第一篇：Law 英文術語

法律英語常用詞匯大全

一、律師部分

案件受理費 court acceptance fee 案情重大、復雜 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action

案子 case 包攬訴訟 monopolize lawsuits 被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件);the accused(用于刑事案件)

被上訴人 appellee 被訴人 respondent;defendant 本案律師 councel pro hac vice 本地律師 local counsel 畢業證 diploma;graduation certificate

辯護詞 defense;pleadings 辯護律師 defense lawyer 辯護要點 point of defense 辯護意見 submission 財產租賃 property tenancy 裁定書 order;ruling;determination（指終審裁定）裁決書 award（用于仲裁）裁決書 verdict（用于陪審團）采信的證據 admitted evidence;established evidence

草擬股權轉讓協議 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查閱法條 source legal provisions 產權轉讓 conveyancing

出差 go on errand;go on a business trip 出國深造 further study abroad

出具律師意見書 providing legal opinion 出示的證據 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 傳票 summons;subpoena 答辯狀 answer;reply 代理詞 representation 代理房地產買賣與轉讓 agency for sale and transfer of real estate

代理公證、商標、專利、版權、房地產、工商登記 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代寫文書 drafting of legal instruments 待決案件 pending case 當事人陳述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party

吊銷執業證 revocation of lawyer license 調查筆錄 investigative record

調查取證 investigation and gathering for evidence 調解 mediation 調解書 mediation 二審案件 case of trial of second instance 發送電子郵件 send e-mail

法律顧問 legal consultants 法律意見書 legal opinions 法律援助 legal aid 法律咨詢 legal counseling 法庭 division;tribunal

法學博士學位 LL.D(Doctor of Laws)

法學會 law society 法學課程 legal courses 法學碩士學位 LL.M(Master of Laws)

法學系 faculty of law;department of law 法學學士學位 LL.B(Bachelor of Laws)J.D(Juris doctor縮寫，美國法學學士)法學院 law school 法院公告 court announcement 反訴狀 counterclaim 房地產律師 real estate lawyer;real property lawyer

非合伙律師 associate lawyer 非訴訟業務 non-litigation practice 高級合伙人 senior partner 高級律師 senior lawyer 各類協議和合同 agreements and contracts

公安局 Public Security Bureau 公司上市 company listing 公訴案件 public-prosecuting case 公證書 notarial certificate 國辦律師事務所 state-run law office 國際貿易 international trade 國際訴訟 international litigation 國內訴訟 domestic litigation 合伙律師 partner lawyer 合伙制律師事務所 law office in partner-ship;cooperating law office 合同審查、草擬、修改 contract review, drafting and revision 會見當事人 interview a client 會見犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect 兼職律師 part-time lawyer 監獄 prison;jail 鑒定結論 expert conclusion 繳納會費 membership dues 舉證責任 burden of proof;onus probandi 決定書 decision 勘驗筆錄 record of request 看守所 detention house 抗訴書 protest 控告人 accuser;complainant 跨國訴訟 transnational litigation 勞動爭議 labor disputes 勞動爭議仲裁委員會 arbitration committee for labor disputes 勞改場 reform-through-labor farm;prison farm 利害關系人 interested party;party in interest 律管處處長 director of lawyer control department 律師 lawyer attorney;attorney at law 律師懲戒 lawyer discipline 律師法 Lawyer Law 律師費 lawyer fee 律師函 lawyer’s letter 律師見證 lawyer attestation/authentication 律師見證書 lawyer certification/authentication/witness 律師卷宗 lawyer’s docile;file

律師刊物 lawyer’s journal 律師聯系電話 contact phone number of a lawyer

律師事務所 law office;law firm 律師收費 billing by lawyer 律師網站 lawyer website 律師協會 National Bar(Lawyer)Association 律師協會會員 member of Lawyer Association 律師協會秘書長 secretary general of Bar(Lawyer)Association 律師協會章程 Articles of Lawyer Association 律師業務室 lawyer’s office 律師執業證 lawyer license 律師助理 assistant lawyer

律師資格考試 bar exam;lawyer qualification exam 律師資格證 lawyer qualification certificate 民事案件 civil case民事調解 civil mediation 民事訴訟 civil litigation 派出所 local police station;police substation

判決judgment(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于終審);

sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪審團作出)旁證 circumstantial evidence 企業章程 articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw 企業重組 corporate restructure 起訴狀 information;indictment 取消律師資格 disbar 全國律師代表大會 National Lawyer Congress

缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default 人民法院 People’s Court 人民檢察院 People’s Procuratorate 認定事實 determine facts

上訴案件 case of trial of second instance;appellate case 上訴人 appellant

上訴狀 petition for appeal 涉外律師 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters 申請復議 administrative reconsideration petition

申請加入律師協會 application for admission to Law Association 申請人 petitioner;claimant 申訴案件 appeal case 申訴人（仲裁）claimant;plaintiff

申訴書 appeal for revision, petition for revision 實習律師 apprentice lawyer;lawyer in probation period 實習律師證 certificate of apprentice lawyer

視聽證據 audio-visual reference material 適用法律 apply law to facts 受害人 victim 書證 documentary evidence

司法部 Ministry of Justice 司法建議書 judicial advise 司法局 Judicial Bureau 司法局副局長 deputy director of Judicial Bureau 司法局局長 director of Judicial Bureau 司法統一考試 uniform judicial exam 送達 service of process 訴訟 litigation;action;lawsuit 訴訟當事人 litigation party;litigious party 訴訟業務 litigation practice 訴狀 complaint;bill of complaint;statement of claim

推銷法律服務 promote/market legal service 外國律師事務所 foreign law office

委托代理合同 authorized representation contract 委托代理人 agent ad litem;entrusted agent 委托授權書 power of attorney 物證 material evidence 嫌疑人 criminal suspect 項目融資 project financing 項目談判 project negotiating 刑事案件 criminal case

刑事訴訟 criminal litigation 行政訴訟 administrative litigation 休庭 adjourn the court;recess 宣判 pronounce judgement;determination 宣誓書 affidavit

業務進修 attendance in advanced studies 一審案件 case of trial of first instance 與國外律師事務所交流 communicate with foreign law firms 原告 plaintiff 證券律師 securities lawyer 證人證言 testimony of witness;affidavit 執行筆錄 execution record 執業登記 registration for practice

執業范圍 scope of practice;sphere of practice;practice area 執業申請 practice application 執業證年檢 annual inspection of lawyer license 仲裁 arbitration 仲裁案件 arbitration case 仲裁機構 arbitration agency 專門律師 specialized lawyer

專職律師 professional lawyer;full-time lawyer 撰寫法律文章 write legal thesis 資信調查 credit standing investigation 自訴案件 private prosecuting case

二、訴訟法律

案件 case 案件發回 remand/rimit a case(to a low court)案件名稱 title of a case 案卷材料 materials in the case 案情陳述書 statement of case

案外人 person other than involved in the case 案值 total value involved in the case 敗訴方 losing party 辦案人員 personnel handling a case

保全措施申請書 application for protective measures 報案 report a case(to security authorities)被告 defendant;the accused 被告人最后陳述 final statement of the accused

被告向原告第二次答辯 rejoinder 被害人 victim 被害人的訴訟代理人 victim’s agent ad litem

被上訴人 respondent;the appellee 被申請人 respondent 被申請執行人 party against whom execution is filed

被執行人 person subject to enforcement 本訴 principal action 必要共同訴訟人 party in necessary co-litigation 變通管轄 jurisdiction by accord

辯護 defense 辯護律師 defense attorney/lawyer 辯護人 defender

辯護證據 exculpatory evidence;defense evidence 辯論階段 stage of court debate

駁回反訴 dismiss a counterclaim;reject a counterclaim 駁回請求 deny/dismiss a motion 駁回上訴、維持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 駁回訴訟 dismiss an action/suit 駁回通知書 notice of dismissal 駁回自訴 dismiss/reject a private prosecution

駁回自訴裁定書 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case 補充答辯 supplementary answer 補充判決 supplementary judgement 補充偵查 supplementary investigation 不公開審理 trial in camera 不立案決定書 written decision of no case-filing 不批準逮捕決定書 written decision of disapproving an arrest 不起訴 nol pros 不予受理起訴通知書 notice of dismissal of accusation by the court

財產保全申請書 application for attachment;application for property preservation 裁定 order;determination(指最終裁定)

裁定管轄 jurisdiction by order 裁定書 order;ruling 裁決書 award

采信的證據 admitted evidence 查封 seal up 撤回上訴 withdraw appeal 撤訴 withdraw a lawsuit 撤銷立案 revoke a case placed on file

撤銷原判，發回重審 rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial

出示的證據 exhibit 除權判決 invalidating judgement(for negotiable instruments)傳喚 summon;call 傳聞證據 hearsay 答辯 answer;reply 答辯陳述書 statement of defence 答辯狀 answer;reply 大法官 associate justices;justice 大檢察官 deputy chief procurator 代理控告 agency for accusation 代理申訴 agency for appeal 代理審判員 acting judge

代為申請取保候審 agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving

彈劾式訴訟 accusatory procedure 當事人陳述 statement of the parties

當庭宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court 地區管轄 territorial jurisdiction 地區檢察分院 inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate 第三人 third party 調查筆錄 record of investigation

定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date 定罪證據 incriminating evidence;inculpatory evidence 凍結 freeze 督促程序 procedure of supervision and urge 獨任庭 sole-judge bench 獨任仲裁員 sole arbitrator

對妨礙民事訴訟的強制措施 compulsory measures against impairment of civil action 對席判決 judgement inter parties 二審 trial of second instance 二審案件 case of trial of second insurance

罰款 impose a fine 法定證據 statutory legal evidence 法定證據制度 system of legal evidence 法官 judges 法警 bailiff;court police 法律文書 legal instruments/papers 法律援助 legal aid 法律咨詢 legal consulting 法庭辯論 court debate 法庭調查 court investigation 法庭審理筆錄 court record 法庭審理方式 mode of court trial

法庭庭長 chief judge of a tribunal 法院 court 法院公告 court announcement 反訴 counterclaim 反訴答辯狀 answer with counterclaim 反訴狀 counterclaim 犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect 附帶民事訴訟案件 a collateral civil action

附帶民事訴訟被告 defendant of collateral civil action 復查 reexamination;recheck 復驗 reinspect 高級法官 senior judge 高級檢察官 senior procurator 高級人民法院 Higher People’s Court 告訴案件 case of complaint 告訴才處理的案件 case accepted at complaint 告訴申訴庭 complaint and petition division

工讀學校 work-study school for delinquent children

公安部 Ministry of Public Security 公安分局 public security sub-bureau

公安廳 public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 公開審理 trial in public

公開審判制度 open trial system 公示催告程序 procedure of public summons for exhortation 公訴案件 public-prosecuting case 公訴詞 statement of public prosecution 公證機關 public notary office

共同管轄 concurrent jurisdiction 管轄 jurisdiction

國際司法協助 international judicial assistance 海事法院 maritime court

合議庭 collegial panel 合議庭評議筆錄 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench 和解 composition;compromise 核對訴訟當事人身份 check identity of litigious parties 恢復執行 resumption of execution 回避 withdrawal 混合式訴訟 mixed action 基層人民法院 basic People’s Court 羈押期限 term in custody 級別管轄 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels

監視居住 living at home under surveillance 監獄 prison 檢察官 procurator 檢察權 prosecutorial power 檢察委員會 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee 檢察院 procuratorate 檢察院派出機構 outpost tribunal of procuratorate

簡易程序 summary procedure 鑒定結論 expert conclusion 經濟審判庭 economic tribunal 徑行判決 direct adjudication without sessions;judgement without notice

糾問式訴訟 inquisitional proceedings 拘傳 summon by force;summon by warrant 拘留所 detention house 舉報 information/report of an offence

舉證責任 burden of proof;onus probandi 決定書 decision 軍事法院 military procuratorate 開庭審理 open a court session 開庭通知 notice of court session 勘驗筆錄 record of inquest 看守所 detention house 可執行財產 executable property 控告式訴訟 accusatory proceedings 控訴證據 incriminating evidence 控訴職能 accusation function 扣押 distrain on;attachment 扣押物 distress/distraint 寬限期 period of grace

勞動爭議仲裁申請書 petition for labor dispute arbitration 勞改場 reform-through-labor farm 勞教所 reeducation-through-labor office

類推判決的核準程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence

累積證據 cumulative evidence 立案報告 place a case on file 立案管轄 functional jurisdiction 立案決定書 written decision of case-filing 立案偵查 report of placing a case on file 利害關系人 interested party 臨時裁決書 interim award

律師見證書 lawyer’s written attestation;lawyer’s written authentication

律師事務所 law office;law firm 律師提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer 免于刑事處分 exemption from criminal penalty 民事案件 civil case

民事審判庭 civil tribunal 民事訴訟 civil action 民事訴訟法 Civil Procedural Law 扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police 派出法庭 detached tribunal 派出所 police station

判決 judgement;determination 判決書 judgement;determination;verdict

(指陪審團作出的)旁證 circumstantial evidence 陪審員 juror 批準逮捕 approval of arrest 破案 clear up a criminal case;solve a criminal case 破產 bankruptcy;insolvency 普通程序 general/ordinary procedure 普通管轄 general jurisdiction

企業法人破產還債程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation 起訴 filing of a lawsuit 起訴 sue;litigate;prosecute;institution of proceedings 起訴狀 indictment;information 區縣檢察院 grassroots People’s Procuratorate

取保候審 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving 缺席判決 default judgement 人民調解委員會 People’s Mediation Committee

認定財產無主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless

認定公民無民事行為能力、限制民事行為能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity

上訴 appeal 上訴人 appellant 上訴狀 petition for appeal 少管所 juvenile prison 社會治安綜合治理 comprehensive treatment of social security

涉外案件 cases involving foreign interests 涉外民事訴訟 foreign civil proceedings 涉外刑事訴訟 foreign criminal proceedings

申請人 applicant;petitioner 申請書 petition;application for arbitration 申請執行人 execution applicant 申訴人宣誓書 claimant’s affidavit of authenticity

申訴書 appeal for revision;petition for revision 神示證據制度 system of divinity evidence 神示制度 ordeal system 審查案件 case review 審查并決定逮捕 examine and decide arrest 審查起訴階段 stage of review and prosecution 審理通知書 notice of hearing

審判長 presiding judge 審判長宣布開庭 presiding judge announce court in session 審判管轄 adjudgement/trial jurisdiction 審判監督程序 procedure for trial supervision 審判委員會 judicial committee 審判員 judge 審問式訴訟 inquisitional proceedings 生效判決裁定 legally effective judgement/order 勝訴方 winning party

省市自治區檢察院 higher People’s Procuratorate 失蹤和死亡宣告 declaration of disappearance and death 實（質）體證據 substantial evidence 實物證據 tangible evidence 實在證據 real evidence 示意證據 demonstrative evidence 視聽證據 audio-visual evidence 收容所 collecting post;safe retreat

首席大法官 chief justice 首席檢察官 chief procurator

受害人的近親屬 victim’s immediate family 受理 acceptance 受理刑事案件審批表 registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送達人 the addressee 書記員 court clerk 書記員宣讀法庭紀律 court clerk reads court rules

書證 documentary evidence 司法部 Ministry of Justice 司法機關 judicial organizatons 司法警察 judicial police 司法局 judicial bureau

司法廳 judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government 司法協助 judicial assistance 死緩的復核 judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve

死刑復核程序 procedure for judicial review of death sentence 死刑復核權 competence for judicial review of death sentence 送達 service of process

送達傳票 service of summons/subpoena 送達訴狀 service of bill of complaint 搜查 search 訴 sue;suit;action;lawsuit 訴前財產保全 property attachment prior to lawsuit

訴訟 litigation;lawsuit;sue;action 訴訟保全 attachment 訴訟參加人 litigious participants 訴訟代理人 agent ad litem 訴狀 complaint;bill of complaint;state of claim

特別程序 special procedures 提起公訴institute a public prosecution 鐵路法院 railway court 鐵路檢察院 railroad transport procuratorate 庭審程序 procedure of court trial 通緝 wanted for arrest 投案 appearance

退回補充偵查 return of a case for supplementary investigation

委托辯護 entrusted defense 未成年人法庭 juvenile court 無行政職務的法官 associate judge 無正當理由拒不到庭 refuse to appear in court without due cause 無罪判決 acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ” 物證 material evidence

先予執行申請書 application for advanced execution 先予執行 advanced execution 刑事案件 criminal case 刑事拘留 criminal detention

刑事強制拘留 criminal coercive/compulsory measures 刑事審判庭 criminal tribunal 刑事訴訟 criminal proceedings 刑事訴訟法 Criminal Procedural Law

刑事自訴狀 self-incriminating criminal complaint 行政案件 administrative case 行政審判庭 administrative tribunal 行政訴訟 administrative proceedings 行政訴訟法 Administrative Procedural Law

宣告失蹤、宣告死亡案件 cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判筆錄 record of rendition of judgement

選民資格案件 cases concerning qualifications of voters

詢問證人 inquire/question a witness 訓誡 reprimand 訊問筆錄 record of interrogation 詢問犯罪嫌疑人 interrogate criminal suspect 言詞證據 verbal evidence

要求傳喚證人申請書 application for subpoena 一裁終局 arbitration award shall be final and binding 一審 trial of first instance 一審案件 case of trial of first instance

應訴通知書 notice of respondence to action 有罪判決 sentence;finding of “guilty” 予審 preliminary examinantion;pretrial 原告 plaintiff 院長 court president 閱卷筆錄 record of file review(by lawyers)再審案件 case of retrial 再審申請書 petition for retrial 責令具結悔過 order to sign a statement of repentance 債權人會議 creditors’ meeting 偵查階段 investigation stage 偵查終結 conclusion of investigation

征詢原、被告最后意見 consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 證據 evidence 證據保全 preserve evidence 證據保全申請書 application for evidence preservation 證人證言 testimony of witness;affidavit 支付令 payment order/warrant 知識產權庭intellectual property tribunal 執行程序 procedure execution 執行逮捕 execution of arrest 執行和解 conciliation of execution

執行回轉 recovery of execution 執行庭 executive tribunal 執行異議 objection to execution 執行員 executor

執行中止 discontinuance of execution 執行終結 conclusion of execution 指定辯護 appointed defense

指定仲裁員聲明 statement of appointing arbitrator 中級人民法院 intermediate People’s Court 中途退庭 retreat during court session without permission 仲裁 arbitration 仲裁被訴人 respondent;defendant 仲裁裁決 award 仲裁申請書 arbitration

仲裁申訴人 claimant;plaintiff 仲裁庭 arbitration tribunal 仲裁委員會 arbitration committee 仲裁協議 arbitration agreement;clauses of arbitration 仲裁員 arbitrator

主訴檢察官 principal procurator 助理檢察官 assistant procurator 助理審判員 assistant judge 專門法院 special court專門管轄 specific jurisdiction 專屬管轄 exclusive jurisdiction 追究刑事責任 investigate for criminal responsibility 自首 confession to justice 自訴案件 private-prosecuting case

自行辯護 self-defense 自由心證制度 doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自偵案件 self-investigating case 最高人民法院 the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民檢察院 the Supreme People’s Procuratorate 最后裁決書 final award

三、民事法律

法律淵源 source of law 制定法 statute 判例法 case law;precedent 普通法 common law 特別法 special law 固有法 native law;indigenous law 繼受法 adopted law

實體法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原則法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解釋 judicial interpretation習慣法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 羅馬法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 萬民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陸法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陸法 continental law 羅馬法系 Roman law system 英吉利法 English law 衡平法 equity;law of equity

日爾曼法 Germantic law 教會法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯蘭法 Islamic law 民法法律規范 norm of civil law 授權規范 authorization norm 禁止規范 forbidding norm 義務性規范 obligatory norm 命令性規范 commanding norm

民法基本原則 fundamental principles of civil law平等原則 principle of equality 自愿原則 principle of free will 公平原則 principle of justice

等價有償原則 principle of equal value exchange 誠實信用原則 principle of good faith 行為 act 作為 act 不作為 omission 合法行為 lawful act 違法行為 unlawful act 民事權利權利能力 civil right 絕對權 absolute right 相對權 relative right 優先權 right of priority 先買權 preemption 原權 antecedent right 救濟權 right of relief 支配權 right of dominion 請求權 right of claim 物上請求權right of claim for real thing 形成權 right of formation

撤銷權 right of claiming cancellation 否認權 right of claiming cancellation 解除權 right of renouncement 代位權 subrogated right 選擇權 right of choice 承認權 right of admission 終止權 right of termination 抗辯權 right of defense

一時性抗辯權 momentary right of defense 永久性抗辯權 permanent counter-argument right 不安抗辯權 unstable counter-argument right

同時履行抗辯權 defense right of simultaneous performance 既得權 tested right 期待權 expectant right 專屬權 exclusive right 非專屬權 non-exclusive right 人身權利 personal right 人權 human right 人格權 right of personality

生命健康權 right of life and health 姓名權 right of name 名稱權 right of name 肖像權 right of portraiture 自由權 right of freedom 名譽權 right reputation 隱私權 right of privacy 私生活秘密權 right of privacy 貞操權 virginity right 身份權 right of status 親權 parental power;parental right 親屬權 right of relative 探視權 visitation right 配偶權 right of spouse 榮譽權 right of honor

權利的保護 protection of right 公力救濟 public protection 私力救濟 self-protection 權利本位 standard of right 社會本位 standard of society 無責任行為 irresponsible right 正當防衛 justifiable right;ligitimate defence 防衛行為 act of defence

自為行為 self-conducting act 緊急避險 act of rescue;necessity 自助行為 act of self-help 不可抗力 force majeure 意外事件 accident 行為能力 capacity for act

意思能力 capacity of will 民事行為 civil act 意思表示 declaration of intention 意思表示一致 meeting of minds;consensus 完全行為能力 perfect capacity for act 限制行為能力 restrictive capacity for act 準禁治產人 quasi-interdicted person 保佐 protection 自治產人 minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 無行為能力 incapacity for act 禁治產人 interdicted person 自然人 natural person 公民 citizen 住所 domicile 居所 residence 經常居住地 frequently dwelling place 戶籍 census register 監護 guardianship 個體工商戶 individual business

農村承包經營戶 leaseholding rural household 合伙 partnership 合伙人 partner 合伙協議 partnership agreement 合伙財產 property of partnership

合伙債務 debt of partnership 入伙 join partnership 退伙 withdrawal from partnership 合伙企業 partnership business establishment 個人合伙 partnership 法人合伙 partnership of legal person 特別合伙 special partnership

普通合伙 general partnership 有限合伙 limited partnership 民事合伙 civil partnership

隱名合伙 sleeping partnership;dormant partnership 私營企業 private enterprise;proprietorship 法人 legal person 企業法人 legal body of enterprise 企業集團 group of enterprise 關聯企業 affiliate enterprise 個人獨資企業 individual business establishment

國有獨資企業solely state-owned enterprise 中外合資企業 Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise 中外合作企業 Sino-foreign contractual enterprise 社團法人 legal body of mass organization 財團法人legal body of financial group 聯營 joint venture

法人型聯營 association of legal persons 合伙型聯營 coordinated management in partnership 協作型聯營 cooperation-type coordinated management 合作社 cooperative 民事法律行為 civil legal act 單方民事法律行為 unilateral civil legal act 雙方民事法律行為 bilateral civil legal act 多方民事法律行為 joint act civil legal act 有償民事法律行為 civil legal act with consideration

無償民事法律行為 civil legal act without consideration;civil legal act without award

實踐性民事法律行為 practical civil legal act 諾成性民事法律行為 consental civil legal act 要式民事法律行為 formal civil legal act 不要式民事法律行為 informal civil legal act

要因民事法律行為 causative civil legal act 不要因民事法律行為 noncausative civil legal act 主民事法律行為 principal civil legal act 從民事法律行為 accessory civil legal act

附條件民事法律行為 conditional civil legal act 附期限民事法律行為 civil legal act with term 生前民事法律行為 civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行為 civil legal act after death 準民事法律行為 quasi-civil legal act 無效行為 ineffective act

可撤銷民事行為 revocable civil act 違法行為 illegal act;unlawful act 侵權行為 tort 欺詐 fraud 脅迫 duress 乘人之危 taking advantage of others’ precarious position 以合法形式掩蓋非法目的 legal form concealing illegal intention

惡意串通 malicious collaboration 重大誤解 gross misunderstanding 顯失公平obvious unjust 誤傳 misrepresentation 代理 agency 本人 principal 被代理人 principal 受托人 trustee 代理人 agent 本代理人 original agent 法定代理人 statutory agent;legal agent 委托代理人 agent by mandate 指定代理人 designated agent 復代理人 subagent

再代理人 subagent 轉代理人 subagent 代理權 right of agency 授權行為 act of authorization 授權委托書 power of attorney 代理行為 act of agency 委托代理 agency by mandate

本代理 original agency 復代理 subagency 次代理 subagency 有權代理 authorized agency 表見代理 agency by estoppel;apparent agency 律師代理 agency by lawyer 普通代理 general agency 全權代理 general agency

全權代理委托書 general power of attorney 共同代理 joint agency 獨家代理 sole agency 居間 brokerage 居間人 broker 行紀 commission;broker house 信托 trust

時效 time limit;prescription;limitation 時效中止 suspension of prescription/limitation 時效中斷 interruption of limitation/prescription 時效延長 extension of limitation 取得時效 acquisitive prescription 時效終止 lapse of time;termination of prescription 期日 date 期間 term 涉外民事關系 civil relations with foreign elements

沖突規范 rule of conflict 準據法applicable law;governing law 反致 renvoi;remission 轉致 transmission 識別 identification 公共秩序保留 reserve of public order

法律規避 evasion of law 國籍 nationality 國有化 nationalization 法律責任 legal liability 民事責任 civil liability/responsibility 行政責任 administrative liability/responsibility 刑事責任 criminal liability/responsibility

違約責任 liability of breach of contract;responsibility of default 有限責任 limited liability 無限責任 unlimited liability 按份責任 shared/several liability

連帶責任 joint and several liability 過失責任 liability for negligence;negligent liability 過錯責任 fault liability;liability for fault 單獨過錯 sole fault 共同過錯 joint fault 混合過錯 mixed fault 被害人過錯 victim’s fault 第三人過錯 third party’s fault 推定過錯 presumptive fault 惡意 bad faith;malice

故意 deliberate intention;intention;willfulness 過失 negligence 重大過失 gross negligence 疏忽大意的過失 careless and inadvertent negligence

過于自信的過失 negligence with undue assumption 損害事實 facts of damage 有形損失 tangible damage/loss 無形損失 intangible damage/loss 財產損失 property damage/loss 人身損失 personal damage/loss 精神損失 spiritual damage/loss

民事責任承擔方式 methods of bearing civil liability 停止侵害 cease the infringing act 排除妨礙 exclusion of hindrance;removal of obstacle 消除危險 elimination of danger 返還財產 restitution of property 恢復原狀 restitution;restitution of original state 賠償損失 compensate for a loss;indemnify for a loss

支付違約金 payment of liquidated damage 消除影響 eliminate ill effects 恢復名譽 rehabilitate one’s reputation 賠禮道歉 extend a formal apology

物權 jus ad rem;right in rem;real right

物權制度 real right system;right in rem system

一物一權原則 the principal of One thing, One Right 物權法定主義 principal of legality of right in rem

物權公示原則 principal of public summons of right in rem 物權法 jus rerem 物 property 生產資料 raw material for production 生活資料 means of livelihood;means of subsistence

流通物 res in commercium;a thing in commerce 限制流通物 limited merchantable thing

禁止流通物 res extra commercium;a thing out of commerce 資產 asset 固定資產 fixed asset 流動資產current asset;floating asset 動產 movables;chattel 不動產 immovable;real estate 特定物 res certae;a certain thing 種類物 genus;indefinite thing

可分物 res divisibiles;divisible things 不可分物 res indivisibiles;indivisible things 主物 res capitalis;a principal thing 從物 res accessoria;an accessory thing 原物 original thing 孳息 fruits 天然孳息 natural fruits 法定孳息 legal fruits 無主物 bona vacatia;vacant goods;ownerless goods 遺失物 lost property 漂流物 drifting object 埋藏物 fortuna;hidden property 貨幣 currency

證券 securities 債券 bond 物權分類 classification of right in rem/real right

自物權 jus in re propria;right of full ownership 所有權 dominium;ownership;title

所有權憑證 document of title;title of ownership 占有權 dominium utile;equitable ownership 使用權right of use;right to use of 收益權 right to earnings;right to yields 處分權 right of disposing;jus dispodendi 善意占有 possession in good faith

惡意占有 malicious possession 按份共有 several possession 共同共有 joint possession 他物權 jus in re aliena 用益物權 real right for usufruct 使用權 right to use;right of use 土地使用權 right to the use of land 林權 forest ownership 采礦權 mining ownership

經營權 managerial authority;power of management 承包經營權 right to contracted management

相鄰權 neighboring right;relatedright 地上權 superficies

永佃權 jus emphyteuticum;right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役權 servitude;easement 人役權 servitus personarum;personal servitude 擔保物權 real right for security 物的擔保 security for thing 物的瑕疵擔保 warranty against defect of a thing

抵押權 hypotheca;hypothecation;right to mortgage 抵押權的設定creation of right to mortgage 抵押人 mortgagor 抵押權人 mortgagee 抵押標的物 collateral;estate under mortgage 抵押權的效力 deffect of right to mortgage 抵押權的次序sequence of right to mortgage

抵押權的拋棄 abandonment of right to mortgage 抵押權的讓與 alienation of right to mortgage 抵押權的實現 materialization of right to mortgage

抵押權的消滅 extinction of right to mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage 抵押物登記 registration of estate under mortgage 抵押優先權 priority of mortgage 留置權 lien 一般留置權 general lien 特別留置權 special lien 質權 hypotheque;pledge;right of pledge 佃權 tenant right

債權 jus in personam;right to give or procure;claim;creditor’s right

債權人 creditor 債務人 debtor 相對人 counterpart;offeree 給付 give;pay

債務 debt;liability;obligation 債務的償還 payment of debt 債務的償清 discharge of debt 債務的擔保 guarantee of debt 債務的合并 consolidation of debt

債務的給付日期 debt maturity 債務的免除 exemption of debt 債的分類 obligatio;obligation 法定之債 legal obligation 任意之債 voluntary obligation 簡單之債 simple obligation 選擇之債 alternative obligation 主債 prime/principal obligation 從債 accessory obligation 單一之債 single obligation 按份之債 several obligation 連帶之債 joint obligation

特定之債 certain obligation 種類之債 indefinite obligation 合同之債 contractual obligation 侵權行為之債 tort obligation

損害賠償之債 obligation of compensation for injury;obligation of damages 人身損害 damage to person 精神損害moral/mental/spiritual damage

醫藥費 hospital treatment expense 醫療費 medical charge 撫恤金 pension

慰問金 consolation money 產品瑕疵 defect of product 不當得利 unjust enrichment 無因管理 voluntary service

債的擔保 guarantee of obligation 財產擔保 property guarantee 信用擔保 credit guarantee 讓與擔保 alienation guarantee 保證 guaranty 明示保證 express guaranty

默示保證 implied guaranty 保證人 guarantor 保證合同 contract of guaranty/suretyship 保證金 guaranty bond;security deposit 押金 deposit;foregift 預付款advanced payment 定金 earnest money;deposit 違約金 liquidated damages

法定違約金 liquidated damages by law 約定違約金 liquidated damages by agreement 債的履行 performance of obligation 實際履行原則 doctrine of specific performance 情事變更原則 doctrine of change of circumstances 不當履行 misfeasance 清償 discharge;satisfaction

提存 debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority 抵銷 setoff

知識產權 intellectual property

知識產權國際保護 international protection of intellectual property

國民待遇原則 doctrine of national treatment 優先權原則 a right of priority doctrine 自動保護原則 doctrine of automatic protection 特許權使用費 royalties

智力成果 intellectual property 著作權 copyright 版權 copyright 著作權人 copyright owner 創作 creation 作品 opus;product;work 著作人格權 right of personality of copyright 發表權 right of publication 署名權 right of authorship;right of paternity

修改權 right of modification;right of revision 完整性保持權 right to maintain integrity 不可侵犯權 inviolability 收回權 right of recall;right of retrieval

自費出版 publish a book at the author’s own expense 著作財產權 property right in work 使用收益分享權 right to share usufruct 利用權 right to make use of

獲得報酬權 right to get payment 重播權 right of rebroadcasting 錄制權 right of fixation 機械復制權 right of mechanograph;right of mechanical reproduction

著作鄰接權neighboring right of copyright 剽竊 plagiary;plagiarism 盜版 pirate 盜版VCD pirated VCD 偽造 forge工業產權 industrial property 專利權 patent right 優先權日 priority date 申請在先原則 prior application rule 使用在先 priority of use 新穎性 novelty 創造性 creativity實用性 practicability 發明創造 invention and creation 實用新型 utility model 外觀設計 design;industrial design 發明權 right of invention 發現權 right of discovery 專利申請 patent application 專利異議 objection to a patent 專利公告 patent gazette 專利續展費 renewal fee of patent

專利許可協議 patent licensing agreement 技術訣竅 know-how 專有技術 know-how 專利證書 certificate of patent 專利事務所 patent office 專利代理 patent agency 中華人民共和國專利局 Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China

商標權 trademark right 商標國際注冊 international registration of trademark

商品商標 commodity trademark 服務商標 service trademark 馳名商標 reputed trademark 廣告商標 advertisement trademark近似商標 similar trademark

商標評審委員會 trade review and appraisal board 商標審查 trademark examination

商標侵權 trademark infringement 商標注冊 registered trademark 商標公告 trademark gazette 注冊商標使用許可 licensing of registered trademark 注冊商標轉讓 assignment of registered trademark

商標使用許可協議trademark licensing agreement 商標事務所 trademark office 商標代理 trademark agency

婚姻、家庭、繼承、收養 marriage, family, inheritance, adoption 婚姻法 marital law;marriage law 包辦婚姻 arranged marriage

財產分割 partition;dismemberment of property 重婚 bigamy 獨生子女 only child

法律婚 legal marriage 非婚生子女 illegitimate child 夫妻共同財產 community property

夫妻關系 conjugal relationship 夫妻分居 divorce a mensa et thoro;divorce from bed and board 復婚 resumption of marriage 感情破裂 incompatibility

婚后財產公證 notarization of postnuptial properties 婚姻登記 marriage registration 婚生子女 ligitimate child 計劃生育 birth control 結婚 marry 離婚 divorce 買賣婚姻 mercenary marriage 擬制血親 blood relations in fiction of law

旁系血親 collateral relation blood relation 涉外婚姻 marriage with foreign elements 配偶 spouse 事實婚 de facto marriage 訴訟離婚 divorce by litigation

探視權 visitation right 同居 cohabitation 晚婚 late marriage 無效婚姻 void marriage 協議離婚 divorce by agreement 一夫一妻制 monogamy 早婚 early marriage 直系血親 lineal descent 自然血親 natural blood relation 收養法 adoption law 收養協議 adoption agreement 收養人 adoptive parent 送養人 person or institution placing out a child for adoption

涉外收養 adoption with foreign elements 繼承法 inheritance law;law of succession

法定繼承 legal seccession 遺囑繼承 intestate succession 遺贈繼承 succession by devise 自然繼承 natural succession 代位繼承 representation;succession by subrogation 世襲繼承 hereditary succession 間接繼承 indirect succession 轉繼承 subsuccession 共同繼承 joint succession 單獨繼承 single succession 繼承人 heir;successor

第二順序繼承人 successor second in order 第一順序繼承人 successor first in order 繼承參與人 succession participant 遺產 inheritance;heritage 遺產繼承人 heir to property;inheritor 遺言 last will and testament 遺書 last words 遺贈 bequest;legacy;devise 遺贈撫養協議 legacy-support ageement

四、商事法律

會計法 accounting law 稅法 tax law;taxation law 反不正當競爭法 anti-unfair competition law

消費者權益保護法 consumer’s interest protection law 產品責任法 production liability law 消費者權益法 consumer rights and interests law 公司法 company law;corporate law 公司 company;corporation 有限責任公司 limited liability company 股份有限公司 company limited by shares 無限公司 unlimited company

股份兩合公司 joint stock limited liability partnership 兩合公司 joint liability company 控股公司 holding company 集團公司 group company 合資公司 joint venture company 聯營公司 associated company;affiliated company 國營公司 state-own company 國有公司 state-owned company 民營公司 civilian-run company

本國公司 national/domestic company 外國公司 foreign company 上市公司 listed company 母公司 parent company 子公司 subsidiary 皮包公司 briefcase company;fundless company 募集設立 incorporation by stock floatation 發起人 floater;initiator 公司名稱 name of company 公司住址 domicile of company

出資 contribution;capital subscription現金出資 investment in cash

實物出資 investment in kind 工業產權出資 investment in industrial property right 非專有技術出資 investment in non-patent technology 勞務出資 investment in labor 高新技術成果出資 investment in hi-tech achievements 注冊資本 registered capital 實繳資本 paid-in capital 驗資報告 capital verification report

會計師事務所 certified public accountants 注冊會計師 certified public accountant 資本三原則 three doctrine of capital 資本確定原則 doctrine of capital determination

資本維持原則 doctrine of capital maintenance 資本不變原則 doctrine of unchanging capital 最低資本額制度 minimum capital system

公司章程 articles of association;articles of incorporation;bylaw

公司登記 incorporation;corporate registration 公司存續 existence of company

公司合并分立 merger and split of company 公司并購 corporate merger and acquisition 公司管理 corporate governance;company management 公司法律顧問 corporate counsel

公司整頓 company rectification 公司歇業 closure of business 公司和解 company composition

公司解散 company dissolution 公司清算 company liquidation 公司清理 company winding-up

競業禁止 non-commpete;competition prohibition 招股章程 prospectus 股本 stock capital 股東 shareholder 股東大會 shareholders’ meeting 股東大會決議 resolution of shareholders’ meeting

股東大會議事規則 rule of procedure of shareholders’ meeting 表決權 voting right;right to vote

董事 director 董事長 president/chairman of the board 首席執行官 chief executive officer(CEO)首席運營官 chief operation officer(COO)執行董事 executive director 常務董事 managing director 董事會 board of directors

董事會領導下的經理負責制 responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors

經理獨立負責制 manager independent responsibility system 監事 supervisor

監事會 board of supervisors 股 share;stock 普通股 common stock 特別股 special stock 資格股 qualification stock 優先股 preferred stock 劣后股 inferior stock

表決權股 stock with voting power 溢價股 premium stock 折價股 converting stock 國家股 state-owned share 集體股 collective share 法人股 corporate share 企業股 enterprise share 個人股 individual share 股息 dividend

紅股 bonus stock;dividend stock 法定公積金 legal accumulation fund

資本公積金 capital accumulation fund 盈余公積金 surplus accumulation fund 任意公積金 optional accumulation fund 公司犯罪 corporate crime

證券法 securities law

證券發行 issuance of securities 證券上市 list securities;float an issue

證券交易所 stock exchange 證券商 securities dealer 證券公司 securities company 證券承銷商 consortium of underwriters 證券承銷合同 underwriting contract 證券經紀人 securities broker 披露制度 disclosing system 交割日 closing date 風險投資基金 venture capital fund 上海證券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange

深圳證券交易所 Shenzhen Stock Exchange 證券監督委員會 securities supervision committee 票據法 law of negotiable instrument 票據 notes;bills;commercial instruments 商業票據 bill;commercial instrument 遠期票據 time bill;;long-dated bill

到期票據 matured bill 即期票據 sight bill 記名票據 bill payable to order;note to order 不記名票據 bearer instrument 本票 promissory note 支票 cheque

匯票 bill of exchange 發票日 ticket day 出票日 date of draft/issue 發票地 place of draft/issue

票據到期日 bill to mature 票據金額 sum of bill 票面價額 face value 票據出票人 drawer 票據持票人 bill holder 票據承兌人 bill acceptor 票據行為 act on commercial paper

承兌票據 honor a bill 票據議付 negotiation 拒付票據 protest a bill 票據付款人 drawee 票據支付人 payer on commercial instrument 票據收款人 bill collector

票據背書人 endorser/indorser of a bill 被背書人 endorsee 票據保證人 bill guarantor 票據被保證人 bill pledgee/warrantee 再追索人 renewed recourser 前手 remote holder 后手 subsequent endorser 票據權利 right of bill 票據期限 term of bill;tenor 票據債務人 debtor of commercial instrument 追索權 right of recourse

票據抗辯 exception to bill 票據喪失 loss of bill 票據時效 prescription of exchanges 票據貼現 discount of bill 再貼現 rediscount of bill 恩惠期間 term of benevolence 票據代理 agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments

海商法 maritime law

船舶國籍證書 certificate of registry;certificate of ship’s nationality 船棋國 flag country 船舶所有權證書certificate of ship ownership 船舶檢驗 register of ship 船舶保險 insurance on hull 船舶保險單 hull insurance policy

船舶登記證書 certificate of registry 船舶丈量 tonnage measurement of ships 船舶進港費 groundage 船舶抵押 ship mortgage 船舶租賃 ship chartering

船舶轉租 ship subchartering 船舶所有人責任限制 limitation of liabilities of ship owners 船舶碰撞 ship collision 船舶遇難 maritime distress 海上災難 perils of the sea 海上拖航 marine towage 船舶扣押 detention of ship 船舶債權 ship’s credit

船級社 classification society 船級證書 certificate of class 海上留置權 maritime lien 船舶留置權 maritime lien 船舶抵押權 maritime mortgage

海上優先請求權 priority claim to seagoing ships 救助優先權 priority claim to salvage 共同海損優先權 priority claim to general average 服務優先權 priority claim to service 貨物損害優先權 priority claim to cargo damage

傳播抵押借款和貨物抵押借款優先權 priority claim to ship credit and goods credit 海運合同 shipping contract 提單 bill of lading(B/L)空艙費 dead freight 租船費 charterage 租船合同 charter-party contract of affreightment

期租船合同 time charter-party;time CP 航次租船合同 voyage charter-party

定期租船合同 time charter-party 光船租船合同 bareboat charter-party;bareboat CP 包租運輸合同 shipping charter-party

海上旅客運輸合同 contract for carriage of passengers by sea

遠洋拖帶合同 contract of ocean towage 港內拖帶合同 contract of port towage 海難救助合同 salvage contract 海事報告 master’s protest;;sea protest

海事聲明書 sea protest 海事爭議 maritime dispute 海事法院 maritime court;;admiralty court 海事訴訟程序 maritime proceedings

船舶碰撞案件的民事管轄權 civil jurisdiction of sea collision 船舶碰撞案件的刑事管轄權 criminal jurisdiction of sea collision 海事爭議的審理 hearing/trial of maritime disputes 海事訴訟保全措施 measures for maritime attachment 海事優先請求權 preferential right top maritime claim

海事請求保全申請書 application/petition for maritime attachment

海事訴訟法律文書送達 service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings 涉外海事訴訟管轄權 jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements 強制變賣被扣押船舶 compulsory realization of the distrained ship 海事仲裁程序規則 rules of maritime arbitration procedure

保險法 insurance law

自愿保險 voluntary insurance 強制保險 compulsory insurance

商業保險 commercial insurance財產保險 property insurance 人身保險 personal insurance 人壽保險 life insurance 健康保險 health insurance 意外保險 accident insurance

社會保險 social insurance 養老保險 endowment insurance 醫療保險 medical insurance 失業保險 unemployment insurance 信用保險 credit insurance 保證保險 guaranty insurance 保險合同 insurance contract

保險人 insurer;underwriter 被保險人 the insured 受益人 benificiary 投保人 applicant for insurance;;policy holder

保險單 insurance policy 保險標的 insurance object 保險費 premium 保險期限 time limit of insurance 保險利益 insurable interest

保險金額 insurance;insurance compensation 保險事故 insurance accident

保險賠償 insurance indemnity 保險代理人 insurance agent 保險經紀人 insurance broker 索賠 claim 代位索賠 claim by subrogation 理賠 settlement of claim

代位求償權 right of subrogation 委付 abandonment 退保 cancellation/discharging of insurance

五、刑法總論

刑法學 criminal law;penal law

犯罪學 criminology 犯罪心理學 criminal psychology 勞動改造法學 reform-through-labor 中國刑法史 history of Chinese criminal law 比較刑法學 comparative criminal law 刑事偵查 criminal detection 司法精神病學 forensic psychiatry

罪刑法定原則 principal of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime 罪刑相適應原則 principal of suiting punishment to crime

罪責自負原則 principal of bearing responsibility solely for one’s own crime 懲罰與教育相結合原則 principal of combining punishment with education

從舊原則 the doctrine of observing old laws 從新原則 the doctrine of observing new laws 從舊兼從輕原則 the doctrine of observing old laws and new ones when with lighter punishment 從新兼從輕原則 the doctrine of observing new laws and old ones when with lighter punishment 追訴時效 limitation of prosecution 刑事責任 criminal liability/responsibility 刑事責任年齡 age for criminal responsibility

刑事責任能力 criminal responsibility;capacity for criminal responsibility

犯罪 crime;commit a crime 故意犯罪 intentional crime;willful crime 過失犯罪 negligent crime

犯罪構成 constitution of a crime 犯罪主體 subject of a crime 犯罪客體 object of a crime 犯罪的主觀方面 subjective elements of a crime 犯罪的客觀方面 objective elements of a crime 犯罪對象 target of a crime 犯罪故意 criminal intent;mens rea

直接故意 actual intent;direct intent 間接故意 indirect intent 犯罪過失 criminal negligence 疏忽大意的過失 careless negligence 過于自信的過失 negligence with undue assumption 不能預見 unforeseeable;unpredictable 不能避免 unavoidable 犯罪動機 criminal motive 犯罪目的 criminal intent;criminal purpose 防衛過當 unjustifiable self-defense

緊急避險 act of rescue;necessity 犯罪既遂 completion of a crime 犯罪未遂 attempted crime 犯罪形態 criminal pattern 犯罪預備 a crime in preparation;preparation for a crime 犯意表示 expression for a crime 犯罪中止 abandonment/discontinuance of a crime

犯罪中斷 suspension of a crime 行為犯 behavioral offence 危險犯 potential damage offence 結果犯 consequential offence結果加重犯 aggregated consequential offence 類推 analogy

第二篇：洛麗塔讀后感英文Law or Morality

Law or Morality

This is a story about redemption.Jean Valjean, Convicted for stealing a loaf of bread to feed his sister’s seven starving children and sent to prison for five years, he is paroled from prison nineteen years later.Rejected by society for being a former convict, he encounters Bishop Myriel, who turns his life around by showing him mercy and encouraging him to become a new man.He used to be a prisoner;no one is willing to take him in but Bishop Myriel.While Valjean stealing Bishop Myriel’s silver and caught by police, the old priest saves Valjean from being arrested.That is totally changed Valjean.He manages to start a new identity(Monsieur Madeleine)in order to pursue an honest life, after saving the two children of the head police officer in Montfermeil, who does not feel motivated to inquire into Monsieur Madeleine's past.He introduces some new manufacturing techniques and eventually builds two factories and becomes one of the richest men in the area.By popular acclaim he is made mayor.He has a face off with Javert over Fantine's punishment, turns himself in to the police to save another man from prison for life and rescues Cosette from the Thénardiers.To some degrees, I think Javert is just not in human nature to work for a lifetime in order to catch Valjean.The guilt he has ever had is offset by what he has done.But Javert is a police inspector, his mission is catch prisoner.It’s cruel for him to have an option between law and

morality.Javert is in a situation in which he knows that the lawful course is immoral.Actually he is touched by Valjean.As a result, His inner conflict leads him to take his own life by jumping into the River Seine.At first I don’t understand why Valjean choose to kill himself.I think it might be redemption for his guilt.In my opinion, Valjean is not just an abstract person;he represents the working people, who are always exploited by the dark society.They have kind personality but were killed by dark.I firmly convinced that Valjean’ life is not miserable for he had respected by people.What is miserable is the pathetic society swallowed so many pure hearts.

第三篇：廣告業常用英文術語

AAAA America Association of Advertising 美國／廣告代理商協會

advertising 廣告、廣告活動

advocacy advertising 倡導型廣告

Account Executive 客戶主管

Account planning 客戶策劃

Account Services 客戶部

Advertise 廣告主

Advertising Department 企業廣告部

agency 廣告代理商

Art Director 美術指導

Assistant Partner 董事助理

bid [bid] 廣告競標

business-to-business advertising(B2B advertising)B2B廣告

brand image 品牌映象

capitalism 資本本主義，資本運營

commercial advertising 商業廣告

communication process 傳播過程

comparative advertising 比較廣告

consumer advertising 消費品廣告

consumerism 消費模式

customer 顧客

Chief Executive Officer(CEO)首席執行長官

Chief Financial Officer(CFO)首席財務官

client 客戶

Copywriter 廣告撰告人

Creative Department 創作部

Creative Director 創意總監

deceptive advertising 虛假廣告

department 部門

design 設汁稿

data 數據

director 主管

end-user 最終用戶、實際使用者

industrial advertising 工業廣告

institutional advertising 社團機構廣告

Management Supervisor 管理監督 Market share 市場占有率

Marketing 營銷

Media Department 媒介部

media planning 媒體策劃

media 媒介

national advertising 全國性廣告

noncommercial advertising 非商業廣告

pitch 提案

professional advertising 業服務型廣告

public service advertising(PSA)公益廣告

puffery 吹捧式的廣告

qualitative 定性的quantitative 定量的Research Department 調查部

retail advertising 零售商廣告

Sister agency 同屬同-集團的廣告公司

supplier 制作公司

Traffic Department 流程協調部

Brainstorming 頭腦風暴法

Campaign 廣告攻勢

Commercial 影視廣告片

coupon 贈券、折價券

logo 品牌標識

magazine 雜志

media budge 媒體預算

media mix 媒體組合medium 媒體(指某個媒體)metropolitan 大都會的outdoor 戶外媒體

promotion 推廣 用品

public relations(PR．)公共關系

radio 廣播媒體

Situation Analysis 背景分析

Slogan 廣告口號

Television program 電視節目

Website [websait] 主頁，網站

Drive-time 交通高峰時間 So big 做大

Numbers 數據

Yeah 是的(對啦)A priori 先驗估汁(演繹法)A posteriori 實測值(歸納法)Code 編號

debranding 品牌屏蔽測試

depth Interview 深度訪談

desk research 案頭調研

dichotomous question 兩分問題

double-barreled question 兩難問題

double-blind 雙盲測試(指實驗組和對照組)fatigue bias 疲勞偏差

fieldwork 現場調查

focus group 焦點小組

interview 訪談

market research 市場調查

mystery shopping 以購物為掩護的調查

observation 觀察

panel 重復凋查樣本群

participant 參與者

population 總人口，總體

sample 抽樣誤差

skew 歪曲

survey 調查

tabulation 統計制表

boil down to 歸結為

hard-and-fast 明確易懂

pretty much 大致上

analysis 分析

community relation 社區關系

competitor 競爭者、對于

content integration 軟性廣告

cost effective 廣告成本效益

creative 創意

government relations 政府關系

grass roots marketing 貼身式營銷

industry 行業

integrated marketing communication 整合營銷傳播

litigation 起沂，訴訟 markets 市場組合media service 媒介代理

merger 企業合并

online advertising 在線廣告

point-of-purchase（pop）焦點廣告

position 定位

print平面廣告媒體

publics 公眾群體

strategic philanthropy 策略性公益事業

strategy 策略、策劃

target audience 目標受眾

web design 網站設計

digital 數字化

co-marketing 聯袂營銷

conference 會議

consulting 咨詢

corporate identity 企業識別

culture-specific 文化(民族)特性

demographic marketing 人口統汁特征營銷

direct mail(DM)直郵廣告

direct marketing 直銷

event planning 活動策劃

exhibition stand 展臺

integrated branding 整合品牌傳播

internal corporate communications 企業內部溝通

investor relations 股東關系

nontraditional 非傳統的packaging 包裝

product placement 產品涉入

promotion 活動

psychographic 心理統汁的retail 零售

retail space 零售市場區域

sales promotion 促銷活動

sponsorship 贊助

trade channels 業務渠道

vertical publications 行業刊物

viral marketing 傳染式營銷

best face forward 展現最佳面貌

speak with One voice 統一傳播口徑

the edge 優勢 top to bottom 自上而下

Billboard 廣告路牌

Blow in card 報刊廣告插頁

Bulldog edition 報紙的早發版

Car card [ka：ka：d] 車廂廣告

Counter advertising 異議式、對抗式廣告

Display advertisement 陳列式廣告

Electric spectacular 霓虹燈廣告

Free-standing insert 非裝訂廣告插頁

House organ 企業專刊(雜志)Insert 廣告插頁

Island display(超市內)堆頭式陳列

mail-order advertising 郵購廣告

network 電(視)臺網

out-of-home advertising 家外媒體

painted bulletin 手繪廣告牌

panel 廣告牌

pass-along reader 傳閱讀者

poster panel 用印刷畫 面拼貼的廣告牌

shelf screamers 貨架插件廣告物

supplementary media 輔助媒體(非大眾傳媒)vehicle 廣告載體

count out 清點，算出

make it through the day 過一整天

pass．．．off to 把……給出

pass-along reader 傳閱讀者

poster panel 用印刷四畫面拼貼的廣告牌

shelf screamers 貨架插件廣告物

supplementary media 輔助媒體

vehicle 廣告載體

count to 清點，算出

make it through the day 過一整天

pass．．．off to 把……給出

ad planning 廣告策劃

admen 廣告人

appeal 訴求

consumer behavior 消費者行為

copy platform 文案大綱

creative stratgy 創意策略

DAGMAR 廣告效果評估體系 Day part 時段

Decay constant 衰退常數

hierarchy-of-effect theory 效果層級理論

infomercial 電視直銷節日

market profile 市場狀況

market segmentation 市場細分

persuasion process 勸服過程

primary demand advertising 品類訴求廣告

product-related segmentation 產品消費量細分

seasonality 季節性

selective demand advising 選樣性訴求(品牌)廣告

soft sell 軟銷，感受型廣告

strategic planning 戰略策劃

teaser campaign 懸念式(調味)廣告攻勢

rule-of thumb 經驗法則

brand manager 品牌經理

corporate advising 企業廣告

family brand 多品類品牌

generic brand 非名牌(產品)green advertising 綠色策略式廣告

image advertising 形象廣告

line 產品系列

name-brand 名牌

national brand 全國性品牌

parity 同等

private brand 零售商自有品牌

product different 產品差異

product management品牌管理

product positioning 產品定位

reference group 參照組

tagline(廣告)行動口號

top-the-line 頂級的trade character 吉祥物

utility 好處，用途

really do something with 確實能用它做些文章

zccumulation 受眾數(特定周期內)audience duplication 重復受眾 brand development index 品牌成長指數

category development index(CDI)銷量成長指數

coverage 覆蓋率，覆蓋范圍

cumulative coverage 累計（總）覆蓋率

exposure 告顯露次數

frequency 廣告頻次

gross audience 受眾總量

gross impression 總印象

gross rating points 總收視點

loyalty index 忠誠度

mags 雜志(簡寫)

media concentration theory 媒體集合理論

media dominance theory 媒介優勢理論

media plan 媒體計劃

net unduplicated audience 受眾

participation 參與

program delivery rate 節目到達率

reach 到達

turnover 受眾流失

overall 全部的

rerunning numbers 復核---的數據

archetype 標準受眾，原型

availability 空余時段

back-to-back 廣告連播

chain break 節目提示標板

circulation 發行量

continuity 持續型排期

continuous advertising 持續型廣告

fresh 新穎的

fringe time 非黃金時段

holding power 節目(頻道)凝聚力

holdover audience 既有觀眾

inherited audience 既有觀眾

open end 節日提示語廣告時段

piggyback 同一客戶廣告連播

prime time 黃金時報

pulsing 欄柵式(或間隔式)排期

roadblock 攔路廣告

run-of-schedule(ROS)非指定時段

staggered schedule 交錯排期 wave scheduling 波浪式排期

wear out 廣告磨損

ln lieu Of 代替

buried position 被淹沒的廣告位

column inch 欄／英寸(報紙廣告單位)double truck 雙頁／，告(跨頁)facing 一個廣告牌(戶外媒體單位)franchised position 專用廣告位置

insertion平面媒體廣告次數

insertion order 廣告版位定購

island position 獨立廣告版位

lifestyle segmentation 生活形態細分

local advertising 地方性廣告

make good 補償廣告

media buy 媒體購買

media buying service 媒體購買代理

narrow casting 小范圍播放(窄播)preferred position 首選廣告版位

readership 讀者人數

representative 媒體銷售代表

run-of-press 隨意安置的廣告版位

split run 分版刊登

spread[spred] 雜志跨頁

card rate 廣告市價

combination 套裝廣告價

controlled circulation 定向發行量

cost per point(CPP)每收視點成本

cost per thousand(CPM)每千人成本

earn rate 媒體折扣價

flat rate 統一價格

grid card 電波廣告刊例

guaranteed circulation 承諾發行量

horizontal publication 橫向出版物

AA（Account Assistant）客戶助理

Action Plan 行動方案

AD（Account Director）客戶總監

Add Value 附加價值

Ads（Advertisement）廣告

Advertorial付費軟文

AE（Account Executive）客戶代表、客戶主任 Agency 代理商

AM（Account Manager）客戶經理

Analysis Tools分析工具

Announcement 公告

Annual Report年報

AP(Asia-Pacific)亞太區

AR List 任務清單

ATL(Above the Line)線上活動

Attachment附件

Audience Awareness公眾認知度

Auto Industry 汽車行業

Awareness 認知

Background Analysis 背景分析

Background material 背景材料

Benchmark測試基準

BI(Behavior Identity)企業行為識別系統

Bidding 競標

Bio個人簡歷

Boilerplate公司簡介（附在新聞稿后面的關于該公司的簡短介紹）

Brand Communications Strategy品牌傳播戰略

Brand Loyalty品牌忠誠度

Brand Management Commission品牌管理委員會

Brand Management Consulting Firm品牌管理顧問公司

Brand Management品牌管理

Brand Planning/Designing品牌策劃/設計

Brand Positioning Survey品牌定位調查

Brand Positioning 品牌定位

Brand Promotion品牌推廣

Branding Strategy品牌戰略

Briefing Kit資料包

Briefing情況介紹

BTL(Below the Line)線下活動

BU（Business Unit）業務部門

Bulletin公告欄

Bundle 附贈品

Business E-Mail 商務電郵

Business Model商業計劃

Business Philosophy 經營哲學

Business Strategy 經營戰略

Campaign 公關或營銷活動

Career Development 職業發展

Career Planning職業計劃

Case study案例研究

Category 類別 Celebration 慶典活動

CEO Reputation Management CEO聲譽管理

CEO's Arrangement CEO接待

Channel 渠道

Chart 幻燈片中的頁面

China Golden Awards For Excellence in Public Relations中國最佳公共關系案例大賽

China International Public Relations Congress中國國際公共關系大會

CI（Corporate Identity）企業形象

CIPRA（China International Public Relations Association）中國國際公共關系協會

CIS（Corporate Identity Sysetm）企業形象識別系統

Client Database Management客戶數據管理

Client Oriented Strategy客戶導向戰略

Client Relations Development System客戶關系開發系統

Client Relations Evaluation System客戶管理評價系統

Client Relations Maintenance System客戶關系維護系統

Client Relations Management System客戶關系管理系統

Client Relations Management客戶管理管理

Client Relations Precaution System客戶管理預警系統

Client Relations Supporting System客戶管理支持系統

Client Relations客戶關系

Client Satisfaction Management客戶滿意度管理

Clipping Report剪報報告

Closing Phase結束階段

Code of Conduct行為準則

Code of Ethics 職業道德

Communication Model 傳播模式

Communications Kit新聞夾

Communications Management 傳播管理

Communications Regions傳播地域

Communications Strategy傳播戰略

Community Relations社區關系

Competitor競爭對手

Confidential 保密的、機密的Confidential Items保密條款

Consecutive Interpretation交互式翻譯

Consultant顧問

Consumer Buying Process 顧客購買過程

Consumer Database顧客數據

Consumer Orientation消費者導向

Consumers/Dealers Assembly用戶/經銷商大會

Contact Person 聯系人

Continuous Education繼續教育

Controlling Phase 控制階段

Coordination Communicating協調溝通 Copywriter 文案

Copywriting公關文案

Core Competitiveness核心競爭力

Core Media核心媒體

Corporate Affairs企業事務

Corporate Image企業形象

Corporate Profile公司簡介

Corporate Reputation企業聲譽

Corporate Video 宣傳片

Cost Control成本控制

Cost Management成本管理

Creative & Design創意設計

Credential公司或個人簡介

Crisis Control 危機控制

Crisis Management Office危機管理辦公室

Crisis Management Planning危機管理策劃

Crisis Management Team危機管理小組

Crisis Management危機管理

Crisis Research危機研究

Crisis Statement危機聲明

Customer testimonial客戶證言

Datasheet宣傳頁

Decoration 現場布置（裝飾）

Demand Generation

Demo Booth 產品演示臺

Diagnosis診斷

Director總監

Distributor 分銷商

DM（Direct mailing）直郵

Domain Name Registration 域名注冊

Donation捐贈

EC（East China)華東

Editorial Calendar媒體刊登計劃

Effective Communications有效傳播

Employee Compensation員工薪酬

Employee Relations員工關系

Environment Analysis環境分析

Environment Issues環境問題

Ethics of the Profession 職業道德

Event Management事件管理

Event Planning 事件策劃

Event事件、活動

Executing Phase 執行階段

Execution 執行 Executive President 執行總裁

Fact Sheet資料（數字或其他材料）

FAQ 常見問題問答

Fashion Business時尚產業

Feature article 深度文章

Feature文章類型中的通訊

Finance Management財務管理

Financial Communications財經傳播

Flyer 宣傳單頁

Follow-up跟進

Forum 論壇

GCG（Grand China）大中國區

Glossary詞匯表

Government Affairs政府事務

Government PR 政府公關

Government Relations政府關系

Govt（Government）政府

Graphics圖形文件

Greetings問候語

Health Care醫療保健

High Tech高科技

Hospital PR 醫院公關

Human Resource Management人力資源管理

IMC(Integrated Marketing Communications)整合營傳播

Implementation實施

Incentive Plan激勵計劃

Industry Participation行業參與

Initiating Phase 初始階段

INPUTS Evaluation Tools輸入級評估工具

Integration Management整合管理

Interactive PR 網上互動公關

Internal Magazine內部期刊

Internal Communications System內部傳播系統

Internal Communications內部傳播

Internal Film內部電影

Internal PR 內部公關

International PR國際公關

Internet Communications網絡傳播

Internet Media Communications 網媒傳播

Interpersonal Communications人際傳播

Interpreter翻譯

Interview 專訪或面試

Introduction Lantern宣傳幻燈

Investor Relations投資者關系 Invitation Letter 邀請

IPR（Institute of Public Relations）英國公共關系協會

IPRA（International Public Relations Association）國際公共關系協會

Issue Diagnosis問題診斷

Issues Management問題管理

ISV（Individual Software Vendor）獨立軟件開發商

Job Evaluation績效考核

Journalist記者

Key Media關鍵媒體

Key Messages 關鍵信息

Keynote Speaker主題演講人

Keynote Speech主題演講

LA（Large Account）大客戶

LE（Large Enterprise）大客戶

Leadership 領導者

Legal Duty法律義務

Life Cycle of the Products 產品生命周期

Lobby游說

Logo標識

Long Term Program長期項目

Lucky Draw 抽獎

Marcomm（Marketing Communications）營銷傳播

Market Analysis Report市場分析報告

Marketing Communications Mix營銷傳播組合Marketing Communications營銷傳播

Marketing Strategy 市場營銷戰略

Marketshare 市場份額

Mass Media大眾媒體

MB（Medium business）中客戶

MC（Master of Ceremonies）主持人

MC（Middle China）華中

MD（Managing Director）董事總經理、執行董事

Media Assistant媒介助理

Media Analysis媒體分析

Media Communications Strategy媒體傳播戰略

Media Communications媒體傳播

Media Coverage 媒體覆蓋率

Media Director 媒介總監

Media Executive媒介代表、媒介主任

Media Inquiry媒體垂詢

Media Kit媒體資料包

Media List媒體名單

Media Manager媒介經理

Media Monitor媒體監測 Media Relations媒介關系

Media Research媒體研究

Media Tour媒體拜訪或媒體外出巡游

Media媒體

Meeting Agenda會議議程

Meeting Minutes 會議記錄

Merchandise促銷物品

Methodology方法論

MI(Mind Identity)企業理念識別

MI（Media Index)企業媒體聲望指數

Mindshare 品牌影響力份額

Miscellaneous 雜費

Monthly Report月報

Multifunctional Task Force多職能任務小組

National Standards of the PR Professional Qualification國家公共關系職業資格標準

NC（North China）華北

NE（Northeast China）東北

Negative Report負面報道

New Product Launch新產品發布

News Clipping新聞剪報

News Release新聞發布

Newsletter通訊

No-profit PR 非營利機構公關

Norms of Excellent PR Management 卓越公共關系管理標準

NW（Northwest China）西北

Objective Diagnosis目標診斷

Offering 服務內容

On Site現場

Online Advertisement 線上廣告

Online Communications線上傳播

Online Marketing Communications 線上營銷傳播

Online media網絡媒體

Online Roadshow 網上路演

Online Survey網上調查

OOP（Out-of-Pocket）雜費、日常工作發生的成本

Open-day Visits開放日參觀

Opinion Leader輿論領袖

OUTCOMES Evaluation Tools輸出級評估工具

OUTPUTS Evaluation Tools效果級評估工具

Outsourcing 外包

OV（One Voice）一個聲音

Photo Library圖片庫

Planning Phase 策劃階段

Polish文案潤色 POP(Point Of Purchase Advertising)導購點廣告

Positioning定位

Post Event 善后工作

Poster 海報

Postmortem 會后書面的簡短總結報告

Postscript后記

PR Agency公關公司

PR Consulting Market公關顧問服務市場

PR Consulting Practice公關顧問實務

PR Consulting Service公關顧問服務

PR Consulting Tools公關顧問工具

PR Directorr 公共關系總監

PR Evaluation公關評估

PR Event 公關活動

PR Guideline公關方針

PR Management Working Code公關管理工作準則

PR Manager 公共關系經理

PR Procedure公關流程

PR Proposal公關建議書

PR Supervisor 公共關系主管

Pre Event前期工作

Pre-evaluation 預評估

Preface前言

Presentation 演示、陳述

President 總裁

Press Conference新聞發布會

Press Kit媒體新聞夾

Press Release新聞稿

Print Media平面媒體

Priority 優先的

Procurement Management預警管理

Product Test產品評測

Profession Responsibility 職業義務

Professional Association 專業協會

Professional Certification 職業認證

Professional Consultant 專業顧問

Professional fee專業服務費

Professional Grading專業等級

Project Life Cycle項目生命周期

Project Management項目管理

Project Owner項目委托人

Project Title項目標題

Project公關項目

Proposal公關建議書 PRSA（Public Relations Society of America）美國公共關系協會

Pubic Opinion公眾輿論

Public Affairs公共事務

Public Relations Consulting公關顧問

Public Relations Crisis公關危機

Public Relations Management公關管理

Public Relations公共關系

Public Utility公用事業

Publicity宣傳

Q&A問題問答

Qualified Project Manager合格的項目經理

Quality Control質量控制

Quality Management質量管理

Questionnaire調查問卷

Quotation報價

Real Estate房地產

Recommendatory 推薦信

Recruitment招募

Reference參考資料

Rehearsal預演、彩排

Report報告

Reputation Management 聲譽管理

Research Tools研究工具

Reseller 經銷商

Retainer長期客戶

Review回顧、總結

Risk Management風險管理

Roadshow巡展、路演

Rude question 不友好的問題

SAE（Senior Account Executive）高級客戶代表、高級客戶主任

SAM（Senior Account Manager）高級客戶經理

SB（Small business）小客戶

SC（South China）華南

Scope Management范疇管理

Seminar研討會

Senior Consultant高級顧問

Senior Media Executive高級媒介代表

Senior Media Manager高級媒介經理

Senior Vice President 高級副總裁

Shareholders利益關系人

Simultaneous interpretation同聲傳譯

Slide 幻燈片

Slogan口號

Social Activities社會活動 Social Responsibility社會責任

Source Materials客戶提供的輔助資料

Souvenirs & Gifts 紀念品和禮品

SOV（Share of Voice）

Speaking with One Voice 用一個聲音說話

Spokes Person Tips發言人技巧

Spokesperson發言人

Sponsorship Planning贊助策劃

Sponsorship 贊助

Strategic Consulting戰略咨詢

Strategy Communications Systems戰略傳播系統

Strategy 戰略

Success Story成功故事

Summary 簡介、概述

Supplier 供應商

Survey調查

SW（Southwest China）西南

SWOT analysis優勢、劣勢、機遇、威脅分析

Synopsis概要總結

Target Audience 目標受眾

Task Marketing任務營銷

TBD（To be Detail）需更詳細信息

Team 小組、團隊

Technical Article技術文章

Theme 主題

Time Management管理

Time Sheet時間管理表

Two-way Asymmetry雙向非平衡模式

Two-way Communications雙向傳播

Two-way Symmetry雙向平衡模式

Vendor 供應商

Venue 會議地點

Vertical media行業媒體

VI(Visual Identity)視覺識別

VIP Speech 講話稿

Virtual Computer虛擬主機

Vision愿景

Voiceshare 曝光信息份額

VP（Vice President）副總裁

VSB（Very small business）特小客戶、超小客戶

Website Construction網站建設

Whitepaper白皮書

Workshops工作研討

Worldwide 全球

特寫feature articles 以貨代款in kind

機構廣告institutional advertising

前期市場企業廣告market prep corporate advertising 營銷公關marketing public relation 新聞簡報news/press release 意見抽樣opinion sampling 招貼posters

傳媒炒作press agentry 傳媒工具press/media kit 公共事務public affairs

公共關系戶public relations

公共關系廣告public relations advertising 宣傳publicity 公眾publics

招聘廣告recruitment advertising 聲望經營reputation management 撰寫講演稿speechwriting 賽場營銷venue marketing

新聞通報錄像video news release 執行證明書affidavit of performance 受眾構成audience composition 受眾占有率audience share 時間表avails

一刻平均聽眾數average quarter-hour audience 一刻平均收聽率average quarter-hour rating 一刻平均占有率average quarter-hour share 交換辛迪加barter syndication 無線電視broadcast TV 有線電視cable TV 單位成本CPP 千人成本CPM

累積聽眾數cumulative persons 累積收聽率cumulative rating 時段組合day-part mix

預定市場區域designated market areas 班車時間drive time

首播辛迪加first-run syndication 形象移植imagery transfer 信息式廣告informercial 互相連接interconnect 廣播電視網networks

網外辛迪加off-network syndication 協辦participation basis 占位價格preemption rate 黃金時段prime time 節目式廣告PLA

節目收率視program rating

節止編排形式programming formats 視聽率調查服務公司rating services 電臺指定時間run-of-station 受眾總數total audience

總體受眾計劃total audience plan 廣告網絡ad networks 廣告查詢ad request 橫幅廣告banner

商業回郵件business reply mail

分類廣告Web站classified ad Web site 編輯名錄compiled lists

立體創意直郵creative dimensional direct mailing 數字互動媒介digital interactive media 直郵廣告direct-mail advertising 內部刊物house organs 互動電視interactive TV 互聯網Internet

互聯網服務供應商Internet service provider 銷售信函sales letters

廣告禮品advertising specialty 展臺booths

路牌bulletin structure

車內尾部招貼car-end posters 電影貼片廣告cinema advertising 陳列媒介exhibitive media 全面登場full showing 車內廣告牌inside cards

戶外媒介out-of-home media 車體招貼outside posters 包裝packaging 獎品premiums

標準戶外廣告standardized outdoor advertising 成品招貼stock posters 優惠贈券take-ones

商業展示會trade shows 交通廣告transit advertising 廣告英語術語——媒介策劃用語

廣告印象advertising impression

廣告反應曲線advertising response curve 注意度attention value 受眾audience

受眾目標audience objectives

品牌開發指數brand development index 品種開發指數category development index 發行量circulation

成本效益cost efficiency 單位成本cost per point 千人成本cost per thousand 創意組合creative mix

分布目標distribution objectives 有效頻次effective frequency 有效到達率effective reach 暴露值exposure value 頻次frequency 市場markets 組合mechanics 媒介media

媒介策劃media planning 媒介載體media vehicles

AE——Account Executive——客戶代表，或客戶執行。

Account Group——業務小組。

Appeal Point——訴求點。

Brain Storming——動腦會議。

Brand Image——品牌形象。

CF——Commercial Film——廣告影片，不是電視廣告腳本，Commerc ial Script是電視廣告腳本。

Competitive Presentation——比稿。

Copywriter——文案（撰文人員）。

CI——Corporate Identity——企業識別。

Creative Boutique——創意工作室。

Direct Response Advertising——直效廣告。

Director——指導。

指導有以下各專業職位：

Account Director（業務指導）Creative Director（創意指導）Arts Director（美術指導）

Copy Director（文案指導）Media Director（媒體指導）Planning Director（企劃指導）

Finisher——完稿員。

Layout——構圖。

Presentation——提案。

Public Service Advertising——公益廣告。

Supervisor——總監。Account Supervisor（業務總監）

Creative Supervisor（創意總監）

Media Supervisor（媒體總監）

Planning Supervisor（企劃總監）

Research Supervisor（調查總監）

Target Market——目標市場。

Traffic Control Specialist（一般簡稱Traffic）——制管人員。

廣告訊息advertisingmessage 藝術art

藝術方向artdirection 藝術家artist

美術總監artdirector 大創意bigidea

頭腦風暴法brainstorming

傳播媒介communicationsmedia 概念化conceptualization 方案人員copywriter 創意綱要creativebrief 創意總監creativedirector 創意過程creativeprocess 創意金字塔creativepyramid 創意creative 創造creativity

感性訴求emotionalappeals 控險家explorer

事實型思維fact-basedthinking 信息性informational

訊息戰略messagestrategy 產品概念productconcept 理性訴求rationalappeals 目標受眾targetaudience 文字的verbal 樣片animatic

利益式標題benefitheadlines 正文bodycopy 粗體boldface

照相制版camera-readyart 表演綱要castingbrief

命令式標題commandheadlines 末稿comprehensivelayout/comp 演示demonstration 設計design

技巧式正文devicecopy

對白/獨白式正文dialog/monologcopy 旁白donut 標題headline 吸引技巧hook 圖標icon

插圖畫家illustrators

企業形象式正文institutionalcopy 整合廣告integratedcommercial 內容段落interiorparagraphs 斜體italic 歌謠式jingles 肩題kicker 布局圖layout

預備段落lead-inparagraph

生活方式式技法lifestyletechniques 標志logotypes

助記手段mnemonicdevice

音樂式廣告musicalcommercials 音樂標志musicallogo 敘述式正文narrativecopy

新聞/信息式標題news/informationheadlines 出鏡頭oncamera 拼版pasteup

攝影師photographers

圖片說明式正文picture-captioncopy 方框圖片式布局picture-windowlayout 招貼式格式poster-styleformat

主持人式廣告presentercommercial 啟發式標題provocativeheadlines 疑問式標題questionheadlines 廣播人物radiopersonality 腳本script 印簽seal

簽名signaturecuts 生活片段sliceoflife 口號slogans

故事板storyboard

故事板草圖storyboardroughs

直截了當式straightannouncement 直接推銷式正文straight-sellcopy 副標題subhead 標題句taglines 證言testimonial 正文text

主題句themelines 小樣thumbnail 收尾trialclose 圖形部分visuals 旁白voiceover

模擬校樣analogproof 動畫animation 合成片answerprint 光圈aperture

音控臺audioconsole 底片baseart 出血版bleeds 藍線blueline

照相排版術camera-readyart 字計算式charactr-countmethod 電影攝影師cinematographer 截止期closingdate 色基colorkey

分色colorseparation 連續調continuoustones 控制室controlroom 組排copycast

封面紙coverpaper

青、黃、紅、黑印刷CYMKprinting 數字媒介digitalmedia 數字校樣digitalproof

數碼視頻效應裝置DVEunits 導演director

特排字體displaytype 復制帶dubs 拷貝dupes

電子制作electronicproduction 曬版臺紙flats 一套鉛字font

四色印刷four-colorprocess 網目凸版halfoneplate 網屏halftonescreen 互動電視interactiveTV 任務夾jobjacket 出格kerning 電腦亭kiosk 加空鉛leading 硬性軟片linefilm 線畫版lineplate 實景真人liveaction 外景地location 制片場lot

指令mandatories

公共場所massaudiencevenue 母帶mastertape

合成樣片mixedinterlock 助記手段mnemonicdevice

多媒體演示multimediapresentation 正色投影膠片orthographicfilm 透明塑料膜overlay

個人場所personalaudiencevenue 平臺使用費platformlicensing

后期制作階段postproductionphase 開印前階段prepressphase 預備階段preproductionphase

印刷制作經理printproductionmanager 印刷制作過程printproductionprocess 非公開場所privateaudiencevenue 制片人producer

制作階段productionphase 復映復播追加酬金residualfee 反差套印reverseknockout 無襯線字體sansserif 最低合同工資scale 襯線字體serif 一場session

特技specialeffects 插播廣告spots 剝版stripping 疊supers

演播人員talent

自動臺詞提示器teleprompter 課本紙textpaper 正文字體texttype 合套trap

字系typefamilies 排印工藝typography 網頁Webpage

單詞計算式word-countmethod 工作樣片workprint 書寫紙writingpaper 社論式廣告advertorial

倡導廣告advocacyadvertising 伏擊式營銷ambushmarketing 視聽材料audiovisualmaterials 公告牌bulletingboards

社會參與communityinvolvement 企業廣告corporateadvertising

企業識別廣告corporateidentityadvertising 廣告印象advertising impression

廣告反應曲線advertising response curve 注意度attention value 受眾audience

受眾目標audience objectives 間歇式排期blinking

品牌開發指數brand development index 集中式bursting

品種開發指數category development index 發行量circulation 創意組合creative mix

分布目標 distribution objectives 有效頻次effective frequency 有效到達率effective reach 暴露值exposure value 起伏式flighting schedule 頻次frequency

總印象gross impressions 組合mechanics 媒介media

媒介策劃media planning 媒介載體media vehicles 訊息力度message weight

組合媒介法mixed-media approach 資金money

看見機會 opportunity to see 脈沖式pulsing schedule 視聽率rating 到達率reach

每冊讀者數readers per copy 近期策劃recency planning 路障式roadblocking 外溢媒介spillover media 增效效應synergy

電視戶television households 態度 attitude

品牌興趣 brand interest 品牌忠誠 brand loyalty

企業市場 business markets 影響中心 centers of influence

有意勸服路徑 central route to persuation 認知 cognition

消費行為 consumer behavior

消費者決策過程 consumer decision

第四篇：成本會計 英文術語

成本會計 中英文術語

非正常毀損Abnormal spoilage 生產成本法Absorption costing 賬戶分析法Account analysis method 會計回報率Accounting rate of return 權責發生制下會計回報率Accrual accounting rate of return 作業Activity 作業基礎的預算管理Activity-based budgeting 作業成本法Activity-based costing 作業管理Activity-based management 實際成本Actual cost 實際成本法Actual costing 調整分配率途徑Adjusted allocation-rate approach 允許的成本Allowable cost 鑒定成本Appraisal costs 擬構成本Artificial costs 注意力導向Attention directing 自治Autonomy平均成本Average cost平均等候時間Average waiting time 反沖成本法Backflush costing平衡記分卡Balanced scorecard 批次級成本Batch-level costs 觀念系統Belief systems 標桿管理Benchmarking 賬面價值Book value 瓶頸Bottleneck 邊界系統Boundary systems 盈虧平衡點Breakeven point 預算Budget 預算成本Budgeted cost 預算松弛Budgetary slack 預算間接成本分配率Budgeted indirect-cost rate 捆綁產品Bundled product 業務功能成本Business function costs 副產品Byproducts 資本預算Capital budgeting 儲囤成本Carrying costs 現金預算Cash budget

因果圖Cause-and-effect diagram 財務管理認證Certified in financial management

注冊管理會計師Certified management accountant

財務總監Chief financial officer

決定系數Coefficient of determination 共謀定價Collusive pricing 共同成本Common cost

完整往復成本Complete reciprocated costs 合成單位Composite unit 商討會法Conference method 遵循質量Conformance quality 常數Constant

固定毛利率NRV法Constant gross-margin percentage NRV method 約束條件Constraint

滾動預算Continuous budget, rolling budget 貢獻收益表Contribution income statement 邊際貢獻Contribution margin

單位邊際貢獻Contribution margin per unit 邊際貢獻率Contribution margin percentage 邊際貢獻比例Contribution margin ratio 控制Control

控制圖Control chart 可控性Controllability

可控成本Controllable cost 主計長Controller

加工成本Conversion costs 成本Cost

成本會計Cost accounting

成本會計標準委員會Cost accounting standards board

成本匯集Cost accumulation 成本分配Cost allocation

成本分配基礎Cost-allocation base 成本分配基礎Cost-application base 成本歸集Cost assignment

成本－收益權衡Cost-benefit approach 成本中心Cost center 成本動因Cost driver 成本估計Cost estimation 成本函數Cost function 成本層級Cost hierarchy 成本流入Cost incurrence 成本領先Cost leadership 成本管理Cost management 成本對象Cost object 資本成本Cost of capital 產品制造成本Cost of goods manufactured 成本庫Cost pool 成本預測Cost predictions 成本追溯Cost tracing 質量成本Costs of quality, quality costs 本量利分析Cost-volume-profit(CVP)analysis 累計平均時間學習模型Cumulative average-time learning model 當前成本Current cost 客戶成本層級Customer cost hierarchy 客戶生命周期成本Customer life-cycle costs 客戶盈利分析Customer-profitability analysis 客戶回應時間Customer-response time 客戶服務Customer service 分權Decentralization 決策模型Decision model 決策表Decision table 經營杠桿水平Degree of operating leverage 分母水平Denominator level 生產數量差異Denominator-level variance, Output-level overhead variance, Production-volume variance 因變量Dependent variable 產品或服務設計Design of products, services, or processes 設計質量Design quality 設計鎖定成本Designed-in costs, locked-in costs 診斷控制系統Diagnostic control systems 差異成本Differential cost 差異收入Differential revenue 直接分配法Direct allocation method 直接成本法Direct costing 成本對象的直接成本Direct costs of a cost object 直接生產人工成本Direct manufacturing labor costs 直接材料成本Direct material costs

直接材料存貨Direct material inventory 直接材料混合差異Direct material mix variance

直接材料產量差異Direct material yield variance

直接法Direct method 折現率Discount rate

現金流量折現法Discounted cash flow(DCF)methods

酌量性成本Discretionary costs 發送Distribution 減少規模Downsizing

向下需求旋轉Downward demand spiral 雙重定價Dual pricing

雙成本分配率法Dual-rate cost-allocation method, dual-rate method 傾銷Dumping

次優化決策制定Dysfunctional decision making, Incongruent decision making, suboptimal decision making

經濟訂單數量Economic order quantity(EOQ)

經濟增加值Economic value added 有效性Effectiveness 效率Efficiency

效率差異Efficiency variance, usage variance 努力Effort

技術成本Engineered costs 約當產量Equivalent units 事項Event

預期貨幣價值Expected monetary value, expected value

經驗曲線Experience curve

外部失敗成本External failure cost 設施支持成本Facility-sustaining costs 工廠間接費用Factory overhead costs 有利差異Favorable variance 反饋Feedback

財務主管Finance director 財務會計Financial accounting 財務預算Financial budget

財務計劃模型Financial planning models 產成品存貨Finished goods inventory 先進先出分步法First-in, first-out(FIFO)process-costing method 固定成本Fixed cost 固定間接費用彈性預算差異Fixed overhead flexible-budget variance 固定間接費用耗費差異Fixed overhead spending variance 彈性預算Flexible budget 彈性預算差異Flexible-budget variance 產品全部成本Full costs of the product 目標一致性Goal congruence 毛利率Gross margin percentage 增長構成Growth component 高低法High-low method 同質的成本庫Homogenous cost pool 基本報酬率Hurdle rate 混合成本核算系統Hybrid costing system 空置時間Idle time 假設成本Imputed costs 增量成本Incremental cost 增量成本分配法Incremental cost-allocation method 增量收入Incremental revenue 增量收入分配法Incremental revenue-allocation method 增量單位時間學習模型Incremental unit-time learning model 自變量Independent variable 成本對象的間接成本Indirect costs of a cost object 間接成本分配率Indirect-cost rate 間接制造成本Indirect manufacturing costs 工業工程法Industrial engineering method, Work-measurement method 通貨膨脹Inflation 價格差異Input-price variance, price variance, rate variance 內制Insourcing 檢驗點Inspection point 管理會計師協會Institute of Management Accountants 交互式控制系統Interactive control systems 截距項Intercept 中間產品Intermediate product 內部失敗成本Internal failure costs

內含報酬率法Internal rate-of-return(IRR)method

產品存貨成本Inventoriable costs 存貨管理Inventory management 投資Investment

投資中心Investment center 批次Job

分批成本記錄Job-cost record, job-cost sheet 分批法Job-costing system 聯合成本Joint costs 聯產品Joint products

即時制生產Just-in-time(JIT)production, lean production

即時制采購Just-in-time(JIT)purchasing 改進法預算Kaizen budgeting 人工時間記錄Labor-time record 學習曲線Learning curve

生命周期預算Life-cycle budgeting 生命周期成本法Life-cycle costing 業務管理Line management

線形成本函數Linear cost function 線性規劃Linear programming 主產品Main product

自產/外購決策Make-or-buy decisions 管理會計Management accounting 例外管理Management by exception

管理控制系統Management control system 制造單元Manufacturing cells

生產周期時間Manufacturing cycle time, Manufacturing lead time

分配的制造費用Manufacturing overhead allocated, Manufacturing overhead applied 制造類企業Manufacturing-sector companies 安全邊際Margin of safety

市場營銷Marketing

市場分額差異Market-share variance 市場規模差異Market-size variance 全面預算Master budget

全面預算生產能力利用Master-budget capacity utilization

材料需求規劃Materials requirements planning

用料單Materials-requisition record

商業類企業Merchandising-sector companies 混合成本Mixed cost, semivariable cost 道德風險Moral hazard 動機Motivation 多重共線性Multicollinearity 多變量回歸Multiple regression 凈利潤Net income 凈現值法Net present value(NPV)method 凈可實現值法Net realizable value(NPV)method 名義回報率Nominal rate of return 非線性成本函數Nonlinear cost function 非價值增加成本Nonvalue-added cost 正常生產能力利用Normal capacity utilization 正常成本法Normal costing 正常毀損Normal spoilage 目標函數Objective function 準時表現On-time performance 一次性特殊訂單One-time-only special order 經營預算Operating budget 營業部門Operating department 營業利潤Operating income 經營杠桿Operating leverage 經營Operation 經營成本核算系統Operation-costing system 機會成本Opportunity cost 資本機會成本Opportunity cost of capital 采購訂單成本Ordering costs 組織架構Organization structure 結果Outcomes 產出單位成本Output unit-level costs 外部采購Outsourcing 分配過多的間接成本Overabsorbed indirect costs, Overapplied indirect costs, overallocated indirect costs 加班獎金Overtime premium 帕累托圖Pareto Diagram 局部生產力Partial productivity 回收期法Payback method 最大負荷定價Peak-load pricing 完全競爭市場Perfectly competitive market 期間成本Period costs 實物計量法Physical measure method 計劃Planning

現實的生產能力Practical capacity 掠奪性定價Predatory pricing 預防成本Prevention costs

轉入成本Previous department costs, transferred-in costs

價格折扣Price discount

區別定價Price discrimination

價格恢復構成Price-recovery component 主要成本Prime costs 預測報表Pro forma statements 概率Probability

概率分布Probability distribution

問題解決Problem solving

分步成本核算系統Process-costing system 產品Product

產品成本Product cost 產品成本互補Product-cost cross-subsidization

產品差異化Product differentiation 產品生命周期Product life cycle 產品組合決策Product mix decisions 成本高計的產品Product overcosting 產品支持成本Product-sustaining costs 成本少計的產品Product undercosting 生產Production

生產部門Production department

生產量水平Production-denominator level 生產力Productivity

生產力構成Productivity component 利潤中心Profit center

按比例分配Proration

采購訂單提前量Purchasing-order lead time 采購成本Purchasing costs PV圖PV graph

定性因素Qualitative factors 質量Quality

定量因素Quantitative factors

真實回報率Real rate of return

交互分配法Reciprocal allocation method, reciprocal method

業務流程再造Reengineering

精練化成本系統Refined costing system 回歸分析Regression analysis 相關成本Relevant costs 相關范圍Relevant range 相關收入Relevant revenues 再訂購點Reorder point 要求的回報率Required rate of return 研發Research and development 剩余收益Residual income 剩余項Residual term 責任會計Responsibility accounting 責任中心Responsibility center 投資報酬率Return on investment 收入分配Revenue allocation 收入中心Revenue center 收入動因Revenue driver 收入對象Revenue object 收入Revenues 返工Rework 合適規模Rightsizing 安全庫存Safety stock 銷售組合Sales mix 銷售組合差異Sales mix variance 銷售數量差異Sales-quantity variance 分離點銷售價值法Sales value at splitoff method 銷售數額差異Sales-volume variance 業務記錄Scorekeeping 廢料Scrap 銷售價格差異Selling-price variance 敏感性分析Sensitivity analysis 可分離成本Separable costs 階梯法Sequential allocation method, step-down allocation method, step-down method 順序追溯Sequential tracing 服務部門Service department, supporting department 服務類企業Service-sector companies 服務支持成本Service-sustaining costs 單變量回歸Simple regression 單一成本分配率法single-rate cost-allocation method, single-rate method 斜率系數Slope coefficient 原始憑證Source document 設定分析Specification analysis 分離點Splitoff point

毀損Spoilage

人事管理Staff management

單一個體成本分配法Stand-alone cost-allocation method

單一個體收入分配法Stand-alone revenue-allocation method 標準Standard

標準成本Standard cost

標準成本法Standard costing 估計系數標準差Standard error of the estimation coefficient 標準投入Standard input 標準價格Standard price 靜態預算Static budget

靜態預算差異Static budget variance 階梯式成本函數Step cost function 脫銷成本Stockout costs

戰略成本管理Strategic cost management 戰略Strategy

沉沒成本Sunk costs

超級變動成本法Super-variable costing, throughput costing 供應鏈Supply chain

單位目標成本Target cost per unit

單位目標營業利潤Target operating income per unit

目標價格Target price

目標投資回報率Target rate of return on investment

理論生產能力Theoretical capacity 約束理論Theory of constraints 物料貢獻Throughput contribution 時間動因Time driver

貨幣時間價值Time value of money 全要素生產力Total factor productivity(TFP)全部間接費用差異Total-overhead variance 轉移價格Transfer price 觸發點Trigger point 不確定性Uncertainty

分配不足的間接成本underabsorbed indirect costs, underapplied indirect costs, underallocated indirect costs 不利差異Unfavorable variance 單位成本Unit cost 未用生產能力Unused capacity 價值增加成本Value-added cost 價值鏈Value chain 價值工程Value engineering 變動成本Variable cost 變動成本法Variable costing 變動間接費用效率差異Variable overhead efficiency variance 變動間接費用彈性預算差異Variable overhead flexible-budget variance 變動間接費用耗費差異Variable overhead spending variance 差異Variance 加權平均的分步法Weighted-average process-costing method 在產品存貨Work-in-process inventory

在產品Work-in-process

第五篇：口腔科常用英文術語

口腔科常用英文術語

1.My tooth is aching again.（我的牙又疼了。）

2.One of my teeth is trouble me.(我有一顆牙疼。)

3.I have got anawful toothach.It kept me awake the whole night.（我的牙很疼，整晚未眠）

4.One of my incisors is loose and aching.（我的一顆門牙松動而且疼。）

5.This tooth on the lower jaw is sensitive to heat and hot.（下頜的這顆牙對冷熱很敏感。）

6.I think one of the back ones at the top is giving most of trouble.（我覺得上排有一個后牙疼的最厲害。）

7.I suffer pain when my teeth are exposed to heat.（我的牙碰到熱時感到疼痛。）

8.There are several painful spots in my mouth，and salty and sour things make it sting.（我嘴里有幾塊地方疼，咸的和酸的都蜇著疼。）

9.I have a burning and thickening sensation in my mouth.（我嘴里有灼熱和增厚的感覺。）

10.He has pain in his teeth or jaw.(他的牙齒和下巴疼痛。)

11.He has some problems with his teeth.(他牙齒有問題。)

12.The tooth hurts only when he bites down on it.(他咬東西時，牙齒就痛。)

13.His gums are red and swollen.(他的牙床紅腫。)

14.His tongue is red and sore all over.(他的舌頭到處紅和痛。)

15.His breath smells bad and he has a foul taste in his mouth.(他口里有怪味。)

16.His gums do bleed.(他牙床有出血。)

17.He has some sore swellings on his gum or jaw.(他的牙床和下巴腫痛。)

18.He has sore places on or around the lip.(他的嘴唇和周圍都很痛。)

19.There are cracks at the corners of his mouth.(他的嘴巴角落破了。)

20.There are some discolored areas inside on his tongue.(他舌頭里邊有些地方顏色怪怪的。)

1.What can I do for you？你有什么事？

2．May I help you？我能幫你什么忙？

3．Please take a seat！/please sit down！請坐下．

4．Wait a moment，please．請等一等．

5．Sorry to have kept you waiting.對不起讓你久等了．

6．It is not serious．病情不嚴重．

7．Don't worry．/There is nothing to worry about.不必顧慮。

8．You need a thorough examination．你需要做一個全面檢查．

9．You will have to stay in hospital for sevral days．你需要在醫院里住幾夭． /We think that you had better be hospitalized我們認為你最好住進醫院來。

10． You should stay in bed for a few days.你需要臥床幾天．

11． You can keep on working．/You can carry on with your work.可以繼續工作。

12． You should be very careful for a week or two這一兩周內，你需要很注意。

13.Try to relax and keep calm．盡量放松保持鎮靜。

14． You'll soon be all right．你很快就會好起來的．

15． 1'm sure this medicine will help you a great deal．這藥對你肯定會很有效的．

16． Feeling well again is a rather slow process，I'm afraid.恐怕痊愈將是一個很慢的過程．

17． You will have to wait for twenty minutes．你需要等20分鐘．

18．Complete recovery will take a rather long time．徹底恢復需要一段很長的時間。

19． You will have to come here for periodical check-ups．你需要定期來門診檢查．

20． If you feel worse，please come back to the clinic right away.要是你覺著病加重了，就請馬上來門診。

How are you,sir?

2、Are you all right,madam?

3、How are you feeling now,madam? What seems to be your problem,sir? What seems to be wrong/the matter with you? Is there anything wrong with you? What's happened to you?

What's up? What are you suffering from? Are you having any discomfort?

What seems to be your trouble?/What's troubling you? What hurt you?

What ails you? How are you keeping?

1病人在右下頜的大臼齒，有一放射透過性的病變。

The patient has a radiolucent lesion below the molar teeth in the right mandible.2他因口底下左下頜處疼痛和腫脹有72小時而受檢。

He was examined with a 72-hour complaint of pain and swelling under the left jaw in the floor of the mouth

3右側頰部粘膜下，有帶痛的腫脹。There is a tender swelling beneath the right buccal mucosa.4在右下齒齦上 on the right lower gingiva

5在下頜右角處 at the right angle of the mandible

6不能開口 inability to open the mouth

7把口張開到最大限度并無困難 have no difficulty in opening one＇s mouth to its full extent

8口內大干，以致病人咀嚼和吞下食物，都有困難。

The mouth is so dry that it is difficulty for the patient to masticate and swallow food.9在上腭有一個無痛性的腫脹。There is a painless swelling in the roof of the mouth.10在上星期腫塊大了起來 mass was growing larger during last week

-腫塊大小未變 the sizes remained stationary

11拔牙后，他流了10天的血。He bled for 10 days following the extraction of a tooth-12牙痛頻發 continual bouts of toothache

13-一陣陣劇烈的牙痛 the pangs of a toothache

14咀嚼時，有偶發的、暫時的、不可言狀的疼痛或敏感。

There is occasional, transient, nondescrpit pain, or sensibility during mastication.15該齒對于壓迫作痛，且有鈍麻如咬的疼痛。

The tooth became sroe to pressure and there is a dull gnawing pain

16疼痛未停止 the pain did no ease 17疼痛減輕了 the pain became lighter

口唇 Lips: 對稱 symmetry, 顏色color, 濕潤度moisture, 紫紺 cyanosis, 皰疹 herpes.粘膜 Mucosa: 顏色 color, 色素沉著 pigmentation, 潰瘍 ulceration.齒齦 Gums: 齒齦膿漏pyorrhea, 出血 bleeding, 齒齦炎gingivitis, 齒齦腫脹swelling of gums.舌 Tongue: 顏色 color, 乳頭萎縮 papillary atrophy, 潰瘍ulceration, 扁斜deviation, 運動 movement, 舌苔coating.牙齒 Teeth:無齒的 edentulous, 牙齒數目 number present, 口腔衛生欠佳或良好 hygiene poor or good, 牙根 roots, 齒髓炎pulpitis, 假牙false teeth, 齲齒 caries, 失去的牙齒missing teeth, 修補牙齒 dental repair(牙冠crowns, 裝橋術bridgework, 鑲嵌inlay, 充填filling)口臭 Halitosis(fetor oris;foul or bad breath)