47 Well, she was brought into this experimental protocol, and when I interviewed her six months later, she had taken a job working in childcare for the U.S.Navy, she had left the abusive husband, and she said to me, ”My kids are so much happier now.“ She said, ”There's one room in my new place for the boys and one room for the girls, but at night, they're just all up on my bed, and we're doing homework all together and everything.One of them wants to be a preacher, one of them wants to be a firefighter, and one of the girls says she's going to be a lawyer.They don't cry like they used to, and they don't fight like they did.That's all I need now, is my kids.Things keep on changing, the way I dress, the way I feel, the way I act.I can go outside not being afraid anymore, and I don't think those bad feelings are coming back, and if it weren't for Dr.Miranda and that, I would still be at home with the covers pulled over my head, if I were still alive at all.I asked the Lord to send me an angel, and He heard my prayers.“ 然后她接受了實驗協議開始進行治療 六個月之后當我去采訪她的時候 她有了一份新工作, 在美國海軍(的幼兒園)照看孩子, 她離開了以前那個虐待她的丈夫 她對我說 我的孩子們現在比以前開心多了 她說, 現在我的新家有兩個孩子的臥室 男孩子們一間, 女孩子們一間 到了晚上的時候, 他們都會來到我的房間 我們一直做家庭作業, 做其它的事情 一個兒子立志做一名牧師 另一個想要做消防隊員 我的一個女兒想要做一名律師 他們不像以前那樣哭得那么頻繁 也不再像以前那樣相互打來打去了 看著這些孩子, 我現在覺得很滿足 一切都在不斷的變好 我的穿著, 我的情緒, 我的言行 我不會再像以前那樣害怕出門 也不會再擔心糟糕的心情會卷土重來 如果沒有米蘭達醫生(那位研究人員)的幫助 我現在可能還我在家里, 用被子蒙住頭呼呼大睡 或許我已經死了 我曾祈禱上帝為我下凡一位天使 而上帝聽到了我的聲音.”(譯注: 指米蘭達博士)22:01 I was really moved by these experiences, and I decided that I wanted to write about them not only in a book I was working on, but also in an article, and I got a commission from The New York Times Magazine to write about depression among the indigent.我被這些真實的故事深深打動了 我之前計劃只是寫一本書來記錄 但是現在我覺得遠遠不夠 我還要寫一篇文章(讓更多的人知道)所以我跟紐約時報雜志說好 寫一篇有關低收入群里中抑郁癥的報告 22:14 And I turned in my story, and my editor called me and said, “We really can't publish this.” 當我寫好之后 我的編輯打電話給我說 我們真的沒辦法發表這個 22:19 And I said, “Why not?” 然后我問, “為什么?” 22:20 And she said, “It just is too far-fetched.These people who are sort of at the very bottom rung of society and then they get a few months of treatment and they're virtually ready to run Morgan Stanley? It's just too implausible.” She said, “I've never even heard of anything like it.” 她說, “故事太牽強了” 這些人生活在接近社會底層的地方 然后他們經過了六個月的治療 然后他們就可以去管理摩根史坦利了?(譯注: 一家知名投資機構)太沒有說服力了 她說, “我從來沒有聽過這樣的事情” 22:35 And I said, “The fact that you've never heard of it is an indication that it is news.” 然后我說, “你從沒有聽說過” 恰恰說明這個是一個'新聞'(笑聲)(掌聲)而且你們是一家新聞媒體啊 22:40(Laughter)22:44(Applause)22:48 “And you are a news magazine.” 22:50 So after a certain amount of negotiation, they agreed to it.But I think a lot of what they said was connected in some strange way to this distaste that people still have for the idea of treatment, the notion that somehow if we went out and treated a lot of people in indigent communities, that would be exploitative, because we would be changing them.There is this false moral imperative that seems to be all around us, that treatment of depression, the medications and so on, are an artifice, and that it's not natural.And I think that's very misguided.It would be natural for people's teeth to fall out, but there is nobody militating against toothpaste, at least not in my circles.來回協商了幾次之后 他們同意發表了 但是他們說的話讓我想了很多 他們這種態度跟另外一個觀點多少有點關系 即很多人還是反感 抑郁癥需要治療這個觀點 好像這就意味著我們會開始 大規模的開始治療低收入者 這將是一件帶有剝削性質的事情 因為我們是在改造他們 看起來我們所有的人 都受到一種教條的影響 即治療抑郁的療法也好, 藥物也好, 都是人造的產物 并不是自然的結果 我覺得這完全是使入歧途了 雖然人老了掉牙是很自然的時候 但是這并不影響任何人使用牙膏 至少我的周圍沒有 23:32 People then say, “But isn't depression part of what people are supposed to experience? Didn't we evolve to have depression? Isn't it part of your personality?” To which I would say, mood is adaptive.Being able to have sadness and fear and joy and pleasure and all of the other moods that we have, that's incredibly valuable.And major depression is something that happens when that system gets broken.It's maladaptive.人們可能會接著問, “那么, 抑郁本身 不應該是我們注定需要經歷的一個過程么 難道抑郁不是我們的演化的結果么 難道這不是你個性的一部分么 對此我的看法是, 情緒是有適應性的 對于我們而言 能夠感受喜怒哀樂 以及其它豐富的情感 意義重大 而當一個人總是抑郁的時候, 那一定是 他的情緒系統出問題了 不再能夠適應環境了 23:59 People will come to me and say, ”I think, though, if I just stick it out for another year, I think I can just get through this.“ 有些人會跟我這樣說, ”即便如此, 我想如果我自己再多熬一年“ 我就可以走出抑郁了 24:05 And I always say to them, ”You may get through it, but you'll never be 37 again.Life is short, and that's a whole year you're talking about giving up.Think it through.“ 對此我總是這樣回答, ”或許你能夠自己走出來, 但是失去的青春你再也找不回了 人生苦短, 你現在卻在跟我說 要浪費一年的時間(自己挺過抑郁)你再想想 24:16 It's a strange poverty of the English language, and indeed of many other languages, that we use this same word, depression, to describe how a kid feels when it rains on his birthday, and to describe how somebody feels the minute before they commit suicide.關于抑郁這種情感, 英語中用來形容的詞出奇地少 當然別的語言也多不到哪里去 我們用'depression'這一個單詞(譯注: 中文可以翻譯成'沮喪'或'抑郁')即用來描述一個小孩子 生日那天下大雨的心情 也用來描述一個自殺者 自殺前一分鐘的感覺 24:32 People say to me, “Well, is it continuous with normal sadness?” And I say, in a way it's continuous with normal sadness.There is a certain amount of continuity, but it's the same way there's continuity between having an iron fence outside your house that gets a little rust spot that you have to sand off and do a little repainting, and what happens if you leave the house for 100 years and it rusts through until it's only a pile of orange dust.And it's that orange dust spot, that orange dust problem, that's the one we're setting out to address.人們會問, “這是不是就是長時間的悲傷?” 某種意義上可以這么理解 悲傷和抑郁之間有一定的連續性 但是他們之間的連續性就像是 悲傷可以看成是你房子周圍的鐵柵欄 有一點生銹了 你需要用沙紙打磨一下重新噴漆 但是如果你的房子100年沒有人住了 那么鐵柵欄會銹蝕到只剩下 一堆黃銹 悲傷和抑郁的差別 就好比生了一點銹和銹蝕到什么都沒有了 后者是我們要解決的問題 25:03 So now people say, “You take these happy pills, and do you feel happy?” And I don't.But I don't feel sad about having to eat lunch, and I don't feel sad about my answering machine, and I don't feel sad about taking a shower.I feel more, in fact, I think, because I can feel sadness without nullity.I feel sad about professional disappointments, about damaged relationships, about global warming.Those are the things that I feel sad about now.And I said to myself, well, what is the conclusion? How did those people who have better lives even with bigger depression manage to get through? What is the mechanism of resilience?
現在人們會問 你吃了這些快樂丸(指抗抑郁藥), 你快樂么 不 但是我不會因為要吃飯而不開心 不會因為要回電話而不開心 不會因為要洗澡而感到不開心 事實上我覺得自己的感受比以前更多 因為我現在能夠體會到悲傷, 但是不會感到虛無 我會因為工作上的不如意而悲傷 會因為破碎的愛情悲傷 會因為全球變暖而悲傷 這些是我當下能夠體會到的悲傷 最后我問自己, “結論是什么呢?” 為什么有些人的生活條件更好 卻需要去戰勝更嚴重的抑郁? 又為什么我們能夠康復? 25:45 And what I came up with over time was that the people who deny their experience, and say, “I was depressed a long time ago, I never want to think about it again, I'm not going to look at it and I'm just going to get on with my life,” ironically, those are the people who are most enslaved by what they have.Shutting out the depression strengthens it.While you hide from it, it grows.And the people who do better are the ones who are able to tolerate the fact that they have this condition.Those who can tolerate their depression are the ones who achieve resilience.我總是一次次地遇見 抑郁之后的康復者不愿意接受這段經歷 他們會說, “我很久之前抑郁過, 我再也不想回憶那段時光了 我也不會再去分析它 我只希望繼續自己當下的生活 諷刺的是, 恰恰是這些人 最容易被他們過往經歷的糾纏不放 回避抑郁, 只會讓它更兇猛 你越躲, 它越強 而另外一些人 他們承認并接納自己有抑郁這個事實 他們表現得更好一些 能夠接納自己抑郁的人 最終會康復起來
26:19 So Frank Russakoff said to me, ”If I had a do-over, I suppose I wouldn't do it this way, but in a strange way, I'm grateful for what I've experienced.I'm glad to have been in the hospital 40 times.It taught me so much about love, and my relationship with my parents and my doctors has been so precious to me, and will be always.“ 弗蘭克對我說 如果一切重新來過 那么我可能會換種處理方式 但是很奇怪地, 我很感激 感激我經歷過的一切 我很高興住了40次醫院 這段經歷讓我深刻的理解了什么是愛 我的愛人, 我的父母, 以及我的醫生 這對我而言都是巨大的恩賜, 過去是, 將來也是.26:41 And Maggie Robbins said, ”I used to volunteer in an AIDS clinic, and I would just talk and talk and talk, and the people I was dealing with weren't very responsive, and I thought, 'That's not very friendly or helpful of them.'“ 瑪吉·羅賓斯說 我在艾滋診所做過志愿者 我跟自己負責的病人 不斷的說話, 但是 他們的反應并不積極, 然后我想 '是不是對他們來說這樣不太友好, 或不管用.' 26:56(Laughter)26:57 ”And then I realized, I realized that they weren't going to do more than make those first few minutes of small talk.It was simply going to be an occasion where I didn't have AIDS and I wasn't dying, but could tolerate the fact that they did and they were.Our needs are our greatest assets.It turns out I've learned to give all the things I need.“ 后來我意識到 我意識到在第一次見面的簡短聊天中 他們只要能夠坐在那里就好 第一次的聊天實際上是一個機會 讓他們認識到雖然我沒有艾滋病, 我沒有等待死亡, 但是我能夠接受他們有艾滋病 并不斷惡化的事實 我們的需求是我們最寶貴的財富 后來我學會了 如何盡我所能(去幫助他人)27:23 Valuing one's depression does not prevent a relapse, but it may make the prospect of relapse and even relapse itself easier to tolerate.The question is not so much of finding great meaning and deciding your depression has been very meaningful.It's of seeking that meaning and thinking, when it comes again, ”This will be hellish, but I will learn something from it.“ I have learned in my own depression how big an emotion can be, how it can be more real than facts, and I have found that that experience has allowed me to experience positive emotion in a more intense and more focused way.The opposite of depression is not happiness, but vitality, and these days, my life is vital, even on the days when I'm sad.I felt that funeral in my brain, and I sat next to the colossus at the edge of the world, and I have discovered something inside of myself that I would have to call a soul that I had never formulated until that day 20 years ago when hell came to pay me a surprise visit.28:37 I think that while I hated being depressed and would hate to be depressed again, I've found a way to love my depression.I love it because it has forced me to find and cling to joy.I love it because each day I decide, sometimes gamely, and sometimes against the moment's reason, to cleave to the reasons for living.And that, I think, is a highly privileged rapture.正視抑郁的價值 并不能保證不再復發 但是卻能改變看待抑郁復發的態度 甚至會減弱抑郁復發的程度 我們要解決的問題 并不是要去找到偉大的意義和決策 讓你的抑郁看起來意義非凡 而是要去尋找這樣的意義 能夠讓你思考, 當抑郁卷土重來 ”這會向下地獄般痛苦, 但是我會受益良多 我從自己的抑郁中看到 情緒的作用能夠如此之大 甚至能夠蓋過客觀存在 而且我發現我的這段經歷 讓我能夠更加強烈和專注的 去感受和體會積極向上的情緒 抑郁的反面不是快樂 而是活力 現在這段時間, 我的生活充滿活力 即便我有時會悲傷, 也是如此 我看到自己的腦海中也進行著一場葬禮 我坐在世界的邊緣 挨著一個巨人 我發現 身體里的一些東西 稱為靈魂的東西 在20年前尚未真正的成型 直到地獄的使者突然出現 我想, 雖然我很厭惡抑郁時候的狀態 也很厭惡抑郁舊病復發 我還是會尋到一種方法接受并愛抑郁的自己 我愛它, 因為他迫使我去尋找快樂 并牢牢抓住 我愛它, 因為它讓我在生活中 牢牢抓住 讓我活下去的理由, 雖然有時候也會不那么理性 雖然偶爾也會游戲人生 而這, 我想, 是非常值得高興和贊賞的事情.
第二篇:丁辰靈:TED演講的秘密
丁辰靈:TED演講的秘密-純干貨
這兩天丁哥忙,有上海的一位創業朋友微信留言找我,但超過48小時我就無法回復了。請這位朋友再發一次,請各位朋友理解,一般你們寫的有價值的內容我能回則回,如果沒回不妨再發一次!下面推薦網絡上一名叫Jacky的人寫的TED演講的秘密這篇文章,很干貨!
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下午花了兩個小時把這本書的腦圖做了下,寫的亂七八糟,不過它的主線還是挺清楚的,兩個大的部分。通過解析幾百個TED演講來發現里面的一些共性的東西,實用性很強,如果你真想做一個好的演講來傳播你的觀點或者故事的話,可以按照這個流程來做,當然最關鍵的是你這個人有好的東西跟別人分享。內容是王道,如果你沒有好的內容比如你的研究、你的經歷,形式再怎么花哨,也不會有很好的效果的,所以想要登上這個舞臺,“怎么說”不是先要考慮的問題,先要把自己的生活過的足夠精彩。
下面兩張是手寫的mind map,用軟件又做了一個。
手寫版,第一部分,如何準備一場演講
第二部分演講技巧版,從調動情緒和善用工具兩個角度來講
這張是軟件版的這個書的脈絡。
中間是書名,紅色的是第一部分,桔色的是第二部分
第一部分,演講準備的這個內容
第二部分,演講技巧的部分
下面是我的一些收獲,作為筆記放在這里,以后在準備的時候可以稍微參考一下。其實自己在讀TED的演講的時候更多關注的也是內容,對于具體的演講技巧也會有涉及,比如有一些眼前一亮的開場,也會下意識的用在自己的演講中。
1、一場演講一般從一下幾個方面來構思,首先是確定主題,主題一般是先把自己所要講的內容有一個定位,TED三個字母代表的是技術(Technology)、娛樂(Entertainment)、設計(Design),所有TED演講人基本上可以劃分為三個角色:教育者、娛樂者、變革推動者。你需要討論一個你非常熟悉而又熱愛的話題,比如我就可以來說讀書或者旅游的事情;每場只專注于討論一個話題,把一個話題說清楚了,讓你的聽眾能夠足夠的聚焦,最后要注意要有一個行動導向,可以讓聽眾立即去做的事情,比如:每天節約一張面紙或者晚上回去就給朋友打個電話;演講者要把重心放在觀眾那,而不是自己。
2、接著就是講稿的構思。一般有兩種演講者,講故事和講道理的,根據你的內容適當的選擇,當然講故事的會更加吸引人,TED上大部分也是講故事的,每個故事對應一個論點,最后提出一個總的論點作為收尾。構思講稿就是讓你如何講好一個故事,你會發現,同樣的故事兩個人說出來,它的效果是不同的,如何能夠像Disney電影那樣把一個故事講的跌宕起伏,那么你的效果就達到了。構思時要有邏輯性,采用演繹推理的方法,一般的邏輯是:導論-三部分主體-結論,那么如何講好故事呢?
3、編排故事的學問很大。你選的故事最好是”親身經歷“或者”親自觀察“,說從別人口里聽到的故事不是不行,關鍵看你能不能講好,但難度會更大些。親身經歷的故事來源可以是一堂課(如果時光可以倒退,你為自己上一堂課,你會選擇什么內容?估計大部分是置業生涯規劃的課)、決定性的時刻(給你的人生方向帶來最大改變的決定性時刻?涉及到這樣的情緒:失去、痛苦、恐懼、失敗等)、克服弱點(是哪些早起的弱點讓你找到激情的?),這三個方向可以讓你講出一個至少你自己非常熟悉并且愿意分享的故事。
4、對應電影的拍攝方法,采用“英雄之旅”的方法來說一個故事。正常世界——冒險召喚——拒斥召喚——見導師——越過第一道邊界——冒險、伙伴、敵人——接近最深的洞天——磨難——報酬——返回的路——復活——攜萬能靈藥回歸。其中的一些環節可以根據具體內容和演講時間省略,但總體的故事要這樣講才能夠吸引人。就像電影和戲劇里的一些手法,有很多電影書籍會教你怎么樣拍一部80~120分鐘的電影,在每個場景中要借助“時間、地點和氛圍”來進行情景設定。
5、故事準備好了之后,就是要把握關鍵了。你需要把你的內容變成口號、要有一個吸引人的開場、要合理的過渡、清晰的中心思想的結尾。用3~12個詞把你的中心內容表示出來,以行動為中心,并且最好富有韻律,在這個演講中最好重復3次。開場的問題我們已經說了很多次了,你還可以用一下幾個方法開場:有針對性的故事開場、震撼人心的事實介紹、有影響力的故事開場;盡可能避免觀眾參與式的開場,會很冷;糟糕的開場很多:
不要引用一個你未曾謀面的名人的話——即便和內容相關,也只是陳詞濫調。
不要用笑話開場,原因同上。
不要用如何可能對觀眾造成哪怕只是輕微冒犯的內容開場。
不要用“感謝你...”開場——如果你想感謝觀眾,把它放在最后。
不要用“在我開始......之前”開場——既然你已經來了,就不必這么講了。
第三篇:世上最好的演講:TED演講吸引人的秘密
Why TED talks are better than the last speech you sat through
世上最好的演講:TED演講吸引人的秘密
Think about the last time you heard someone give a speech, or any formal presentation.Maybe it was so long that you were either overwhelmed with data, or you just tuned the speaker out.If PowerPoint was involved, each slide was probably loaded with at least 40 words or figures, and odds are that you don't remember more than a tiny bit of what they were supposed to show.回想一下你上次聆聽某人發表演講或任何正式陳述的情形。它也許太長了,以至于你被各種數據搞得頭昏腦脹,甚或干脆不理會演講者。如果演講者使用了PPT文檔,那么每張幻燈片很可能塞入了至少40個單詞或數字,但你現在或許只記得一丁點內容。
Pretty uninspiring, huh? Talk Like TED: 9 Public-Speaking Secrets of The World's Best Mindsexamines why in prose that's as lively and appealing as, well, a TED talk.Timed to coincide with the 30th anniversary in March of those now-legendary TED conferences, the book draws on current brain science to explain what wins over, and fires up, an audience--and what doesn't.Author Carmine Gallo also studied more than 500 of the most popular TED speeches(there have been about 1,500 so far)and interviewed scores of the people who gave them.相當平淡,是吧?《像TED那樣演講:全球頂級人才九大演講秘訣》(Talk Like TED: 9 Public-Speaking Secrets of The World's Best Minds)一書以流暢的文筆審視了為什么TED演講如此生動,如此引人入勝。出版方有意安排在今年3月份發行此書,以慶賀如今已成為經典的TED大會成立30周年。這部著作借鑒
當代腦科學解釋了什么樣的演講能夠說服聽眾、鼓舞聽眾,什么樣的演講無法產生這種效果。
Much of what he found out is surprising.Consider, for instance, the fact that each TED talk is limited to 18 minutes.That might sound too short to convey much.Yet TED curator Chris Anderson imposed the time limit, he told Gallo, because it's “long enough to be serious and short enough to hold people's attention...By forcing speakers who are used to going on for 45 minutes to bring it down to 18, you get them to think about what they really want to say.” It's also the perfect length if you want your message to go viral, Anderson says.他挖出了不少令人吃驚的演講策略。例如,每場TED演講都被限制在18分鐘以內。聽起來太過短暫,似乎無法傳達足夠多訊息。然而,TED大會策辦人克里斯?安德森決議推行這項時間限制規則,因為“這個時間長度足夠莊重,同時又足夠短,能夠吸引人們的注意力。通過迫使那些習慣于滔滔不絕講上45分鐘的嘉賓把演講時間壓縮至18分鐘,你就可以讓他們認真思考他們真正想說的話,”他對加洛說。此外,安德森說,如果你希望你的訊息像病毒般擴散,這也是一個完美的時間長度。
Recent neuroscience shows why the time limit works so well: People listening to a presentation are storing data for retrieval in the future, and too much information leads to “cognitive overload,” which gives rise to elevated levels of anxiety--meaning that, if you go on and on, your audience will start to resist you.Even worse, they won't recall a single point you were trying to make.最近的神經科學研究說明了為什么這項時間限制產生如此好的效果:聆聽陳述的人們往往會存儲相關數據,以備未來檢索之用,而太多的信息會導致“認知超負荷”,進而推升聽眾的焦慮度。它意味著,如果你說個沒完沒了,聽眾就會開始抗拒你。更糟糕的是,他們不會記得你努力希望傳遞的信息點,甚至可能一個都記不住。
“Albert Einstein once said, 'If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough,'” Gallo writes, adding that the physicist would have applauded astronomer David Christian who, at TED in 2011, narrated the complete history of the universe--and Earth's place in it--in 17 minutes and 40 seconds.“愛因斯坦曾經說過,‘要是你不能言簡意賅地解釋某種理論,那就說明你自己都還沒有理解透徹,’”加羅寫道。他還舉例說,物理學家或許會大加贊賞天文學家大衛?克里斯蒂安在2011年TED大會上發表的演講。克里斯蒂安在這個演講中完整地講述了宇宙史及地球在宇宙的地位,整場演講用時只有17分40秒。Gallo offers some tips on how to boil a complex presentation down to 18 minutes or so, including what he calls the “rule of three,” or condensing a plethora of ideas into three main points, as many top TED talkers do.He also notes that, even if a speech just can't be squeezed down that far, the effort alone is bound to improve it: “Your presentation will be far more creative and impactful simply by going through the exercise.”
如何把一個復雜的陳述壓縮至18分鐘左右?加洛就這個問題提供了一些小建議,其中包括他所稱的“三的法則”。具體說就是,把大量觀點高度濃縮為三大要點。TED大會上的許多演講高手就是這樣做的。他還指出,即使一篇演講無法提煉到這樣的程度,單是這番努力也一定能改善演講的效果:“僅僅通過這番提煉,你就可以大大增強陳述的創造性和影響力。”
Then there's PowerPoint.“TED represents the end of PowerPoint as we know it,” writes Gallo.He hastens to add that there's nothing wrong with PowerPoint as a tool, but that most speakers unwittingly make it work against them by cluttering up their slides with way too many words(40, on average)and numbers.另一個建議與PPT文檔有關。“TED大會象征著我們所知的PPT文檔正走向終結,”加洛寫道。他隨后又馬上補充說,作為工具的PowerPoint本身并沒有什么錯,但大多數演講者為他們的幻燈片塞進了太多的單詞(平均40個)和數字,讓這種工具不經意間帶來了消極影響。
The remedy for that, based on the most riveting TED talks: If you must use slides, fill them with a lot more images.Once again, research backs this up, with something academics call the Picture Superiority Effect: Three days after hearing or reading a set of facts, most people will remember about 10% of the information.Add a photo or a drawing, and recall jumps to 65%.最吸引人的TED演講為我們提供了一個補救策略:如果你必須使用幻燈片,務必記得要大量運用圖像資源。這種做法同樣有科學依據,它就是研究人員所稱的“圖優效應”(Picture Superiority Effect):聽到或讀到一組事實三天后,大多數人會記得大約10%的信息。而添加一張照片或圖片后,記憶率將躍升至65%。One study, by molecular biologist John Medina at the University of Washington School of Medicine, found that not only could people recall more than 2,500 pictures with at least 90% accuracy several days later, but accuracy a whole year afterward was still at about 63%.華盛頓大學醫學院(University of Washington School of Medicine)分子生物學家約翰?梅迪納主持的研究發現,幾天后,人們能夠回想起超過2,500張圖片,準確率至少達到90%;一年后的準確率依然保持在63%左右。
That result “demolishes” print and speech, both of which were tested on the same group of subjects, Medina's study indicated, which is something worth bearing in mind for anybody hoping that his or her ideas will be remembered.梅迪納的研究表明,這個結果“完勝”印刷品和演講的記憶效果(由同一組受試者測試)。任何一位希望自己的思想被聽眾銘記在心的演講者或許都應該記住這一點。
第四篇:Ted演講
私有制:中國經濟奇跡的真正源泉
甚至連許多西方經濟學家都認為,中國已經找到了主要依靠國家財政與控制的繁榮之路。但是,他們大錯特錯了。
2009年3月 ? 黃亞生
美國式資本主義的可信性是全球金融危機中最早的犧牲品之一。隨著雷曼兄弟銀行的破產倒閉,全世界的權威評論家一窩蜂地唱衰美國經濟理念——有限政府、最小限度的監管和對信貸的自由市場分配等。在考慮以何種模式取代沒落的美國模式時,有些人把目光轉向了中國。在中國,市場受到嚴格的監管,而金融機構則由國家控制。在經歷了華爾街的潰敗后,焦躁不安的弗朗西斯?福山在《新聞周刊》(Newsweek)上撰文指出,中國式的國家資本主義“看起來越來越有吸引力了。”《華盛頓郵報》(Washington Post)的專欄作家大衛?伊格內修斯為基于孔子思想的“新干預主義”在全球的出現而高聲歡呼;伊格內修斯引用理查德?尼克松間接稱頌經濟學家凱恩斯(John Maynard Keynes)的話說:“現在我們都中國化了。”
但是,在宣布新的中國世紀的曙光到來之前,全球的領導人和高管們需要好好再想一想,中國活力的源泉到底是什么。說到中國經濟奇跡產生的原因,獲得廣泛認可的看法——那是專家治國論的勝利,共產黨依靠國家控制的企業實現了向市場經濟的逐步轉型——從各個重要方面來講都錯了。這種標準的看法認為,企業家精神、私有財產權、金融自由化和政治改革對中國的經濟奇跡只發揮了很小的作用。但是,基于對中國政府的調查數據和中央及地方政府文件的詳細分析,我的研究結論是,財產權和私營企業是高速增長和貧困水平降低最主要的激勵因素。
我們經常讀到這樣的文章,認為漸進主義是中國成功地從馬克思主義轉型到市場經濟的關鍵因素;許多文章稱贊北京摒棄了俄羅斯式的休克療法,采用更加務實的方法,創建了良好的商業環境,讓私營企業有機地發展。這種觀點認為,通過在上世紀80年代首先進行小范圍改革,中國經濟發展的自由度和市場導向水平逐漸提高,并在90年代后期積蓄了發展動力。但事實并非如此。實際發生的情況是,上世紀80年代進行的金融自由化和私營企業的早期地方性試驗,催生了鄉鎮企業最初的蓬勃發展。正是這些早期的收獲——而并非國家主導的大規模基礎設施投資和90年代的城市化——為中國奇跡奠定了真正的基礎。盡管有許多專家將中國宏大的基礎設施項目和利用外國資金建設的嶄新工廠與印度破敗不堪的公路和微不足道的外國直接投資流進行比較,但這種觀點夸大了公共開支和外國投資對中國發展的貢獻。直到上世紀90年代后期以前,這兩種因素在中國的影響力所占比重都不大——它們的出現比80年代寬松的金融控制和最初的鄉鎮企業發展大潮要晚得多。在上世紀80年代,中國經濟的發展要比90年代快得多,并且產生了更好的社會效益:貧困人口下降,貧富差距縮小,而且勞動力在GDP中所占份額——衡量從經濟發展中人均獲益的指標——顯著上升。從1978年到1988年,生活水平低于中國貧困線的農村人口減少了1.5億以上。而在90年代,盡管GDP幾乎都達到了兩位數增長,并且實施了大規模的基礎設施建設,但貧困人口數量卻只下降了6,000萬。此外,在80年代,中國經濟增長主要靠投資而不是消費驅動的程度遠不像今天這樣嚴重。
換句話說,企業資本主義與國家資本主義不同,它不僅帶來了增長,而且還對增長所帶來的利益進行了廣泛的分配。企業主義(Entrepreneurialism)既充滿活力,又符合社會道德。
西方媒體總愛把像北京、上海和深圳這樣的大城市稱頌為生機勃勃的發展中心(見圖表)。而中國的農村地區,即使被提到,也通常被形容為貧困的窮鄉僻壤。但是,只要對經濟數據進行仔細分析,就會發現,對中國現代化城市高樓大廈的這些令人震撼的描述完全是一種誤導:事實上,中國的農村才具有最大的經濟活力,而政府的強勢干預已經窒息了中心城市的企業家精神和所有權。
后一種觀點的重要性無論怎樣強調都不過分。中國資本主義的發展歷史事實上大部分都可以被描述為兩個中國的斗爭:由市場推動的、富有企業家精神的農村與由國家主導的城市之間的斗爭。無論何時何地,只要中國農村占據優勢地位,中國的資本主義就是企業式的、獨立于政治的,并且是充滿競爭活力的。無論何時何地,只要中國城市占據主導地位,中國的資本主義就會朝著依賴于政治和國家集權的方向發展。
上海是中國城市發展最顯著的象征,其現代化的摩天大樓、外國奢侈品商店和全國最高的人均GDP使其成為中國的模范城市——一個國家資本主義獲得成功的最好例證。事實果真如此嗎?采用更具有實際意義的經濟成就指標來衡量,上海的發展遠不及溫州。溫州是位于上海南邊數百英里以外一個浙江省的城市,這里是企業資本主義的一片樂土。上世紀80年代初期,使溫州聞名于世的僅僅是它那勤勞的農民。當時,在溫州的500萬居民中,城市人口還不到10%。如今,溫州是中國最具活力的城市,其數量眾多的企業主宰著歐洲的服裝市場。而相比之下,曾經是中國最早的實業家樂園的上海,如今卻很少涌現出本土企業家。
溫州的轉型幾乎完全是靠自由市場政策來實現的。早在1982年,當地官員就開始試行民間借貸、自由利率、存貸款機構的跨地區競爭,以及向私營企業提供貸款等。溫州市政府還大力保護私營企業家的財產權,并從其他諸多方面使城市更有利于企業的發展。
本土企業為民生福祉帶來了什么變化嗎?非常多。按人均GDP計,上海幾乎是溫州所在的浙江省的兩倍(難以獲得溫州人均GDP的詳細數據)。但是,如果衡量家庭收入——一般居民的實際的支出能力——這兩個地區的繁榮程度就旗鼓相當了。2006年,一個典型上海居民的家庭收入比一個典型浙江居民的家庭收入高13%,但上海居民的非工薪收入水平(如政府福利)卻幾乎是浙江居民的兩倍。兩地居民的平均勞動收入大體相當。平均來看,上海居民從經營企業中獲得的收入比浙江居民低44%,而從所擁有的資產中獲得的收入則要低34%。這就意味著:國家資本主義可以提高城市高樓大廈的樓高和GDP的統計數據,但并未提升居民的實際生活水平。
如果研究一下浙江省與其北部近鄰江蘇省的經濟狀況,這種對比就會更加清晰。這兩個省份可以進行近乎完美的比較。它們的地理條件差不多相同:都是沿海省份,江蘇位于上海北面,而浙江位于上海南面。它們還擁有相似的企業發展歷史:都對解放前上海的實業家
和企業家階層做出過重大貢獻。然而,在改革以后的若干年里,江蘇省吸引了外國投資并從公共建設工程開支中受益頗多,而浙江省卻不然。這種差異產生了令人吃驚的結果。
20年前,江蘇省比浙江省更為富庶,但如今卻比浙江窮,在每一項重要的經濟和社會福利指標上都落后于浙江。平均來看,浙江居民的資產性收入要大大高于其北方鄰省的居民,他們居住的房子更大,擁有電話、計算機、彩電、相機或汽車的比例更高。浙江的嬰兒死亡率更低,浙江人的平均預期壽命更長,識字率也更高。值得注意的是,浙江的收入不平等程度也遠遠低于江蘇。應該如何解釋浙江更勝一籌的繁榮呢?最令人信服的解釋是,在江蘇,政府對經濟干預過多,歧視本地企業而青睞外國資本;而浙江的官員則讓本土企業家擁有自由支配權,允許他們構建更大、更富有活力的本地供應鏈。
中國經濟奇跡的真正難解之處并不是其經濟如何發展,而是西方專家為何對其發展歷程的理解錯誤百出。一個原因是,這些外來旁觀者誤解了構成中國經濟體系最基本的元素之一——鄉鎮企業——的性質。一些西方最知名的經濟學家將鄉鎮企業稱為具有中國特色——具有創新意義的混合體,在政府的控制下實現了高速增長——的資本主義象征。例如,諾貝爾獎得主約瑟夫?斯蒂格里茲就稱贊鄉鎮企業為從社會主義到資本主義轉型時最常見的問題——私人投資者的資產剝離——提供了具有獨創性的解決方案1他認為,這些企業既具有公有制的形式,可以避免被掠奪,同時又能實現私營企業的高效率。
簡而言之,西方經濟學家常常認為鄉鎮企業歸鄉鎮政府所有。就在2005年,另一位諾貝爾獎得主道格拉斯?羅斯在《華爾街日報》上撰文指出,鄉鎮企業“與經濟學中的標準企業很少有相似之處” 2。但有證據表明,情況并非如此。在中國國務院1984年3月1日發布的一份政策性文件中,第一次正式提到了鄉鎮企業的名稱。該文件將它們定義為“由鄉鎮主辦的企業、由農民組成的聯合企業、其他聯合企業和個體企業。”“由鄉鎮主辦的企業”一詞指的是歸鄉鎮所有并管理的集體企業。該政策文件中提到的所有其他企業均為私營企業:個人所有的企業或有多個股東的較大型企業——都是嚴格意義上的“經濟學中的標準企業”。官方對“鄉鎮企業”一詞的使用具有非常顯著的一致性:它一直是既包括私營企業,也包括政府主辦的企業。
西方經濟學家之所以會犯錯誤,是因為他們認定該名稱涉及到所有制。但中國官方卻從地理含義上去理解它——位于鄉鎮的企業。中國農業部的記錄證明,私人擁有并管理的企業實體在鄉鎮企業中占絕大部分。在1985年到2002年期間,集體所有制企業的數量于1986年達到頂峰,為173萬家,而私營企業的數量卻迅猛增長,從大約1050萬家增加到超過2,000萬家。換句話說,在改革時期,鄉鎮企業數量的增長完全歸功于私營企業。到1990年,在改革的頭10年中,此類私營企業雇用的勞動力數量占到了鄉鎮企業雇用勞動力總數的50%,而稅后利潤則占到了58%。
對中國發展的真正源泉的思想混亂也攪亂了外國人對中國企業出現在國際市場上的理解認知。人們常說,中國為全球競爭帶來了新的企業模式,國家所有制與明智的運用政府對金融的控制相結合,創造了獨一無二的競爭力源泉。計算機制造商聯想公司就經常被贊頌為中國非傳統商業環境中的一個杰作。
但是,聯想的成功大部分要歸功于其早期便在香港注冊并在香港募集資本的能力,而香港被認為是世界上最自由的市場經濟。1984年,聯想公司從中國科學院獲得了第一筆啟
動資金,但其后所有重大投資的資金均來自于香港3。1988年,該公司從總部位于香港的中國技術公司獲得了90萬港幣(11.6萬美元)的投資,成立了合資公司,使聯想能夠將香港作為其法定的公司所在地。1993年,香港聯想公司在香港證券交易所首次公開上市,集資1,200萬美元。聯想公司是香港基于市場的金融與法律體系的成功故事,而并非中國由國家控制的金融體系的成功案例。
當中國在汲取華爾街崩潰的教訓,并準備應對全球經濟低迷之時,它可能做的最糟糕的事情莫過于去接受它已經發現了比自由市場更高效的發展模式的說法。中國經濟奇跡的真正經驗其實非常傳統——基于私有制和自由市場金融。中國的經驗為全世界提供了非常及時的提示:旨在鼓勵這些力量發展的改革的確奏效。
作者簡介:
黃亞生,麻省理工學院Sloan管理學院副教授,從事政治經濟學的教學工作,創建并管理麻省理工學院的中國和印度實驗室,該實驗室旨在幫助本土企業家提高管理技能。本文摘自其《具有中國特色的資本主義:企業精神與國家》(Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State)一書。
第五篇:Ted演講
Tony Porter 談對男性的呼吁
關于這場演講
在TEDWomen,Tony Porter對全世界男性發出呼吁,別太“大男子主義”。他講述了自己切身經歷,闡述了為何這種在多數男性身上根深蒂固的觀念,會致使男性對女性,以及對彼此發生不尊重、虐待和傷害。他提出解決辦法:打破陳規,從“男子漢標準”中解放。
關于Tony Porter
Tony Porter是教育家和活動者,他為消除對女性暴力侵害所作的努力受到國際認可。
為何要聽他演講:
Tony Porter是非盈利組織“對男性的呼吁:終止對女性暴力侵害組織”的策劃者和共同創始人。Porter的參與和自我檢查的要點,與許多家庭暴力和性暴力項目緊密相聯,施行于一些知名組織,如全國橄欖球聯盟和全國職業籃球聯賽,以及全國各地高校,包括美國西點軍校和安納波利斯美國海軍學院。Porter還是美國國務院國際講師,在剛果民主共和國做過大量工作。
他是酒精與藥物成癮研究機構紐約辦公室的教員,在此,他參與編著了針對美國黑人化學品依賴的臨床課程。他還為社會服務組織開發社會公正模型。
“Ted Bunch和Tony Porter就男性有責任終止對女性的暴力侵害,以精彩的親身經歷分享他們的觀點,他們提出更正人們心中的男子漢標準,就是解決辦法之
一。兩人通過自己的人生經歷,來說明家庭暴力問題,其實是公民權利問題。” —摘自My Sister's Place網站
Tony Porter的英語網上資料
首頁:acalltomen.com
[TED科技?娛樂?設計]
已有中譯字幕的TED影片目錄(繁體)(簡體)。請注意繁簡目錄是不一樣的。
Tony Porter 談對男性的呼吁
我在紐約長大,位于哈萊姆區跟布朗克斯區之間。作為男孩子,大人教給我們,男人必須要堅決,要強壯,要勇敢,要強硬;不許痛苦,不許表露情感,憤怒除外。當然,也不能畏縮。男性負責,也就是說女性不用。男性引路,你們只要跟著照做就好。男性高一等,女性低一等。男性強大,女性弱小。女性價值不大,是男性的所有物,是物品。更確切說,是性對象。后來我知道,那是男性的社會形象標準,或稱其為“男子漢的標準”。看看這里面都有什么,所有關于如何做
才夠男人的定義。我還想說,毫無疑問,作為男人,有很多美好的事情,非常美好。但與此同時,有些東西實在非常糾結。我們確實需要開始質疑它,審視它,并對我們所熟知的男子漢標準進行拆析和重定義。
這是我的兩個孩子,Kendall和Jay,一個11歲,一個12歲。Kendall比Jay大15個月。有段時間我的妻子,她叫Tammie,還有我,我們非常忙,叮,咚,當,Kendall和Jay誕生了。(笑聲)當他們長到五六歲,四五歲時,Jay可以過來,哭著跑過來。至于她為什么哭沒有關系,她可以趴在我的膝蓋上,拿我的袖子擦鼻涕。哭吧,大聲哭,爸爸在呢,就是這樣。
另一方面,如果Kendall,如我所說,他只比妹妹大15個月,他哭著跑過來,或是只要我聽到他的哭聲,就要拉警報了。我會給他大約30秒的時間,也就是說,等他到我跟前,我就會說,“你哭什么哭?抬起頭來,看著我,告訴我怎么了?告訴我怎么了?我不能理解,你為什么哭?”由于自己的失職,我有責任和義務把他教育成一個男人,讓他符合這些男子漢標準中的條條框框。我發現我會這么說,“回你的房間去。回去,回你的房間。坐下,振作一下,再回來跟我說話,當你可以像...” 像什么?(觀眾:男人)“像男人一樣。”他才五歲。當我這么做的時候,我會對自己說,“天呢,我是怎么了?我在做什么?我為什么要這樣?”回想一下,我想到了我父親。
有一段時間,我們家發生了一次很痛苦的經歷。我哥哥,Henry,當我們十幾歲的時候,他死于不幸。如我所說,我們住在紐約,當時我們住在布朗克斯區。葬禮在一個叫長島的地方舉行,距市區有兩小時車程。當我們準備從墓地返回時,車子停在洗手間旁,讓大家在長途返回之前下車方便一下。隨后人們都下車了,我母親,我姐姐,我姑姑,她們都出去了,只有我爸爸和我留在車里。女人們離
開不久,他便放聲大哭。他不想在我面前哭,但他知道,回去的路上他會忍不住的。在我面前哭,要比在有女性的場合下哭的好。這個男人,在10分鐘之前,剛剛把他年幼的兒子親手埋葬。這種痛苦是我無法想象的。我印象最深的是,他為在我面前哭而向我道歉。同時,他還給我鼓勵,把我舉起來,因為我沒哭。
我重新審視這件事。作為男人,我們會害怕,這種害怕讓我們癱瘓,讓我們成為男子漢的標準的奴隸。我還記得跟一個12歲男孩的對話,他是足球選手。我問他,我說,“如果當著所有隊員的面,教練說你踢球像個女孩,你會怎么樣?”我本以為他會說,我會很傷心,很憤怒,很生氣之類的。但不,男孩這么跟我說,男孩說,“這會把我毀掉。”于是我自問,“天呢,如果被稱作女孩就會把他毀掉,那么關于女孩,我們都教給他些什么?”
(掌聲)
這把我帶回了我的12歲那年。我在市區的廉租公寓長大,那時我們住在布朗克斯區。一個叫Johnny的家伙住在我家附近,他當時16歲左右,我們都12歲左右,比較小。他總是跟我們這些小孩呆在一起。這個家伙,他經常不干好事。他讓很多家長感到奇怪,“這個16歲孩子,在一群12歲孩子中做什么?”他也確實不做好事。他是個問題少年,母親因海洛因攝入過量而死,奶奶把他養大,父親不管他。他奶奶有兩份工作,他經常獨自在家。我說過,我們都是小孩,得仰望這個大哥哥。他很酷,他很好。這是那些小妹妹說的,“他很好。”他做過愛,我們都仰望他。
一天,我出門玩,就在周圍玩,我記不得在玩什么。他在窗口,叫我上去。他說,“嘿,Anthony。”小時候他叫我Anthony。“嘿,Anthony,快上來。”Johnny
叫我,我就去。我跑上樓。他打開門后,對我說,“你想要嗎?”我立刻明白了他的意思。因為在我們長大的那個年代,根據當時的男子漢標準,“你想要嗎”只有兩層意思,不是性就是毒品。而我們不吸毒。我的準則,我的男子漢準則,立刻受到威脅。有兩點:一,我沒做過愛。男人之間不討論這個。你只會告訴最親密的朋友,讓他發誓保密,跟他講你的第一次。而對其他人,則會說我兩歲就開始做愛了,沒什么第一次可言。(笑聲)另一點我不能說的是,我不想要。這樣更糟。我們應該時刻窺伺,女性只是物品,確切說,是性對象。總之,這些我都不能說。所以,就如我母親所言,長話短說,我只是對Johnny說,“好。”他讓我到他房間里。我進去了,躺在床上的是個叫Sheila的鄰居女孩,她16歲,全身赤裸。現在來看,她有心理疾病,有時會比其他人更自閉。我們給她取了很多不好的綽號。總之,Johnny剛跟她做完愛。其實,他強奸了她,但他會說是做愛。因為,當時Sheila沒有說“不”,她也沒說“是”。
因此他給我機會也這樣做。于是我走進去,關上門。各位,我呆住了。我依門而立,這樣Johnny不能破門而入,發現我什么都沒干。我站了好長一會,長到足夠我干點什么了。現在,我想的不是要做什么,而是要怎么出去。我只有12歲,但很聰明。我把褲拉鏈拉下來,走進客廳。我看到的是,當我和Sheila在房間里時,Johnny到窗邊招呼別人上來,所以現在滿屋子都是人,就像醫生的候診室。他們問我感覺如何,我對他們說,“感覺不錯。”然后在他們面前拉上褲拉鏈,走出門去。
我是帶著愧疚說出這段的。當時我也帶著極大的愧疚感,但我很矛盾。因為我感到愧疚的同時,又感到興奮,我沒被抓住。而對發生的一切,我覺得糟糕。這種害怕脫離了男子漢的標準,完全包住了我。對我來說,我和我的男子漢標準,曾經比Sheila和她的遭遇更重要。總的來說,我們作為男人,被教育說女性價值
不大,把她們看做所有物,看做男人的性對象,這就形成一個等式,等號右邊是對女性的暴力侵害。我們作為男人,作為好男人,就如大多數的男人,我們所做的事,都是在這個社會形象標準下進行。我們以為自己不在此列,但其實我們正是其中之一。看到了嗎,我們必須明白,這類價值不大,所有物,性對象的觀念,致使暴力現象頻頻發生。因此解決辦法就在我們身上,同時問題也在我們身上。疾病控制中心說過,男性對女性的暴力現象,已達到流行病的普遍程度,是女性的最大健康隱憂。國內如此,國外亦如此。
所以我再簡單說幾句。這是我生命中的摯愛,我女兒Jay,我希望她的世界里,我會希望男性如何對待女性?我需要你們與我一道,共同努力。你我共同合作,致力于如何培養我們的兒子,教導他們成為男人。可以不強硬,也可以表露情感,可以促進平等,可以擁有女性朋友,就是這樣,可以做一個完整的人。我們男性的解放,與你們女性的解放相依存。我問過一個九歲男孩,我問他說,“如果你不用再遵循這些男子漢標準,你會怎樣?”他告訴我,“我就自由了。”