第一篇：凱文老師,2018年上海中學高中高一高二高三高考英語閱讀理解技巧,

2018年上海中學高中高一高二高三高考英語閱讀理解技巧

上海高中英語閱讀理解題，全面考查考生的理解、分析、比較、概括和解決問題的能力。閱讀理解的語篇選材覆蓋面廣，保持了題材、體裁的多樣性。選材語言地道，文體特征鮮明。試題難易適當，有合理的梯度，將細節判斷、理解判斷和推理判斷融會貫通。

依據對近些年的上海高考閱讀理解題的分析、對比得知，從其設計和內容上看，可以歸納為以下幾點：概括整個語段主旨大意以及事實和細節；能準確理解句子字面和深層含義；能準確理解具體的事實和抽象的概念。題型上主要有 主旨大意題、詞義猜測題、事實細節題、推理判斷題等。

1.主旨大意題

任何一篇文章都有自己的中心思想，所以，文章通常是圍繞該中心思想展開的。要領悟文章的中心思想，就要具備歸納和概括方面的能力，而這種能力又常是要考 查的重點。很多文章在全文或各段的開頭便展示出文章的中心思想，它主要通過主題句（Topic Sentence）來體現。一般來說，文章的主題或中心都在第一段或最后一段表明。某一段的主題句也常出現在段首或段尾，而且常有一些表歸納關系的信號 詞，如in short, In a word, in brief, to sum up, to conclude等。其常用提問方式主要有：What is the main idea/topic of the passage? The central point of the se-lection is that.The author is mainly concerned with.The passages mainly about等。

2.語義猜測題

該題型主要測試考生利用上下文判斷單詞、詞組或句子在特定語言環境中確切含義的能力。常見的提問方式有：The word“…”in the context means.The word“…”could be best replaced by… Which of the following is nearest meaning to? The word“…”probably refers to.這不僅需要學生準確理解上下文，還要掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。并通過構詞、語法等線索確定詞義。

3.細節理解題

該題型主要測試學生對文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定細節或文章的重要事實的辨認能力，分直接辨認和間接辨認兩種。直接辨認細節型一般只要求學生能從閱 讀材料中直接獲取、記住信息，然后能快速地將他們回憶出來；而間接辨認型不僅要求讀者能從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息，還要將獲得的信息進行各種轉換，為閱讀 材料中某些詞匯、短語及句型等找到正確的英語釋義。如排序、圖文轉換、數字轉換、同義（反義）轉換等。常見的提問方式有：Which of the following is NOT included（mentioned）in the passage? Which of the following sentences is NOT true?

4.推理判斷題

這種題型主要考查考生根據已知信息做出合理的推斷或判斷的邏輯思維能力，包括要求考生體會作者的態度、觀點、意圖等。常用提問方式有：We can infer/learn from the（last）paragraph that.It can be concluded from the passage that.The pas-sage implies/suggests that.What can be concluded from the passage? The author's purpose of writing the passage is.這需要學生讀懂原文，完全理解文中的細節信息，對其進行分析、推算，從而得出正確的結論。

第二篇：凱文老師,2018年上海高三高考英語一模試卷(中譯英1)

2018屆上海市各區高三英語一模試題分類匯編：中英翻譯

2018年上海市虹口區高三英語一模試卷 V.Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.熬夜大大影響健康。(affect)

73.等他明年回來，這個體育館就建好了。(by the time)

74.從長遠來看，你的知識面越廣，就越有能力應付工作中的問題。(capable)

75.據信，過分溺愛孩子會不知不覺地造成孩子的壞脾氣，甚至缺乏自理能力。(It)

Keys: 72.Staying up late affects one’s health greatly.73.By the time he comes back next year, the stadium will have been set up.74.In the long run, the wider range of knowledge you have, the more capable you are of dealing with the problems at work.75.It is believed that spoiling children too much may unconsciously cause their bad temper, even the lack of ability to take care of themselves.2018年上海市黃埔區高三英語一模試卷 V.Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.選舉的結果很快便在全世界傳播開了。(spread)

73.警察告知了他們那場導致他們兒子受傷的交通事故。(which)

74.太多的數據會使我們很難判斷錯誤是由哪個數據引起的。(difficult)

75.任何處理復雜問題的人都可能因為沒有全面了解挑戰而受到指責，雖然事先了解一切是 1 2018屆上海市各區高三英語一模試題分類匯編：中英翻譯

不可能的。(blame)Keys: 72.The result of the election spread rapidly all over the world.73.The police informed them of the accident which resulted in their son’s injury / in which their son got injured.74.Too many data make it difficult for us to determine which one has caused the error.75.Anyone dealing with a complicated problem may be blamed for not fully understanding the challenge, though it’s impossible to know everything in advance.2018年上海市浦東新區高三英語一模試卷 V.Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.為了安全起見，小孩不應該被單獨留在家里。(leave)

73.深深吸了一口氣，他面帶微笑地走上了舞臺。(with)

74.一個人待人處世的方式能反映出他是怎樣的人。(the way)

75.只有當一系列奇數問題得到解決，到 2025 年，新能源汽車才能占汽車銷量的百分之二十。(Only)

Keys: 72.For the sake of safety/ For safety, children / a children should not be left alone at home 73.Having taken a deep breath, he went up to the stage with a smile on his face.74.The way a person treats others can reflect what kind of person he is.75.Only when a series of technical problems are solved can new energy cars account for 20 percent of all the car sales by 2025.2018屆上海市各區高三英語一模試題分類匯編：中英翻譯

2018年上海市長寧區嘉定區高三英語一模試卷 V.Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72..讓我大吃一驚的是他的態度轉變的如此之快。(sudden)

73..除非你在一周內給我滿意的答復，否則我將訴諸法律。(Unless)

74..出國留學有助于學生學習外語和了解外國文化，但學生應該考慮可能遇到的困難。(consideration)

75..研究表明，當人們有壓力時，看看有趣的電影或向朋友傾訴是排遣恐懼和悲傷的有效方法。(get)Keys:

72.What surprised me most is/was his sudden change of attitude/the sudden change of his attitude.73.Unless I receive a satisfactory response/reply from you in/within a month, I shall/will/am going to submit this case to the court/sue you in a law court/go to court/take legal action.74.Studying abroad/Overseas studies/Going abroad for/to(further)study can help students(to)learn foreign languages and know about foreign cultures, but students should take the difficulties/difficulty(that)they may/might meet with into consideration.75..A study/Research shows/illustrates that when people feel/are depressed/are under pressure, watching an interesting/a funny movie or talking to a friend(s)is an effective way to get rid of fear and sadness/sorrow.2018年上海市徐匯區高三英語一模試卷 V.Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.今晚的音樂會門票已全部售罄。(sell)

2018屆上海市各區高三英語一模試題分類匯編：中英翻譯

73.我們若不齊心協力, 將無法戰勝對手。（unless）

74.令人寬慰的是，爆炸發生時碰巧車間里沒有人。(happen)

75.由于中國教育取得的巨大進步，中國已成為最受海外學生歡迎的留學目的地之一。(Due to)Keys:

72.Tickets for tonight’s concert have already been sold out.73.We won’t be able to beat the opponents unless we work together.74.To our relief, nobody happened to be in the workshop when the explosion occurred.75.Due to the significant progress made in Chinese education, China has become one of the most favored places for overseas students.2018年上海市閔行區高三英語一模試卷 V.Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.這個專家所推薦的方法被證明是十分有效的。（prove)

73.對國家來說，保護生態環境和保持經濟增長同樣重要。（as...as)

74.如果有朝一日，學生能親自參與到課程開發中，那該有多棒啊！（involve)

75.這本新發行的雜志不僅會影響青少年對時尚的看法，還會開啟健康飲食的新潮流。(Not only)

Keys:

72.The method recommended by the expert proved(to be)very effective.73.For/To a country, protecting theenvironment is as important as maintaining economic growth.74.How great it is if one day students can be involved in the development of courses on their own.75.Not only will the newly-released magazine influence teenager's opinions on fashion, but also it 4 2018屆上海市各區高三英語一模試題分類匯編：中英翻譯

will start a new trend towards a healthy diet.2018年上海市奉賢區高三英語一模試卷 V.Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.這個城市近幾年來發生了翻天覆地的變化。(take place)

73.毫無疑問，一旦被那可怕的疾病傳染，隨后肯定會死亡。(once)

74.整個球隊只有互相配合，才能取得成功，這是那次以足球賽上申花隊贏球的原因之一。(only)

75.對志愿者來說，重要的不是能為別人做多少，而是能從中獲得寶貴的經驗和幫助他人的快感。(not...but....)

Keys: 72.Great changes have taken place in the city in the past several years.73.Without doubt, once you are infected with the terrible disease, you are sure to die shortly after.74.Only by cooperating with each other can the whole team succeed and that is one of the reasons why Shanghai Shenhua football team won the math that time.75.What matters to volunteers is not how much they can do for others but that they can gain valuable experience and joy of helping other people.2018年上海市靜安區高三英語一模試卷 V.Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.遵循自然規律,你最終會得到回報。(reward)

73.應加大力度打擊劣質商品的生產和銷售。(fight)5 2018屆上海市各區高三英語一模試題分類匯編：中英翻譯

74.每個學生都具有無限的潛能去克服學習中的困難，不斷進取。(study)

75.有些技術創新雖沒怎么引起公眾的注意，卻對現實生活的方方面面有著深遠的影響。(although)

Keys: 72.Follow the natural law and you will finally be rewarded.73.The intensity of the fight against the manufacturing and sale of inferior goods should be increased.74.Every student has unlimited potential to overcome difficulties in study and keep making progress.75.Although some technical innovations have attracted little public attention, they have more far-reaching influence on real life in every regard.

第三篇：凱文老師,2018年上海高中高考英語詞匯 動詞詞組2

2018年上海高中高考英語詞匯（動詞詞組（2）

7.以look為中心的詞組

look about 四下環顧；查看

look after 照顧，看管

look around 東張西望

look at 注視，著眼于

look back 回顧

look for 尋找；期待，期望

look down on 俯視；輕視

look forward to 盼望，期待

look into 窺視；調查；瀏覽 look like 看起來象

look on 旁觀；面向

look out 向外看；注意；當心，堤防

look over 從上面看過去；檢查

look through 透過~~看去；看穿；瀏覽

look up to 仰望，尊敬

8.以make為中心的詞組

be made from 由~~原料制成be made of 由~~材料制成be made up of 由~~組成make a fool of 愚弄，欺騙

make a mistake 弄錯

make a point of doing 強調；認為~~重要；決心，堅持

make advantages/use of 使用，利用 make after 追求，追趕

make believe 假裝

make certain 確信，把~~弄清楚

make contact with 接通，與~~接觸，與~~聯系

make for 去向，向~~前進；有利于

make friends with 和~~交友

make into 把~~制成，使~~轉變為 make much of 重視；理解；賞識

make one’s mind on sth.決定某事

make one’s own 當作自己的看待

make oneself at home 隨便，別拘束

make out 填寫；開支票；理解；辨認

make the best of 盡量利用；極為重視

make up 彌補，修理；賠償，補償；起草；編造；化裝

make up to 接近，巴結；向~~求愛

make way for 為~~讓路，讓路于

on the make 急求成功；增加

9.以put為中心的詞組

put aside 把~~放在一邊；擱置；排除

put away 把~~放好，把~~收拾；儲藏；吃喝，吃掉

put back 把~~放回原處；駁回

put down 放下；鎮壓；制止；記下；削減；降落

put forward 提出；撥快；建議，推薦；提倡，倡議 put ~~ into 把~~放入；插入；翻譯成put off 推遲，延期；消除；推脫，推辭

put on 上演；穿上，帶上

put up with 忍受，容忍

put one’s heart into 全神貫注，專心致志

put up 舉起，掛起；提名，推薦；陳列

10.以take為中心的詞組

be taken aback 吃驚

take a seat 就坐

take a shower 淋浴，洗澡

take aim 瞄準，設立目標

take away 拿走，減去；奪去

take ~~ by surprise 出奇制勝

take one’s place 就坐，入坐

take care of 當心，注意；照顧；提防；謹慎；處理，對付；負責

take office 就職，上任

take ~~ for 把~當作

take off 脫去，除去；離開；起飛；模仿；起程；致死；復制，作副本；減弱

take one’s temperature 量體溫

take part in 參與，參加

take it easy 別著急，慢慢來

take place = happen 發生，舉行

take the place of 代替

take pride in 以~~為榮，對~~驕傲

take sb.by the arm 拉某人的胳膊

11.以turn為中心的詞組

give a new turn to 對~~予以新的看法

in one’s turn 輪到某人做某事

out of turn 不按次序的，不合適宜的

take one’s turn to do 輪到做

turn a blind eye to 對~~視而不見

turn against 背叛，采取敵對態度 turn back 折回，往回走

turn down 折疊，翻下，駁回，拒絕考慮

turn into 走進；變成，變為

turn to ~~for help 求助于

turn off 關上（自來水，電器開關）；解雇，辭退；避開（問題）；制造；生產

turn on 打開（自來水，電器開關）；反對；依靠，依賴，取決于 turn one’s attention to 把注意力轉向 turn out 培養；證明是；制成；實際情況是

turn out to be 原來是，證明是，結果是

turn over a new leaf 翻開新的一頁，重新開始，改過自新

turn(a)round 旋轉，轉過身來；改變意見；采取新政策

turn to 變成；著手于

turn upside down 顛倒過來，翻過來；使陷入混亂

第四篇：凱文老師,2015年上海高考英語作文題目(作文解析和)

2015年上海高考英語作文解析，及，作文范文

II.Guided Writing(25分)

Directions: Write an English composition in 120–150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.學校即將舉辦“讀書節”，目前正廣泛征集“讀書節”宣傳冊圖片。假設你是該校學生潘陽，你已找到以下三幅圖片，決定給讀書節組委會寫一封信，推薦其中一幅，你的信須包括以下內容：

1.簡單描述你想推薦的那幅圖片；

2.闡述你用這幅圖片宣傳“讀書節”的理由。

作文解析：

今年的英語作文題目同樣重點考察了主觀理由型作文的寫作手法，這篇文章要求學生在三幅學校讀書節宣傳圖片當中選出自己最喜歡的一幅，對圖片進行描述并說明原因。這也是繼2013年和2014年連續兩年考察書信體與主觀理由型文章的結合體之后出現的第三篇主觀理由型文章。

整體來看，今年的作文題目似乎與往年沒有什么區別，但細細分析，我們會發現今年英語作文的難度，不管是在文章內容、還是在形式上面，都有了大幅提升。因為考生需要同時兼顧三個難點：

1、書信體正確的的書寫格式；

2、對圖片內容進行細節的描述；

3、找出恰當的理由(2-3點)進行論證，說理充分，同時注意論點和論據相結合，以及文章語句之間的邏輯嚴密性。可以說，近三年來英語作文雖然都在考察主觀理由這個大的方向，但是考察的難度確實是在逐年遞增。

對于考生來說，要想在短短的20分鐘之內寫好這篇作文，首先需要拿捏好這篇文章的結構。一般來說，文章第一段用來引出話題，第二段可以對所選擇的圖片進行描寫，描寫時要格外注意的地方是對細節的詳細描述，基本內容講清楚就可以開始第三段的理由闡述了。

寫好重頭戲理由之后，在尾段我們無需過多筆墨，基本上通過三句話就可以收尾了。也就是總結加升華，由于這是一篇征集建議的書信體文章，所以需要最后有一句客套話，考生可以通過Looking forward to your reply或者I will appreciate it very much if you can take my suggestions into consideration進行文章自然收尾。這樣整篇文章便達到了內容統一，結構完整，說理充分了

作文范文：

Dear Sir/ Madam，Since the Reading Festival is around the corner, I’m writing to recommend a picture which can be used in the brochure to remind the students of the pleasure of reading.In the picture, three students are sitting at the table, discussing heatedly what they have just read.It seems that they have had a lot of fun through the discussion.Though it is admitted that reading is mostly a personal activity which needs quietness and concentration, as far as I’m concerned, it can also be a sharing experience when the same book is being appreciated.Just imagine that you have read a terrific detective story with fascinating and intricate plots.You are so amazed by the genius of the writer and you can’t help sharing it with your classmates or best friends, who turn out to have been deeply impressed as well.The moment you mention the book, the passion and enthusiam about the story will explode which can never be gained on your own.My ideal atmosphere of reading is just like that, through which you can not only appreciate the content by yourself, but also have the pleasure of sharing the plots or opinions with your peers, which will ultimately enhance your understanding of the book.To sum up, the reason of my recommendation is quite simple and apparent that reading, instead of being dull and isolating, can be full of particiation and common interest.I sincerely hope that you will take my suggestion into consideration and I’m looking forward to your early reply.Yours，Pan Yang

第五篇：高中高一_高二_高三_英語作文總結

一、英語書信的常見寫作模板

開頭部分：

How nice to hear from you again.Let me tell you something about the activity.I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr.9th.I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit.I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.結尾部分：

With best wishes.I’m looking forward to your reply.I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口頭通知常見寫作模板

呼語及開場白部分：

Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分：

All the teachers and students are required to attend it.Please take your notebooks and make notes.Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups.Please come on time and don’t be late.結束語部分：

Please come and join in it.Everybody is welcome to attend it.I hope you’ll have a nice time here.That’s all.Thank you.三、議論文模板

1.正反觀點式議論文模板

導入：

第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should...（導入話題）

Our opinions are divided on this topic.（觀點有分歧）

正文：

第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方觀點）

Here are the reasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3個贊成的理由)

第3段：However, the others are strongly against it.（反方觀點）

Their reasons are as follows.In the first place...What’s more...In addition...(列出2~3個反對的理由)

結論：

第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（個人觀點）オ

2.“A或者B”類議論文模板：

導入：

第1段：

Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways.Others, however, argue that B is much better.Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：

第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A.The main reason is that...Another reason is that...(贊同A的原因)

第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent...(列出1~2個B的優勢)

結論：

第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B.From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that...(得出結論)オ

3.觀點論述類議論文模板：

導入：

第1段：提出一種現象或某個決定作為議論的話題

As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision.（亮明自己的觀點是贊成還是反對）

The reasons for this may be listed as follows.（過渡句，承上啟下）

正文：

第2段：First of all...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3個贊成或反對的理由)

結論：

第3段：In conclusion, I believe that...（照應第1段，構成“總—分—總”結構）

4.“How to”類議論文模板：

導入：

第1段：提出一種現象或某種困難作為議論的話題

正文：

第2段：

Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective.First of all...Another way to solve the problem is...Finally...(列出2~3個解決此類問題的辦法)

結論：

第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take.But it should be noted that we should take action to...(強調解決此類問題的根本方法)

四、圖表作文寫作模板

The chart gives us an overall picture of the 圖表主題.The first thing we notice is that 圖表最大特點.This means that as(進一步說明).We can see from the statistics given that 圖表細節一.After 動詞-ing 細節一中的第一個變化，the動詞-ed+幅度+時間(緊跟著的變化).The figures also tell us that圖表細節二.In the column, we can see that accounts for(進一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that(結論).The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that(給出原因)./ It is high time that we(發出倡議).1.開頭

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.銜接句

As we all know,.../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.3.結尾句

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally

speaking.../As has been stated.話題一：中學生的愛好與興趣

Spare time(業余時間), favorite(最喜歡的),Interest(興趣), hobby(愛好),appetite(嗜好),taste(口味), read novels(也小說), play football/basketball(打足球/籃球),surf the internet(上網),chat online(在線聊天),play games(玩游戲),collect stamps(集郵),make e-friends(交網友),climb mountains(爬山),watch TV(看電視),enjoy popular music(喜歡流行音樂), be interested in(對…感興趣),develop an interest in(在…方面發展興趣),be fond of(喜歡…),be keen on(喜歡…),have love for(喜愛…),have a taste in(對…有興趣)等。話題二：勞動與勞動觀念

Work(工作),be at work(在工作),work hard(努力工作),produce(生產),worker(工人),labor force(勞動力),labor(勞動), voluntary labor(義務勞動)，serve the people(為人民服務)，heart and soul(全心全意)，physical labor(體力勞動), mental labor(腦力勞動),labor viewpoint(勞動觀念),labor Day(勞動節),workday(工作日),means of labor(勞動方式),honorable(光榮的),be devoted to(奉獻于..),value(價值), earn money(賺錢),personal interests(個人利益)等。話題三：創建和諧社會

harmonious(和諧的),friendly(友好的),civilized(文明的),honest(真誠的),credible(誠信的), be public-spirited(有公德心的), balanced(平衡的), be in order(有序的), peaceful(和平的), live in harmony(生活和諧), sustainable development(可持續發展)等，help each ether(互助), care for each other(互相關心), have deep love for(熱愛), be concerned with(關心), build(創建), cherish(珍惜), take an active part in(積極參與), pay attention to social moral(講究社會公德), protect the environment(保護環境),save energy(節省能源)等。No pains, no gains.不勞無獲。…can be achieved by hard wok.…可以通過勞動獲得。It is honorable to … …是光榮的It is difficult to find work in the present situation.在當前形勢下，很難找到工作。

If everyone … for others and the society, our world will be …。人為他人和社會做…，我們這個世界將會…。Every one should … and devotes himself to building our motherland into a strong country.每個人應該 …，為把我們祖國建設成為一個強壯的國家而奉獻自己的力量。話題四：招聘與求職

employ(雇傭), look for(尋找), take in(吸納), full-time(全職的), part-time(兼職的), well-paid(薪水高), be paid by the hour(按小時發工資), requirement(要求), résumé(個人履歷), schooling(受教育情況), subjects(課程), working experience(工作經歷), qualification(合格證明), transcript(成績單), health(健康狀況), present address(現在通訊地址)等，apply for(申請…), graduate from(畢業于), major in(以…為專業), degree(學位), scholarship(獎學金), good grades(良好的成績), hobby(愛好), favorite(最喜歡的), be skilled in(在…方面熟練), be good at(擅長…), experienced(有經驗的), confident(自信的), English and computer ability(英語和計算機能力), healthy(健康的)等。話題五：中學生的健康問題

Physical and mental condition(身體與精神狀態), strong(強壯的), un/healthy(不健康/健康的), overweight/fat(肥胖的), thin(瘦的), near/short-sighted(近視的), mentally unhealthy(精神不健全的), normal(正常的), abnormal(不正常的), energetic(精力旺盛的), unhealthy eating habit(不健康的飲食習慣), eat much junk food(吃太多的垃圾食品)等，Stay/keep healthy/fit(保持健康), enough sleep(充足的睡眠), build up one’s body/ improve one’s' health(強身健體), take regular exercise(進行有規律的運動)，roper diet(合理的飲食), good living habits(良好的生活習慣), lose weight(減肥), go on diet(節食), remove heavy burdens(減輕負擔), be good for/do good to(對…有益處), nutrition(營養), form a … eating habit(養成一個…的飲食習慣)Breathe in as much fresh air等

話題六：環境保護Pollute（污染），Waste is scattering here and there.(到處撒滿了廢棄物），protect the environment(保護環境)，send out smoke and poisonous gases into the air（散發出煙和有毒氣體），cut down trees(砍伐樹木)，pour waste water into the rivers(把廢水注入河流), It is a shame to throw rubbish around.(亂扔垃圾是可恥的)，form good habits to protect the surroundings（養成良好的習慣來保護環境），take active measures to protect rare animals(采取積極措施保護稀有動物)，take good care of our forests（關心我們的森林），plant more trees to improve the environment（多植來改善環境），The terrible pollution have done great harm to us as well as to the surroundings.(可怕的污染已經給我們自己還有我們的環境帶來了很大的危害。)

話題七：校園文明與安全問題

School rules and regulations(學校規章制度), obey(遵守), observe(遵守), keep/observe discipline(遵守紀律), behave well(表現良好), be neatly dressed(穿戴整潔), respect one’s teachers and parents(尊敬師長), be on time(準時), keep the environment clean(保持環境干凈), spit(吐痰), break the rules(違反規章制度), discipline(紀律), civilized(文明的), throw rubbish everywhere(亂扔垃圾), cheat in the exam(考試作弊), get in line(插隊), fight with sb.(與…打架), punish sb.for(因…處罰某人)等。

The students are told not to break any of the rules of the school.學校要求學生不要違反任何規章制度。The students are expected to … 學校期望學生…。

It must be made clear that the students should … 必須明確的一點是，學生應該…。… is of no good to a friendly and harmonious society.…對創建友好和諧的社會是毫無益處的。It is honorable to obey the principles and rules of our school.遵守學校的規章制度是光榮的。It is worthy of praise to...…是值得表揚的。It is shameful to … …是可恥的。What we should do is that … 我們應該做的事 話題八：友誼

get to know sb.(認識某人), know sb.really well(熟知某人), make friends with sb.(和某人交朋友), a strong personality(一個很強的個性), personal matters(隱私), friendship(友誼), friendly(友好的), a close friend(一個親密的朋友), trust each other(相互信任), precious(珍貴的), worthy(有價值的), understanding(通情達理的), share …with sb.(與…分享…), keep company with sb.(和…結交),keep in touch with sb.(與…保持聯系), be loyal to(對…忠誠), stay best friends with sb.(和…保持很好的友誼)在描述此話題時常用的句型有： １.Friends give us … 朋友給予我們…。

２.A good friend is someone you can … 一位好朋友就是一個我們能夠…的人。３.The first time I met …, he was … 當我第一次遇到…的時候，他…。４.Friendship plays an important part in … 友誼在…中扮演一個重要角色。５.You can … to be a good friend.你可以…來成為別人的好朋友。６.We can turn to...when we feel down.當我們心情糟糕時，可以求助于…。７… makes a good friend.…成就好朋友。

８.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真知。

９....is one of the things people value most in a friend.… 是人們在朋友身上最重視的東西。１０.… have a friend of … years with sb.… 與… 有著…年的友情。熱點十：可持續發展

可持續發展已成為全球共識，如何實行可持續發展是擺在世人面前的重大問題。請就下面表格所提供的內容進行陳述并談談你的看法。注意：

1.不要逐條翻譯。2.可適當發揮3.詞數:120左右4.文章的開頭部分以給出參考詞匯：差距 gap相關法律 relevant laws 參考例文：

The idea of sustainable development has been accepted by the world.How to keep sustainable development is a big problem facing our planet.The present situation is worrying.First，natural resources are becoming less than before.Second，as some people are not aware of the importance of the environmental protection，the problems with it remain extremely serious to some degree.The gap between the rich and the poor has the tendency to become wider and wider.To our great joy，many countries have taken action.On one hand，they have made relevant laws and regulations and put large amounts of money to the environmental protection.One the other hand，popularized education as well as international cooperation is being carried out.As for myself，I should take the responsibility to devote myself to sustainable development，our future and the lives of our children and our grandchildren will be in danger.（二）巧用連接詞:要想使文章有整體性、連貫性，就要學會正確使用連接詞

表示羅列增加:First，second，third，First，then / next，after that / next，finally For one thing … for another…，On（the）one hand…on the other hand，Besides / what‘s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also，Especially / In particular 表示時間順序:now，at present，recently，after，afterwards，after that，after a while，in a few days，at first，in the beginning，to begin with，later，next，finally，immediately，soon，suddenly，all of a sudden，at that moment，as soon as，the moment form now on，from then on，at the same time，meanwhile，till，not…until，before，after，when，while，as during 表示解釋說明:now，in addition，for example，for instance，in this case，moreover furthermore，in fact，actually 表示轉折關系:but，however，while，though，or，otherwise，on the contrary，on the other hand，in contrast，despite，in spite of，even though，except（for），instead，of course，after all，表示并列關系:or，and，but,only … but also，as well as，both… and，either …or，neither …nor 表示因果關系:because，because of，since，now that，as，thanks to…，due to…，therefore，as a result（of），otherwise，so…that，such…that 表示條件關系:as（so）long as，on condition that，if，unless 表示讓步關系:though although，as，even if，even though，whether …or…，however，whoever，whatever，whichever，wherever，whenever，no matter how（who，what，which，where，when，whom）

表示舉例:for example，for instance，such as…，take… for example 表示比較:be similar to，similarly，the same as，in contrast，compared with（to）…just like，just as，表示目的:for this reason，for this purpose，so that，in order to，so as to，表示強調:in deed，in fact，surely，certainly，no doubt，without any doubt，truly，obviously，above all，表示概括歸納:in a word，in short，in brief，on the whole，generally speaking，in my opinion，as s far as I know，As we all know，as has been stated，as I have shown，finally，at last，in summary，in conclusion 1。表并列補充關系的: what is more, besides, also, as well, moreover, furthermore, in addition, 2．表轉折關系的：: but, however, yet, instead, on the contrary, although,though，different from,in contrast to, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first…whereas the second, once…now, on（the one）hand…on the other hand, some…others, conversely ,anyway, desptie, , likewise, nevertherless ,otherwise, after all, all the same(雖然,但是)at the same time(可是)not withstanding(雖然)3。表因果關系的: since, as, because(of)/in that/as a result of , for, so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, hence(,因此)lead to ,result in(from), contribute to（促成，導致），consequently（正式）所以，因此 ,as a consequence, accordingly（正式）從而，因此惡果 eg:① own was built near a bridge on the River Cam : hence the name Cambridge.這座城鎮建在康姆河上一座橋的附近，因此而得名為康橋（現名為劍橋）

2）This engine uses less fuel and is therefore better for the environment.3）You have repeatedly failed to deliver the goods on time.We therefore feel that we have no alternative but to find another supplier.你不只一次地沒有按時交貨。所以我們別無選擇，只好另找一家供應商了解。4）Luck and a good family background contributed to his success.5）No canditate succeeded in obtaining a majority of the votes.Consequently new elections were held.沒有一位候選人得得票過半數，所以舉行了新的選舉。

6）We see that you have an income of less than 2000 pounds a yeas.Accordingly , we have decided to grant you free tuition.我們發現你的年收入低于兩千英鎊。因此，我們決定免去你的學費。

7）In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.他們之所以有這種觀點，主要基于以下兩個因素：。。2． 表示遞進關系的:furthermore, what's more ,moreover,incidentally, meanwhile, besides, particularly.similarly at the same time , in addition, 5。表條件關系的: if, on the condition(that), as /so long as, unless, or else, prividing/provided(that)6．表示時間關系的

when, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning/year/century, after an interval（間歇，間隔）, now, after, presently, later, afterward, somewhat later（稍后）, finally,at last, all of a sudden（突然，突如其來地）, 7。表特定的順序關系: above all, first of all, firstly, first, secondly, the , next, finally, in the end, at last,in the first/second/third /… place 8。表換一種方式表達: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way, 9。表進行舉例說明: for instance, for example, like, such as, 10。表陳述事實: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth 11。表總結: on the whole, in short, all in all, general, in a word, in conclusion, in closing, in summary.書面表達中常用的連接詞

（1），表選擇關系或對等關系的連接詞：either…or…, neither…nor…, or, as well as, and, both…and….（2），表因果關系的連接詞：therefore, so, as a result, as the result of, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to等。

（3），表時間順序的連接詞：the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhile, at the beginning, in the end, before long, for the first time, the minute.（4），表轉折關系的連接詞：yet, and yet, but, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however, at the same time（然而）等。

（5），表解釋說明的連接詞：that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for example, for instance, and so on, etc, and the like, and what not等。

（6），表遞進關系的連接詞：not only…but(also), what’s more, what’s worse, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover, above all等。

（7），表總結的連接詞：in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all等 1)表層次:

first,firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second,secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third,thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least also, and then, next, besides and equally important too moreover besides in addtion finally 2)表轉折；

by contrast although though yet

at the same time but despitethe fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the contarary however in spite of on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless 3)表因果；

therfore consequently because of for the reason thus hence due to owing to

so accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for as a result as a consequence 4）表讓步：

still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all 5)表遞近：

furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only...but also...too in addtion 6)表舉例：

for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate as an illustration a case in point 7)表解釋：

as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words 8)表總結：

in summary in a word thus as has been said in brief in conclusion altogether in other words to conclude in fact finally in simpler terms indeed in short in particular that is

in other words of course on the whole to put it differently namely in all therefore to summarize