第一篇：英語閱讀理解的文章

英語閱讀理解的文章，或許是最讓各位朋友們頭疼的問題吧。一個單詞看不懂，或者一個語句讀不通，可能你就無法繼續再把這個閱讀理解做下去了吧？

別著急，我會在本文中細細的解讀一下我的以往經驗，希望在考試之前能給各位朋友們有所幫助。

根據筆者以往的經驗，可以由以下幾個方法獲得技巧從而從不懂的閱讀理解文章的題目中獲得那寶貴的幾分。

1、當你做到閱讀理解的時候，一般成考卷子里面（高起點或者專科起點都一樣）會有4篇閱讀理解的文章。這個題型的大概范圍也就是在你的成人高考英語書上面。所以，第一步在考試之前，一定要充分閱讀成人高考英語書上面的閱讀理解。不要太在意不明白的單詞，最重要的是理解這篇文章是什么意思，講的是什么內容即可了。

2、在準備做閱讀理解文章的時候，如果你發現其中4篇中有一篇甚至兩篇文章是取材于你的成人高考英語書上面的話，那么你會發現我剛剛上面所說的第一條已經實現了你的解題愿望了。

3、如果余下的2篇、3篇閱讀理解文章你從沒看過！別著急，82有好主意，但是首先你不要看那閱讀理解的文章具體內容是什么，為什么吶？第一，考試時間不允許；第二，就算你將其全部看完了，估計你在下面的選擇題上面，也會摸不著頭腦的。所以切記不要死讀閱讀理解的文章。什么方法可以解決這種看不懂的閱讀理解，并且可以在里面拿到幾分吶？

我的經驗告訴我：

首先，對于一篇從未看過的閱讀理解文章，我首先是去翻看一下這篇閱讀理解文章后面的選擇題，按照常理來看，閱讀理解文章后面肯定有4個選擇題讓你選擇，這個選擇的答案就是在這篇文章之中。這是你最初要掌握的一個不變的真理！

其次，仔細查看后面的每個選擇題以及每個選擇題下面的4個選項（A、B、C、D），如果在ABCD4個選項里面的答案有許多單詞你不認識，那么最常用的解題辦法就是你按照ABCD4個選項的句子，去對照前面的閱讀理解文章找一下，有沒有原句，如果有原句，那么這個選擇題的答案，很可能就是這個原句了！這，就是本文所介紹的解題規律。

第二篇：2012職稱英語理工科新增閱讀理解文章

第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep................................................................................................1 第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1........................................................................................3 *第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found“ on Saturn's Titan....................................................................5 *第四十篇 Teaching Math，Teaching Anxiety...........................................................................8 +第四＋五篇 Small But Wise....................................................................................................11 +第四十六篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”....................14

第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains.Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle.This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock.The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to.When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more.And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift4 is natural for teenagers.But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5.It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too.Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7.It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset.In fact，it automatically resets itself every day.How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks.For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems.One system allows us to see.The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.詞匯：

circadian/s3:'keidi?n/ adj.晝夜節奏的，生理節奏的 adolescent/?d?u'les?nt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的 puberty/ 'pju:b?ti/ n．發育；青春期

sync/si?k/ n.（口語）同步；和諧，協調 synchronize/'si?kr?naiz / V.（使）同時發生；（使）同步

注釋：

1.make light of ：輕視，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements．我們不應當低估他們的成就。

2.your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock（生物鐘）。

3.stay up：不睡覺，熬夜

4.This shift：這種調整。指上文所描述的由于生理時間的變化青少年上床時間越來越晚的現象。

5.get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打亂了你的生物鐘與晝夜時間循環之間的平衡

6.gray cloud ：提不起精神的狀態

7.Brown University in Providence，RI：位于美國羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學。RI是Rhode Island（羅得島）的首字母縮寫；Providence 是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學是美國一流大學，創建于1764 年，是世界聞名的美國“常春藤聯盟”（還包括哈佛大學、耶魯大學、普林斯頓大學、布朗大學、哥倫比亞大學、賓夕法尼亞大學、達特茅斯大學和康奈爾大學）中的一員。8.the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物鐘的光信號

不要太在意睡眠

我們每個人的大腦里都有一個像我們床邊的鬧鐘一樣的生物鐘。人腦里的生物鐘24小時走一圈，這一圈也就是一次完整的晝夜節律，正是這個節律決定了我們吃飯、睡覺和起床的時間。

青春期時，人的生物鐘在定時方面會發生變化，生物鐘會提前。這時，青少年會比以前睡得晚，所以當你媽媽告訴你該睡覺時，你的生物鐘可能會讓你多推遲幾小時，并且電腦或電視光線可能會導致你熬夜到更晚。

生物鐘的這種變化對青少年說是正常的，但熬夜到太晚會打亂你生物鐘與晝夜時間循環之間的平衡，這樣就會帶來一些問題，例如：早晨很難按時起床。位于美國羅得州布郎大學睡眠方面的研究員Mary Carskadon說：“當青少年睡眠不足時會打不起精神，這將影響到他們心情、學習和思考問題的狀態。”

其實生物鐘與鬧鐘一樣，也是可調的，事實上，生物鐘每天都在進行著自我調節，其方式就是通過你眼睛接收到光線的變化。

很早之前，科學家就知道了晝夜光線強弱的變化對生物鐘調節起到了重要的作用，長久以來，研究者們認為眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號同樣作用于人類的視覺系統。

但最近幾年的研究發現，人類眼睛有兩個感光系統，一個是視覺系統，而另一個是感知晝夜的系統。

練習：.The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because A it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2.What is implied in the second paragraph? A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs? A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be reset.5.According to the last two paragraphs，what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system? A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.B The human eye had one light-sensing system.C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.答案與題解：

1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。

2.C 第二段主要內容是告訴讀者，過了青春期（puberty），由于生物鐘節奏的變化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡幾小時。所以C是該段所隱含的內容。3.B 第三段的最后一句直接給出了答案。

4.C 根據第四和第五段的內容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設定時間，但生物鐘能通過眼睛接受的日光來自動調節生理節奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內容，C是正確選擇，因為鬧鐘不能自動重新設定時間。

5.B 問題使用的是過去時，問的是研究者在最新發現（recent discoveries）之前對眼睛感光系統的認識，即，the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號同樣作用于人類的視覺系統），也就是說，研究者之前認為人類的眼睛只有一個感光系統。但最新發現卻是，人的眼睛有兩個感光系統。

第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1 Big technology comes in tiny packages.New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and they've turned their eyes to graphene，a superthin2 material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year's Nobel Prize for Physics3 has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4，UK.for the discovery of graphene.Graphene isn't just small, it's“the thinnest possible material in this world，”says Novoselov.He calls it a“wonder material.”It's so thin that you would need to stack about 25,000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers5，you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe.Every known kind of life contains carbon.Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find grapheme —it's all around you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive tape.Use the pencil to shade a small area on the paper, and then apply a small piece of adhesive

tape over the area7.When you pull up the tape，you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up —there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper.Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper.This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it.Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.詞匯：

graphene/ 'gr?fi:n/ n．石墨烯

abundant/?’b?nd?nt / adj．豐富的，充裕的 atom/ '?t?m/n．原子

adhesive/ ?d'hi:siv/ n．膠粘劑； adj.黏著的 stack/st?k/ v．使成堆，堆放 graphite / 'gr?fait / n．石墨

注釋：

1.superstrength：超強的力量。該詞是一個合成詞，由兩部分組成，super（超級的）和strength（力量）。2.superthin：超薄。見注釋1。

3.Nobel Prize for Physics ：諾貝爾物理學獎

4.the University of Manchester：曼徹斯特大學。這是一所位于英國曼徹斯特市的公立研究型大學，創建于1851 年。

5.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers：句子使用的是虛擬語氣，因為不可能將幾乎肉眼看不到的石墨烯放在指尖上。

6.wonderstuff：神奇物。該詞為合成詞，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（東西）兩個詞構成。wonderstuff 指的是第二段提到的wonder material。

7.apply a small piece of adhesive tape over… ：將一小片膠帶敷在……上。

石墨烯的超強力量

當今重大科學技術均以“微型”來呈現，新手機和個人電腦每年都在變得更小，這就意味著電子設備要求內部零件更小，工程師們正在尋求制造這些零件的方法，他們逐漸把目光投向了石墨烯——一種由碳元素構成的超薄材料。這種材料將改變電子設備的未來。

今年的諾貝爾物理學獎頒發給了來自英國曼切斯特大學的Andre Geim和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他們對石墨烯的發現。Novoselov說：“石墨烯不僅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料。”他把它稱作“神奇材料”。石墨烯極薄，25 000片石墨烯疊放在一起才與一張普通白紙一樣厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不會發現，因為你沒辦法看到它。

碳是宇宙中最多的一種元素，已知的生命體中都含有碳。石墨烯一個只有一個碳原子厚度的單層。你不用費心尋找石墨烯，它就在我們身邊。

如果你想得到這種高技術材料，一支筆、一張紙和一小段膠條就足夠了。用鉛筆在紙上涂黑一片區域，將膠條粘在上面，當你拉開膠條你會發現它粘起了很薄的一片鉛筆涂的陰影，這一片陰影就叫做石墨烯，一種世界上最軟的礦物質。

現在，再將膠條粘上另外一張紙上，把它拉起來，你會得到更薄的一層。想象一下當你重復做，直到在紙上得到最薄的一層物質，這層物質只有一個原子的厚度，你根本無法看到。石墨是由一層層的石墨烯組成的，所以當你得到最薄的一層時，你已經找到了石墨烯。

練習：.What would change the future of electronics according to engineers? A Big technology.B Creative ways.C Graphene.D Both A and B.2.According to the second and third paragraphs，what is true of graphene? A It can be used to make paper.B It is possible to see it with our naked eye.C It is easy to find graphene.D It is possibly the thickest material in the world.3.Which of the following can be used to replace the word “apply”in paragraph 4? A request.B polish.C use.D put.4.Which of the following is NOT meant in the last two paragraphs? A Graphene is made of graphite，one of the softest materials in the world.B Graphite is made of layers of graphene，the thinnest material in the world.C When we get to the thinnest possible layer of graphite，we find graphene.D With a pencil，a sheet of paper and a piece of adhesive tape，we can find graphene.5.Graphene's superstrength lies in the fact that A It is the thinnest material in the world.B It is made of the most abundant elements in the world.C It can help to make electronic components smaller.D It helps engineers to produce more sensitive electronic products.答案與題解：

1.C 第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程師將眼光投向石墨烯，一種由碳原子組成的超薄材料，這種材料能夠改變電子產品的未來。

2.C 第二段倒數第二句告訴我們，25,000 層石墨烯才能堆砌成一張普通白紙的厚度，這是為了說明石墨烯是多么的薄，而不是說它可以用來造紙，所以A不是正確答案。第三段最后一句說明石墨烯就在我們周圍，因此C是答案。B和D的表述內容都與該兩段內容不符合。3.D apply...over：將……涂（敷）在……上。

4.A 最后兩段告訴我們，用一張紙，一支鉛筆和一片膠帶就能找到石墨烯；無數層石墨烯構成石墨，當鉛筆留在紙上的石墨被膠帶剝離到最薄一層時，我們就得到了石墨烯。因此只有A不是最后兩段的表述內容。5.C 第一段提供了答案。隨著電子產品越來越小，需要更小的電子組件（components），而石墨烯作為最薄的材料可以幫助工程師實現這一目標。這就是石墨烯力量所在。

*第三＋八篇 “Life Form Found“ on Saturn's Titan Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2.The discovery

of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to，the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are“breathing” in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers.This，they say，points to the existence of some“bugs”5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.“We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan，similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth，”says NASA scientist Chris McKay.“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life，it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.” To date，scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere，though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product.On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit)，a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself.Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface.But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explanation，said Mark Allen，a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.“Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed，”Allen said.“We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations.It is more likely that a chemical process，without biology，can explain these results.” 詞匯：

Saturn /'s?t?n/ n．土星

methane/'mi:θein/ n．甲烷，沼氣 Titan/'tait?n/ n．土衛六

acetylene/?'setili:n/ n．乙炔 alien/'eilj?n/ n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相異的 conservatism/k?n's?:v?tiz?m/ n．保守主義,守舊

注釋：

1.hints of alien life：外星生命跡象。

2.the Saturn's moon：指土衛六（Titan)。土衛六又稱泰坦星，是土星衛星中最大的一顆。3.NASA：美國國家航空航天局的縮寫，全稱是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼號探測器，以出生于意大利的法國天文學家卡西尼的名字命名，其任務是環繞土星飛行，對土星及其大氣、光環、衛星和磁場進行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六噸的“卡西尼”號星際探測器被發射飛往土星的軌道。這是上世紀發射的最后一艘行星際探測的大飛船。“卡西尼”號用了將近七年時間，在2004 年7月1日飛達土星軌道。5.bugs：微生物。非正式口語表達，所以使用了引號。

6.Kelvin：可翻譯成“絕對溫度”。Kelvin Scale，絕對溫標，開氏溫標，是由Kelvin 勛爵于19世紀中葉發明的溫度計量方法，其零度相當于攝氏一273.15“ C，被認為是宇宙中最低溫度。這種溫度計量方法多為科學家使用。

7.principal investigator：研究項目負責人 8.rule out：排除……的可能性

土衛六上發現了生命跡象

科學家們說，在土衛六上發現了外星生命跡象并宣布了這一發現。美國國家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者們對卡西尼號探測器所傳回來的數據進行了分析，數據表明，土星衛星中最大的一顆衛星有以甲烷為基礎的生命的存在跡象。

據報道，科學家們已經找到了在土衛六高濃度氫氣大氣層里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的線索。

他們認為，氫氣在到達布滿甲烷河流湖泊的土衛六類似行星一樣的表層前就已經被吸收了。這就證明在這個不及半個地球大小的衛星表面有某種微生物在依靠氫氣生存。

美國國家航空航天局的科學家Chris Mckay說，“我們提出有氫氣的消耗，是由于它是土衛六上生命賴以生存的顯而易見的氣體，就像我們地球上用氧氣呼吸一樣。如果這些跡象最終證明是生命的跡象，它會加倍令人興奮，因為它會代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二種生命。”

時至今日，盡管地球上的依賴液體水的微生物在甲烷里生長良好或把它作為廢物排出，科學家在任何地方都沒有探測到這種生命的形式。在土衛六上，絕對溫度達到90度(相當于攝氏-273．15度)，依賴于甲烷的微生物不得不用某種液體物質作為生存的介質，這種液體不是水，水在土衛六上會凍成冰塊，不能融化。我們知道，冰塊太冷不能維持生命。

科學家們原指望太陽與大氣層中的化學物質相互作用會在土衛六上產生一層乙炔。但卡西尼號在它的表面沒有探測到乙炔。

Mark Allen是美國宇航局土衛六項目組的主要負責人，他說道，既然在土衛六的表面沒有探測到乙炔，那就充分說明上面沒有生物。

Allen說：“科學界的保守主義者們建議，要做出土衛六上有生物的結論，首先必須對土衛六上所有沒有生物的觀點做出回應；要排除土衛六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們任重道遠。極為可能的是，一種化學過程而非生物學能解釋這些結果。”

練習：.What have scientists found about Saturn? A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.2.What do scientists say about Titan? A There are life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.3.To date，scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does”this form of life“ refer to? A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4.What can be inferred from what Allen said? A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.5.Which of the following can replace the title of this passage? A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Possibility.答案與題解：

1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。該段告訴讀者，科學家在土星的衛星土衛六（Titan）上發現了生命的跡象，這些生命的存在是以甲烷為基礎的。

2.A根據第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are 'breathing' in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，說明土衛六（Titan）有生命跡象。因此A是答案。3.B this form of life 指的是土衛六（Titan）上以甲烷為生命基礎呼吸氫氣的生物，即該文討論的主題。4.A科學家至今對土衛六是否存在生物有不同的觀點和解釋。Allen 說要做出土衛六上有生物的結論，首先必須對Titan 上沒有生物的觀點做出回應；要排除土衛六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們還須付出努力。所以只有A是正確選擇。

5.D該短文的主題是，科學家在土衛六（Titan）上發現了一種與地球生物不同的生命形式的跡象，即以甲烷為生命基礎呼吸氫氣的生物，但科學家還未能最后驗證這一發現。第四段中的一個句子能夠揭示該短文的主題：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”

*第四十篇 Teaching Math，Teaching Anxiety In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.”If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine.In other words girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4.The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn--and teach.The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.Researchers use the word “anxiety” to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math.The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest.The students took math achievement

tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy.Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety.On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math--and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6,” said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.詞匯：

snowball /'sn?ub?:l/雪球；滾雪球式增長的事

replication/repli'kei??n/ n ．重復，復現 superstar/'sju:p?sta:/ n．超級明星

注釋：

1.University of Chicago：芝加哥大學。位于美國伊利諾伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大學，創建于1891 年。

2.keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由對數學有焦慮感的女教師教授數學。此處getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的對數學沒有自信的心理狀態。另見第三段最后一句對anxiety的解釋。

3.snowball effect on their math achievement：在數學成就上的雪球效應。其含義是：在數學上越來越沒有信心。

4.end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后從老師那里獲得的是對數學的焦慮。End up doing something：最終會做某事 5.sales receipt：銷售清單

6.in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的調查樣本進行重復驗證。replication在量化實證研究中的意思是“重復（實驗）”。

7.the University of Missouri：密蘇里大學。位于密蘇里州，是美國一所公立研究型大學，創建于1839年。

教數學，教焦慮

在最新一項關于小學生學數學的研究中，芝加哥大學的心理學家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 發現，女教師的想法和女學生的學習之間有著驚人的聯系：如果女教師對自己的數學能力感到焦慮，她的女學生很可能認為男孩子數學比女孩學得更好。

“如果一直由對數學有焦慮的女教師教授數學，就會對她們的數學成績產生雪球效應”，Levine說。換言之，女孩子們最后從老師那里獲得的是對數學的焦慮。該研究表明，如果女孩子們在一個認為男孩比女孩數學好的環境中成長，那么她們的數學可能會不如在更自信的狀態下學得好。

如同學生，教師也會覺得某些學科難學和難教，這就是研究者所言的“焦慮”：不自在或擔心。

此研究發現，教師對數學的焦慮能夠傳染給她的女學生們。該研究的研究對象包括65個女孩，52個男孩和17位在中西部教一二年級的教師。學生們在學年的開始和結束時都進行數學測試，研究者們比較得分。

研究者們測試學生是否認為數學明星一定會是男孩。然后研究者們測試教師，試圖找出哪些教師對數學感到焦慮，研究者們問教師們當碰到數學問題諸如閱讀銷售清單時的感受，如果一位教師一看到銷售清單的數字就感到緊張，那么她很可能對數學存在焦慮。

平均來說，教師的焦慮不會影響到男孩子。但是，一般說來，如果教女孩子的教師有數學焦慮癥，那么女孩子們在學年結束時測試得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在關于是否認為數學明星應該是男孩的測試中，有20個女孩認為男孩數學比女孩好，這20個女孩的老師都是女性，且都患有數學焦慮癥。

來自密蘇里大學的心理學家David Geary說“這是一個有趣的研究，但是這只是初步結果，需要用更大的調查樣本進行重復驗證”。

練習：

1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph? A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers' math skills have influence over girl students' math skills.D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph? A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math achievements.B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.C Provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.D Discover a strong link between teachers' math anxiety and their students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significant results.答案與題解：

1.D 該段告訴我們女教師的想法（what female teachers think）和女學生的學習（what female students learn）

之間有很大的關聯度，也就是說，女教師如果對自己的數學技能沒有自信，她的女學生很可能相信男孩子會在數學方面超過女孩子。

2.B 第三段的大意是，數學對任何人來說都可能有難度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同學生，教師也會覺得數學難學和難教，這就是研究者所言的焦慮。所以，可以推斷，作者是要告訴我們，教師會因為數學這門學科的難度而對教授該課程不自信。其他選項都不是該段所要表達的內容。

3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math，such as when reading a sales receipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意為“記住數字”；saving the numbers意為“保存數字”；filling in the numbers意為“陸續編入數字”，而且文中沒有提到a sales report；它們均不是答案。

4.A 短文的第六段是對前一段所述調查數據結果的討論，即，男學生較少受對數學有焦慮感的教師影響，而那些數學成績較低的女生都有對數學有焦慮感的教師（girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有認為男生數學肯定比女生強的女生，其數學教師都是有數學焦慮感的女教師（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.)。D所以不是正確的選擇，因為只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。

5.B 根據David Geary的說法，實驗結果還是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的樣本對其進行重復驗證（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他沒有認為該實驗的過程不可靠，所以A不是正確選項；他認為實驗樣本不夠大，所以D也不是正確選項。

+第四＋五篇 Small But Wise On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space.The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan.Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.“I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before,”said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes.After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however.WISE stands for“Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.”As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave.Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation.When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree.When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings.Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't.Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light.Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them.They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see.But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them.During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures.These objects are“failed” stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun.Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down.They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.詞匯：

trashcan / 'tr??,k?n/n．垃圾箱 infrared/'infr?'red/ adj．紅外線 asteroid/'?st?r?id/ n.小行星 dwarf/dw?:f/ n.矮星

注釋：

1.NASA（美國國家航空航天局）是縮寫詞，全稱是National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2.the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天體。wild 有“未被人馴養的”“荒唐的”“離奇的”意思。3.faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的天體。

4.polar orbit：極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90的人造地球衛星軌道。人造衛星運行時能到達南北極區上空，即衛星能飛經全球范圍的上空。需要在全球范圍內進行觀測和應用的氣象衛星、導航衛星、地球資源衛星等都采用這種軌道。

5.lap：一圈。原指競賽場的一圈或游泳池的一個來回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap.她最后一圈超過了其他參賽者。6.infrared radiation：紅外線輻射

7.spectrum of light：光譜，即，光輻射的波長分布區域。

8.Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很難發現它們，要確定它們的大小就更加困難。9.jump start: 啟動。

小而聰明

12月14日，美國國家航空航天局發射了一個體積小而威力大的望遠鏡，它的名字叫“WISE”(聰明)，大約只有一個垃圾盒子那么寬。你可千萬不要輕視這個小東西，WISE可是一款高強數碼相機，它將在人類已知的宇宙里拍攝任何你所能想到的天體，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的天體，以及自行星和恒星誕生以來的巨大塵埃云。

Ned Wright是主持WISE項目的科學家，他說：“我十分興奮，因為我們就要看到以前從未看到過的那部分宇宙”。

到達宇宙空間后，WISE由于受極地軌道重力作用，一直在圍繞地球旋轉。(這意味著，每轉一圈，它就離南極和北極靠近)。它的鏡頭是向外的，遠離地球。每11分鐘WISE就會抓拍天空一個不同的部分。六個月之后，它將把整個天空拍攝完畢。

然而，WISE拍攝的相片不會像我們日常的數碼相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(廣域紅外勘測探測器)的縮寫。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到發出紅外線輻射物體的相片。

輻射是波浪狀行進的一種能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光譜就是射線的一個例子。當普通的數碼相機給一棵樹照相時，它能接收到樹反射回來的、可見的光波。光波通過鏡頭進入到相機里，相機對它進行加工，然后把圖像合成。

紅外線的波長比可見光長，所以，普通的數碼相機捕捉不到他們，人眼也看不到這種射線。盡管人們看不到，人的皮膚能感受到較長紅外線帶來的溫暖。

這就是為什么WISE能捕捉到其他望遠鏡看不到的物體的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的東西都以可見光的方式呈現出來。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大巖石，但是小行星吸收射到他們表面的大部分光。他們不能反射光，所以要看到他們很困難。但他們卻釋放出紅外線，所以，象WISE這樣的紅外線望遠鏡才能夠捕捉到它們的圖像。WISE的任務就是拍攝成千上萬的小行星圖像。

WISE的另一任務是為另外一種太空深處的天體一褐矮星拍照。這種天體是“失敗的”恒星，它們是一些不夠大，不能像太陽的能量那樣啟動相同的反應。褐矮星只能縮小和冷卻。他們發出的光如此之微弱，人們根本看不到，但是在紅外頻譜中，它們是發光的。

練習：.What is so special about WISE? A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2.Which is NOT the synonym for the word “snap” in the third paragraph? A make.B shoot.C take D photograph.3.The camera on WISE A is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4.Which of the following is NOT correct about“asteroids” according to paragraph 7? A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids' pictures by ordinary cameras, D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids 5.What is implied in the last paragraph? A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案與題解：

1.C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之處就在于，雖然體積小，但它的數碼相機能拍到任何天體，所以能夠幫助天文學家觀測到宇宙空間中（in the known universe）的未知天文現象。其他選項都不是短文表達的意思。

2.A snap 是個多義詞，可以解釋為“拍照”，更為確切的意思是“拍快照”。這里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同義詞。

3.C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人類的肉眼和普通相機看到的光是visible lights，看不見紅外線輻射（infrared radiation)，而WISE 的相機能夠看到。

4.A 短文第七段第二句說并非所有的宇宙中的物體都會發出可見光，比如asteroids，所以A是正確選項。其他選項的內容都可以在該段中找到。

5.B 最后一段的第一句說，褐矮星能出現在WISE 照片中，根據上文對WISE 望遠鏡的描述只有WISE 望遠鏡才能拍到紅外線射線，所以B是正確選擇。

+第四十六篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”

Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators.The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”

“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”

Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness.However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem． Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the

alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.詞匯：

predator /' pred?t?/ n．食肉動物

nutrient/' nju:tri?nt/ n ．營養物；adj．營養的 decomposer/,di:k?m'p?uz?/ n．腐生物；分解體 prey/prei/ v．捕食；n．被捕食的動物 subtlety/ 's?tlti/ n，微妙，精妙 herbivore/ 'h?:biv?: / n ．食草動物

注釋：

1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大學。1851 年建校，位于英國西南部重要商業中心埃克斯特市，是英國著名的傳統大學之一。2.nest building ：筑巢

3.territorial：領地的。在此用來形容螞蟻的本性，即具有很強的領地意識，并且會竭盡全力保衛自己的領地。4.an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他動物群體在數量和品種上的增長。5.biomass ：物質名詞，由bio和mass 兩部分組成，意為“生物量”“生物質”。6.biodiversity ：物質名詞，由bio和diversity 兩部分組成，意為“生物多樣性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：螞蟻對生態系統的維護作用。8.below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）過程，即影響生態環境的過程。

螞蟻作為“生態系統工程師”對環境影響巨大

埃克斯特大學所做的研究表明，螞蟻作為“生態系統工程師”和食肉動物的行為對當地的環境影響巨大。該研究發表在動物生態雜志上，它表明螞蟻對當地的環境有兩大顯著的影響。

第一，通過筑巢而挪動土壤或采集食物，螞蟻影響土壤的營養水平。這可間接影響當地從腐生物到食物鏈高層的許多動物種群的數量。

第二，它們捕食的動物種類很多，包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。

Dirk Sanders是該大學生態和保護中心所做的此項研究的作者，他說：“螞蟻是高效的食肉動物，而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強的領地意識，并且會竭盡全力對抗其他的食肉動物來保衛自己的領地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對周圍環境影響巨大。”

“在該研究中，我們第一次對螞蟻帶來的影響程度及微妙程度進行研究。所得的發現是：盡管是食肉動物，螞蟻的出現能促使其他動物族群在數量和品種上的增長。并對當地的環境起到切實重要的作用，對大草原的食物鏈影響巨大。”Sanders說。

該研究在德國進行，它對花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個歐洲包括英國都能找到。研究發現，一個地區的螞蟻密度小，而其他動物尤其是食草動物和腐生物的數量和種類會增多。如果螞蟻的密度大，就不可能產生同樣的影響，或者產生相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵消螞蟻給環境帶來的積極影響。

Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他說：“我們的發現是：如果螞蟻的數量少，其對土壤的營養水平的影響會對動物族群產生積極的效果。但是如果螞蟻的數量增加，其捕食的影響會達到最大化，因此會抵消螞蟻通過生態工程給環境帶來的積極影響”。

螞蟻是生態系統的重要組成部分，不僅因為它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因為其作為生態系統工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性，但極易受人類的影響，這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而，科學家還不清楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態系統的維護作用。螞蟻通過變動物理的和化學的環境，通過對植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響

而對生態環境起至關重要的作用。

練習：.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2.As predators, ants A prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soil C collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants A can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案與題解：

1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正確答案，因為并不是因為螞蟻會筑巢才被譽為生態系統工程師，而是因為它們筑巢和獲取食物的方式改變了土壤的營養水平，為整個食物鏈提供了很好的生態環境（見第二段）。

2.A答案能夠從短文的第三段直接找到。該段告訴我們，螞蟻的掠食范圍很廣，甚至包括比它們體積更大的動物（larger animals）。prey 在這里的意思是“捕獵，捕食”，作為動詞，后面跟介詞on或upon。3.D Dirk Sanders說：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正確選擇。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：螞蟻對環境影響的精妙之處。4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，螞蟻數量小（a low density of ants）的話，能使其他動物的品種和數量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），從而給環境帶來積極影響；第三句說，如果螞蟻的數量大（At higher densities），就不可能產生同樣的影響，或者是相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵銷螞蟻給環境帶來的積極影響。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表達了大體相同的內容。

5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告訴我們，螞蟻極易受人類的影響（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告訴我們，科學家還不清楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態系統的維護作用（“it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。

第三篇：理解段落和文章 教案

【課題】理解段落和文章 【課型】小升初語文備考班 【年級】六年級 【教學目標】

1.掌握劃分段落的方法； 2.掌握概括段落大意的方法； 3.掌握歸納中心思想的方法； 4.理解文章的表達方法。【教學重點】

概括段意和歸納中心思想。【教學難點】

如何教會學生學會概括段意和歸納中心思想。【課時】兩課時 【教學過程】

一、預習作業檢查（5分鐘）

由于本講知識點較多，并且較為枯燥，所以在課堂上盡量采用探究式的教學方法來開展教學。總的來講，本講分為4個部分，第一個部分是劃分段落，是小學階段訓練較多的，所以這個部分要求學生在課前自學。老師在上課前檢查的預習作業就是了解學生對這個部分的掌握情況。對于掌握的不好的，要根據書本內容加以強化。并且，該部分知識在后面還要用到。

二、新授

師：同學們，經過這么一段時間的學習，我們總算有所跨越了。如果說之前的學習一直圍繞在山腰上轉，那么，我們今天這節課，就是帶你們到山頂，體驗“一覽眾山小”的感覺。我們之前學習的知識，在這里也將得到綜合運用，所以，這節課對于我們來講是非常重要的，必須得認真對待。

（一）概括段意（40分鐘）

師：好了，給大家寒暄了半天，總得給大家帶來點驚喜吧。先來學習概括段意。段意大家都很清楚，就是這一段所要寫的意思，也就是要求我們能力理解語段的意思。

概括段意有幾個原則：明確、完整、簡要、通順。“明確”是指讓別人一看就明白這段主要寫什么。“完整”是指該概括的要點不能遺漏。“簡要”是指語句要簡潔，做到言簡意明。“通順”是指語句要通順。

運用這些原則，我們來看看概括段意究竟有哪些方法。這里告訴大家5個方法。

1、摘句歸納法

2、合并歸納法

3、取主舍次法

4、提問整理法

5、列小標題法

（根據PPT內容，逐個講解每種方法的意思和例子。）做練習，總結。

（每個方法講解時間8至10分鐘左右，第一節課到此為止）

（二）歸納中心思想

文章的思想感情是指作者寫這篇文章的目的。具體說是作者想通過文章的主要內容贊揚什么，批評什么，反對什么，抒發什么感情，說明什么道理等等。如果我們體會出文章的思想感情，就能對文章理解得更深刻。

概括中心思想三原則：確切、完整、簡要。

確切，就是概括要準確、恰當，能概括出這篇文章所特有的思想意義。完整，就是把作者寫這篇文章的目的完整地概括出來。

簡要，就是用簡明扼要的語句來表達。但是它必須以確切、完整為前提。概括主要內容常用的詞語有： “描述了．．．．．．”、“刻畫了．．．．．．”、“通過．．．．．．” 等等

概括思想意義常用的詞語有： “表現了．．．．．．”、“說明了．．．．．．”、“表達了．．．．．．”、“歌頌了．．．．．．”、“贊揚了．．．．．．”、“揭露了．．．．．．”、“鞭撻 了．．．．．．” 等等。

概括中心思想的方法：

1、分析題目概括法

2、從文章的開頭找出中心

3、從過渡句、段找中心

4、從文章的結尾撥出中心

5、在文章主人翁的語言描寫中找中心

6、從抒情部分找中心

7、從作者的議論部分找中心

8、從課文的反復部分找中心

9、從重點句、段找中心

（根據書本內容講解，講完上面內容用45分鐘左右時間。）

三、總結

總結這節課學到的知識點，并加強學生對知識點的掌握和鞏固。

四、作業布置

1．自學第三部分。2．完成書本練習。

第四篇：短篇英語文章

(A)There are big “back-to-school” sales（開學大甩賣）everywhere because the new term begins.Many school students need new clothes for the new school term.I'm not a new student, but I need a new pair of red shoes.My old shoes are too small.They're usually $60, but in the sale they're 10% off, so they're $54 now.That's good!Maybe I'll buy a pair of white shoes, too.And I want one new white T-shirts.It is $36.How much are socks? They're $3 for one pair.I need three new pairs.Pants are 50% off.That's cheap.I think I'll buy two pairs.(B)Are you tired of learning English in the old ways(方法)? You read the words, study grammar and have many tests.It is important but it also can be boring.Let's see how music can make it easier and more fun?

Do you have a favorite English song? Sing along with it, please.Soon you can know the new words that you can use!Singing along can help with your pronunciation(發音).Close your eyes and listen carefully.Draw a picture in your mind about the song.Classical music can help you relax.It also helps you concentrate(集中精力)on what you are studying.And you can also make them intoa “Jazz Chant.” Read your new words out.Sing or say them out.(C)

Firhall is a small place in Scotland.It is an interesting place for us to travel because of two reasons.First, it is really a beautiful and quiet place.Second, it is a place that has too many rules.Firhall isn't a city.It is only a village.There are a lot of birds and trees there.You can also do many sports, like volleyball, basketball and golf.But children don't like this place.They call it “child-hating ogres”.That is because of the rules in the village.People can't have animals in their homes and each family can only have one dog.People in this village must be over forty-five years old.If grandchildren visit their grandparents, they can't stay for long.Now, things are getting better.Grandchildren are welcome to live.And if you are under forty-five years old, you can also live here.People only want to have a quiet place to live in.Most old people like this kind of quiet place.

第五篇：英語文章

Internet

Everything lives with opposite forces.The same can be said about modern technology, such as Internet.At first glance Internet offers us excitement and a worl of promise.Frankly speaking, people who have some ideas of it can not deny the merits born with the system.For instance,it can improve proficiency in scientific research, for by means of it scientists and researchers can get a global look at the latest development in the field concerned and accordingly they need spend no time doing what has already been done.In view of personal communication, the most convenient means could be peculiar to Internet, too.While people speak highly of Internet,its drawbacks shouldn＇t be neglected.Sometimes, alittle fatal breakdown of the system, or a disastrous error could bring us an enormous amount of damage an。Meanwhile, with lnternet＇s replacement of hooks or the written work as the main source of information, human＇s writing abilities are weakened and relations between people are desalinated.However, every country on this planet should work hard to

develop

the

system

to

serve

us

more

efficiently

and comfortably, because in the net all countries are interrelated.[參考譯文]

因特網

任何事情的存在都有負面影響。可以說科技也是如此，例如網絡。初看起來，網絡帶給我們興奮的一個有前途的世界。坦白地講，既使對此有些想法的人也不能否認網絡與生俱來的優點。舉個例子，它可提高科研效率，因為科學家們觀察它們借此能夠獲得對相關領域最新發展的全面了解。并且他們無需費時做已做過的事情。對于個人交流溝通，最便捷的方式恐怕也是網絡。

當人們高度評價網絡時；應忽視它的缺欠。有時系統小有一點致命的故障或一點災難性的錯誤都會帶來巨大的損失。同時隨著作為主要信息來源的各種書籍和書寫工作逐漸被網絡替代，人類的寫作能力變弱，而且人與人之間的關系也淡漠了。

盡管如此，這個星球上的每個國家都應努力發展這個網絡系統以便更高效服務于人類。因為在網上，所有的國家都是相互聯系的。

人類生存Man Is to Survive

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about: Man Is to Survive.You should base your writing on the following outline:

1．人類面臨的問題(如能源、疾病、污染、人口等)；

2．悲觀的看法(如人類將無法生存)；

3．人類的智慧和出路。

Your composition should be no less than 120 words.Be sure to write your composition in readable handwriting.Man Is to Survive

Man is finding himself confronted with more and more problems which threaten his existence on this planet.For example, some resources are beginning to be exhausted.Many diseases are getting difficult to be cured.Various kinds of pollution are becoming worse and worse.Moreover, population explosion is always on the rise...Therefore, there comes the problem: will man survive these problems?

Faced with，so many problems, pessimists hold that man is destined to die out.Their reasons are as follows.With population explosion, food will be scarce;space will shrink;resources will be used up.Moreover, pollution will threaten our health;

incurable diseases will endanger our lives...Obviously, man has only one way out——complete destruction.Admittedly, these people have their reasons to think in this way, but I don＇t think they are altogether right.I believe that man is bound to overcome these difficulties and survive a into the future because man is endowed with wisdom.With this wisdom, he came up with solutions to problems he came across in the past.With this wisdom, he will surely work out solutions to the problems which will arise in the future.學生求職為何難?

Why It Is Difficult ron College Students to Find Jobs?(大學生求職為何難?)

1．描述現狀；

2．分析原因；

3．給出辦法。

[寫作導航]先陳述現實，即雖然從理論上講不應如此，但大學生找工作確實很難；第二段分析原因，一方面來自大學生自身，如有些人不能溶入社會，目標過高等，另一方面是所學專業過窄，難以找到合適的工作；第三段給出“我”的觀點：大學生應了解自己的長處和短處，不要太看重物質利益，而是要著眼于長遠發展，另外還要注意繼續深造。

[范文]

More and more college students, in recent years, are finding it difficult to find jobs.This may sound strange since college students used to be the “most favored” people in society.They have received a higher education, hence they are more intelligent, knowledgeable than their counterparts who failed to attend college.But chances are that some of them

can hardly find jobs after graduating from colleges.There are two reasons that account for this strange phenomenon.One is that some college students cannot come to terms with themselves and with the world around them.They pursue too high goals and are too particular about such factors as working conditions, salary, and so on.Therefore, they are reluctant to accept the job when they are offered to them.Another reason is that the majors some students pursue do not match with the demands of the job market.As a result, they canonly sit and miss opportunities.To solve this problem, I think college students should know their own strengths and weaknesses and have the right attitude towards themselves and the job vacancies.In addition, they should not attach too much importance to material aspects of the job.They

should put priority to their future development and their contributions to society in stead.Furthermore, they should think of receiving some further training to meet the demands of society.課外活動之我見

My Views on Extracurricular Activity(課外活動之我見)

1．有些學生熱衷于課外活動；

2．有些學生從不參加課外活動；

3．我的觀點。

[寫作導航]第一段先指出，積極參加課外活動的同學對課外活動的看法是積極的；第二段再寫不積極參加課外活動的同學的看法；第三段陳述我的看法，可分別從大學生活的性質、書本知識與課外實踐以及廣交朋友等方面論述積極參加課外活動的好處。

[范文]

Some students like to participate actively in after class activities.They think after class activities are an integral part of school life.By going in for such activities, they can learn what they can＇t learn from books, which will be beneficial to them in the future.Others, however, don＇t like after class activities at all.They think that a student＇s work at school is learning theoretical knowledge and nothing else.Taking part in after class activities is a waste of the valuable time at school.In my opinion, every student should engage in some after class activities because from these activities we can learn many valuable things that we won＇t learn in classrooms.School is not just a place for learning the difference between “lie” or “lay”, or what caused the hours of the daily schedule.Finally, after class activities broaden our circle of acquaintances.No amount of ordinary school work can take the place of friends acquired in the informal familiarities of activities.分數之我見-My Ideas on Soores

My Ideas on Soores(分數之我見)

1．有人認為分數重要；

2．有人認為分數不重要；

3．我的看法。

[寫作導航]第一段從不同的人對分數有不同的看法引入主題，然后分述這些看法。有人認為分數是衡量學生掌握知識程度的唯一標準，分數還可決定一個學生是否可以上大學、讀研究生，甚至是否被工作單位錄用；而有些人則認為分數高的學生不一定工作能力強，實際能力更重要。最后給出“我”的看法，即在我看來，兩種看法都有片面性，其實兩者缺一不可。

[范文]

People＇s ideas on scores vary from person to person.Some think that scores are very important.They think in this way because scores have always been the only means to tell whether a student has a good command of the subject they have learned.To illustrate, they say scores are often used to determine whether a student should go to college or not.Scores are also used to decide whether he can further his study after graduation.Scores are still used to decide whether he can get a job in the job market.Others, on the other hand, holdthat scores are not so important as practical knowledge.They suggest that students with high scores at school are not necessarily competent in their work after graduation.Our society does not need those who can perform very well in examinations;instead, it needs those with practical skills.I think both of the above views have their limitations.Having lots of theoretical knowledge without enough practical skills is no good, nor is having lots of practical skills without enough theoretical knowledge.Only when we have a combination of both, can we be called qualified students of new China.學生評價老師

Students＇ Rating of Their Teachers(學生評價老師)

1．學生給老師打分已很普遍；

2．人們對其持不同態度；

3．我的看法

[寫作導航]第一段宜寫高校改革所帶來的變化使得學生評價教師很普遍，在有些高校學生的評價甚至成為教師教學好壞的惟一尺度；第二段應寫對這一做法，人們有不同的看法，有人贊成，認為學生最有發言權，而有人則反對，認為學生不具備評價教師的素質，對諸如教學材料、教師業務水平等的評價應由教師的同事來完成；第三段寫我的看法，我認為，學生評價教師有必要，但要切實做到對教師的教學有幫助，例如可讓學生評價在某門課上所學到的知識如何，興趣如何等等。

[范文]

A great change is now taking place in higher education throughout our country.Teachers are being held responsible as never before for how well they serve their students.It has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade teachers as for teachers to grade students.In some universities students＇ rating has even become the only source of information on teaching effectiveness.This, however, has caused great controversy.Some are in favor of the rating system.They hold that since students attend the teachers classes everyday, they should have their opinion about their teachers＇ effectiveness.Others, on the contrary, are

strongly against it.They think that students＇ rating is easy to administer and score, but it also is easy to abuse.They believe that there is much more to teaching than what is shown on students＇ rating forms.Students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used are up to date or how well the teacher knows about the subject.These judgments require professional knowledge, which is best left for the teachers＇ colleagues.I think students＇ rating of their teachers is necessary, but it should be conducted in a way that can really shed meaningful light on teachers＇ performance.Instead of rating the teachers＇ knowledge on the subject, students should be asked to estimate what they themselves have leaned in a course, and to report on such things as a teacher＇s ability to communicate with students, his relationship with students, and his ability to arouse interest in the subject.就業時選擇高薪還是好的職業

Do You Prefer High Salary or A Promising Job?(觀點題材)

When it comes to the choice of career, some people prefer the job with high salary.Why? Their reasons run as following: to begin with, high salary can bring them happy life;in addition, with high salary, they can do whatever they want.But some others prefer to choose a job with promising future.They base their choice on the following reasons: on one hand, a promising job itself means a raise and promotion in the future;on another hand, job with a bright future will bring them honor and sense of pride.As for me, if I’m left to make the choice, I’ll not hesitate to choose a promising job.First of all, I appreciate the honor and challenge it brings to me.At the same time, if I work hard, it will offer me a lot of opportunities including high salary, good position, etc.現代社會中的女性

Woman in Modern Society

Title: Woman in Modern Society

Outline: 1)Role of women in modern society

2)Prejudices and discrimination against women

3)My comments

Women play an important part in modern society.Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering.They comprise a large part of the workers in businesses and factories.In addition, they are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men.There are even some businesses which are run completely be women.Clearly, women are making outstanding contributions to the progress of modern society.There are, However, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways.First, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough.Second, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males.Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only.In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than women do.Personally, I'm firmly standing on the side of those woman right defenders.Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing.(173 words)

My Dream

I am good at writing and I am interested in travelling around the world, so I want to become a reporter in the future.As a reporter, I can communicate with many different kinds of people.I can show the real world to readers.As a matter of fact, to be a good reporter is not easy.It's a challenge for me.Now I must study hard and lay a solid foundation.Also I must build up my body.關于我自己(自我介紹)_

關于我自己

【內容提示】

你是李華，申請到一家外資企業工作。對方要求你用英語寫一篇文章，介紹自己的基本情況。文章應包括下表所列全部內容。

注意：1．情況介紹必須采用短文形式；

2．詞數100左右；

3．文章第一句已為你寫好。

生詞：競賽——competition

【作文示范】About Myself

My name is Li Hua.I was born in the city of Dalian, Liaoning Province.I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990.Then I entered

NO.6 Middle School where I mainly learned the subjects like Chinese, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry and computer.I have been very fond of and good at English and computer ever since.Therefore I placed first in the school computer competition last year.My hobbies include swimming in summer, skating in winter as well as collecting stamps and listening to popular music in my spare time.【寫法指要】

1）本文是根據1996年高考英語“書面表達”題寫成的，屬介紹說明文中的自我介紹。所謂介紹說明，是指對所要說明的對象作概括扼要而又比較全面的介紹，所以介紹說明又稱概說。這種文體很有用處，比如正式求職信或自薦信的第二段介紹個人履歷時就經常這樣寫，在應聘或投考時的面試（interview）中也要作這樣的口頭表述。

2）個人簡歷這樣的介紹說明文要按照時間順序（time order）安排文章結構。所以，在文章中多用像“from 1984 to 1990”，“then”，“ever since”等這樣的表示時間順序的銜接詞語（cohesive words／transitional words）達到文章在連貫（coherence）。雖然文章在整體上是以時間順序寫的，但也不排除使用其他邏輯關系的銜接詞語。例如，本文倒數第二句開頭用的就是表因果關系的銜接詞“therefore”。這樣，就把由于“I have been fond of and good at English and computer．”，因此“I placed first in the school computer competition last year．”之間的因果關系表達出來了。所以，在安排文章的結構時，說明順序詞語的運用應根據具體情況靈活掌握，不能死搬硬套

我的理想職業

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Ideal Job.You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:

1．人們對職業各有不同的理想；

2．我理想的職業是什么；

3．我怎樣為我理想的職業做準備。

Remember to Write your composition neatly.My Ideal Job

There are various kinds of jobs in the world, such as writing, nursing, teaching and engineering.But different people choose different jobs as their ideal careers.This is because everyone has his own interest.As for me, I have made up my mind to be a teacher.I choose to do so mainly for three reasons.First, I want to teach because I like the pace of academic calendar.Two long vacations offer me an opportunity for reflection, research and writing.Secondly, I want to teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lesson, to stimulate myself and my students.And I can have the opportunity to keep on learning.Finally, I want to teach because, being around the students who are beginning to grow and change in front of me, I will grow and change with them too.But teaching is no easy job at all.I must study cleverly to obtain more knowledge.And, at the same time, I will make every effort to purify my soul so that I can become an architect of man＇s soul.我的大學生活

My college life

As a sophomore, I am feeling the time flies.Recalling about the past one year, so many thoughts are flooding in my mind.At this time, I just can’t tell my real idea.The memory is just like so fresh, and all the things happened yesterday!

When first day I came to University, I really feel that the school is very good, but at the first sight of the dormitory, something disappointing come up to me!The condition of the dormitory is really very poor with only one room, no lavatory!I saw something sad in my father’s eyes, maybe that time he thought of the poor condition!So with a big smile on my face, I told my father” it doesn’t matter, Dad.In this kind of condition, I will get myself better!” My father felt better.But when he was coming back, seeing his back, I just wanted to cry!I felt in this city I was just isolated, from that time, I said to myself, “ you have no others who can help you here, just depend on yourself”

And then I came to my dormitory 303.I considered that I would spend four years here(in fact I moved to another one year later)and my dorm mates are all there.Most of them came from Sichuan and they were chatting with a happy voice, but I can’t understand them!Again, I felt myself isolated!I hated that kind of feeling, and then I said to hello to them!To my surprise they are very friendly to me and warm-hearted!I no longer felt afraid.And I got along well with them.But at the first night here, I burst out to tears for that I was missing my family.I don’t know why.Everyday when I was at home, I was just eager to go to school, to experience the wonderful college life but when coming here, I am just eager to go back!It’s quite strange though, you must know this kind of feeling!

Just spending about 2 days here, we were on our way to military train.To us, it’s a fresh train and a kind of experience to know the life between the classmates.But to me, I was nervous but excited.This was my first and precious train life because before going to school I have been staying with my family.So, you know, it’s just this kind of feeling I can’t convey it clearly!The train life is impressive on everybody;we had a lot of activities, for example giving a speech on a stage or singing together or playing basketball.At that time, I felt myself so little among them.All of them have a special talent but not me.I admired them but meanwhile jealousy.Why don’t I have this kind of talent? Am I stupid? I always said to myself.So that time I was also very ambitious, just eager to catch up with them.Except the classmates, the trainer in our team also left a deep impression on me!He was not very handsome and very kind.Just because of his kindness results in my laughter when training.He always said to me that I should be serious in the team but I didn’t listen to him.So after a long time, when investigating the training result, I gave them a disappointing answer.The highest trainer

如何保持健康

How to keep healthy

What is the most important thing in the world? I think it is health.You can take away our money, house, car, or even our clothes and we can survive.But if our health was taken away, we would surely die.That is why we always try to eat in a healthy way and exercise regularly.In order to eat healthily, I usually avoid eating food high in fat, like French fries or cookies.I also eat little meat.I eat a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit which are full of vitamins.Taking exercise every day helps us build a strong body.Regular exercise is an important part of keeping me healthy.What＇s more, I think friends are an important part of one＇s health.Many studies show that people with a wide range of social contacts get sick less than those who don＇t.I always feel better when I am with friends than when I am alone.When I am with my friends, I always laugh.Laughing is also an important part of health.I like to laugh with my friends.By eating properly and exercising regularly, I can keep my body at a proper weight and keep healthy.By spending time with my friends, I can keep my mind as well as my body happy.These things sound easy to do, but not many people can manage them.I think a strong will is necessary if we want to keep healthy.