第一篇：新東方筆記總結語法+詞匯
第1課
如果想達到85分以上，詞匯應該錯6個以內。
Jump for the sun, at least you land on the moon.目標定的高一點有好處。
4200單詞要求對于4級考試，高三畢業是1800個單詞。
我喜歡這里： I like here.Right: I like it here.I can succeed.Right: I can do it.I can make it.注意生活中的英語： Nike勝利女神。Just do it.生活中的英語： Did you have a pleasant journey?(這時要用降調)
I am very much frightened because a girl named Monika stands beside me.Oh, thank god!He’s not the president now.(我很害怕)I was just screwed up.(我一團糟)四級考試中常見的考察詞匯的題型：
I 押韻題型（押頭韻、押尾韻）；
答案總在相似中，如果有三個一樣，基本上就在其中了。
54.The rain was heavy and _A_ the land was flooded.A consequently B continuously C constantly D consistently
continue v.繼續，連續； continually adv.時斷時續地； continuously adv.連續不斷地。
說不停的咳嗽時，continually是間歇的時斷時續的咳嗽，continuously是一直不停的咳嗽。
consequently adv.因此，所以；(heavy rain大雨, light rain小雨)constantly adv.始終如一地，連續發生地；constant temperature 恒溫
consistently adv.一貫地，一致地； consistent adj.consistent policy 一貫的政策。
36.I hate people who _C_ the end of a film that you haven't seen before.A revise B rewrite C reveal D reverse
rewrite v.重寫，改寫； revise vt.修改，修正； reveal vt.揭示，揭露；
reverse vt.顛倒，使反轉，使反向。(vers是詞根，表示轉動；re是前綴，表示向相反方向)42.There were no tickets _D_ for Friday’s performance.A preferable B considerable C possible D available
performance n.表演，演出，演奏； perform vt.possible adj.可能的
動詞后加able構成形容詞通常表示“可…的” read-> readable accept-> acceptable consider vt.考慮； considerable adj.(數量或尺寸)相當大(或多)的。
preferable adj.更好的，更可取的；
available* adj.可獲得的，可利用的，可支配的。(重點詞)
33.In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total _D_ for living expenses.A acceptable B applicable C advisable D available living expenses 生活費； acceptable adj.可接受的；
apply vt.申請，應用； applicable adj.可應用的，適當的，合適的；
advise vt.建議； advice n.建議； advisable adj.明智的，可取的。
54.It is our _A_ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A consistent B continuous C considerate D continual
achieve unity through peaceful means 通過和平手段取得統一； consistent policy 一貫政策
II 構詞法題型(詞的轉化，合成，派生)；
構成符合形容詞的名詞和數量詞一律用單數。(見下面2個例題)
31.Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _B_ movie could not hold our 1 attention.A three-hours B three-hour C three-hours’ D three-hour’s 267.Professor White wrote a _C_ report yesterday.A two-thousand-words B two-thousands-word C two-thousand-word D two-thousands-words
以ly結尾的不全是副詞； friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, lively adj.考試中常見的否定前綴： un-、dis-、in-、im-
56._B_ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make friends with others.A Dislike B Unlike C Alike D Liking
like vt.喜歡； dislike vt.不喜歡，厭惡； unlike prep.不象…；
alike adj.& adv.同樣的(地)，相象的(地)； liking n.愛好，嗜好；
take a liking for喜歡…，對…產生好感。
III近義詞含義比較；
44.There were some _A_ flowers on the table.A artificial B unnatural C false D unreal
unreal adj.不真實的(不是真實世界所擁有的，虛幻的)； Ends justify means 不擇手段；
false adj.具有欺騙性的，假的，偽造的； false coin/passport/hair，a false tooth/false teeth unnatural adj.不自然的，經常用來修飾人的行為舉止，表示做作的，矯揉造作的。
artificial adj.人造人為的 artificial leg 假肢artificial leather 人造皮 genuine leather 真皮
54.When people become unemployed, it is _C_ which is often worse than lack of wages.A laziness B poverty C idleness D inability
laziness n.懶惰； poverty n.貧窮； poor adj.貧窮的；
idleness n.無事可做(中性，有時也有貶義含義)； inability n.沒有能力，沒有辦法。
69.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough _A_.A nuisance B trouble C worry D anxiety
invade 進攻，侵略； nuisance n.(具體的)令人討厭的東西； trouble n.煩惱，麻煩，問題；
worry n.擔心，發愁； anxiety n.焦慮。What a nuisance.真是煩。
IV 搭配關系問題；
extent n.程度； to...extent 到達…程度，在…程度之上； extent 只能和to搭配。
object vi.反對； object + to + 動名詞（動詞的ing形式）。
objection n.反對； objection + to + 動名詞（動詞的ing形式）。
V 形相近，意相遠；
65.In Britain, the best season of the year is probably _A_ spring.A late B last C latter D later
late adj.晚的，晚于通常時間的； late spring 晚春、暮春； last adj.最后的，最終的；
later adj.更晚的（late的比較級）、時間概念后一半的；只適用于表示某個世紀的后半期；
The later twentieth century.二十世紀的后一半。
latter adj.（兩者中）后者的； former adj.（兩者中）前者的；
59.Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _B_ in the market.A batteries B bargains C baskets D barrels
battery n.電池； bargain n.特價商品； It’s really a bargain.你真會買東西，不是說真便宜。
basket n.籃子； barrel n.桶； wonderful bargain 物美價廉的商品；bargain v.討價還價；
53.Remember that customers don’t _D_ about prices in that city.2 A debate B consult C dispute D bargain-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------
41.The bridge was named _A_ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A after B with C by D from
cause 事業； be named after 以…的名字命名；
42.There were no tickets _D_ for Friday’s performance.A preferable B considerable C possible D available preferable adj.更好的，更可取的；
358._C_ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.A Inferior to B Superior to C Prior to D Preferable to
具有比較意味的形容詞只要與介詞to搭配即可表示其比較級。super-表示在…上方，超過… inferior adj.低于…的，劣于…的； superior adj.高于…的，優于…的； prior adj.在…之前的Revolutionary War 特指美國獨立戰爭；second adj.第二的（含有比較意味，也與to搭配）
He is second to none.首屈一指，無與倫比；
30.Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.A of B to C with D from
43.It wasn't such a good dinner _C_ she had promised us.A that B which C as D what
such … that … 如此… 以至于… ； sb + be + ___ + sth 空格處應為能加雙賓語的動詞；
加雙賓語的動詞的用法：動詞 + sb + sth（主動形式）； sb + be + pp + sth（被動形式）；
59.American women were _D_ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.[the right to vote 選舉權]
A ignored B neglected C refused D denied deny v.否認，拒絕；deny sb sth 拒絕給予某人某物；
44.They decided to chase the cow away _C_ it did more damage.A unless B until C before D although
45._B_ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.A Each B Any C Either D One
common sense 常識； each 這個詞在英語中強調的是個體與眾不同的特點；
any 這個詞強調的是很多東西在一起的共性； either 兩者之間任何一個；
31.The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at _C_ chemist’s.A each B some C any D certain
46.All _D_ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A what is needed B for our needs C the thing needed D that is needed
當all作定語從句的先行詞時，從句只能用that來引導； all that = what
47._A_ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A When compared B Compare C While comparing D Comparing
本題的關鍵是弄清compare與mountain的關系； when 可以直接加過去分詞；
before(after)+ being + 過去分詞；
44.After _A_ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A being interviewed B interviewed C interviewing D having interviewed They lose their health to make money, and they lose their money to restore health.48._C_ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.[專家] A That was from Stephen B It was Stephen whom
C It was from Stephen that D It was Stephen that
本題重點是強調句式； 當被強調部分指人且在句子中作賓語時，其余部分可用whom引導；
49.If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller _D_.A suit B set C one D pair
50.Many new _A_ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.A opportunities B necessities C realities D probabilities 51.He must have had an accident, or he _A_ then.A would have been here B had to be here C should be here D would be here must have + 過去分詞 表示對過去行為的肯定推測；
與過去事態相反用：情態動詞 + have + 過去分詞 來體現虛擬語氣；
must 一定，必須； needn't, don't have to 不必；
53.You _A_ all those calculations!We have a computer to do that sort of thing.A needn’t have done B must not have done C shouldn’t have done D can not have done
should have + 過去分詞 本應該，本應當； shouldn't have done本不應該，本不應當；
44.It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you _D_ it.A mustn’t have done B wouldn’t have done C mightn’t have done D didn’t have to do
52.It was essential that the applications forms _C_ back before the deadline.A must be sent B would be sent C be sent D were sent
It be essential that 后面一定用虛擬語氣，且句子謂語動詞固定為(should)+ 動詞原型；
It was essential that the applications forms send back before the deadline.53.We _D_ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A just have had B have just had C just had D had just had when 還可以表示①剛..就…（有動作先后關系）、②恰在此時；
44.I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _D_ I heard voices.A as B while C after D when
45.I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _C_ something occurred which attracted my attention.A unless B until C when D while
46.It was essential that these application forms _D_ back as early as possible.A must be sent B will be sent C are sent D be sent
第2課
非謂語動詞與獨立主格：短語，句子（或者句子，短語）
1.當短語部分有獨立主語，并且該主語不同于句子主語，這時短語結構稱為獨立主格。（它最明顯的特點是短語部分有獨立的主語）。
獨立主格的結構1：名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [現在分詞、過去分詞]
現在分詞表示主動的，正在進行的行為；過去分詞表示被動的，已經完成的行為。作題時要通過判斷動作與名詞（代詞）之間的關系來確定是使用現在分詞還是過去分詞。當動作由名詞（代詞）發出時使用現在分詞，而名詞（代詞）是受動者時則用過去分詞。
54.Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.A followed B following C to follow D being followed
49.All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.A considered B be considered C considering D having considered
call off 取消； cancel vt.取消； 四級中的考點就是現在分詞和過去分詞的區別。
獨立主格的結構2：with + 名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [句子當中作狀語]
36.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged as well as 和（相當于and）； be encouraged不會考。
動詞不定式有預示將來行為的含義。to be encouraged 將要被鼓勵；
been encouraged 已經被鼓勵完了，與主句的謂語動詞相對；being encouraged 正在被鼓勵
2.短語部分沒有獨立主語，則短語結構稱為非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞的結構：分詞（分詞短語）
句子的主語決定非謂語動詞中的分詞是用主動還是被動形式。如果是句子的主語發出動作，則使用現在分詞；如果動作不是由句子的主語發出，則使用過去分詞。
43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed perform vt.表演，演出，演奏；
to be performed 將要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；
一些特殊的動詞：
第一點：forget 忘記； [反義] remember 記得；
這兩個詞后加動詞不定式表示將要進行的行為；這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式表示已經做過的事情。
注意：動名詞與現在分詞形式一樣，但含義不同。這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式都是動名詞。
forget to do sth.忘記要去做某事； forget doing sth.忘記做過某事；
remember to do sth.記得要去做某事； remember doing sth.記得做過某事；
62.I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him offer vt.提出，提供； offer sb.sth./ offer to do sth.him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正確。
動名詞的復合結構：凡是一個動詞的后面可以加動名詞，就可以加動名詞的復合結構。
動作發出者 + 動名詞；當動作發出者名字給出時：名詞所有格 + 動名詞；當動名詞的復合結構在文章中出現，且動作發出者在前文中提過時：形容詞物主代詞（賓格）+ 動名詞。
形容詞物主代詞：his, her, my, your, their, our。代詞賓格：him, her, me, you, us, them。
第二點：want 想要； want to do sth.想做某事； want doing 客觀需要或缺乏。
48.Your hair wants _B_.You'd better have it done tomorrow.A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut 注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被動含義。
18.This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
第三點：mean 意味； mean to do sth.打算做某事，意欲… ；mean doing 意味著，…的意思是…
25.There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble.[reception desk 接待臺]
A making B to make C to have made D having made
5-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------55.The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected watch 看電視用，看比賽用； see 看電影用；
感官動詞watch, see, hear； 感官動詞 + 名詞（代詞）+ do
be erected 強調的是動作的結果； being erected 強調的是動作的過程。
56.The engine _D_ smoke and steam.A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
give up 放棄； give in 屈服，讓步； give off 釋放，放出（煙和氣體）；
give away 泄露，走漏風聲；婚禮中新郎的父親把新娘的手交給新郎的過程；贈送禮品。
57.The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
keep sb.+ 分詞； inform v.通知，告知； inform sb.of sth.通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
60.The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A after which B for which C with which D at which
fight with sb.（注意要看整個句子）； fight with + 工具 用該工具來打仗。fight for 為…而戰。
I fight with him.我和他打起來了。I fight with him against her.我和他并肩對付她。
61.I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.A all in all B above all C after all D over all
all in all 總而言之；above all 首先，尤其是；after all 畢竟，終究；overall 全面的，總體的in a word 總之，in short 簡而言之，in conclusion 最后，總之，to sum up總之，總而言之。
62._B_ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now
now that 既然，由于（相當于since）； ever since 自從…以來。
與that搭配且后面可以加句子的幾個表達形式：
now that 既然，由于； in that 因為； except that 除…之外。
except后面加名詞或代詞；except that后面加句子。
63.What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to
be attached to 連接，附屬； This school is attached to Beida.這所學校附屬于北大。
responsible to 對…負有責任； resistant adj.反抗的，抵抗的； water resistant 防水的。
be contrary to 與..相反（相違背）。
64.John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.A not going B not to go C not having been going D not to be going
regret doing 后悔做過某事； regret to do sth.遺憾的做某事（應用語境非常有限）。
63.We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.A out of work B out of stock C out of reach D out of practice
out of work 失業； out of reach 夠不著 within reach 夠得著； out of practice 缺乏練習。
65.They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward in spite of 盡管； carry on 堅持，繼續。
66.Mrs.Brown is supposed _A_ for Italy last week.A to have left B to be leaving C to leave D to have been left
be supposed to do sth.應該（理應）做某事。
37.He’s watching TV? He’s _D_ to be cleaning his room.A known B considered C regarded D supposed regard as 把…認作
67.My camera can be _B_ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.A treated B adjusted C adopted D remedied
treat 對待，處理； I’ll treat you.我請客，應用于真正請客之前。It’s on me.應用于結帳時。
adjust vt.調整，調節； adopt vt.收養，領養； remedy vt.彌補，補救，修正；
68.A new technique _C_, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A working out B having worked out
C having been worked out D to have been worded out yields 產量； work out 作出，推出
關于百分數之前介詞的用法
increase to 80 percent 增加到80%（增加到用to）
increase by 60 percent增加了60%（表示增加的幅度用by）
55.Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded _A_ 27%.A by B for C to D in
69.Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _C_.A hurt B damaged C spoiled D harmed spoil vt.寵壞，溺愛
70.When Mr.Jones gets old, he will _B_ over his business to his son.A take B hand C think D get
take over 接管接收； hand over 移交，交出； think over 仔細考慮； get over 克服，戰勝。
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41.We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have _A_ one this month.A another B more C the other D other
不定代詞：1 兩者中的一個用one；另一個則用the other； 2 很多東西中的一個用one；
剩下的所有叫the others； 3 很多東西中的一個用one；剩下的所有里面再拿一個叫another；
在剩下的里面再拿一個還叫another（單數概念）； 4 很多東西中拿了若干出來用some；
剩下所有叫others； other 后通常要加可數名詞的復數形式； more 要用在數詞的后面
once more 再來一個（用于很不正式的場合）vravo 再來一個（用于正式場合）
44.No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _A_.A the other B any other C another D other neither 兩者中任意一者都不
42.It was difficult to guess what her _B_ to the news would be.A impression B reaction C comment D opinion reaction n.反應； reaction to 對…作出反應。
43.I decided to go to the library as soon as I _D_.A finish what I did B finished what I did
C would finish what I was doing D finished what I was doing
as soon as所引導的時間狀語從句與主句的時態搭配有一種情況是主從句都用一般過去時。
45.We are interested in the weather because it _B_ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.A benefits B affects C guides D effects
affect vt.影響； effect n.影響。
46.Will all those _D_ the proposal raise their hands?
A in relation to B in contrast to C in excess of D in favor of in relation to 與…相比； in contrast to 與…形成對照；
in excess of 超過，超出（一定的限定范圍）； in favor of 贊同，支持。
47.Children are very curious _D_.A at heart B in person C on purpose D by nature
at heart 在心理，在內心； heart 強調的是內心的感情，mind 強調的是思維，頭腦，soul 靈魂
in person 親自，本人； on purpose 有意的，故意的； by nature 生性（天性）使然。
48.The match was cancelled because most of the members _A_ a match without a standard court.A objected to having B were objected to have C objected to have D were objected to having
58.The man in the corner confessed to _B_ a lie to the manager of the company.A have told B having told C being told D be told confess v.懺悔； confess to 承認，坦白。
49.The teacher doesn’t permit _C_ in class.A smoke B to smoke C smoking D to have a smoke
permit v.允許，準許； permit sb.to do sth.允許某人做某事； permit doing 允許做某事。
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21.As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _D_ it.A postpone B refuse C delay D cancel
22.These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _A_ you need.A all the information B all the informations C all of information D all of the informations
23.Not until the game had begun _C_ at the sports ground.A had he arrived B would he have arrived C did he arrive D should he have arrived 24.Young people are not _B_ to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.[參與，參加]
A conservative B content C confident D generous
conservative adj.保守的； conservative party 保守黨； content adj.甘愿的，滿足的；
confident adj.自信的，有信心的； generous adj.慷慨的，大方的。
25.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _C_.A granted B implied C exaggerated D remedied
maintain 堅持認為； medium n.媒體單數，media n.媒體復數；
grant vt.授予，給予； imply vt.隱含，暗示； exaggerate v.夸大，夸張，高估；
remedy vt.彌補，補救，修正。
26.These surveys indicate that many crimes go _A_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.[victims 受害人]
A unrecorded B to be unrecorded C unrecording D to have been unrecorded 27.I have no objection _B_ your story again.[object to + 動名詞] A to hear B to hearing C to having heard D to have heard
28.The clothes a person wears may express his _B_ or social position.A curiosity B status C determination D significance status n.身份，地位； significance n.意義，重要性；
29.By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _D_ opportunity to change his mind.A accurate B urgent C excessive D adequate
accurate adj.精確的； urgent adj.緊急的，緊迫的； excessive adj.過多的，過度的；
adequate adj.充足的，足夠的。
30.You will see this product _B_ wherever you go.A to be advertised B advertised C advertise D advertising
31.The early pioneers had to _C_ many hardships to settle on the new land.A go along with B go back on C go through D go into go through 經歷
32.The suggestion that the major _B_ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A would present B present C presents D ought to present
suggestion, suggest 所引導的句子都用虛擬語氣。should +（動詞原形）
34.Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _B_ at the next town.A to stop B stopping C stop D having stopped suggest + doing也可以
33.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _A_ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A whose B which C that D what whose指代的就是他前面的male drinkers.35.I didn't know the word.I had to _C_ a dictionary.A look out B make out C refer to D go over
look up 查閱； look up a word in a dictionary 在字典中查單詞；
reference n.參考書目； reference room 資料室；
36.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _D_ his arguments in favour of the new theory.[sufficient 充足的，足夠的；grounds 論據；arguments 論點] A to be based on B to base on C which to base on D on which to base
base vt.以…作基礎，基于… which引導從句時，如果從句是介詞結尾則介詞應在which之前。
on which(he is)to base
37.There are signs _A_ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A that B which C in which D whose
sign n.跡象； fact n.事實； evidence n.證據；后面常加同位語從句來說明具體內容。
同位語從句用that（不能省略）引導。
38.I think I was at school, _A_ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.[or else 否則，要不然]
A or else B and then C or so D even so
39.It is said that the math teacher seems _A_ towards bright students.A partial B beneficial C preferable D liable
partial adj.偏袒的，偏愛的（經常與to或towards搭配）
40.In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _C_ trouble over the figures.[figures 數目，數據；extra 額外的，附加的]
A extensive B spare C extra D supreme
41.“I'm sorry.Mr.Williams _A_ to a conference long before then.” A will have gone B had gone C would have gone D has gone
當要表達將來的行為在將來的某時間之前完成用將來完成時，將來完成時結構：will have + p.p.42.You _D_ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A shouldn't follow B mustn't follow
C couldn't' have been following D shouldn't have been following should have + p.p.本應該； shouldn’t have + p.p.本不應該
43.The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _D_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A have allowed B allow C allowing D allows
part-time 兼職； full-time 全職； flexible working patterns 彈性工作制； training 培訓；
retraining 再培訓； take advantage 利用；
44.Everybody _A_ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.A assembled B accumulated C piled D joined assembled 聚集； secretary 書記。
45.Putting in a new window will _B_ cutting away part of the roof.A include B involve C contain D comprise involve 引起，與…直接有關
46.Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _C_ obtaining fresh water is not the least.[the least 最高級]
A with which B for which C of which D which
42.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _C_ obtaining water is not the least.[the least 最高級]
A for which B to which C of which D in which
47.In the _C_ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to million.[in the event of 萬一，如果]
A face B time C event D course
in the face of 面對； in the time of 在…時期； in the course of 在…期間。
48.The manager would rather his daughter _D_ in the same office.A had not worked B not to work C does not work D did not work
would rather + 動詞原形； would rather + 句子（用虛擬語氣，句子謂語動詞用一般過去時）
49._D_, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.A Although much he likes her B Much although he likes her C As he likes her much D Much as he likes her
如果用although引導則應改成：Although he likes her very much, …
50.The British constitution is _B_ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.[無論是在空格前還是后，如果出現了名詞extent要找介詞就著to] A within B to C by D at to a large extent 在很大程度上。
第3課
倒裝：倒裝有全部倒裝和部分倒裝。
謂語部分所有單詞都放在主語前是全部倒裝。謂語的一部分放在主語的前面是部分倒裝。
謂語中的一部分通常是指：
1、系動詞；
2、助動詞；
3、情態動詞。
全部倒裝的五條原則：
1.There be句型（表示有）；
2.以There或now開頭的句子，且句子謂語動詞為come或go；
There you go again.你又去那里了。
3.以Here開頭的句子，且句子謂語動詞為系動詞be； Here you are.拿去。
4.以副詞out, in, up, down, away開頭的句子；
在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主語是代詞則用陳述句語序。
5.以狀語（常見的是地點狀語）開頭的句子。
部分倒裝的六條原則：
1.so放在句首時表示承前肯定，這個句子用部分倒裝；
nor, neither放在句首時表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒裝；
2.省略了引導詞if 的虛擬條件從句，可以把從句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一個提到從句最前面的位置，構成部分倒裝；
3.as, though表示“盡管”時引導從句，從句中的表語可以置于引導詞之前構成部分倒裝；
系動詞后面的部分就是表語，形容詞、名詞、名詞性短語可以置于系動詞之后。
例如：She is beautiful.They are students.四級考試中出現的是由動詞的過去分詞轉變的形容詞作表語的形式。
26._B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published
當題干是as引導一個從句，且as前為一個空格時他表示的就是盡管，空格處要填的就是表語。
being published 正在被出版； to be published 將要被出版。
此句恢復正常語序應為： As it was published at such a time … 4.表示否定含義的單詞或短語放在句首，句子用部分倒裝；
常見的一些表示否定含義的單詞：never, little, few, hardly(… when), scarcely(… when)；
seldom 難得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。
常見的一些表示否定含義的短語：in no way 決不； on no account 決不；
under no circumstances 在任何情況下都不。
5.only + 狀語放在句首，句子用部分倒裝；（如果only去掉就是全部倒裝）
43.Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.A permitted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen
freshmen 新生； make up for 彌補，補償； make-up tests 補考（緩考）。
6.注意兩個表達形式：come what may 無論發生什么情況； say what you will 暢所欲言。
-------------------------1991-06-------------------------強調句式的補充內容：被強調部分是疑問詞時的情況。
60.When I try to understand _C_ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A why it does B what it does C what it is D why it is prevent sb.from doing sth.妨礙（阻止）某人做某事。
強調部分本為： it is what that prevents so many …
又因為句中有疑問詞，應寫為： what is it that prevents so...11 但強調句式在句中作賓語成分，故正確寫法為： what it is that … 50.I like watching TV _C_ to the cinema.A more than to go B than going C more than going D rather than to go
than 除構成固定短語外就要與比較級搭配，不會單獨出現； rather than + 動詞原形；
平行結構，遇到平行結構時應做的兩步： 找出連接詞，2 使要填部分與已給出的對應部分形式完全一樣。
51.I appreciate _D_ to your home.A to be invited B to have invited C having invited D being invited appreciate + 動名詞（不能加動詞原形，不能加句子）。
41.I would appreciate _B_ it a secret.A you to keep B your keeping C that you keep D that you will keep your keeping 動名詞的復合結構。you keeping 也是正確的。
52.I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _C_ when judging my examination.A regard B counting C account D observation take sth.into account 考慮。
54.Important people don’t often have much free time as their work _C_ all their time.A take away B take over C take up [占據] D take in
55.When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ___ it.A got off B got across C got away D got over got over it 克服戰勝。
56.Many people complain of the rapid _C_ of modern life.A rate B speed C pace D growth
pace 節奏； rapid pace of modern life現在生活快節奏。
57.San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _B_.A is rarely B rarely is C hardly is D is scarcely
rarely, usually 都是頻度副詞。通常頻度副詞的位置在系動詞之后，表示實在意思的詞前面。
58.The speaker, _D_ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.A having known B being known C knowing D known
know 沒有現在分詞；know 用主動形式時只能和兩個介詞搭配：of, about。
known for 以…而著名。
60.I couldn’t find _A_, and so I took this one.A a large enough coat B an enough large coat C a large coat enough D a coat enough large enough 修飾形容詞時要放到形容詞后面。
61.I always _B_ what I have said.A get to B hold to C lead to D see to
本題所有選項中的to都是介詞，其后加動詞動名詞的形式。
hold to 堅守，信守； see to 負責做，處理，照料（后面加的都是某件事情，不加人）
62.No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _C_ we all sat down to rest.A when B then C than D until no sooner … than 一…就…
63.Evidence came up _C_ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A what B which C that D whose
evidence 證據、sign 跡象、fact 事實，后面都要帶同位語從句，且從句用that引導。
64.He moved away from his parents, and missed them _A_ enjoy the exciting life in New York.[too … to，太…而不能…]
A too much to B enough to C very much to D much so as to 65.He was _C_ of having asked such a silly question.A sorry B guilty C ashamed D miserable
guilty adj.有罪的； be ashamed of 因…而羞愧（不好意思）的； miserable adj.悲慘的。
66.The last time we had a family reunion was _B_ my brother's wedding ceremony four years ago.A in B at C during D over
ceremony n.典禮，儀式。要表達在某典禮（儀式）上用介詞at。
at the graduation ceremony 在畢業典禮上。
67.What _A_ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?
A do you suppose B you suppose C will you suppose D you would suppose do you supposed 常做插入語。
68._D_ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.[despite prep.盡管； as for 關于，至于] A As for B Besides C Except D Despite
69.How close parents are to their children _B_ a strong influence on the character of the children.A have B has C having D to have
influence on 對…造成影響，很大的影響中形容詞用的是strong。
70.He _A_ when the bus came to a sudden stop.A was almost hurt B was hurt himself C was to hurt himself D was hurting himself hurt oneself 自殘； be to + 動詞原形，將要做某事；
-------------------------1993-06-------------------------
41.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _C_ for her examination.A to prepare B to be prepared C preparing D being prepared be busy doing sth.忙于做某事
42.Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.A and B but C or D an order
and 在這里表示一種結果，翻譯成“那么（和）”。只有兩種情況下and才會這樣翻譯：
1.省略句 ＋ and + 句子； 2.祈使句 ＋ and + 句子。
47.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _B_ advertisements showing happy balanced families.A are often seeing B will often see C often see D have often seen
43.I cannot give you _D_ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.A an expense B a charge C a purchase D an order order n.定購，訂單； purchase n.購買。
45.By the end of this month, we surely _C_ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A have found B will be finding C will have found D are finding 如果一個句子的時間狀語是由by引導的，則時態要選擇完成時態。
將來的行為在將來的某個時間之前就已完成用將來完成時。
solution to a problem 一個問題的解決方案。
46.Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to _A_ any further responsibilities.A take on B get on C put up D look up take on 承擔； take on responsibility 承擔責任。
47.Having no money but _B_ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A not to want anyone B not wanting anyone C wanted no one D to want no one dinner n.正餐（多指晚餐）； supper n.夜宵，晚餐； breakfast n.早餐； lunch n.午餐；
brunch n.早午餐。[but前后的句子要平衡]
48.We desire that the tour leader _A_ us immediately of any change in plans.A inform B informs C informed D has informed
desire v.要求，表要求時后面加句子要用虛擬語氣，(should)+ 動詞原形。
其他同樣用法的詞還有ask, demand, request, require.49.Not _B_, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A obviously B surprisingly C particularly D normally not surprisingly 一點也不奇怪。vary vi.變化。
vary from … to … 從一種形式變化到另一種形式。vary between … and … 在兩者之間進行變化。
29.Features such as height, weight, and skin color _B_ from individual to individual and from face to face.A change B vary C alter D convert
individual n.個人，個體； individualism n.個人主義。
44.The hope, goals, fears and desires _D_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.A alter B shift C transfer D vary
50.A man escaped from the prison last night.It was a long time _A_ the guards discovered what had happened.A before B until C since D when
It + 系動詞 + 一段時間 + before引導的句子 在…之前花費多少時間。
54.Scientists say it may be five or ten years _D_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A since B when C after D before
51.In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _D_ the developments and recorded every detail.[keep a watchful eye on 密切主意，留神] A in B at C for D on
52.There's little chance that mankind would _D_ a nuclear war.A retain B endure C maintain D survive
retain vt.保持，保留； endure v.忍受； maintain vt.維持，保持，堅持認為；
survive vi.生存； vt.活過 …（賓語為某種災難）。survive a flood 活過一場洪水。
前綴sur表示過 …，外，超； vive 表示生活，強調活著。
54.They usually have less money at the end of the month than _C_ at the beginning.A which is B which was C they have D it is
less … than句子前后要平衡結構。
55.In the course of a day students do far more than just _A_ classes.14 A attend B attended C to attend D attending
far more than 遠遠多于，遠不止于；也要句子前后平衡結構。
56.The French pianist [n.鋼琴師] who had been praised very highly _C_ to be a great disappointment.A turned up B turned in C turned out D turned down
turn up 后面不加賓語表示出現，后面加賓語表示將聲音調高，調大；
turn in + 賓語 上繳，交出； turn down 將聲音調低，調小；拒絕；
refuse sb.指直接的回絕； turn sb.down 則指委婉的拒絕；
turn out + 動詞不定式 最終證明是，結果是。
57.Many difficulties have _B_ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.A risen B arisen C raised D arrived
因本句未加賓語，估不應選不及物動詞，可排除C項； arrive vi.到達，抵達；
rise vi.升起，升高（側重指旗幟或太陽升起）；數量的增高（側重指水位、價位）；
the sun rises in the east and sets in the west 太陽東升西落。
arise vi.升起，升高，出現，發生（經常與抽象名詞聯用）。
69.A completely new situation will _B_ when the examination system comes into existence.A arise B rise C raise D arouse
33.Last year the advertising rate _D_ by 20 percent.A raised B aroused C arose D rose
58.He made such a _D_ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.A genuine B minimum C modest D generous
name after 以…的名字來命名。genuine adj.真正的，貨真價實的； genuine leather 真皮；
minimum adj.最低的，最小的； modest adj.謙虛謹慎的，適度的；
generous adj.慷慨的，慷慨大方的（修飾貢獻等用這個）。
59.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, _D_, of course, made the others jealous.A who B that C what D which
which在這里是引導非限定性定語從句，which引導非限定性定語從句有2個特點：
1.which前面有逗號與其他句子分開。2.which指的是前面整句話的內容。
as也可以引導非限定性定語從句，指的都是一句話的內容。
which指一句話的內容只能置于該句之后，而as既可以在后也可以在前。
67._C_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer.A That B Which C As D It
60.In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _B_.A gaps B intervals C length D distance
interval n.間隔（即可指空間間隔，也可指時間間隔），四級考試中專考時間間隔的概念。
interval是固定與介詞at搭配的。
23.Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at regular _D_.A gaps B rate C length D intervals
at regular rate 以規則的速度； at regular interval 以規則的時間間隔；
61.Mr.Johnson preferred _A_ heavier work to do.A to be given B to be giving C to have given D having given
64.Our company decided to _D_ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.A destroy B resist C assume D cancel 65.She is _C_ a musician than her brother.A much of B much as C more of D more as be of 具有某種性質、品質或特點；
66.Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe _B_ by the judge.A service B sentence C crime D crisis
sentence n.判決，判刑； crisis n.危機； economic crisis 經濟危機；
68.The residents, _C_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A all their homes B all whose homes C all of whose homes D all of their homes 當給出了句子的主語，且后面有兩部分謂語動詞，這兩部分謂語動詞之間又沒有連接詞，時態也不同時，離主語近的謂語動詞應為從句的組合成分。
69.You can't afford to let the situation get worse.You must take _D_ to put it right.A decisions B directions C sides D steps
take steps 采取措施，采取行動； take measures 采取措施；
70.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _B_ your advice.A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed if only 如果，要是...就好了，其后面的句子一定要用虛擬語氣。
1.如果if only后面的句子表示與現在或將來的事實相反，這時謂語動詞用一般過去時體現虛擬語氣。
2.如果if only后面的句子表示與過去的事實相反，這時謂語動詞用過去完成時體現虛擬語氣。
47.If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve
如果if only后面的句子表示與現在或將來的事實相反，這時謂語動詞用一般過去時，也可以用would + 動詞原形。
-------------------------1995-06-------------------------
42.Mark often attempts to escape _C_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A having been fined B to have been fined C being fined B to be fined escape + 動名詞。
44.It is recommended that the project _A_ until all the preparations have been made.A not be started B will not be started C is not started D is not to be started
recommend vt.推薦，建議，后面加句子要用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞的形式：(should)+ 動詞原形
45.I wish I _D_ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have slept
wish 后面的句子要用虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反用：情態動詞 + have + 動詞過去分詞。
might經常被翻譯成或許。
46.We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _D_ him.A had telephoned B must have telephoned C would telephone D would have telephoned
otherwise, or等表示“否則”的詞，后面句子都要用虛擬語氣。
48.While people may refer to television for up-to-minute news [最新的消息], it is unlikely that television _A_ the newspaper completely.16 A will replace B have replaced C replace D replaced
49.An Olympic Marathon [馬拉松] is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately [大約] _B_ from Marathon to Athens [雅典].A distance B the distance C is the distance D the distance is
50.You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _D_ to suspend your tent.A there B them C where D which
介詞 + which + 動詞不定式(to do sth.)整體做定語。
本句可改寫為：You will want two tress about ten feet apart, to suspend your tent from.只要見到有介詞出現在空格之前，而選項中有which, them, there, where等詞則應選which。
51.As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had _C_ to ask my boss.A many B most C much D more
當many沒有修飾任何其他詞而單獨出現時表示很多人。much在這里相當于many things。
52._A_ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A Until B Before C From D Since
until recently 直到最近； not surprisingly 一點也不奇怪。
53.The survival of civilization as we know it is _C_ threat.A within B towards C under D upon under threat 受到威脅。
55.In some countries, _D_ is called “equality” [平等] does not really mean equal rights for all people.A which B one C that D what
that可以引導主語從句，但只做引導詞而不充當任何成分。
56.I walked too much yesterday and _A_ are still aching now.A my leg muscles B my muscles of leg C my leg's muscles D my muscles of the leg 英語中一個名詞修飾另外一個名詞時第一個名詞要用單數。apple trees, eye drops 57.Radio, television and press _B_ of conveying news and information.A are the most three common means B are the three most common means C are the most common three means D are three the most common means
幾個詞修飾一個名詞時修飾詞的順序應為：1.定冠詞the應該放在最前面（離名詞最遠）的位置；
2.數詞應放在第二位；3.最后考慮其他形容詞。
58.Liquids are like solids _C_ they have a definite volume.A with that B for that C in that D at that
三個與that的搭配的表達形式：now that, in that [因為], except that。
59.When a fire _C_ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.A broke off B broke down C broke out D broke up break out（火災、戰爭）突然發生，爆發；
60.The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could _D_.[make up for 彌補]
A stand up to B put up with C come up with D make up for
61.Then the speaker _B_ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.A went after B went into C went for D went on
go after 追求，設法得到； go into 談論，敘述； go for 襲擊/支持； go on 繼續。
62.The students was just about to _C_ the questions, when suddenly he found the answer A arrive at B submit to C give up D work out
63.When there are small children around, it is necessary to put bottles of pills out of _B_.A hand B reach C hold D place
out of reach 夠不著； within reach 夠得找。
64.The _D_ of blood always makes him feel sick.A form B look C view D sight
form n.形式，形狀； view n.風景，景色/視野，視域； look 指的是主觀有意識的看；
sight n.看見，瞥見（不強調主客觀）。
66.Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as _B_ sickness A normal B ordinary C average D regular
sickness of mind 精神病； normal adj.正常的； average adj.平均的，中等水平的；
regular adj.有規律的，規則的； ordinary sickness 一般性疾病。
68.Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only _C_ to his confusion.A extended B amounted C added [add to 增加] D turned 70.It took him several months to ___ the wild horse.A tend B cultivate C tame D breed
tame vt.馴服； breed 強調的是繁殖，側重指大批量的繁殖。
It take sb.sometime to do sth.做某事花了某人多少時間。
第4課
主謂一致：指的就是給出主語，要求判斷謂語動詞是用單數還是復數的問題。
一、就近原則：
指句子的主語由兩部分單詞或短語構成時，由離謂語動詞近的那部分主語來決定謂語動詞的單復數。
只有當以下單詞或短語連接主句的兩部分時就近原則才適用：
1.or 或者； 2.either … or … 不是…就是…，…或… ； 3.neither … nor … 既不…也不… ；
4.not only … but also … 不但…而且… ； 5.not … but … 不是…而是… 例如：主語1 or 主語2 謂語動詞。此時由主語2決定謂語動詞。
10._C_ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss? A Are B Where C Is D Does
如果題目改變為：Either he or his accountants ___ going … 則應選A
二、句子謂語動詞一定用復數的兩種情況：
1.集合名詞做主語，集合名詞沒有復數形式，因為他本身就代表一個復數概念。
常見的幾個復合名詞： people 人民，人們； police 警察； cattle 牛； poultry 家禽。
2.表示數量的復數名詞 + 不可數名詞，整體做主語時
例如：去年出口了八百萬頓煤。Eight million tons of coal were exported last year.三、謂語動詞一定用單數的六種情況：
1.句子的主語是由從句充當的、動詞不定式短語作主語、動名詞短語作主語；
2.表示時間、重量、長度、價值四方面的詞做主語；
399.--“How many days?”
0--“Did you say that five days _C_ required to complete that work?”
A are B were C was D is
3.表示單數概念的主語，短語，謂語動詞，此時謂語動詞也用單數；
因為此結構中短語只是對主語提供附加說明情況，所以謂語動詞也用單數。
當以下這些標志性的介詞或介詞短語出現在此結構中時可以不管中間的附加說明情況：
with, together with, like, except, besides, in addition to, rather than, as well as 注意：表示復數概念的主語，短語，謂語動詞，此時謂語動詞應用復數。
4.each, every, either, some, any, no，由以上六個詞中任何一個所構成的復合代詞作主語時；
some經常構成的三個復合代詞：something, somebody, someone；
no經常構成的三個復合代詞：nothing, nobody, no one； either of + 短語；
5.通常由and連接兩部分這種形式做主語謂語動詞要用復數，但在以下兩種情況下則應用單數；
1> and連接的兩部分指的是同一事物；
2> and連接的兩部分被no, each, every中任何一個詞修飾時；
例如：每位男士和女士都要著裝得體。be supposed to do sth.理應，應該做某事。
Every man and every woman is supposed to dress properly.11.Many an airplane _B_ in the exhibition.A are shown B has been shown C has shown D show them
many a(an)很多，相當于many； many a(an)+ 可數名詞單數，做主語時謂語動詞用單數。
6.many a(an)+ 可數名詞單數，作主語時謂語動詞用單數。
9.Not only Joan but her sisters _B_ the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.A have known B know C knows D is knowing not only … but also … 的一種變形形式，not only … but … 另一種變形形式not only … but … as well
combination n.密碼； combination to the safe 保險箱密碼； securities有價證券。
-------------------------2000-01-------------------------
41.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she _A_ too long.A has been reading B had read C is reading D read had read 過去完成時要與一般過去時搭配。
has been reading 現在完成進行時：指某行為從過去一點到現在一直在進行。
42.Niagara Falls is a great tourist _B_, drawing millions of visitors every year.A attention B attraction C appointment D arrangement
tourist attraction 旅游勝地； attention n.注意力； appointment n.委任的職位，約會；
date n.日期，約會，棗；表示約會時指的是異性之間的私人約會。arrangement n.布置，安排
blind date 兩人第一次見面的約會。appointment 指公事性質的，比較正式的約會。
43.I don't mind _B_ the decision as long as it is not too late.A you to delay making B your delaying making C your delaying to make D you delay to make
mind 后要加動名詞； delay v.耽擱，延誤（后面也要加動名詞）
45.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _A_ in Cuba.A being cultivated B been cultivated C having cultivated D cultivating
46.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _C_ on benches, chairs or boxes.19 A having seated B seating C seated D having been seated 注意：seat是及物動詞，及物動詞用主動形式，后面要直接加賓語。
Be seated please.請坐。英語中只有及物動詞才有被動語態。
47.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _B_ comfortably.A is worn B wears C wearing D are worn
當wear表穿戴時，而句子的主語是被穿戴的東西時，wear是不及物動詞，沒有被動語態。
65.The coming of the railways in the 1830s _A_ our society and economic life.A transformed B transported C transferred D transmitted 字根trans在四級中著重考的含義是“從一個地方到另一個地方”。
transform 改革，變革，改變； transport 運輸； transfer 轉移，移動；
transmit 傳送，播送；疾病的傳染，傳播； transplant 移植。
48.Some diseases are _D_ by certain water animals.A transplanted B transformed C transported D transmitted 49.Wouldn't you rather your child _B_ to bed early? A go B went C would go D goes
would rather的兩種用法：1 would rather + 動詞原形； would rather + 句子（句子謂語動詞用一般過去時體現虛擬語氣）。
50.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _B_ will happen to her private life.[wonder后面要加疑問詞] A that B what C it D this
51.The words of his old teacher left a _C_ impression on his mind.He is still influenced by them.[lasting adj.持久的，永久的； liberal adj.開明的，心胸開闊的] A long B lively C lasting D liberal 52.Mike's uncle insists _D_ in this hotel.A staying not B not to stay C that he would not stay D that he not stay insist的兩種用法：1 insist on … 堅持，堅決要求； insist + that引導的從句（從句謂語動詞為[should] + 動詞原形）
53.We agree to accept _D_ they thought was the best tourist guide.A whatever B whomever C whichever D whoever they thought是插入語，可以不看； tourist guide 導游。
56.Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _C_ it forces people to test relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.A by which B to which C in that D so that
句子的意思是：如果沖突以后能回家反省一下自己是好事情。
in that 因為； conflict n.沖突； relative merits 相比較而言的優點； so that 以至于。
57.He is _A_ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A optimistic B optional C outstanding D obvious
optimistic adj.樂觀的； pessimistic adj.悲觀的； be optimistic about 對…持樂觀態度。
optional adj.隨意的，任選的，非強制性的； optional courses 選修課；
outstanding adj.卓越的，杰出的； obvious adj.明顯的。
58.Sometimes I wish I _B_ in a different time and a different place.A be living B were living C would live D would have lived wish后加的句子一定要用虛擬語氣。
與現在事實相反，wish后的句子經常用一般過去時來體現虛擬語氣。
59.The director was critical _C_ the way we were doing the work.A at B in C of D with
be critical of 對...愛挑剔的，批評。
60.In a sudden _B_ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.A attack B burst C split D blast
within reach 夠得著； out of reach 夠不著； burst 爆發，迸發；
burst可以與很多詞語搭配表示突然發作： 能與人的情緒（喜、怒、哀、樂）搭配； 2 能與掌聲、笑聲搭配。
61._D_ she realized it was too late to go home.A No sooner it grew dark than B Hardly did it grow dark that C Scarcely had it grown dark than D It was not until dark that
no sooner在句首時句子要用部分倒裝；hardly要與when搭配；scarcely也要與when搭配。
62.In Britain people _C_ four million tons of potatoes every year.A swallow B dispose C consume D exhaust
swallow 吞，咽； dispose 去掉，處理，安排； consume 消費，消耗； consumer 消費者；
exhaust 將資源消耗殆盡；如果與人在一個句子中搭配則表示使人精疲力竭。
63.I'd _A_ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A take into account B account for C make up for D make out take into account 考慮； make up for 彌補，補償。
65.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it _D_ enough to eat.A mild B slight C light D tender
mild adj.不辣的； hot adj.辣的； extra hot 極辣的；
light adj.清淡的，容易消化的；蛋糕點心等松軟的； muffin n.松餅；
slight adj.輕微的，少量的； tender adj.肉嫩的。
steak n.牛排；rare 三成熟的；medium 七成熟的；well-done 全熟的；medium rare 五成熟。
66.We take our skin for granted until it is burned _A_ repair.A beyond B for C without D under
take sth.for granted 把什么事當成理所當然的而不重視； beyond prep.超出 … 的范圍。
67.The computer revolution may well change society as _C_ as did the Industrial Revolution.A certainly B insignificantly C fundamentally D comparatively
certainly 當然的，確定無疑的（主觀思想較濃厚）； insignificantly 沒有意義的，無足輕重的；
comparatively 相比較而言的； fundamentally 根本性的，從本質上來說。
68._C_ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.A To look at B Looking at C Looked at D To be looked at
70.Some women _D_ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.A must make B should have made C would make D could have made for the sake of為了… ；為了…的利益；
與過去事實相反時用：情態動詞 + have + 動詞過去分詞；
should have + 動詞過去分詞，表示本應該…-------------------------1997-06-------------------------32.You cannot be _B_ careful when you drive a car.A very B too C so D enough
cannot too 在…也不為過，越…越好。
34.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to _A_ the color of his skin.[regardless of 不管，不顧]
A regardless of B in the light of C by virtue of D with the exception of
35.Housewives who do not go out to work feel they are not working to their full _B_.A strength B capacity C length D possibility
strength n.力量，體力，實力； capacity n.才能，才智（能力方面）。
38.The old couple decided to _C_ a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.A adapt B bring C adopt D receive
39.The government is trying to do something to _D_ better understanding between the two countries.A raise B increase C heighten D promote promote better understanding 增進理解。
40.The newspaper did not mention the _A_ of the damage caused by the fire.A extent B level C range D quantity
extent作核心名詞，表示到…程度了，介詞用to。
41.The soldier was _A_ of running away when the enemy attacked.A accused B charged C scolded D punished
be accused of 被指控，被職責； be charged with 被指控。
42.Had he worked harder, he _D_ the exams.A must have got through B could get through C would get through D would have got through
had he worked harder(虛擬語氣)= if he had worked harder … 與過去事實相反用：情態動詞 + have + 動詞的過去分詞。
45.It seems oil _B_ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A had leaked B has been leaking C leaked D is leaking
for + 一段時間，做時間狀語，謂語動詞用完成時態。過去完成時要與一般過去時搭配。
46.When he arrived, he found _C_ the aged and the sick at home.A nothing but B none other C none but D no other than 形容詞前加the表示一類人。none but 只有，僅有。
47.The pressure _B_ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A competing B to compete C to be competed D having competed the right to vote 選舉權。動詞不定式作后置定語要用主動形式。
the pressure to compete 競爭的壓力。
49.As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _C_.A have to be said B must say C ought to be said D need to say
50.Once environmental damage _A_, it takes many years for the system to recover.A is done B is to do C does D has done
51.Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, _B_ a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction.A as for B such as C in case of D in view of contribute to 對…做出貢獻。
52.He will agree to do what you require _D_ him.A for B from C to D of
require sth.of sb.要求某人做某事。
53.The mere fact _A_ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A that B which C what D why fact后面要加同位語從句。
54.John seems nice person._C_, I don't trust him.A Even though B Therefore C Even so D Though even so 即便如此，盡管如此。
55.I don't think it advisable that Tom _A_ to the job since he has no experience.A be assigned B will be assigned C is assigned D has been assigned advisable后面加句子要用虛擬語氣，形式為：（should）+ 動詞原形。
56._D_, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A Other things to be equal B Were other things equal C To be equal to other things D Other things being equal B項如果不省略if應為：If other things were equal 如果從句用虛擬語氣，主句也必須用虛擬語氣形式。
other things being equal 在這里是獨立主格做條件狀語。
57._C_ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A For B Since C Now D Despite 注意以下三個后面加句子的表達形式：
in that 由于，因為； 2 now that 既然，由于； 3 except that 除了…之外。
59.By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular _B_ children as Coca-Cola.A for B with C to D in
be popular with + 人的群體 受…歡迎。
60.Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he _A_ his opinion.A stuck to B strove for C stuck at D stood for
be convinced of 深信，確信； stick to 堅持； strive for 力求，拼命爭取。
Don’t strive for perfection.不要凡是都力求達到完美狀態。
-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------48.It’s no use _B_ me not to worry.A you tell B your telling C for you to have told D having told
It's no use + 動名詞。動名詞的復合結構，賓格（形容詞性物主代詞）+ 動名詞。
52.If it _A_ too much trouble, I’d love a cup of tea.A isn’t B wasn’t C weren’t D hadn’t been 一般日常用語，用一般時。
56.She was glad that her success would ___ for the women who would follow.A make things easier B make it easier C be easier D be easier to make make for 導致，促成；朝某個方向前進，走向那里。
不要選有代詞指代不明的選項。A項中的things指的是境況，境遇。
60.We object _C_ punishing a whole group for one person’s fault.A against B about C to D for
68.The newest satellite can _A_ a thousand telephone conversations and a color TV program at the same time.A carry B extend C bring D take
carry vt.傳送，傳輸； extend vt.延伸，延續（extend to 延伸到，延續到）。
fetch vt.去拿來，去請來，去叫來； fetch water 打水。
-------------------------1995-01-------------------------
41.The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts _B_.[spare parts零部件]
A are producing B are produced C produced D being produced
48._A_ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.A To become B Become C One become D On becoming
master's degree 碩士學位； 當介詞on后面加動詞ing形式時表示時間概念“在…之后”。
49.The little man was _C_ more than one metre fifty tall.A nearly B quite C hardly D almost hardly more than 不足，不到。
36.The little man was _B_ one metre fifty high.A almost more than B hardly more than C nearly more than D as much as 53.Medical care reform has become this country's most important public health _C_.A question B stuff C matter D issue
matter 事物，事情； question 有疑而問，并且有待回答的問題；
questions and answers Q & A 問與答； issue n.問題（強調的是政治方面的問題）。
1999年前，臺灣問題Taiwan issue；1999年后，臺灣問題Taiwan question，態度轉變。
60.If you don't like to swim, you _B_ stay at home.A should as well B may as well C can as well D would as well may as well 還是，到不如。
70.They are teachers and don't realize _A_ to start and run a company.A what it takes B what takes it C what they take D what takes them start and run a company 創立并經營一家公司。
-------------------------1996-06-------------------------
23.A healthy life is frequently thought to be _D_ with the open countryside and homegrown food.A tied B bound C involved D associated
be involved with 牽涉，卷入； be associated with 與...相關，聯系起來。
homegrown food 自家種的食品； wine 葡萄酒； house wine 自家的酒。
33.The traditional approach _A_ with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.A to dealing B in dealing C dealing D to deal approach n.方式，方法； approach to + 動名詞。
43.It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time _C_?
A we are going home B we go home C we went home D we can go home it's about time后面加句子，要用一般過去時來體現虛擬語氣。
44.Lightning is a _A_ of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to another.[Lightning n.閃電]
A rush B rainbow C rack D ribbon
rush n.沖撞，沖擊，撞擊； rainbow n.彩虹，幻想； rack n.支架，掛架；
ribbon n.緞帶，絲帶，絨帶。
46.I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, _A_.A however much it costs B however does it costs much C how much does it cost D no matter how it costs
however在這里不表示轉折，而是句子的引導詞，這種情況下它相當于：no matter how。
意思是，我已經決定要買了，不管多少錢。
47.New York _A_ second in the production of apples, producing 850,000,000 pounds this year.[rank 排名，名列第幾，強調名列前茅；Big Apple 紐約] A ranked B occupied C arranged D classified
第5課
虛擬語氣
一、虛擬語氣的規則用法：
1主、從句都表示與過去事實相反：
從句的謂語動詞用：had + 動詞過去分詞；
主句的謂語動詞用：情態動詞 + have + 動詞過去分詞。
注意：能用于虛擬語氣的情態動詞只有四個：should, could, would, might.使用哪一個情態動詞要由句子含義決定，考試中出現最多的是could, would.2 主、從句都表示與現在事實相反：
從句的謂語動詞用：動詞過去式（如果是be則只能用were）
主句的謂語動詞用：情態動詞 + 動詞原形。主、從句都表示與將來事實相反：
從句的謂語動詞用：were to + 動詞原形（重點）、should + 動詞原形、動詞過去式；
主句的謂語動詞用：情態動詞 + 動詞原形。
二、虛擬語氣的特殊應用： would rather + 句子，這時句子謂語動詞用一般過去時來體現虛擬語氣。if only 如果，要是...就好了，if only + 句子，這時句子一定要用虛擬語氣。
有兩種形式可以體現虛擬語氣：
a.如果該句子如果表示與現在或將來事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去時。
b.如果該句子如果表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用過去完成時。
70.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _B_ your advice.A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed
47.If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve
注意：當if only后的句子表示與現在或將來事實相反，該用動詞過去式來表示虛擬語氣，而選項中又沒有時，可以采用這種形式：would + 動詞原形。當以下動詞后加句子時，句子應用虛擬語氣，句子謂語動詞的形式是：（should）+ 動詞原形。
a.表示建議、提議的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move.[move只有在表達在會議上提出提議時后面加虛擬語氣] b.表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request, desire.c.表示指揮、命令的：order, command, direct.d.表示堅持，堅持認為的：insist.25 4 it is + 第三點中動詞的過去分詞 + that引導的從句。
這樣的結構中從句謂語動詞形式為：（should）+ 動詞原形。
以下幾個形容詞置于該結構中時也要用相同的形式來體現虛擬語氣：
important, necessary, essential, obligatory（有義務的，強制性的，必須的）。第三點中動詞相應的名詞形式 + that引導從句，該從句同樣要用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞形式為：（should）+ 動詞原形。
經常用于這種結構的詞有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion.6 以下一些表達方式所在的句子一定要用虛擬語氣。
or(表示否則), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非)
當遇到含有以上四個表達方式的句子時，先要判斷該句是表示與現在、過去、還是將來事實相反，然后依照相應的虛擬語氣規則用法的形式來確定句子結構。
含有下面三個表達方式的句子體現虛擬語氣的形式是固定的：
lest(以免，防備), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在..條件下)它們后面句子的謂語動詞的形式都是：（should）+ 動詞原形。it is time 是...的時候了。
這個結構有以下兩種變形形式，所用虛擬語氣形式都一樣：it is high time / it is about time.這三個結構后面加的句子謂語動詞都用一般過去時來體現虛擬語氣。注意以下兩種情況下should + 動詞原形中should不能省略。
這里should表示一種語氣，經常被翻譯成“竟然”。
a.四個動詞：think, believe, expect, suspect.它們的否定或者疑問形式后面加句子，句子謂語動詞用：should + 動詞原形，should不能省略。
I don't believe that he should be cheated.我不相信他也會被騙。
b.it is a pity, it is a shame 真遺憾，it is strange 真怪
以上三個結構后面加的句子謂語動詞用：should + 動詞原形，should不能省略。
錯綜時態的虛擬語氣
錯綜時態的虛擬語氣即指主句和從句在表達是與什么時態的事實相反上并不一致（比如主句要表達與現在事實相反而從句要表達與過去事實相反），這種情況要采用“對號入座”的方法來處理，即主從句結構分別采用與其表達時態對應的結構。
60.If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _A_ now.A wouldn't be smiling B couldn't have smiled C won't smile D didn't smile 2.If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday, _C_.A you won’t find any difficulty now B you would not have found any difficulty now C you would not find any difficulty now D you have not found any difficulty now 3.He would be studying at the university now if he _C_ the entrance examination.A passed B have passed C had passed D should have passed 16.It is a shame that he _B_ that poor little girl!
A deceived B should deceive C deceive D deceiving
18.Mrs.bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _D_ her son's sleep.[lest(以免，防備)后面句子的謂語動詞的形式都是：（should）+ 動詞原形] A would interfere with B had interfered with C interfered with D should interfere with-------------------------1996-01-------------------------
21.The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _C_ and perfected now.A)developed B have developed C are being developed D will have been developed
22.This ticket _C_ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A gives B grants C entitles D credits
A,B兩項都要加雙賓語，結構為：gives / grants sb.sth.entitle sb.to sth.使某人有權得到某物； credit A to B 相信A是由B造成的。
相信飛機失事是由飛行員錯誤造成的。Credit the crash to the pilot's mistake.crash 墜落，墜毀（專指飛機失事）； collision 碰撞（強調兩個物體碰撞，如火車、汽車等）。
we are sorry, very sorry, terribly sorry, awfully sorry.23.You _D_ her in her office last Friday;she's been out of town for two weeks.A needn't have seen B must have seen C might have seen D can't have seen
24.That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _D_ the police.A called in B calling in C call in D to call in have no choice but to do sth.別無選擇，只能做...25.She was so _B_ in her job that she didn't hear anybody knocking at the door.A attracted B absorbed C drawn D concentrated
be attracted by 被…所吸引； be absorbed in 全神貫注（專注）于做… be drawn in 被誘騙（誘使）做...； concentrate on 專注于。
I was simply drawn in.我是被誘騙上鉤的。
27.At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly _B_ to another subject.A committed B switched C favoured D transmitted
switch to another subject 轉換話題； switch to another channel 轉換頻道。
28.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _C_ after 11 o'clock at night.[虛擬語氣]
A were not played B not to play C not be played D did not play
29.Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _D_ through the window.A vision B look C picture D view view n.景色，風景，視野，視域。
30.Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.A of B to C with D from
具有比較意味的形容詞都要與介詞to搭配。
32.The manager needs an assistant that he can _A_ to take care of problems in his absence.[in his absence 在某人不在場的情況下]
A count on B count in C count up D count out
presence n.到場，出席； in one’s presence 在某人在場的情況下。
count on=depend on 指望，依靠，依賴； count up 算出總數；
count in 把…算在內； count out 把...排除在外。
33.The organization had broken no rules, but _A_ had it acted responsibly.A neither B so C either D both
34.We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _D_ view.A from B in C before D into
come into view 進入視野，進入眼簾。cheer n.歡呼； cheers 干杯；
cheer-team 拉拉隊； cheer-leader 拉拉隊長。英語中為了…干杯用介詞to引起。
to your health 為了你的健康干杯； to friendship為了友誼干杯。bottom up 先干了。
35.They took _D_ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.A fruitful B beneficial C valid D effective
take effective measures 采取有效措施。valid adj.有效的，成立的。
36.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _A_ it comes to classroom tests.A when B since C before D after
sure 做定語時表示“可靠的、穩妥的”。come to 談到，提及。
37.Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _D_ directed.A like B so C which D as
drug n.藥品，毒品。gay adj.放蕩的，快樂的； n.同性戀者，尤指男性同性戀。
so后面加過去分詞表示一種程度。as后面加過去分詞時表示“如同…那樣，正如…那樣”。
53.I hope all the precautions against air pollution, _D_ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.A while B since C after D as
precautions n.防治措施； precautions against 防治…的措施。
after being + 過去分詞，注意：after后面不能直接加過去分詞。
38.In developing countries people are _C_ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.A breaking B filling C pouring D hurrying pour into 涌入，蜂擁而入。break into 強行闖入。
39.It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _A_ by about 10%.[output 產量]
A will have risen B has risen C will be rising D has been rising 表達將來的行為在將來某時間之前完成用將來完成時。
40.If I had remembered _A_ the window, the thief would not have got in.A to close B closing C to have closed D having closed remember to do sth.記得要做某事但沒做。
41.There are other problems which I don't propose to _A_ at the moment.A go into B go around C go for D go up at the moment 目前，現在。go into 談論，討論。
42.Don't get your schedule _C_;stay with us in this class.A to change B changing C changed D change
43.It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _A_ knowledge.A extensive B expansive C intensive D expensive
extensive adj.范圍廣大的，廣博的； extensive knowledge 知識淵博。
expansive adj.擴張的，面積廣闊的； expensive adj.昂貴的，高價的。
intensive adj.仔細深入的，細致入微的。
54.The patient's health failed to such an extent that he was put into _C_ care.A tense B rigid C intensive D tight
to such an extent 到如此的程度。intensive care 特級護理。
44.Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _B_ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.A has to get B were to get C had got D could have got
46.A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _B_ much sharing of interests and responsibilities.[a love marriage因相愛而結婚形成的婚姻] A take over B result in C hold on D keep to
not necessarily 未必； interests n.利益。take over 接管，接收；
result in 導致，結果是； hold on 堅持，挺住； keep to 堅持，遵守。
47.The ability to store knowledge makes computers different form every other machine _A_ invented.[ever adj.曾經，以往任何時候] A ever B thus C yet D as
48.I'm not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I can't make a(n)_C_ promise to help you.A exact B defined C definite D sure
definite: unlikely to be changed 不可能被改變的； definite promise 不可能被改變的諾言。
49.I have kept that portrait _B_ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.A which B where C whether D when
which在定語從句中除了做主語就是做賓語，when在定語從句中只能做時間狀語。
remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事。
50.The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally _D_ because of the bad weather.[sports meet=sports meeting 運動會] A set off B broken off C worn off D called off-------------------------1997-01-------------------------21.Until then, his family _D_ from him for six months.A didn't hear B hasn't been hearing C hasn't heard D hadn't heard until then 直到那時。hear from sb.收到某人的來信，得到某人的消息。
22.The conference _B_ a full week by the time it ends.A must have lasted B will have lasted C would last D has lasted 見到介詞by引導的時間狀語，謂語動詞就應是完成時態。
24.Physics is _B_ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.A alike B equivalent C likely D uniform
be alike to sb.對于某人來說均是一樣的。be equivalent to 相當于。
All tastes are alike to him.所有味道對他來說都一樣。
27.The new appointment of our president _A_ from the very beginning of next semester.A takes effect B takes part C takes place D takes turns
semester n.學期； president n.大學校長； take effect 生效，發生效力；
take part in 參與，參加； take place=happen 發生； takes turn to do sth.輪流做某事。
28.The president made a _A_ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.A vigorous B tedious C flat D harsh
ceremony n.典禮，儀式；表達在某個典禮上介詞用at。vigorous adj.強勁有力的，強有力的。
harsh adj.刺耳的，令人不愉快的； flat adj.平淡無奇的； tedious adj.冗長無聊的。
29.It is useful to be able to predict the extent _C_ which a price change will affect supply and demand.[extent to]
A from B with C to D for
30.Finding a job in such a big company has always been _D_ his wildest dreams.29 A under B over C above D beyond beyond one’s wildest dreams 做夢也想不到。
31.It is not easy to learn English well, but if you _C_, you will succeed in the end.A hang up B hang about C hang on D hang onto hang on 堅持，繼續下去。
32.It is reported that _C_ adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.A the most B most of C most D the most of
most單獨出現的時候有兩種詞性要考慮：1 adv.非常；2 adj.大多數的。
the most后面加多音節的形容詞或副詞構成該句的最高級。
most of + 名詞，表示這些名詞中的大多數。make the most of 充分利用。
34._D_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.[Were they to arrive=If they were to arrive]
A Had they arrived B Would they arrive C Were they arriving D Were they to arrive 35.The strong storm did a lot of damage to the coastal villages: several fishing boats were _A_ and many houses collapsed.A wrecked B spoiled C torn D injured
collapse vi.倒塌，坍塌； wreck vt.（船只）遭到破壞。
torn原形是tear，n.眼淚，vt.撕裂，撕開。
37.As _B_ announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.A being B is C to be D been
注意兩個非限定性定語從句的引導詞：as, which。
which在做非限定性定語從句引導詞時有兩個特點： which前要有逗號與前面句子分開； 2 which引導非限定性定語從句指的是前面整句話的內容。
只要引導非限定性定語從句as和which都指一句話內容，區別在于which只能放在它所指那句話的后面，而as可以在前面也可以在后面。
38.You see the lightning _A_ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A the instant B for an instant C on the instant D in an instant the instant=as soon as 一…就…
39.The manager lost his _B_ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.A mood B temper C mind D passion lose one’s temper 發脾氣。
40.Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _C_ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A are to challenge B may be challenged C have been challenged D are challenging as表示“盡管”時引導從句，從句中的表語可以放在引導詞之前構成部分倒裝。
41.Please be careful when you are drinking coffee in case you _D_ the new carpet.A crash B pollute C spot D stain
pollute vt.污染； spot n.地點，場所，斑點，污點；v.使…上有斑點、污點。
spotted dog 斑點狗。stain v.弄臟，玷污，染色。
59.The tomato juice left brown _A_ on the front of my jacket.A spot B point C track D trace
42.I'd rather read than watch television;the programs seem _B_ all the time.A to get worse B to be getting worse C to have got worse D getting worse
all the time 始終，一直。
43.Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are _D_ in grocery stores.A ready B approachable C probable D available
convenience foods 方便食品； instant coffee/noodle 速容咖啡/速食面。
ready adj.準備好的； approachable adj.可接近的，平易近人的，親切的。
probable adj.可能的； available adj.可獲得的，可利用的，可支配的。
44.When I caught him _A_ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A cheating B cheat C to cheat D to be cheating
45.It is important that enough money _A_ to fund the project.A be collected B must be collected C was collected D can be collected 46.Some old people don't like pop songs because they can't _C_ so much noise.A resist B sustain C tolerate D undergo tolerate vt.忍受，容忍； undergo vt.經歷，遭受。
48._C_ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.[at one time 曾經，一度] A On B By C At D Of
49._A_ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A Believe B To believe C Believing D Believed believe it or not 信不信由你。creat a stir 引起轟動。
50.Mr.Morgan can be very sad _C_, though in public he is extremely cheerful.A by himself B in person C in private D as individual in public 在公眾面前； in private 私下單獨一個人的時候。
第6課
關于逗號的一些知識
原則：逗號沒有能力連接兩個單獨的句子。
如何區分短語與句子？一個結構如果有完整的謂語部分就是句子。
何為完整的謂語部分？如果能判斷出一個結構的時態就可以稱這個結構為完整的謂語部分。
在什么樣的情況下一個逗號可以將句子分成兩部分，而這兩部分都有完整的謂語呢？兩個句子中間有連接詞連接； 這兩個句子是主從句關系（主從句之間一定要有句子引導詞來引導）。
10.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _A_, we declined the offer.[declined v.婉言謝絕]
A not being finished B not having finished C had not been finished D was not finished
42.A survey was carrie3d out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _D_ were surprising.[survey 調查]
A as results B which results C the results of it D the results of which
51.All flights _D_ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could no nothing but take the train.[having been canceled這里是獨立主格作原因狀語] A had been canceled B have been canceled C were canceled D having been canceled
31-------------------------1999-01-------------------------
46._A_ the calculation is right scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.[variable n.變項，變量；model vt.建模] A Even if B As far as C If only D So long as
even if 即使，即便； so long as（后面加句子時）只要。
47.My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight.The plane I would like to take from there _B_ by then.A would leave B will have left C has left D had left 將來完成時：will have + 動詞過去分詞。
49.Harry was _A_ by a bee when he was collecting the honey.A stung B stuck C bitten D scratched
sting v.（蜜蜂）叮，蟄； bite v.（蚊子等）咬； scratch vt.抓傷，劃破（通常指貓抓人）。
once bitten, twice shy.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井繩。
50.The thief tried to open the locked door but _B_.A in no way B in vain C without effect D at a loss
in vain 徒勞，白費工夫； But很少與介詞without聯用； at a loss 不知所措。
52._B_ seeing the damage he had done, the child felt ashamed.A By B On C At D For
on后面加動詞ing形式表示“在…之后”這個時間概念。
54.Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _C_ during the day.A should have done B would have done C may have done D must have done
should have + 動詞過去分詞，表示本應該做； may have + 動詞過去分詞，表示可能做過；
與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣主句謂語動詞的表達形式可能用到：would have + 動詞過去分詞。
must have + 動詞過去分詞，表示對過去行為進行肯定推測。表示一定做過；
can't have + 動詞過去分詞，表示對過去行為進行否定推測，表示不可能做過。
56.This crop does not do well in soils[各種土壤] _B_ the one for which it has been specially developed.A outside B other than C beyond D rather than
outside prep.在…外邊； rather than 而不是（肯定前者，否定后者）。
beyond prep.超出…的范圍； beyond his wildest dreams 超出他最狂野的夢想。
other than 不同于，而非，當它與否定詞no或not出現在同一個句子中時表示“除…之外”。
66.In no country _A_ Britain, it has been said, can on experience four seasons in the course of a single day.A other than B more than C better than D rather than 63.My father seemed to be in no _A_ to look at my school report.A mood B emotion C attitude D feeling
be in no mood to do/doing sth.沒有情緒（心情）做什么事情。
67.I'm sorry I can't see you immediately;but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you _B_.[in a moment 馬上，立即（它作為時間狀語時一定與將來時態搭配）= in an instant.] A for a moment B in a moment C for the moment D at the moment
68.The trumpet player was certainly loud.But I wasn't bothered by his loudness _D_ by his lack of talent.[trumpet 小號]
A than B more than C as D so much as
當否定詞not與so much as出現在同一句子中時，它們的含義是：與其說…不如說… 70.Our journey was slow because the train stopped _D_ at different villages.A unceasingly B gradually C continuously D continually
unceasingly adv.不停止地，不休止地； gradually adv.逐漸地，逐步地；= step by step.continuously adv.連續不斷地； continually adv.時斷時續地。
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43.Frankfurt, Germany, is in one of the most _A_ populated regions of Western Europe.A densely B vastly C enormously D largely
densely populated 人口分布稠密； sparsely populated 人口分布稀疏。
52._D_ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.A None B Either C Both D Neither
none表示的是三者或三者以上都不； either表示的是兩者之間任意一者。
55.Beethoven is my favorite musician.I regard him as _A_ other musicians.A superior to B more superior than C more superior to D superior than 注意：具有比較意味的形容詞只需要與to搭配，而無須more, than。
58.She is a very _D_ secretary: she never forgets anything or makes a mistake.A anxious B effective C adequate D efficient
anxious adj.憂慮的，焦慮的； anxiety n.焦慮，憂慮； effective adj.有效的；
take effective measures 采取有效的措施； adequate adj.充足的，足夠的；= surficient.efficient adj.效率高的，能勝任的。
64.The computer has brought about surprising technological changes _B_ we organize and produce information.A in a way B in the way C in that way D in no way in the way 引導句子時表示“在...方面”。
170.Please move this chair, it is _A_.A in the way B on the way C in a way D by the way in the way在沒有引導句子時表示“擋路的，妨礙某人的”。
67.In Australia the Asians make their influence _C_ in businesses large and small.A feeling B feel C felt D to be felt
考試中常見的幾個使役動詞：make, get, keep, leave.考試中的形式：使役動詞 + sb.(sth.)+ ___ 此時空格處應填分詞
具體是要填現在還是過去分詞由空格前的sb.(sth.)決定，如果它是動作的發出者則填現在分詞，如果它是動作的承受者則填過去分詞。
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41.He came back late, _B_ which time all the guests had already left.A after B by C at D during
介詞by引導時間狀語時一定與完成時態搭配。
45.His remarks left me _D_ about his real purpose.A wondered B wonder C to wonder D wondering
49.Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still _D_.A blank B hollow C vacant D bare
blank adj.空白的（因為沒寫字而空白）； hollow adj.空心的，中空的；
bare adj.光突突的（山上沒有樹和草）；沒帶首飾的； bald adj.禿頂的。
50.Being a pop star can be quite a hard life, with a lot of travelling _D_ heavy schedules.33 A with regard to B as to C in relation to D owing to owning to = due to 因為。
52.William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _C_ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.A peculiarly B indifferently C vigorously D inevitably peculiar adj.奇特的； indifferently adv.冷漠地，不積極地；
vigorously adv.強有力的，強勁有力的； inevitably adv.不可避免地，必然地。
60.We have been told that under no circumstances _A_ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A may we use B we may use C we could use D did we use
61.In previous times, then fresh meat was in short _D_, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.[in short supply 供應不足] A store B provision C reserve D supply
in previous times 從前； fresh water 淡水； fresh meat 鮮肉； dove n.鴿子；
bean curd 豆腐； Bible 圣經； bible 具有權威性的書； God 上帝； god 神。
62.As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _C_ for our defense.A had been taken B would be taken C be taken D to be taken 以下幾個表示“指揮，命令”的動詞：order, command, direct.在引導賓語從句時從句要用“(should)+ 動詞原形”來體現虛擬語氣。
63.A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _A_ from the sort of candles used only in churches.A had come B coming C come D that came
65.I was _B_ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A to B on C at D in
to the point of 到了…程度； on the point of doing sth.正要做某事情；
at the point of 在某點上； when除了表示“當…時候”外，還可以表示“恰在此時”或“剛…就…” 68.The project _C_ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.A accomplished B being accomplished
C to be accomplished D having been accomplished
69._C_ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A If being B It is C There is D There being
evidence表示“證據”，最大的特點是后面經常帶同位語從句說明證據的內容。
language-acquiring ability 語言習得能力。evidence不用在“it is …”這種結構當中。
64.After the guests left, she spent half an hour _C_ the sitting-room[客廳].A ordering B arranging C tidying up D clearing away
order vt.命令；訂購；整理，使有條理性； order one's thoughts 整理思路，整理思緒；
arrange v.布置，安排； tidy up 整理，使整潔（后面通常加某個房間）；
clear away 把…清除掉。
67.A lorry[卡車] _A_ Jane's cat and sped away.A ran over B ran into C ran through D ran down
run over 撞倒并碾過； run into 不期然地遇到； run through 貫穿（多用于抽象事物）；
run down 貶低； run down one's opinion.34 70.Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _A_.A appreciated B approved C appealed D applied
rare books 珍藏本的書籍； appreciate 重視，欣賞，感激； approve 批準，通過，贊成；
approve of 贊成，滿意； apply 應用，運用；
appeal 呼吁（表示此意義時它經常于for搭配）；申訴，上訴（表示此意義時它要于to搭配）。
-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------15.Will you _C_ coming to dinner with me? A have the pleasure of B give the pleasure in C do me the pleasure of D take pleasure in
pleasure n.榮幸； 第二選項的正確形式應為：give me the pleasure of C選項也可寫為：do me the favor(favour)of
18._C_ Goul had said it, he knew what a mistake he had made.A at once B No sooner C The moment D Hardly
以下幾個引導詞都可以表示“一…就…”：as soon as, the instant, the moment.25.Norin received a bad wound _B_ the leg when he was shot at.A on B in C at D of
表示身體某一部位受傷用介詞in。hit sb.in the face 打某人一個耳光。
28.Cork was angry;_D_ he listened to me.A and B but C so D nevertheless
cork n.軟木塞。nevertheless conj.盡管如此。
34.That _A_ instrument can record even very slightly changes.A delicate B feeble C sensible D feasible
instrument n.儀器，（彈奏的）樂器； delicate instrument 精密儀器。
delicate adj.精密的，準確的； feeble adj.軟弱的，無力的； sensible adj.明智的；
sensitive adj.敏感的； be sensitive to 對…很敏感； feasible adj.可行的，行得通的。
40.Let’s begin the lesson at the place where we _A_ last time.A left off B left out C left to D left up leave off 停止，中斷； leave out = omit 遺漏；
43.Education does not _D_ simply _D_ learning a lot of facts.A consist;of B consist;from C consist;for D consist;in consist of 包括； consist in（抽象意義的）在于 = lie in在于。
49.There is no tree _A_ bears some fruit.A but B which C that D unless
but用在否定句中并且后面引導一個句子時相當于“that...not”。
本句可改寫為這種形式：There is no tree that does not bears some fruit.50.“Will you be able to finish the job this week?” “_D_.”
A I don’t know so B I can’t say so C I’m not sure so D I don’t expect so I don't expect so 恐怕不行。
394.“I hope that John will play basketball tomorrow.” “Yes, I _D_.” A hope it too B hope too C hope that too D hope so too 395.“I slipped on the stairs.I think my arm is broke.” “Oh, I _D_.” A do not hope so B do not hope C hope not so D hope not 肯定用：I hope so.否定用：I hope not.51.She died when she was ninety, not of old age, but _B_ head injury when she fell down a 35 flight of stairs.A of B from C with D for
die of 表示因年老，疾病或饑餓而死亡； die from 指因為受傷而死亡。
57.You have no busniess _D_ to me the way you did the other day.A to be talked B being talked C to talk D talking have no business doing sth.沒有理由（權利）做某事。
132._B_ day Bill was starting his motor-bike when his sister Mary came out and asked for a lift.[the other day 幾天前]
A Some B The other C Another D On one 65.I’d just as soon _A_ rudely to her.A you didn’t speak B that you don’t speak C that you won’t speak D you hadn’t speak
wish, would rather后面加句子，句子謂語動詞用一般過去時。
would just as soon的用法與would rather完全相同。
69.Which screw do you want? _A_ will do.A Any one B Not one C Everyone D Anyone
any one 任何一個（指事物）； no one 沒有人； everyone 每個人； anyone 任何人。
73.I suppose you’re not serious, _C_? A don’t you B do I C are you D aren’t you 主、從句整體變反意疑問句時通常都與主句保持一致。
但suppose, think, believe, imagine這四個動詞后面加了賓語從句，然后對整個句子來變反意疑問句時反意疑問句部分與從句保持一致。
82.The chair belongs _B_ the corner.A to B in C on D with
belong to 屬于（表示歸屬關系）； belong in 在…有適當的位置。
94.The terrible noise is _B_ me mad.A turing B driving C setting D putting drive sb.mad(crazy)使某人發瘋。
114.We are bound _B_ with difficulties in our English study.A to have met B to meet C meeting D having met be bound to do sth.一定會做某事。
118.Everyone assumed what he said _B_ based on facts.A is B to be C were D being
assume sb.(sth.)to do sth.想當然的認為某人（某事物）要做某事。
assume + that引導的從句。
129.The shape of Italy on a map has often been compared _C_ a long Wellington boot.A as B with C to D against
compare與with搭配，表示將A與B進行比較； compare與to搭配，表示將A比作B。
130.Since everyone would like to find an apartment near the university, there are very few _C_ apartments in the area.A free B empty C vacant D reserved vacant adj.空閑的。
144.I know Jonathan quite well and never doubt _B_ he can do a good job of it.A whether B that C when D what
doubt + whether引導的從句，懷疑是否… ； doubt + that引導的從句。對...真的有疑慮。
156.Let bygones be bygones.Don’t _D_ so much on the past.A lie B lay C dwelt D dwell
let bygones be bygones.讓過去的過去吧。dwell vi.居??； dwell on 老是想著… 162.Intellect is to the mind _B_ sight is to the body.A which B what C where D but
what這時連接兩個句子，表示“有如”或“就像…一樣”。
what只有用在這種“A對于B來說就象C對于D一樣”句型當中時。
Air is to man what water is to the fish.空氣對于人類來說就象水對于魚來說一樣重要。
165.His honesty is _D_, nobody can doubt it.A in question B beside the question C out of the question D without question in question = under discussion 正在討論中的； beside the question 離題，與題無關；
out of the question 不可能的； out of question 沒有問題的，毫無疑問的；
without question 沒有問題的，毫無疑問的 = out of question.172.Nearly all major cities in the US are crime-ridden.New York is _A_.A a case in point B a case to point C the case D in the case of a case in point 有說服力的例子。
185.“Frank is up late working again.”
“This is the third time this week he’s had to study late, _A_?” A isn’t it B hasn’t it C isn’t he D hasn’t he 這里it是代詞，指代前面整句話的內容。
表示“第幾次做某事”變成反意疑問句經常用it指代整句話的內容。
252.This is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months, _B_? A hasn’t he B isn’t it C isn’t he D hasn’t it 191.A judge must be _B_ when weighing evidence.A interested B disinterested C uninterested D disconnected
weigh vt.斟酌，考慮； interested adj.有興趣的； disinterested adj.公正的，無私的；
uninterested adj.不感興趣的； disconnected adj.分離的，不連貫的。
217.Although he sometimes lost his temper, his pupils liked him _D_ for it.A not so much B not so little C no more D no less lose one’s temper 發脾氣。
222.Wise men seek after truth, _A_ fools desire knowledge.A whereas B or C as well as D hence whereas conj.反之，但是。
239.Water and air are _D_ to living.A independent B initial C dependent D indispensable be indispensable to 至關重要的，不可或缺的；
240.This report throws light _B_ the situation.A in B on C with D to
throw light on 把光投到…上去，（引申）清楚的闡述。
246._B_ that we will go abroad.A It’s like B Chances are C The most likely D Chances will be chances are 很有可能… ； chances were 很有可能… 253.Is there any chance _B_?
A whichever B whatsoever C wherever D whenever
whatsoever經常放在一些名詞后面作后置定語，表示“任何的”或“絲毫的”。
whatsoever作后置定語通常放在有any的，或者是否定的句子中。
262.She is so clever as to speak several foreign languages, not to _D_ of English.A say B tell C read D speak not speak of 更不用說 = not to mention 270.What he did was _C_ than a practical joke.A anything else B or else C nothing else D more else practical joke 惡作??； nothing else than 只不過，僅僅。
283.I’ll be away for about six months but you can write to me _A_ my brother.A in care of B by care of C with care of D under care of in care of 由…轉交。= C/O
284.Correct the errors, _D_, in the sentence.A if there will be any B if there are some C if they have any D if any if any是一個口語中經常加的插入語成分，表示“如果說有…的話”。
288.There is no point _C_ in a dangerous place if you can’t do anything _C_ the people who have to stay here.A remaining … helping B to remain … to help C in remaining … to help D in remaining … helping
there is no point in doing sth.做某事也是毫無意義； 這里point表示“作用，用途”。
291.Do most of us seeing people grasp casually the outward features of a face and _D_? A let it alone B let alone C let well alone D let it go at that seeing people 視力健全的人； casually 隨意地，隨便地；
let is go at that表示“不去多操心，不再多說，隨它去了”。
316.The policemen went into action _C_ they heard the alarm.A presently B promptly C directly D quickly directly adv.直接的； conj.一…就…，一當…時候。
表示“一…就…”的幾個短語：as soon as, the instant, the moment, directly.323.The cat is, _D_, a member of the family.A as to speak B no wonder C as a fact D so to speak so to speak 可以這么說。
335.“What can I do for you?” “If you _C_ see Mr.Keller, give him my regards.” A would B will C should D shall regard n.關心，致意，問候，考慮；
356.The Mayor and Corporation of Hamelin were _A_ for some way of ridding the town of rats.[The Mayor and Corporation 市長和市政當局]
A at their wit’s end B at their wits end C in their wit’s end D for their wits end at one's wit's end 智窮才竭，黔驢技窮。
383.I think your sister is old enough to know _B_ to spend all her money on fancy goods.A other than B better than C rather than D more than know better than 明白事理而不至于做…
417.The police looked _B_ the past record of the suspect.A in B into C for D of
第二篇：新東方3500詞匯課堂筆記
詞根：fem/ femin 詞根的意思是“女的，女性的”。
Female，和male相對，簡單記一下male是男性，所以female則是女性。因為“fe”讀音同“非”。從構詞法角度看，female是由“fem+ ale（adj.詞根）”組成。由上面的詞根意思可以得出這個單詞的意思。
Feminine，同樣也是跟女性有關的一個詞。意為“女性的、婦女的”
Feminism這個詞是由“femin+ ism（主義、思想）”組成。那么它的意思是女性主義。
詞根circum，它作為詞根的意思是“環繞、周圍”的意思。
第一個單詞：circumstance，是由“circum+ stance”組成，這個stance是個名詞性的后綴，和stand這個詞很相近，這里理解為“站”，一個站著，它的周圍是什么？當然是環境，周遭的意思啦。Circumnavigate這個詞同樣也是兩部分組成，這個詞根后面的這個綴是navigate，是由navy加上“-gate”這樣一個表示動詞屬性的綴，我們知道navy是海軍，航海的意思。那么navigate其實就是航海的意思。再加上前面的詞根，就是環航世界的意思。Circumspect同樣也是兩部分組成。那么-spect這個詞根的意思是“看”，那么如果一個人在一個環境下東看看，西望望，說明這個人怎么樣？應該是很小心謹慎的吧。所以我們這樣得出這個單詞的意思。
好，我們看前綴com/ con, 那么它們倆的意思都是“一致、共同、完全”的意思。第一個單詞是combine，是由com+ bine 組成的，那么詞根bine的意思是捆綁，集合的意思，所以combine就是聯合、結合的意思。記住它的短語叫： combine…with…。Compatriot依然是兩部分組成，后面patriot是愛國者，依據詞綴含義，那么compatriot為：同胞。Commend由com+ mend 組成，mend作為詞根的意思是“信任、命令”。所以commend是贊揚，贊許，推薦的意思?？梢钥匆幌孪旅娴脑~匯擴展，它的意思是因為某事而表揚、贊許某人。
Compete，兩部分組成，其中詞根pete的意思“追逐，追求”，如果一件事，很多共同去追求，這就形成了比賽，競爭。這個單詞的意思也就出來了。它的名詞是competition，要記住。
Compress，兩部分，詞根press是擠壓，壓縮的意思。所以這個單詞的意思也就是壓縮，壓制。Conclude，兩部分，詞根clude的意思是“關閉、結束”，之前我們學的include、exclude中的clude就是這個意思。那么conclude什么意思呢？“完全關閉、完全結束”，那當然是總結、作結的意思了。比如，我們寫文章得出一個結論，我們就可以說：reach a conclusion（它是conclude的名詞），或者說arrive at a ~。
詞根phone，作為單詞是電話的意思。當它作為詞根，意思是“聲音”，telephone，兩部分組成，tele-是“遠程的”，phone是聲音，遠處傳來的聲音，應該是電話才能做到吧。Microphone，讀音是什么？“麥克風”，對，意思出來了。詞根vis，它的意思是“看”，visit，兩部分，尾綴it的意思“走”，那么邊走邊看，當然是訪問的意思了。記住這個短語：pay a visit to，訪問。下面的一個單詞vision，它的后綴是ion，表示名詞性的后綴，詞根我們已知曉，所以單詞的意思肯定跟“看”有關，意思是“視線，視覺”。Visual，同樣兩部分組成，其中ual是形容詞性的后綴，這個單詞依然與看有關，所以意思是“視線的，視覺的”。
詞根graph，當它作為一個單詞時，意思是“圖表，曲線”，是個基本詞。當它作為詞根時，意思表示“寫”，由此我們看，telegraph，兩部分組成，tele，這個前綴，前面的課程我已經跟大家講過，它的意思是“遠程的、長距離的”，那么“長距離的寫”是什么意思？那只有“電報機可以做到。”因為電報機可以這邊寫，另一邊就可以接收的。詞根sym，它的意思是“相同，一致”，symmetry，由sym+ metry構成，其中metry這個詞根的意思是“結構”。那么“相同的結構”？當然是對稱了，它是個名詞。Sympathy，它的詞根pathy 來自于passion，passion我們都知道它表示的是“情感”，所以把前綴連起來就是“同樣的情感”，同情。
例句：重點記住show sympathy for sb.“對某人表示同情”；do sb.a favor 幫助某人。
前綴de，是一個比較常見的前綴，它的主要意思有：去掉、變壞、離開、向下，總之是不好的。
Destruction，三部分：de+ struct+ion，其中struct就是來自于structure，（結構、框架），那么de表示變壞，該單詞就是“破壞、毀壞（結構）”。
Desalt，salt大家都知道是什么，de是“去掉”的意思，該單詞就表示去掉鹽分。
Deforest是什么意思呢？“砍伐、毀壞森林”，動詞。Devalue，就是降低、去掉價值。
Depress，press是壓制，壓縮的意思，那么de表示“向下”，所以該單詞的意思是壓縮，壓制。
下面的兩個斜體單詞分別是：declare 和determine，它們前面共有的前綴de意思就不是我們上面所陳述的意思了。它表示強調。Declare，de+clare, clare同clear，“澄清，弄清”，所以declare是宣告、宣布的意思。Determine，它的詞根termine的意思是決心，所以determine為“下決心”，determine to do something，語氣比decide要強。
Detrain，train在這里意思是“火車”，那么該次的意思是下火車。
Decode，code是密碼，decode是取消密碼，解碼。
Defame，fame是名譽，名望的意思，所以defame就是傷及名譽、名望的行為。“誹謗、中傷”。
下面看family，再熟悉不過了，“飯米粒”嗎？
Familiar是由family+ ar（表示人、物的名詞性后綴），那么家人是不是最熟悉的人？當然！所以familiar作為形容詞是“熟悉的”，記住它的兩個短語“be familiar with/ to”，一定要知道怎么用。給個公式：主體+ be familiar with+客體。比如，We are familiar with KFC；
二、客體+be familiar to+ 主體。如，Michael Jackson is familiar to us.Unfamiliar是familiar的反義詞。
下面我們看，daily，它由兩部分組成：day+ly.這個詞有三種詞性，一、名詞，報紙名：China Daily, 這個daily就是“日報”的意思；
二、形容詞。Daily work（日常工作）；
三、副詞。如，we do our homework daily.我們每天都做作業。
Trial，由try+al變來的?！?al”是一個形容詞性兼名詞性的后綴。比如arrival，survival里面的al是名詞性后綴，所以它們都是名詞。既然這個詞由try變來，意思肯定跟try還是分不開的，所以它是“嘗試、試驗”的意思。我們看一下詞匯擴展：
第一個，be on trial，意思是“在試驗中、在受審中”。例句的意思是：我提到的案子還在審理中，結果將會在今天下午公布出來。
第二個，trial and error，意思是“反復試驗”，這個短語務必記住。例句意思是：很幸運，愛迪生通過反復試驗，最終發明了電燈泡，他為我們的夜晚帶來了光明。
第三個，trials and tribulations，我們先看一下例句，我們必須努力嘗試克服—？—達到事業上的成功。句子中問號，我想在讀完這句話以后應該能猜出來它的意思了。對，“艱難困苦”。再看幾組詞：frontier/ boundary 這兩個詞都有范圍，界限的意思，只不過最大的區別是frontier是“國境、邊界”的意思，比如漠河那個地方就是一個frontier，因為它是中國與俄羅斯的國界線。而boundary則適合用于像安徽和江蘇之間的范圍界定，因為它們同屬一個范圍，屬于中國。對不對？
Holiday和holy，holy是個基本詞，“神圣的”，所以由它做詞根，加上一個后綴day，組成holiday，神圣的日子。在外國，holiday就是神圣的日子，因為它們要做禮拜。下面兩個介詞短語，on holiday/ on vacation.兩個短語意思基本相同，“在度假中”。
課后練習詳解：
6、答案選D。這里有一個固定搭配，cause and effect：因果（關系）。其他詞都不可以。A項reason是理由的意思；B項impact是“不好”的影響，有個搭配，have an impact on sb./sth.對??有影響；fact：事實。
7、答案B。A項event，大事件；B項是冒險的意思，但它區別于adventure的地方時，venture的這種冒險很有可能導致“喪命，財產”等這樣的損失。D項是expect的名詞，表示期望、愿望、期盼。句意：每個新的冒險都有可能賺錢或者虧本。
8、答案選B。在這里，依據句意是店家克扣斤兩，意思是缺斤短兩。在四個選項中，可以修飾weight的是short，而不選C，就像英語中我們修飾價格一樣，你見過expensive/ cheap price這樣的表達了嗎？
9、答案是B。C項首先排除，因為如果用spend的話，主語一定是人！D項也是的。而答案在A和B，如果用Ａ的話，中間一定加個賓格，如cost sb sth.(money/ time).10、答案選C，所以選項除了D項表示責任以外，其他三項都有錯誤的意思。而A和B都表示一般性錯誤，不牽涉到責任的那種錯誤。而C項則牽涉到責任。電視機爆了，小男孩想要推卸責任。
11、答案選D。A項是trace的現在分詞形式，作為動詞的意思是追蹤、回溯。顯然不合題意。而B項，skipping是跳讀的意思，不合適。C項是檢查、調查的意思，也不合適。而最后一項scanning的意思是瀏覽。故選。
12、答案是B。依據句意是給連體嬰兒做分離手術，好，找下面的四個單詞，哪個有分離的意思即可。A項isolate意思是孤立，C項分配，分開的意思，通常和into一起連用。D項是移開、移走的意思。
13、答案是B。依據句意，A項是提高的意思，C項是加強，D項是鼓勵。B項是刺激的意思。句子講的就是喝咖啡有刺激作用，可以讓你清醒。
鞏固與提高：1、2、3、答案選D。固定搭配。Take one’s advice，接受某人的意見。A項是重視的意思； B項是通知，C項是課程，都不合句意。答案選A。依照句意，是把藥品放在兒童夠不著的地方，只有A項可以。Out of reach。
答案選A。hold是把扶、扶持的意思。其他的選項不合句意。B、留下；C保持；D、做，完成。
第三篇：新東方筆記2009筆記大總結
閱讀
一、主旨大意題
1.問法：
a.主題型 b.標題型 c.目的型 2.命題規律：a.首段 b.尾段
c.中間段
3.方法：首末句原則法（首段前兩句+每段首句+尾段末兩句）4.技巧：①結構 a.2~4→盡可能用完 b.≥5→用過1/2部分
②首段首句問句
③首段尾段獨句段：主旨題即為此句
④首段舉例/諺語：一定在首段兩句
5.選項分析：正確①具有概括性②語氣不絕對③符合常識、邏輯
錯誤①概括過度②以偏蓋全③無關④對立 6.詞匯：同義詞、四六級核心詞匯、考研閱讀高頻詞匯
二、例證題
1．問法：example;case;cite;mention;illustrate;prove/show 2.解題方法：跳開本句，左（90%）顧右（10%）盼
3.技巧：①準確定位 ②例子不看 ③90%→一句 10%→一句二句
三、指代題
1.問法：―代‖→it ①普通代詞②形式主語③形式賓語
↘which 一定向左，可以指代單詞，也可以指代句子 2.方法：代入→語法功能→向左or向右
四、長難句分析
1.定義：30words左右，多個分詞，多個從句 2.分析：前→后 尋找獨立謂語→是否存在連詞
轉折讓步看一半，并列不用全看完，插入成分可跳過，定狀細節盡量刪
五、文章來源題 1.方法：中心思想法
2.來源：①book view ②preface/forword ③popular science ④autobiography
⑤news coverage ⑥speech/lecture
六、細節題 ㈠事實細節題
1.問法：4W/H 實義 題干+正確選項=原文一二句 2.方法：尋讀①key words（a.實詞 b.一次）②research(a.順序 b.關鍵詞第一次出現的地方)③position（a.過1/2 b.完整句子定位）④choice（同義轉換/詞性轉換/上下文）
3.命題規律：①轉折詞（but, yet, while, whereas / however, nevertheless, in fact, indeed, practically）附近②專有名詞（人名地名年代）③特殊標點符號④段落首末句 4.技巧：①準確定位②遵守順序原則③長選項豎讀④堅持本本主義 ⑤細節不孤立⑥頭不要擺，不要指著讀
5.選項分析:正確①同義改寫②歸納總結③詞性轉變
錯誤①張冠李戴②偷梁換柱③與原文內容對立④微調 6.復習：①思路scan ②在找到的位置達到擇讀 ㈡是非判斷題
1.問法： which； true； correct； mention； except 2.命題規則：①中心思想法（3錯1對）②并列列舉（3對1錯）3.方法：① 3錯1對 中心思想法 ②3對1錯 選項反定位法 4.解題技巧：①判斷是3對1錯還是3錯1對 ②看題目是否有指定段落 ③看是否有關鍵詞
七、論點論據題
1.題型：①類比題②寫作手法題③文章結構題
2.文章結構：①花開兩朵型（總分）②一枝獨秀型③新聞報道型（倒序，結果常在開頭）④問題解決型（常以問題開頭）⑤層層遞進（具體→概括 中心常在最后一段）
八、觀點態度題
情感詞：褒positive, enthusiasm, optimistic, approving, sympathetic, praisable, complimentary
貶negative, pessimistic, critical, ironic, sarcastic, skeptical, disgusted
中objective, impartial, impersonal, neutral 干擾詞： indifferent, biased, contemptuous ①
口訣法：有客觀選客觀，沒客觀選樂觀，沒樂觀選謹慎，沒謹慎選驚訝 ②
中心思想法：尋找情感 技巧：①看清楚是問作者還是別人態度 ②作者觀點態度常與中心思想有關 ③口訣法服從中心思想法④作者觀點態度不極端 ⑤reserved+n.;partially+adj.;tempered+n.必正確 ⑥I hold,personally---表作者
九、語義理解題
1.命題規律：①一詞多義②特殊詞（符號/縮略詞/拼綴詞）③超綱詞匯
2.方法：看選項詞性（瀏覽選項）→代入→搭配→邏輯→跳躍（跳開本句，左顧右盼）3.選項分析：正確答案常為引申含義，錯誤選項常為表面含義
十、判斷推論題（整體推論&局部推論）
1.問法：infer, imply, conclude, suggest, learn, know 2.方法：5→尾段末兩句
1→首段首末句
2/3/4→上下夾看是否有獨立段落
↘中心思想
↘中心思想 ↘中心思想 Ⅰ 題順序
無順序：主旨大意 作者態度 是非判斷 順序： 事實細節 語義理解 判斷推論 Ⅱ 試卷做題順序
a.閱讀A（80~100min）→作文（60min）→新閱讀（20）→翻譯（15）→完型（5）b.作文（60min）→閱讀A（80~100min）→新閱讀（20）→翻譯（15）→完型（5）Ⅲ 點面結合法（全讀）①可防止亂序②符合閱讀習慣③中心
步驟：1.1min通讀5個題干（語義單詞、3錯1對、作者觀點態度單詞、加看選項）2.通讀全文（7~8min）標記題干，上下段首末句
3.回讀標記，選擇答案（7~8min）
四原則：a.時間對等 讀全文=做題 b.首段原則（關注首段，尤其是轉折詞之后）c.首末句原則 d.路標原則（離出題處不遠的轉折詞、特殊標點符號）Ⅳ解的結構
⑴中心思想是解 ⑵some是解（sth , sb , certain ,some time ,some where）⑶趨勢是解（trend to, tendency）⑷變化是解（convert, shift, alter, change）⑸重要是解（essential, significant, vital, improtant）⑹具體不是解，概括才是解
⑺簡單不是解，復雜才是解 ⑻絕對不是解，相對才是解⑼別出心裁是解 ⑽出乎意料是解 ⑾內容積極向上是解 ⑿常識是解 ⒀本質是解（natural,origin）⒁50%求解（選項相反、相近）⒂特征是解（chatacter）
08年 主旨3 觀態1 是非1 推論4 語義1 事實細節10 翻譯
redguard.**
1.信（忠實原文）達（語言通達）雅（習慣修辭）技巧：不翻被動，換主語 ①硬翻 ②主賓顛倒 ③―是‖―有‖→實義 ④添主語 2.考研翻譯―八榮八恥‖
以勇于亮劍為榮，以跳過不做為恥；
以直接翻譯為榮，以通讀全文為恥； 以忠實原文的直譯為榮，以天馬行空的意譯為恥；以宏觀把握為榮，以斤斤計較為恥； 以緊扣真題反復訓練為榮，以盲目模擬為恥； 以給出一個譯文為榮，以給出多個譯文為恥； 以做到信達雅為榮，以通篇翻譯為恥；
以寫對中文漢字為榮，以寫錯中文漢字為恥。3.做輕重：重---謂語核心 輕---從、分、小
動性詞←動詞不定式，分詞，介詞，動名詞 承載一個意群（動態意群拆分法）
4.步驟:①找出動性詞 ②圈定動性詞所輻射的意群范圍（引導詞、關系詞、標點符號）③逐個翻譯意群（切塊翻譯意群）④按中文表達習慣調整語序（調語序做勾聯）詞法翻譯①語境②漢語習慣③詞根詞綴
1.詞義選擇---詞無本義，意由境生（根據上下文or漢語表達習慣選擇詞義）2.中英思維區別：英式思維（直線性、重舉例、重數據、自愛）
中式思維(迂回性、重說理、輕量化、博愛)3.詞義引申：①抽象化引申 ②具體化引申 ③詞性轉化 4.定語從句：which, that, who要么做主語，要么是賓語
如果定語從句內容簡單，信息負載量不大，可以提到中心詞前翻譯，引導詞不需翻；
如果句子內容復雜，信息負載量大，要翻到先行詞之后，獨立成句，重復先行詞。5.狀語從句：when, while, that, for, although
從句引導詞及從句本身一般都按字面翻譯，整個從句翻譯后與原文沒多大區別。6.同位語從句：同位語從句中 that不充當句子成分
簡單的同位語從句往往譯成定語，放在名詞前； 而復雜同位語從句往往獨立成句，that→―：‖
一、并列結構：兩個或兩個以上的并列成分，有明顯的連詞或標點連接，翻譯時常常需要重復并列成分.最常見的連詞是：and, or, but, whether…or…, neither…or…, not only…but also
二、否定結構：
1.部分否定：指代詞或副詞，如all, both, every, everybody, every one, many,everything等與否定詞not搭配使用，常翻譯為―并非所有‖，all… not…―不全是‖；both…not…―并非兩個都‖；not always―不一定‖，not ofen―不經常‖；not necessary―未必‖ e.g.The situation is not necessary.情況并非如此。
2.全部否定：never, no, not, none, nobody, nothing, neither, nor, not at all e.g.He is no professor.他根本不是教授。3.否定轉移：
1）
否定的主語轉為否定謂語
No energy can be created, and none destroyed.能量不能創造，也不能消失。
2）
主語的否定轉為從句的否定
She did not come because she wanted to see him.她來了不是因為她想見他。3）
否定主句的謂語轉為否定賓語從句的謂語 I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.三、比較結構的翻譯 1.AS系列 1）As…as句型：同級比較，表示兩者比較程度一樣
She is as much interested in music as ever.2）Not so…as句型：跟as…as…相反的結構
3）Not so much…as…句型：與其說，不如說 = not only…but also… He was not so much angry as disappointed.4)Not so much as…句型：甚至沒有，甚至不
He didn’t so much as ask me to sit down.他甚至都沒有讓我坐下。2.Than系列
1）
比較級+than to 不至于做
You have more sense than to dump him.你不會把他甩掉吧。2）
More than
More A than B :與其說，不如說
He is more good than bad.More than:
比…多 He more than smiled and laughed.她不僅笑，而且大笑。
She is more than kind to us.她對我們非常友好。
No more than: 既不…也不… He is no more/less a writer than a painter.他既不是畫家，也不是作家。/他既是作家也是畫家。
四、強調結構的翻譯
1.倒裝：還原倒裝部分后直接翻譯
1）
表語前置引起倒裝：smart as you are 2）
否定詞前置引起倒裝：never will they give up the struggle for freedom.2.加助動詞do: 加上―的確，務必，千萬等詞‖ We do have sufficient food and drink.3.it is … that 在被強調部分加上―就是，正是‖等詞 it was professor wu that
五、插入結構的翻譯：一般直接翻譯，但如果修飾整個句子，提到句子前面翻譯 1.adv.插入語： incidentally, fortunately, apparently 2.adj.短語作插入語： more important of all, worse still(更為糟糕的是)，strange enough(令人足夠奇怪的是)3.介詞短語作插入語： all in all, in fact 4.不定式做插入語： to tell you the truth(老實對你說)，to be exact(確切的說)，sa to say(所以說),to be frank(坦率的說)，to say the least of it(至少可以這樣說)5.分詞短語作插入語：considering, all things considered(從整體上考慮)，allowing for(考慮到)，judging from(從…來判斷)，putting it another way(換句話說)，talking of(提到)，taking all things into consideration(全面看來)6.主謂結構
The man, I think, doesn’t deserve your love.常見表達：I think, I believe, I guess據我推測, I’m afraid, It seems, It is said, It is suggested有人建議。
What we call做插入語
What we call, what we used to call, what is called, what the describe as, what can be called, what they regards.新題型
③
排順序 ②七選五 ③找匹配 七選五： 做題步驟：①先看文章首段，通過閱讀文章首段，把握文章主題 ②先閱讀后面7個選項，以目標為導向 ③閱讀全文并解題
④檢驗所恢復的文章是否有連貫性和一致性
三大法寶：①由點入面 如果兩個可以銜接在的具有關聯性和相適性的信息板塊，其內容也同樣具有千絲萬縷的關聯性和相近性，存在著許多彼此信息匹配的信息點，通過信息匹配點，判斷整個信息板塊間的關系
②以點串面 從龐大的信息板塊內部確定能形成匹配的信息點通過分析找到的信息點推測兩個板塊之間是否具有相近性和關聯性
③點面結合 上下通讀確認是否有連貫性和一致性
1.上下文邏輯關系定位法 在七選五題目中，不論填空出現在段首或段尾，均可以分析和定位該填空上下文的邏輯關系，一旦定位出某種邏輯關系就意味著起著聯系上下文作用的該填空必須填入表達這種邏輯關系的信息，這樣才能將上下文聯系起來。2.復現結構定位
相同詞or 不同詞 3.無關詞排除法
通過在7個待選選項中定位出一些關鍵詞，如果發現這些關鍵詞和原文的主題信息明顯無關，那么包含這些關鍵詞的選項很可能和全文主題無關，這說明這些選項失去填回原文的資格（排除錯誤選項）
4.舉例定位法： of these, of those, of them, among…, namely…
觀點→例子
例子設置于原文中→上位概念選項 5.總分結構定值
6.時間地點數字的銜接關系定位法 7.指代關系定位法
動詞切入點：1）看主語，注意主謂搭配
2）看賓語，看動賓搭配?？促e語是抽象n還是具體n.只能人做主語：believe, regard, think, be impressed by, intend, require, doubt 只能人做賓語：impress, assure of sth 只能物做賓語：ensure 要接具體n.: fasten(the belt), lable the bottle, feed the soil 要接抽象n.: enhance
3)及物和不及物
不及物v.：dispose off, cope with, approve of, speculate on/in, contribute to
4)根據動詞后的介詞及介詞賓語
5）根據句中其他對動詞構成限制性成分
名詞切入點：①作主語時，謂語和表語線索
②作賓語時，謂語v是線索 ③根據名詞前后的介詞進行判斷
④根據已有名詞判斷所選n：褒貶意義一致，正式語體一致 ⑤當n后出現從句或前出現adj該修飾成分為線索
形容詞切入點：①adj做表語及系表結構時，要看主語和表語搭配的合適性，不是所有的adj都能修飾人or物 ②adv修飾的n，已經受到其修飾成分（另一個adj或從句）修飾要選擇的adj要根據該修飾成分修飾 ③由adv修飾時，adv就是線索 ④adj直接修飾n，要注意他們的合適性。
表因果的詞：because, for, since, ever since, as, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, accordingly, as a result, due to, because of, thanks to, in that, in response to
表轉折的詞：but, however, yet, by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of，表讓步的詞：although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of 表并列的詞：and, and also, or, neither…nor…, either…or…, in the same way, likewise, that is to say, similarly, equally, as well as 表遞進的詞：also, then, besides, in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, what’s more
完形填空
一、完型填空的誤區：
1、很多同學認為完型填空就是語法詞匯題
現在考試當中如果還考語法，就考定語從句或同位語從句。語法就準備從句：定語從句、同位語從句、狀語從句。語法的變化較慢，詞匯的發展較快。完型填空選擇的是最佳答案，不是最正確答案。對詞匯的把握不能只認識意思，不能只知其一不知其二，不能一葉障目不見森林，不能只知表面意思不知深刻意思。
2、很多同學認為完型填空需要背誦大綱中的5500個單詞
背單詞的理念：通過真題記單詞。背誦真題，把握真題的理念：以真題為圓心，以努力為半徑畫完美的考研備考的圓。對真題把握的三個標準：1）翻開近十年真題，沒有一個單詞是生詞2）翻開近十年真題，沒有一個句子是長難句[好的準備長難句的方法：把真題中所有長難句歸類。推薦書籍：《考研英語長難句與詞匯突破》李玉技 編著]3）翻開近十年真題，要知道所有選項對錯的原因
3、處理好模擬試題與真題的關系，真題是根本，真題是核心
學習過程中應該先做真題，后做模擬試題[建議：做閱讀理解方面的模擬試題，做完型填空的模擬題意義不是特別大]
二、完型填空的備考思路
1、背誦近十年真題，要求大家背誦一篇240-280字的文章
2、背誦近十年真題中的所有選項，選項基本上體現了完型填空考查的范圍 每個單詞一定要知道對錯的原因，知道每個單詞的準確用法
3、把握解題技巧與方法，沒有解題技巧指導的考研完型是比較失敗的考研完型
4、背大批量的詞組（搜索李玉技高頻詞組734）
5、適當的做一些模擬試題
三、解題技巧與方法
1、卷子發下來后，利用紅花綠葉原則做題。紅花詞：某個單詞在歷年真題中每次出現都選 綠葉詞：屢出現屢不選，屢不選屢出現 紅花詞：however yet although because 綠葉詞：since ever since now that what if only, in case/lest, or else about, as to, with regard to, in/with reference to What有三大特點：1）what從句只能做主、賓、表從句2）what不能放在名詞后3）what后面的從句不完整
涉及虛擬語氣的詞不選if only +過去式 [only if如果] 注意兩個問題：1）紅花綠葉原則能做對2-5個題2）紅花詞偶爾會失手
2、明白ABCD選項的規律
1）ABCD的個數都是4-6個之間，四個答案基本均勻分布2）完型填空中一般而言A較多 3）沒有連續三個答案都一樣的情況，連續兩個答案都一樣的情況是0-3個，前后答案彼此都不一樣的情況是17-20個
4）在五個一組的答案中，至少要出現三個字母（此規律同樣適合閱讀理解）
3、完型填空文章的基本特點
1）首段首句一般不出題（2001除外），降低了文章的難度。除了首段首句外，基本上每一句話都要出題2）每篇文章都有明確的主題和作者的態度（態度重要）3）總分結構進行到底，降低了完型的難度4）邏輯關系非常明確
[五大邏輯關系：對立關系、因果關系、并列關系、總分關系、遞進關系] 重點放在邏輯關系題
句子對應成分分析法：當你發現并列關系出現，尤其是兩個句子互為并列關系的時候，那么在完型填空中，這兩個句子就可以通過彼此一一對應的方法來獲得答案。
復現關系解題法：就完型填空文章而言，如果某個概念出現兩次或兩次以上，它提法應當是一樣的。
For example 1）表達的總分的邏輯關系2）在句子中是個插入狀語，不是句子的必然組成成分。
同義原則：在四個選項中，當兩個或三個實詞互為同義詞時，答案往往在其中。當兩個或三個虛詞互為同義詞時，往往都不選。當四個選項有一個共同的意思時，該意思往往不能夠入選。
引導省略式的狀語從句的條件：1）從句主語與主句主語相一致2）從句必須是主系表結構3）省去從句中的主語和系動詞；4）可引導省略式狀語從句的連詞：while、when、although、until、unless、if 表語題的解題方法：當表語是名詞時，它和主語是對等關系；當表語是形容詞或相當于形容詞的詞時，它和主語是修飾關系。
and題型的做題方法：1）句子對應成分分析法；2）選同義詞法；3）可以選同一范圍的詞 although與but的區別：1）Although從屬連詞，引導的全部是從句，既可放句首，又可放句中。but并列連詞，既可連接兩個主句，也可連接兩個從句，當連詞講時只能放句中，當其放句首時，是做副詞用2）從屬連詞放句中時，前面一般不加逗號；而并列連詞放句中時，前面逗號可加可不加
Indeed與furthermore的區別：
Indeed強調肯定前面的事實，一般不作更深刻的推理furthermore一定要從程度上加深意義 動詞題解題的六種方法：1)看主語，注意主謂搭配的一致性（主要看主語是人還是物）主語必須是人的動詞：believe、regard、think、be impressed by、inten、require、doubt 主語一般是物的動詞：manifest 2）看賓語，注意動賓搭配的一致性
賓語怎樣確定：（1）看賓語是人還是物
跟人作賓語的動詞：assure、impress 跟物作賓語的動詞：ensure（2）看賓語是抽象名詞還是具體名詞
只能跟抽象名詞作賓語的動詞：enhance只能跟具體名詞作賓語的動詞：fasten、label、feed既可能抽象也可跟具體名詞作賓語的動詞：tighten 3）從動詞及物或不及物的角度出發做題
不及物動詞：dispose、cope、speculate、approve、contribute有時及物和不及物搭配不一樣4）根據主語和賓語的邏輯關系判定動詞5）根據動詞后的介詞以及介詞賓語判定答案6）根據能夠對動詞起到限制性成分來判定動詞（一般指形容詞）
名詞題解題的五種方法：1）名詞作主語時，謂語或表語就是信息線索2）名詞作賓語時，謂語動詞就是線索
3）根據名詞前后的介詞判定名詞4）根據已有名詞來判定已選名詞5）當名詞后面出現定語從句或同位語從句時，從句就是線索
形容詞解題的四種方法：1）形容詞作表語時主語就是線索2）由副詞修飾形容此時副詞就是線索3）當多個成分同時修飾一個名詞時，答案就在修飾成分中4）當形容詞修飾名詞時，名詞就是線索
副詞題解題的三種方法：1）根據主旨做題2）同義原則3）根據時態來判斷 做題順序12步法 先看選項，再看文章
看選項：1）利用紅花綠葉原則做題2）使用同義原則3）重點做邏輯關系題4）看文章，做好and題，and前后要么選同義詞，要么選同一范圍的詞，要么用句子對應成分分析法做and題5）所有的not題6）表語題7）復現題8）動詞題9）名詞題10）形容詞題11）副詞題12）利用概率原則做題
做題方法：1）關鍵線索定位法2）句子對應成分分析法3）時間線索定位法4）生活常識解題法5）總分結構解題法 重要語法現象：定語從句 三個詞引導定語從句的情況：
AS
1）as 關系代詞，引導定語從句，其先行詞可以是單詞，也可以是句子。[先行詞可以是句子先行詞只有兩個：which和as] 2）as引導的定語從句位置靈活3）在引導限制性定語從句的時候，as只能用在固定結構中，which卻沒有這樣的限制。在引導非限制性定語從句的時候，用as表示主句與從句是順承或一致關系，用which表示主句與從句是對立或否定關系。
THAN 1）than做關系代詞引導定語從句2）than在后面的句子當中作主語 3）主句必須要有比較級
BUT
1）but做關系代詞引導定語從句2）主句要用否定式 3）but相當于not—that或not who 寫作
一、詞 3～4種替換
①后詞優先（高中+四級詞匯）---短語類+長單詞
important: significant, essential, crucial, critical, indispensable learn: attain, obtain, acquire, accumulate very: extremely, extraordinarily, unusually, largely ②短語優先
make: make up build: build up accumulate: pile up like: be fond of, be keen on, care for ③派生詞優先
important: importance fond: fondness delight: delightful, delighted, delightfully satisfy: satisfied, satisfactory effect: effective, effectively ④名詞優先
think: opinion, idea, notion, consideration, concern, assumption, presumption, argument eg.My(individual)consideration is that environment protection(conservation)is of extraordinary significance.二、句
同義轉化+句子擴展
1.同義轉化
eg.A對B很重要
A play important part(role)in B.A is to B what foundation is to a skyscraper / water to fish / heart to humans.A means / matters a lot / much to B.The significance of A should never be over looked / ignored / denied / neglected in B.A is / means everything / the whole world to B.2.句子擴展（1）詞匯擴展
1）n.前修 派生形容詞和復合形容詞優先
poor→badly-off→underdeveloped→impoverished
后修 介修 in;on;from;at;of
分修 –ed;-ing
句修 名詞+ing = 名詞+which/ who do/ does/ is/are doing
the impoverish countries which lie in the third world
名詞+ed分詞=名詞+which/ who am /is/are done
the measures which are taken by the government
2）adj.① adv修飾（情感類）②非常 ③一般
sincerely, truly, frankly, honestly, heartfeltly, heartily
surprisingly, shockingly, generally, roughly, virtually
強調副詞：absolutely, definitely, undoubtedly 3）v.能用來修飾adj.的adv.均可用來adv.tips:使用v時，adv若想不起來可盡量generally類型，但adj前務必用adv,修飾（2）句子擴展
1）盡量使用分詞
tips：小作文中，中間用Being a 身份 who 修飾-----表自己身份
大作文中，Interested in , Concerned about , Disappointed with
（小中，the reason being that ，大中尾），the consequence being that ,.tips:以上兩句一定要用在―，‖之后，that之后跟句子
2）使用從句
①原因性從句 since, as, for on account of the fact that
by virtue of the fact that owing to the fact that
②結果性從句 so that with the consequence that
③條件從句
providing/ provided that, assuming/ assumed that
tips:位于句首引出句子，中間逗號隔開；位于句中引出句子可以不加逗號
④轉折
yet, while, whereas
⑤讓步 even though despite the fact that
inspite of the fact that
（3）篇章擴展
1)必須在文中使用結構銜接詞
tips:小作文中間部分，大作文全部
2)注意使用代詞的準確照應
tips:①使用代詞時需照應離他最近的前文名詞
②注意代詞和該名詞的性、數一致
三、分析學生最常見的語法錯誤 1）冠詞錯誤
tips：①單數可數名詞不能單獨出現，前面必須要有a, an;
②復數名詞可單獨出現，前面不加冠詞，但后面有后置修飾語時例外（+the）
③不可數名詞可單獨出現，但后面有后置修飾語時例外（+the）
2）并列結構:在一個句子中出現的并列結構的形式必須一致
The eyes of the Sammi are twice bigger than Lily’s(those of Lily).The person with(①who has)broad knowledge and rich experience is supposed to live a better life that the person who does(②without them)not.3）搭配錯誤
Many wild species have(been)extinct in the worsening natural environment.extinct-adj;extinction-n.die out-v.4）串句:在前后兩個獨立句子間必須使用連詞來銜接句子，而絕不能用adv.小作文寫作攻略
1.基本信息：商務信函和私人信函都以商務信函對待，題目中出現人名，必為私人信函 Dear Alice, /Dear Sir or Madam，正文使用縮進時，縮四個字母。三個段落
Yours sincerely, Liming 2.小作文操作口訣：首段直抒胸臆說目的 中間謙虛委婉講理由 結尾真誠重述送祝福
Tips:3段為7句左右最佳，不能超過十句
3.開頭：I’m writing this letter to you in order to do …/ with the purpose of doing …/ in the hope of doing…
Tips:目的詞必須是亮點詞匯，即符合―四詞選擇‖
The purpose of mine writing this letter to you is to do…
The reason why I write this letter to you is that I have a strong longing/ craving to do…
eg.(2005)The reason why I write this letter to you is that I have a strong craving to present my unwilling decision of resignation from my present job.TIPS: 1)使用簡單句式時，詞匯能多亮就多亮。2）使用復雜句式時，詞匯可以退而求其次，但一定是越亮越好。中間必須用結構銜接詞
1.a.Firstly, your R1 is the point I am mostly interested in/ concerned about/ disappointed with b.First and foremost, being a 身份 who , what I am most eager to express in this letter is R1, which actually impresses/ interests/ disappoints me greatly.c.In the first place, the R1,(I derive from 信息來源)is the most crucial information I am interested in.TIPS:中間部分的第一句話的表述，盡量使用中等長度，但詞匯需要偏亮
2.a.Secondly, R2 is as well another aspect I have to pay my special attention to in doing（目的）in this letter.TIPS:使用時，R2必須用亮點詞匯，且doing的表述方式必須和首段不同
b.Added to the first point(On top of the first point), the fact that R2(句子)is what I eagerly lay particular emphasis on, which proves to be fairly critical in this issue.eg.the fact that the opening hour of our library overly limited is the… c.In the second place, R2(名詞), which is believed as the major point in this matter is also where we interest/ concern/ disappoint lies in.TIPS:該組句式復雜，故詞匯可在某種程度上選擇簡單詞，但務必注意詞匯和句式要求 3.a.Eventually, R3(名詞)is obviously the last element I have to put forward in writing this letter to 目的（動詞）.TIPS:務必使用亮點名詞和動詞形式
b.Last but, by no means, least, what I am deeply concerned about in offering my 目的（名詞）is the one ,which a large majority of people focus on, namely R3（名詞）
c.In the final place, R3（名詞）is the last factor which matters/ determines/ means a lot in presenting my longing for 目的（動名）.TIPS:①中間部分必須首先出現框架詞匯（第一，第二，首先.etc.）
②可以對這9個句子進行隨機組合，但最好出現1～2個長句，建議第二、三句
③切記簡單句式使用亮點詞
④練習時，從頭到尾使用相同結構
結尾：a.My sincere gratitude proposal/ application/ complaints has/ have to be repeated and I truly hope that everything goes smooth with you.b.An early response/ reply to me will be obviously to my great delight / satisfaction/ surprise and I honestly wish everything to be smooth around you.c.Actually, I feel fairly grateful/ indeed for your kindness and attention and sincerely look forward to your quick/ prompt response.TIPS:①不允許出現任何語法拼寫錯誤②務必使用亮點詞匯③根據題目要求，可適當對模型中詞匯進行改動。eg.（2007）
Dear Sir or Madam, The purpose of my writing this letter to you is to offer several useful/ essential suggestions for the service of the library of our university.First and foremost, being a student who spend most of my time in reading in our library, what I am mostly concerned about is opening hours, which actually disappoints me for the hours are fairly limited.Furthermore, the impatient attitude of employee is another aspect I put forward in presenting my proposal.Last but not least, what I am care about the development of our library is the one, which a large majority of student focus on namely the disappointing collection of books.An early response/ reply to me will be obviously to my great delight / satisfaction/ surprise and I honestly wish everything to be smooth around you.復習建議：1.把開頭、中間、結尾最簡單句式進行組合 2.進行亮點詞替換
3.對小作文的中間①②③點進行任意一句長句替換
4.對最終形成的小作文版本進行真題套寫，若字數不到80，增加復雜句式，若超過130，進行句式減肥。
黃金句型
1.It is … that …(使用1～2個)出現在大作文中間or結尾
eg.It is the establishment of harmonious relationship that will enhance the advancement of the society.2.倒數
A.so+ adj/adv +系/助動詞+主語+（實義動詞）+that+剩余部分 如此..以至于…
So grave/ serious is the environment contamination that wild species expanding numbers have been extinct/ endangered/ on the verge of extinction.B.adj.+ though/ as 主語+系詞，主句
Effective as the government’s measures prove to be, there is still powerful/ potent…
C.Under no circumstances/ By no means/ On no occasions/ In no ways +助動詞+主語+實義動詞+剩余部分
絕不…
eg.On no occasions should on individual ignore/ deny the significance of setting up a harmonious society.D.Only when something is accomplished/ by this means/ in this way/ under this circumstance/ on this occasion +助動詞+主語+動詞
表預期結果
eg.Only by this means can the society be developed/ advanced/ propelled in a sustainable way.3.插入語（通常是第二、三段）主語和實義動詞之間，用逗號隔開 adv.:：
however, nevertheless, therefore, thereby, thus, generally adj.：
needless to say無需說 most important（of all）sure to say 介詞詞組：from my point of view, from my perspective, in my view, in my position, in my standpoint, on the contrary, in contrast.句子：
as I perceive it, as I see/ view it, I am sure/ certain, I believe/imagine/conceive 4.被選：虛擬 It is high time that sb.did sth.是…該做… 大作文攻略
一、1.時態為一般現在時
2.使用人稱為第一人稱I或第三人稱（圖畫中的圖像，內容），不許用you.3.必須分三段式：鳳頭、豬肚、豹尾 4.必須在結尾部分明確出現―我認為‖句式
二、復習方法
1.不限時寫作，5篇左右，不修改不檢查，但字數需上200.2.40min之內完成，5篇左右，修改語法錯誤，替換亮點詞匯.3.30min之內完成，5篇左右，進行中間、開頭、結尾的某1～3句的長難句替換，刪除開頭，中間，結尾所重復的內容。
4.努力記憶自己在10篇作文中頻繁用到的，準確無誤的詞匯、句式、表達
三、邏輯思路
1.矛盾命題是靈魂，尋找積極意義是方向，開篇綜述與分述（綜述：圖畫的整體內容即圖中英文or中文說明；分述：對圖中細節內容描述，如若細節不描述，會扣3分左右）2.中間析因析果析趨勢 3.結尾辨證比較給策略
四、寫作方法(一)開頭
1.物法a.The picture/ drawing/ cartoon/photograph/ line/ curve/ bar graph/ pie graph describes/depicts/ reveals/ illustrates/ demonstrates an interesting phenomenon of 英文注釋/中文翻譯/自我解讀（n.,動名詞）
TIPS:盡量體現準確的稍有難度的圖畫內容的詞匯。使用題目中的英文注釋時盡量替換詞匯
b.The picture vividly/ clearly reveals the interesting phenomenon/fact that+句子
eg.that there existed/ lay/seemed/ appeared an obvious contrast between the different commercial fishing situation of 1900 and 1955.2.人法 a.It is vividly/ clearly/ symbolically depicted in the picture that+綜述
b.As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, 句子（綜述）
c.What is vividly depicted in the picture is that 句子（綜述）3.單圖分述：
sb.In this picture, sb.can been seen doing sth.eg.In the picture, a charming foreign girl can been seen/viewed wearing a piece of Chinese traditional/national costume smiling.sth.In this picture, sth in the drawing can been seen/ viewed advertising its ridiculous promise to the public.TIPS:單圖描述時，圖中人與物務必帶上個人色彩的修飾，該修飾詞匯能亮則亮，不能亮則可以使用第一反應詞，第一段最少寫兩行半。
4.雙圖分述：In the first drawing, 單圖例句。On the contrary, we can see / recognized / identify 內 容。
eg.In the first drawing, only a single commercial ship was floating/drifting on the sea while countless/innumerable/uncountable fish was swimming happily under the sea in1900.On the contrary, ninety-five years later, the number of ships over the sea was countless whereas only a lonely and poor fish was viewed was swimming under the sea.TIPS:1.開頭部分中，單圖分述時，語法務必正確，詞匯務必閃亮，信息務必詳盡。
2.開頭部分中，雙圖分述時，盡量注意兩個圖描寫時的句型差異。
3.注意加入情感元素（悲傷，孤單，驕傲…）
（二）中間----第一句話揭示寓意
1.a.直抒寓意 The purpose/goal/aim of this picture is to convey the message/implication that 寓意（句子）
eg.The purpose of these two pictures is to convey the message that providing that commercial activities stimulated by alluring profits fail to be controlled, the natural resources will be subjected to an immense loss.b.自問自答 What profound message/implication is mirrored/reflected in the picture above? Evidently/Of course,寓意（句子）
eg.Of course, some children who usually grow in the favorable conditions,(like flowers in the greenhouse,)are mostly likely to be frustrated(or even thoroughly damaged)in great difficulties(in adverse conditions).c.承上啟下
In frankness, the phenomenon reflected by the picture above is really a complex and complicated one, which should be analyzed in a practical and rational way, 寓意
。2.原因：a原因（名詞）is normally considered as the factor contributing to this issue.TIPS:該原因必須使用亮點詞匯且有修飾最好
eg.Too much love and care poured by their parents are normally…
The mutual assistance and affection in an individual’s overall development
b.A large majority of people claim/maintain/show their insight that this issue has to be dealt with carefully, the reason being that 原因（句子）
TIPS:該原因句最好用簡單句完成，詞匯盡量閃亮，但不許出語法錯誤。
3.結果：As a consequence, a/an disappointing/delightful/admirable phenomenon will be definitely born out, which is that 結果（句子）
eg.The loss of family responsibility in the young generation is normally considered as the factor contributed to this issue.As a consequence, a disappointing phenomenon will be definitely born out, which is that the aged/senior/elderly people in general will hardly seek out a person even among their own children to rely on and therefore live in a merciful way.4.趨勢：Assuming that this tendency tends to grow in the society, some positive/negative influence/significance will be undoubtedly resulted.TIPS:此句話要視中間段落的長度而定，同時注意positive和negative的選擇。
（三）結尾
In conclusion, what I discussed/argued/claimed above is considerably significant from my personal perspective is the determine in offering a satisfactory solution.TIPS:策略的表述務必準確地道靚麗。可采用動詞不定式、動名詞的形式表達策略的內容。It is this strategy that has caused/attracted much attention from both the government and the public.So serious this issue/argument is that nobody shall ever overlook the necessity of dealing with it in a most efficient way.Only by this means can/will the society/human races/human being/nature/mankind/the young/the youth/the youngster/the elderly develop/advance/grow/survive in a sustainable/harmonious/wholesome/spectacular manner.大作文復習TIPS:
1.在所有給出的可選擇的句子中，挑選自己較為熟悉和擅于運用的句式框架，進而組合成完整的開頭、中間、結尾的三段式模塊；
2.使用該簡單框架時對08年以前的5年作文進行信息套入，結束后檢查句式語法錯誤； 3.依然對上面所練的5篇文章內容進行亮點詞匯替換，并對任何一個部分中所出現的重復句式重復短語進行刪減or替換；
4.只使用修改后的句式框架以及亮點詞匯對真題or模擬題(3篇左右)進行完整套寫； 5.考試前主要閱讀自己最終所寫的篇章版本，對其中的亮詞，亮句進行深化記憶。
詞匯鏈接
重要：significant, crucial, essential
非常：considerably 關于：with reference to, as regard
獲得：attain, acquire 也：as well, meanwhile
如果：proving that 結果：consequence
發展：advance, advancement 快樂：delighted, delightful, pleased
不能：fail to 著名：prestigious, celebrated
大：immense, titanic 認為：claim, argue, maintain
能力：competent, competence 可能：perhaps, be likely to do
上進：aggressive, aspiring 盡管：even though, despite, in spite of
許多：quite a few, a large number of, a large amount of, a colony of + 聰明：intelligent, quick-written, talented 不許出現：good, bad, things
關于09年的熱點話題
一、奧運的積極意義：
1.提升中國的國際形象 promote the international image of China increase the international position/ranking in the world 2.大幅改善了城市的基礎設施建設，進而方便了人們的生活
improve the establishment of the infrastructure in the urban area and thereby make it more accessible for the local people to enjoy the convenience and variety.3.促進了中國與其他不同文化人民間的交流以及大大提高了中國傳統文化在國際社會的認可度和知名度
enhance the mutual/reciprocal communication between Chinese people and those from other culture and largely improve the popularity and recognition of Chinese tradition culture in the international world/community.二、個人成長
1.優良品質的培養 cultivation of fine qualities of a person persevering堅韌 persistent堅持 competent能力
cooperative and competitive合作與競爭 tolerant and sympathetic寬容與同情
2.來自于社會、家庭和個人的共同努力 the joint/corporate efforts/endeavors distributed by the society, family and individual.3.身心健康的和諧發展
a harmonious and satisfactory development both bodily and spiritually.三、經濟
1.潛在經濟困難和經濟危機
potential economic pressure and crisis across the globe 2.在嚴峻的局勢下，中國政府和公眾展示了極大的決心和信心
in such an adverse financial situation, both the government and the public have manifested strong resolution and confident to conquer the possible recession.3.如此成果主要歸功于政府的有效舉措和社會各部門的配合
such success shall be attributed to the powerful measures from the central and local government and the satisfactory cooperation between different social organs.
第四篇：新東方四級語法總結
一：時態：所謂的“時態”，就是時間+狀態。謂語動詞的時態見下表： 1．主動形式
一般 進行 完成 過去 did was/were doing had done
現在 do
am/is/are doing have/has done
將來
will/shall do
過去將來 should/would do
will/shall be doing /
will/shall have done should/would have do
用于虛擬語氣
完成進行
一般 進行 完成 had been doing have/has been doing / / 過去
was/were given
現在
am/is/are given
將來 過去將來
will/shall be given should/would be give
/ was/were being given am/is/are being given / had been given
have/has been given will/shall have been givshould/would have be
iven 完成進行 / / /
CET-4 ?？嫉娜N時態：過去完成時；將來完成時；（現在/過去）完成進行時。時間狀語從句當中的時態： 一般過去時 所有的過去 用一般現在時表示 現在和將來 現在完成時 現在完成和將來完成
一．非謂語動詞 一．不定式：
一）不定式的?？夹问剑?/p>
一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被動形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.語法功能： 表示與謂語動詞同步發生l 成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被動形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.語法功能：表示發生在謂語動詞之前 二）不定式?？嫉目键c： 1）不定式做定語----將要發生 2）不定式做狀語----目的
3）不定式充當名詞功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略
1)感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示動作的完整性，真實性； + doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調“我看見了”這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強調“我見他正干活”這個動作）
感官動詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good;It feels comfortable.2)使役動詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動以后要還原to I ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.3)help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些動詞后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do.be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do.begin to do.start to do 五)有的時候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom(oneself)to;be accustomed to;face up to;in addition to;look forward to;object to;be reduced to;resign oneself to;be resigned to;resort to;sink to;be used to;be alternative to;be close/closeness to;be dedication/dedicated to;be opposition/opposed to;be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動的意思。其中，want不太常用。He needs(a lot of)encouraging.1)現在完成進行時態(have/has been +-ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作 I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時會業已發生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等 It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你應該曉得速度限制)雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態
雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.賓補結構的被動語態: She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.短語動詞 Vi + adv The plane took off two hours late.Vi + prep They looked round the Cathedral.Vi + prep(有被動語態)She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.Vi + adv + prep I began to look forward to their visits.Vt + O + adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.Vt + adv + O(無被動語態)I am trying to give up smoking.Vt + O + prep We talked Donald into agreement.在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是it b),就常常可以把從句中的主語和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉.Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.在以than a)或 as b)引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略.He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.錯誤的省略
His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.一致
如果主語是單數,盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引導的短語,謂語動詞仍舊用單數形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.代詞作主語時的一致
each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構成的復合代詞,都作單數看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you? some, few, both, many 等作復數 some 可后接復數,也可接單數,表示某一.none作復數看待時較多,但也有時作單數看待,主要看說話人腦中聯系想到的是復數還是單數概念, 但none 在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數: None of the books are easy enough for us None of us seem to have thought of it.None(= not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(= nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接復數,也可接不可數名詞(all of the?, most of the ?), 動詞用單數由and 或 both? and 連接名詞詞組時, 后用復數;由not only?but(also), either?or, neither?nor或 or 連接的并列主語, 謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind 如果一個句子是由there 或here引導, 而主語又不止一個, 謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作復數.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集體名詞有時作單數看待, 有時作復數看待, 主要根據意思來決定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名詞單復數同形, 可根據意思決定謂語動詞的數: This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.表示時間, 重量, 長度, 價值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復數形式, 如果作整體看待, 動詞也可用單數形式(當然用復數動詞也是可以的): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.其他問題
書名, 國家名用單數: Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.學科名, 如mathematics, economics用單數.many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時, 謂語動詞多用單數形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接復數, the number of后接單數: A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.one of those 后用單數.在“one of + 復數名詞 +關系分句”結構中，關系分句中謂語動詞的單復數形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據先行詞采用復數形式：
Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.當one 之前友the only 等限定詞和修飾語時，關系分句謂語動詞根據one 而定，即采用單數形式： He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.不定式 形式
一般式 完成式 進行式 完成進行式 主動形式 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing
被動形式 to be done to have been done
完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生, 或是在它之后發生.假如不定式所表示的動作, 在謂語所表示的動作(狀態)之前發生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比較: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.進行式: 如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)發生時, 不定式表示的動作正在進行, 這時要用不定式的進行式.You are not supposed to be working.You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.完成進行式: 在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作, 就要用不定式的完成進行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.被動式: 當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時, 不定式一般要用被動形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.功用: 不定式可以作主語(a), 賓語(b), 表語(c), 定語(d)或是狀語(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare? e.We have come to learn from you.不帶to 的不定式: 在“動詞+ 賓語+不定式”結構中, 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結構不帶to.John made her tell him everything.這類結構轉換為被動語態時, 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just)as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動詞不定式也不帶to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動詞不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.在動詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box? 在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時, 其后的不定式不帶to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up 出現在句中其他位置時, 其后的不定式有時帶to, 有時不帶to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.用作補語的動詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關系分句”，“thing +關系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結構”等構成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.不定式的其他用法
too?to 結構通常表示否定意義: She was too young to understand all that.enough?to結構則表示肯定意義: She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義: He’s only too pleased to help her.so?as(to)這種結構也可用不定式作狀語: Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的, 可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時, 不定式前可加一個of引起的短語, 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況: It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.形式
完成式: 如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生, 通常用動名詞的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些動詞后(或成語中), 常用(或可以用)動名詞的一般形式, 盡管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.現在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中, 表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 獨立結構也可用現在分詞的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.被動式: 當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時, 動名詞一般要用被動形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動詞后, 盡管表示的是被動的意思, 卻用動名詞的主動形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.現在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語, 賓語補足語, 狀語及用于獨立結構中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers 完成被動式: 如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發生, 有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.現在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨立結構中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.句法功用 作主語:
Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity 作賓語:
Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.作介詞賓語: 動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多.它常可以用在某些成語后面, 常見的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect?of, accuse?of, charge?with, hear of, approve of, prevent?from, keep?from, stop?from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank?for, feel like, excuse?for, aim at, devote?to, set about, spend?in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.作表語:
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語.一般說來, 在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞;在表示具體某詞動作, 特別是將來的動作時, 多用不定式.作賓語補足語: 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動詞后作賓語補足語.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞后, 及可用現在分詞, 也可用不定式構成賓語補足語.用現在分詞時, 表示動作正在發生, 用不定式時表示動作發生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did.I heard him knock three times.作狀語: 現在分詞作狀語時, 通常都表示主語正在進行的另一動作, 來對謂語表示的主要動作加以修飾或作為陪襯.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.現在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因, 相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.現在分詞短語有時可用作時間狀語, 相當于when引起的從句: Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together 如果兩個動作是完全同時發生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結構.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結構: 一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結構), 來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper? They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開頭, 這個結構常常可以用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss 既可用動名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語的動詞: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有時兩種結構之間意義差別不大, 有時卻有不同的意思.在remember, regret, want, try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want(need)to come.The house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語時, 表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態.Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的動作, 正確)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.(錯誤)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city.(正確)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen.(錯誤)
一、賓語從句(Object Clause)
賓語從句為肯定句（由that 引導），在口語中that常省略。
（1）當主句中謂語動詞是現在或將來時態時，從句中謂語動詞不受主句中謂語動詞時態的影響，按需要可以使用任何時態。如：
She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday.（從句是一般現在時）
She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.（從句是一般將來時）
She says(that)she has never been to Mount Emei.（從句是現在完成時）
（2）當主句謂語是過去時態，從句中的時態一般用表示過去的某種時態。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.（從句是一般過去時）
He said(that)he was going to take care of the baby.（從句是過去將來時）
He said(that)they were having a meeting at that time.（從句是過去進行時）
注意：當主句謂語是過去時態，而賓語從句敘述某一客觀真理（事實）時，賓語從句的時態則用一般現在時。
The teacher told us(that)nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.老師告訴我們世上無難事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound.他說光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。
賓語部分為一般疑問句（由whether引導）
“Can you help me?” He asked.He asked whether(if)I could help him.She asked, “Will Lao Li come to my birthday party?”
She asked whether(if)Lao Li would come to her birthday party.注意：在將一般疑問句轉變成賓語從句時，一定要注意陳述句語序。
改寫句子
1．Does Mr．Brown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？
→Could you tell us _________ Mr．Brown _________ living in China？
2．“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me．
→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．
3．Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know．
→Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday．
賓語部分為特殊疑問句
Goals determine what you are going to be.Be absolutely determined to enjoy what you are doing.He wants to know what our plan is for the National Day.Mr.Li asks how he can go to the Beijing Railway Station.The student can read whichever book he likes to read.I want to know when the train leaves.
第五篇：《新東方四級30天90分》詞匯學習筆記
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四級考試簡介
成績90分以上需要背4200個單詞
成績70－80分需要背457個單詞
單詞的重考率極高，比如：available（四級最愛）constrain（六級永陪詞匯）主考時態：容易成為答案的時態
1、過去完成時
2、將來完成時
3、完成進行時 課程安排：
1.摸底，講單詞2.時態，非謂語動詞3.虛擬語氣4.倒裝，主謂一致5.從句6.綜合串講 長得像的選項有一個是答案
[P56-24]Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A)conservative
B)content
C)confident
D)generous 注：押頭韻去除D。
[P56-29]By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind.A)accurate
B)urgent
C)excessive
D)adequate 注：押尾韻去除C。摸底[P56-Unit 17] 21.As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _______it.A)postpone
B)refuse
C)delay
D)cancel 注：postpone 推遲 refuse 拒絕
delay 推遲，拖延
cancel 取消
22.These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _______ you need.A)all the information
B)all the informationsC)all of information D)all of the informations 注：1.information 不可數名詞 2.all of 表示of 中的全部，所以后面名詞一定要有明確的范圍，必須加以限定。而all 沒有這個要求。
23.Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground.A)had he arrived
B)would he have arrived C)did he arrive
D)should he have arrived 注：1.not until 句型
2.過去完成時與一般過去時成對使用
24.Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A)conservative B)content
C)confident D)generous
注：conservative 保守的 content 滿足；內容
confident 自信的generous 慷慨的
25.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _______.A)granted
B)implied
C)exaggerated D)remedied 注：exaggerated
夸大的
26.These surveys indicate that many crimes go _______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.A)unrecorded B)to be unrecorded C)unrecording D)to have been unrecorded 27.I have no objection _______ your story again.A)to hear
B)to hearing
C)to having heard
D)to have heard 注：object to doing 反對。其中 to為介詞。動詞跟介詞，則相應的名詞形式也跟介詞 28.The clothes a person wears may express his _______ or social position.A)curiosity
B)status
C)determination D)significance 注：status 地位，身份
29.By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind.A)accurate
B)urgent
C)excessive
D)adequate 聲明：本資料由聽力課堂網站收集整理，僅供英語愛好者學習使用，資料版權屬于原作者。
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注：adequate 足夠的
30.You will see this product _______ wherever you go.A)to be advertised
B)advertised
C)advertise
D)advertising 31.The early pioneers had to _______ many hardships to settle on the new land.A)go along with
B)go back on C)go through D)go into 注：1.go through 經歷困難而完成congratulation（對新郎）best wishes（對新娘）2.go along with 陪伴
3.go back on 違背，背棄
4.go into 談論，談及
32.The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.A)would present
B)present
C)presents D)ought to present注：should 省略虛擬
33.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A)whose
B)which
C)that
D)what 34.Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town.A)to stop
B)stopping
C)stop
D)having stopped注：suggest doing 建議做...35.I didn't know the word.I had to _______ a dictionary.A)look out
B)make out
C)refer to
D)go over注：refer to 查字典
36.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A)to be based on
B)to base on
C)which to base on D)on which to base 注：on which to do
介詞+which+to do 結構相當于定語從句
37.There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A)that
B)which
C)in which
D)whose 注：同位語從句
38.I think I was at school, _______ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.A)or else B)and then
C)or so
D)even so 注：or else 否則要不然 39.It is said that the math teacher seems _______ towards bright students.A)partial
B)beneficial
C)preferable
D)liable注：partial 偏袒的
40.In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _______ trouble over the figures.A)extensive
B)spare
C)extra
D)supreme注：extra 額外的 41.--“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o'clock tonight?”
--“I'm sorry.M.Williams _______ to a conference long before then.” A)will have gone
B)had gone
C)would have gone
D)has gone 注：主考時態：將來完成時，過去完成時
42.You _______ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A)shouldn't follow
B)mustn't follow C)couldn't have been following
D)shouldn't have been following 注：本不應該
43.The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A)have allowed B)allow
C)allowing
D)allows 注：主謂一致，復雜主語中心詞是growth，謂語動詞用單數。
44.Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.A)assembled B)accumulated
C)piled
D)joined 注：assemble（人群的）聚集
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45.Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.A)include
B)involve C)containD)comprise注：involve doing = need doing 需要
46.Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.A)with which B)for which
C)of whichD)which注：of which 其中
47.In the _______ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million.A)face
B)time C)even
tD)course 注：in the event of 萬一 48.The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.A)had not worked B)not to work
C)does not work D)did not work 注：would rather 加一般過去時表示虛擬。
49._______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.A)Although much he likes her
B)Much although he likes her C)As he likes her much
D)Much as he likes her 50.The British constitution is _______ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.A)within
B)to C)by
D)at 單詞記憶舉例：
Ivy 常春藤 gazelle 瞪羚vigor
精力naive
天真的quaint
古怪的acquaint 使熟悉 背單詞的方法： 諧音聯想記憶法：
ambition 野心
ambitious野心勃勃的 ponderous沉重的，笨重的sneer嘲笑,譏笑 exhaust 使精疲力盡
nuisance 討厭的人 bruise 瘀傷brutal 殘忍的curse 詛咒
2、近形對照法：
adapt 適應；adopt 采納；收養adept 有技巧的；熟練的
coast 海岸線（ocean 海洋）;roast 燒，烤;boast 吹噓;toast 干杯 形象聯想法：
look 看；loom 若隱若現；liberty 自由；blush 臉紅；amorous 好色的；morose 郁悶的；mortal 必死的；mental 智力的，精神的
記憶類型：
1、視覺型：不斷的重復
2、聽覺型：自己錄自己的講解，不斷的聽
3、混合型：記情節，細節
愛情三部曲I：apply 申請
approve 批準
appreciate 感激
attention 注意attract 吸引
arrange 安排
appointment 約會
[P52-42]Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______, drawing millions of visitors every year.A)attention
B)attraction
C)appointment
D)arrangement 注：tourist attraction 旅游勝地
[P52-70]Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply ______.A)appreciated
B)approved
C)appealed
D)applied 注：appeal 上訴
subject to 屈從于，使服從
summit 峰會 高頻成為答案詞匯： 愛情三部曲
apply 申請
approve 批準
appreciate 感激
attention 注意
attract 吸引 arrange 安排
appointment 約會
engagement 約會
in that = because
now that = since
regardless of 不管，不顧 in terms of 根據 object to 反對（to為介詞）
bargain v.討價還價；n.便宜貨
pace 節奏 available 可獲得的，可得到的（Are you available? 你是否有時間？）
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[P1-42]There were no tickets ______ for Friday?s performance.A)preferable B)considerable
C)possible
D)available 注：1.preferable 喜歡的，更好的2.considerable 相當多的，大量的； considerate 體貼的，體諒的，考慮周到的
[P3-62]______ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.A)For now
B)Now that C)Ever since
D)By now [P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.A)objected to having B)were objected to have C)objected to have D)were objected to having 注：objected to doing [P6-56]Many people complain of the rapid ______ of modern life.A)rate B)speed
C)pace
D)growth [P13-58]Liquids are like solids ______ they have a definite volume.A)with that
B)for that
C)in that
D)at that [P15-34]Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ____ the color of his skin.A)regardless of
B)in the light of
C)by virtue of
D)with the exception of 注：1.in the light of 根據
2.by virtue of 借助于，依靠，由于 3.with the exception of 除了
[P17-57]______ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A)For
B)Since
C)Now
D)Despite [P23-59]He decided to make further improvements on the computer?s design _________ the light of the requirements of customers.A)an
B)for
C)in
D)with [P27-43]It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _________ knowledge.A)extensive B)expansive C)intensive D)expensive 注：通過押頭韻排除C，通過押尾韻排除B 重要的詞性：
1、動詞和名詞：名詞是動作的發出者或承受者。
2、形容詞和名詞：形容詞修飾名詞。
I love a beautiful girl.3、副詞：副詞修飾形容詞；副詞修飾動詞；副詞修飾副詞。
I love a very beautiful girl.I always love a very beautiful girl.Not surprisingly, I always love a very beautiful girl.豬八戒的五大特征： 1.vigorous 精力充沛的 2.glimpse 一瞥
love at the first glimpse 一見鐘情
view 風景（不可數）a room with view《看得見風景的房間》；視野 come into view 走進視野
glance 一瞥
gaze 凝視，尤指感興趣的看（gazelle 瞪羚）
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peep 偷窺
3.considerate 體貼的；
considerable 相當多的，大量的； 4.consistent 一致的，和諧的； 5.be liable for 對……負責
動詞：謂語動詞有且只有一個。如果再出現動詞只能以非謂語形式存在：-ing,-ed, to do
To get a high score, we have to study hard.I came in, followed by two dogs.Seeing is believing.口訣：
謂語非謂經常混
謂語句中就一個
其余動詞非謂語
非謂形式有三種
-ing,-ed 和to do
現在分詞表主動
過去分詞表被動
目的要用不定式
主賓要用動名詞
一、謂語動詞常考點：時態、語態、情態、倒裝、主謂一致
二、謂語動詞的時態（共有16 種）：
時間：過去、現在、將來、過將（虛擬）
狀態：一般、進行、完成、完成進行 三、四級考試中主要考的三個時態：過去完成時、將來完成時、完成進行時
1、過去完成時：到過去某個點為止所完成的動作；在過去發生了兩個動作，先過去完成時后一般過去時。
過去完成時與一般過去時常常成對出現。
[P2-53]We _________ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A)just have had
B)have just had
C)just had
D)had just had [P28-25]Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _________ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.A)would be B)has been
C)had been
D)would have been 注：時態題，A和D是虛擬語氣，應排除。過去完成時所以選C。
A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles used only in churches.A)had come
B)coming
C)come
D)that came 注：1.because 從句缺謂語
2.兩個逗號中間的found on his clothes 是插入成分
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.A)peculiarly
B)indifferently
C)vigorously
D)inevitably 注：1.peculiarly 奇怪地
2.indifferently 冷漠地
3.inevitably 不可避免地
Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _______ in the marker.A)batteries
B)bargains
C)baskets
D)barrels [P56-23]Not until the game had begun_______ at the sports ground.A)had he arrived
B)would he have arrived
C)did he arrive
D)should he have arrived 注：Not until 連詞，標明從句。主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。
Not until the vacation had begun did I pay tuition.Not until I had met Lily did I realize the importance of English.聲明：本資料由聽力課堂網站收集整理，僅供英語愛好者學習使用，資料版權屬于原作者。
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Not until I had met Lily did I realize that learning English is so easy.2、將來完成時：到將來某個點為止所完成的動作。
We'll have learned 3000 words by the end of this year.by then 到那個時候
[P8-45]By the end of this month, we surely _________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A)have found B)will be finding C)will have found D)are finding [P8-49]Not _________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A)obviously B)surprisingly C)particularly D)normally [P26-39] It?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _________ by about 10%.A)will have risen
B)has risen
C)will be rising D)has been rising 注：rise to 上升到
rise by 上升了
[P54-55]Between 1974 and 1997，the number of overseas visitors expanded ______ 27%.A)by
B)for
C)to
D)in [P54-54]It is our ______ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A)consistent B)continuous C)considerate
D)continual 注：continuous 連續不斷的considerate 體貼的 continual 時斷時續的，斷斷續續的
[P54-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful ______ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.A)by which
B)to which
C)in that
D)so that
注：in that 因為 [P26-34]We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _________ view.A)from
B)in
C)before
D)into [P25-29]Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _________ through the window.A)vision
B)look
C)picture
D)view [P24-66]I have no objection _________ the evening with them.A)to spend
B)to spending
C)of spending
D)spending [P43-47]My train arrives in New York at eight o?clock tonight.The plane I would like to take from there _________ by then.A)would leave
B)will have left
C)has left
D)had left 注：時間狀語從句，條件狀語從句用一般現在時表示將來。
[P43-51]All flights _________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A)had been canceled
B)have been canceled
C)were canceled
D)having been canceled 注：because of 介詞，此句為單句，謂語動詞有一個，所以選非謂語動詞。獨立主格 [P43-53]Remember that customers don?t _________ about prices in that city.A)debate
B)consult
C)dispute
D)bargain
注：1.bargain 討價還價
2.debate 辯論，爭論 3.consult 咨詢4.dispute 辯論,爭吵 dispute over [P45-42]By the end of the year all but two people _________.A)have left
B)will leave
C)will be leaving
D)will have left [P45-70]Our journey was slow because the train stopped _________ at different villages.A)unceasingly B)gradually
C)continuously
D)continually 注：1.journey 旅行2.unceasingly 不停地，連續不斷地3.gradually 逐漸地
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4.continuously 連續不斷地 5.continually 時斷時續地，斷斷續續地
[P44-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A)to that
B)besides that
C)in that
D)except that [P66-41]By the time you get to New York, I ______ for London.A)would be leaving
B)am leaving C)have already left
D)shall have left [P63-31]By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ______ here for two days.A)will have stayed
B)shall stay C)have been staying
D)have stayed
3、完成進行時：更加強調時間性。
現在完成進行時為例：They have been standing there for 3 days.[P16-45]It seems oil _________ from this pipe for some time.We?ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked
B)has been leaking
C)leaked
D)is leaking 非謂語動詞三大類：分詞、動名詞、不定式 分詞常考題型：做狀語、做定語 分詞作狀語形式：，主謂賓
不管謂語和賓語，只看主語能不能做這件事。分詞作狀語題型，不定式不是答案。
永遠不是答案的形式：having +v-ed, been+ v-ed, be+ v-ed 過去分詞強調被動狀態，現在分詞強調主動進行。例：_____, I am listening to the music.Standing by Mr.LiuB)Stood by Mr.Liu 注：看主語能不能發出這個動作，還是動作的承受者來選擇是-ing還是-ed [P11-43] No matter how frequently ___, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A)performed
B)performing
C)to be performed
D)being performed 注：“空格+逗號+主謂賓”表示分詞作狀語。
現在分詞的常見形式：
1.一般式：v-ing 與謂語動詞同步發生。2.being+ v-ed 表示正在被做。
3.having +ed 表示動作發生謂語動詞之前。（在四級考試中不是正確答案）Having destroyed their house, they lived in a cave [P29-22] ___ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.A)Having believed
B)Believing
C)Believed
D)Being believed 注：分詞作狀語題型。
[P57-68] ___ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.A)To look at
B)Looking at
C)Looked at
D)To be looked at 注：分詞作狀語題型，A和D選項首先排除，situation和look是被動關系，所以選C [P57-69] A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough ______.A)nuisance
B)trouble
C)worry
D)anxiety 注：nuisance 討厭的人 單詞記憶：
exhaust 使精疲力盡
sting 蜇，咬
bruise 瘀傷 black and blue 青一塊，紫一塊，遍體鱗傷的
brutal 殘忍的 kagroo 袋鼠
cougar 美洲獅
ignore 忽視
ignorant 無知的
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ignorance 無知
ambition 雄心，野心
sneer 輕視，蔑視 獨立主格結構：
1、名詞/代詞＋現在分詞/過去分詞
2、在句中作狀語
3、分詞的一種，也有分詞的幾種事時態
4、with/ without復合結構
P41-49] All things _________, the planned trip will have to be called off.A)considered
B)be considered
C)considering
D)having considered 注：分詞題型中 having +ed 都不要考慮
P6-58]The speaker, _________ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.A)having known
B)being known
C)knowing
D)known 注：having + v-ed做定語和狀語都不會是答案
[P22-44]Homework _________ on time will lead to better grades.A)done
B)be done
C)having done
D)to have been done [P22-45]The speech _________, a lively discussion started.A)being delivered
B)was delivered
C)be delivered
D)having been delivered 注：1.考的是過去式獨立主格結構。
2.按時間順序，先講座后討論，所以選D。
[P37-36]As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.A)having
B)to have
C)to have had
D)having had [P44-48]The speech which he made _____ the project has bothered me greatly.A)being concerned
B)concerned
C)be concerned
D)concerning 注：1.which he made定語從句本身不是劃線的內容的話，可以將其去掉不考慮。
2.concerning 為介詞，關于。相當于 about/ over（國外常用）； concerning/ as to（國內考試用）。
3.bother 打擾；brother 兄弟
fiend 魔鬼；friend 朋友 動名詞：動作性的名詞
1、是名詞，可作主語和賓語。
2、兩種形式：-ing 形式表示主動Seeing is believing；being + v-ed 表被動 being exposed to。
3、前面可有動作的發出者，即帶主語（賓格/所有格）I remember him offering.4、后面可有動作的承受者，即帶賓詞 Starving troops is necessary.5、動名詞作主語時謂語動詞一定要用單數。
6、動名詞的否定前面直接加not。
口訣：動名詞功能多
能做主能做賓
主動形式-ing
被動形式being done
可帶賓可加主
主為賓格所有格 [P8-44] After _________ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A)being interviewed
B)interviewed
C)interviewing
D)having interviewed 注：介詞后缺賓語，應為被動形式。[P44-45] _________ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.聲明：本資料由聽力課堂網站收集整理，僅供英語愛好者學習使用，資料版權屬于原作者。
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A)The girl was educated
B)The girl educated C)The girl?s being educated
D)The girl to be educated 需要接動名詞的動詞：
COMPARE: consider
object to
mind
prevent/
permit avoid
risk enjoy MISTAKE: miss imagine
suggest
tolerate
appreciate keep escape [P5-49]The teacher doesn?t permit _________ in class.A)smoke
B)to smoke
C)smoking
D)to have a smoke [P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.A)to be invited
B)to have invited
C)having invited
D)being invited [P8-41] Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for her examination.A)to prepare
B)to be prepared
C)preparing
D)being prepared 注：be busy doing [P11-42]Mark often attempts to escape _______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A)having been fined
B)to have been fined
C)being fined
D)to be fined [P11-41]I would appreciate ______ it a secret.A)you to keep
B)your keeping
C)that you keep
D)that you will keep [P18-58]The man in the corner confessed to _________ a lie to the manager of the company.A)have told
B)having told
C)being told
D)be told
注：1.to 在這里是介詞。（having+v-ed唯一正確的一次）
2.to 作介詞的詞組：object to, look forward to 等 [P19-48] It?s no use _________me not to worry.A)you tell B)your telling
C)for you to have told
D)having told 注：固定句型 It's no use doing.做什么事情是沒有用的
[P20-55]They are considering _________before the prices go up.A)of buying the house
B)with buying the house C)buying the house D)to buy the house [P20-59]He went ahead _________ all warnings about the danger of his mission.A)in case of B)because of
C)regardless of
D)prior to 注: 1.go ahead 繼續
2.mission 任務 [P20-65] None of the servants were _________ when Mr.smith wanted to send a message.A)available B)approachable C)attainable D)applicable 不定式的常考形式：作定語，作狀語
1、作狀語表目的 To become a teacher, you must have a master degree.2、定語表示將要做，分詞作定語表示已完成。the surface to be glued（即將被粘好的）/ the surface glued（已經被粘好的）
3、不定式的省略，如 help，使役動詞 have，感觀動詞 see。
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口訣：一個感覺 feel
兩個聽 hear/ listen to
三個讓 have/ make/ get/ let（聽力中）
四個看 notice/ watch/ observe/ see
半個 help 兩均可
被動以后 to 還原
[P19-53]My sister?s professor had her _________ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.A)rewritten
B)to rewrite
C)rewrite
D)rewriting 注：have sb.do sth.讓某人做某事 [P20-54] Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _________ it closely.A)followed
B)following
C)to follow
D)being followed 注：1.獨立主格結構
2.兩個名詞之間用-ing形式
3.自然現象用主動形式
[P28-42]Don?t get your schedule _________;stay with us in this class.A)to change
B)changing
C)changed
D)change [P38-44]They are going to have the technician _________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A)install
B)to install
C)to be installed
D)installed 注：1.主動才能帶賓語，have sb.do sth.結構。
2.technician 技術工人
[P50-67]In Australia the Asians make their influence _________ in businesses large and small.A)felling
B)feel
C)felt
D)to be felt [P50-42]I'm very sorry to have _______ you with so many questions on such an occasion.A)interfered
B)offended C)impressed
D)bothered 注：1.interfer 干涉，干擾 2.offend 冒犯 3.impress 印象；express 表達 4.bother 打擾 [P51-46]I have heard both teachers and students _______ well of him.A)to speak
B)spoken
C)to have spoken
D)speak [P51-52]William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.A)peculiarly
B)indifferently
C)vigorously
D)inevitably 注: peculiarly 奇特的
[P58-30]You will see this product _______ wherever you go.A)to be advertised B)advertised
C)advertise
D)advertising [P63-16]They noticed a crowd of people in front of the Madeleine _____.A)shouting and cheering
B)to shout and cheer C)to be shouting and cheering
D)being shouted and cheered [P2-55]The children went there to watch the iron tower _______ A)to erect
B)be erected
C)erecting
D)being erected 加不定式與doing含義不一樣的動詞
FROGS:forget
remember/ regret
go on
stop + doing 表示已做的事情
+ to do 表示沒做的事情 [P10-62]I remember ______ to help us if we ever got into trouble.聲明：本資料由聽力課堂網站收集整理，僅供英語愛好者學習使用，資料版權屬于原作者。
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A)once offering
B)him once offering
C)him to offer
D)to offer him [P27-40]If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in.A)to close
B)closing
C)to have closed
D)having closed 應該類的虛擬語氣
1、應該做的事情 I should go!
2、非現實情況的描述 I should be working now!
3、懊悔不已的事情 I should have practiced more.4、要求類動詞后需要用虛擬語氣，should 可以省略
如：require 命令；request 要求；reticent 沉默的；retinue 隨從 innocent 無辜的；天真的 I DROP CAPS:
insist，demmand/ desire
require/ request order
propose command
advice
prefer s uggest [P60-42]You _______ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A)shouldn't follow B)mustn't followC)couldn't have been followingD)shouldn't have been following [P59-32]The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.A)would present
B)present
C)presents
D)ought to present 注：suggest + that 虛擬語氣表建議should 可以省略suggest doing suggest 表明，不接虛擬 [P49-65]The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _________ after 11:00p.m.A)not to play loud music
B)shouldn?t play loud music C)don?t play loud music
D)couldn?t play loud music [P18-43]He suggested _________ to tomorrow?s exhibition together.A)us to go
B)we went
C)we shall go
D)we go [P17-55]I don?t think it advisable that Tim _________ to the job since he has no experience.A)be assignedB)will be assignedC)is assignedD)has been assigned [P12-44]It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.A)not be started B)will not be started
C)is not started
D)is not to be started [P26-28]It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _________ after 11 o?clock at night.A)were not playedB)not to playC)not be playedD)did not play It is + adj.+ that 句型，should 可以省略的虛擬。
adj.important necessary essential incredible strange
naturalpity ashame
no wander 與事實相反類的虛擬
1、與現在事實相反：用一般過去時（系動詞用were）I wish I were not here.2、與過去事實相反：用過去完成時 I wish I had passed CET-4.I wish I could have passed CET-4.(非正式表達方式）
[P56-58]Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place.A)be living
B)were living
C)would live
D)would have lived [P56-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful
it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.A)by which
B)to which
C)in that
D)so that [P56-57]He is ______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A)optimistic
B)optional
C)outstanding
D)obvious 注：1.optimistic 樂觀的2.optional 可選擇的3.outstanding 突出的聲明：本資料由聽力課堂網站收集整理，僅供英語愛好者學習使用，資料版權屬于原作者。
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[P56-64]It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible.A)must be sent B)will be sent C)are sent D)be sent注：It is + adj.+that 句型。[P11-70]Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _________ your advice.A)follow B)had followed
C)would follow
D)have followed 注：表示與過去事實相反。
[P12-45]I wish I _________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A)have slept
B)slept C)might have slept
D)could have slept 注：表示與過去事實相反。
3、對將來事實可能出現的現象的否定推測，用虛擬語氣。
I wish you couldn't smoke any more.would/ could/ should/ might + v.用be to 表示將來，虛擬語氣中經常出現were to do（考點）
I am to go shopping.---I were to go shopping.If only I were to go shopping.[P35-47]If only the committee _______ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.A)approve
B)will approve
C)can approve
D)would approve 虛擬條件句
定義：在一個與事實相反的條件的基礎之上所得出的應該的亦或是可能的結論。虛擬條件句的結構：與事實相反類（條件）＋ 應該類（結論）
這兩個部分沒有必然而直接的聯系，在解題時先看結論再看條件。If Mr.Wang hadn't cultivated me, I shouldn't be working now.同義詞辨析：tame 馴化
breed 繁殖
raise 撫養
cultivate 培養 結論部分：would/ could/ should/ might + 虛擬
規律：如果把空格劃在條件部分，一定要選擇 were to；
如果把空格劃在結論部分，有could/ would/ should/ might +have +v.-ed 為正確答案。
有時一些介詞也可以表示條件：In your position I would kill myself.= If I were in your position...此類詞有：otherwise/ but for/ without/ with 虛擬語氣中 If 可以省略，但是句序要變，If I were you...改為Were I you...[P34-34]________ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A)Had they arrivedB)Would they arriveC)Were they arrivingD)Were they to arrive [P34-33]Last year the advertising rate ________ by 20 percent.A)raised
B)aroused
C)arose
D)rose [P16-42] Had he worked harder, he _________ the exams.A)must have got throughB)could get through C)would get throughD)would have got through 注：條件部分省略了if 用了倒裝。
[P28-44]Jean doesn?t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldn?t be able to see her friends very often.A)has to ge
tB)were to get
C)had got
D)could have got [P31-42]_________ right now, she would get there on Sunday.A)Would she leave
B)If she leaves
C)Were she to leave
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[P12-46]We didn?t know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.A)had telephoned B)must have telephoned C)would telephon D)would have telephoned [P12-52]_____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A)Until
B)Before
C)From
D)Since 注：not...until...的句型。
[P13-58]Liquids are like solids _________ they have a definite volume.A)with that
B)for that
C)in that
D)at that [P2-51]He must have had an accident, or he _________ then.A)would have been here
B)had to be here C)should be here
D)would be here 注：1.must have done 表示對過去事實的肯定推測
2.or 表否定
[P2-52]It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline.A)must be sent B)would be sent C)be sent
D)were sent [P3-62]_____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work..A)For now
B)Now that
C)Ever sine
D)By now 注：1.for now 眼下，目前 2.now that 既然 3.ever since 自從以來 4.by now 至今為止 特殊句型：
1.would rather 加賓從時用一般過去時表示虛擬。
I would rather you didn't appear in my life.聯想單詞記憶: Cupid 丘比特
Venus 維納斯；金星
volcano 火山
Mars 戰神
Apollo 阿波羅，太陽神 Diana 月亮女神
meander 蜿蜒而流
laurel 月桂樹，桂冠 cupidity 貪婪
avenue 林蔭大 revenue 收入，稅入 adamant 堅強的 Adam's apple 喉結
2.would rather 加動詞（原形）時表示寧愿，相當于情態動詞。
I would rather stay here.3.would rather 與 than 搭配。
I would rather stay here than go home.4.It is time...句型，用一般過去時表虛擬語氣。
It is time you picked up a girl.[P45-57]“You are very selfish.It?s high time you _________ that you are not the most important person in the world, ” Edgar said to his boss angrily.A)realized
B)have realized
C)realize
D)should realize [P45-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A)to that
B)besides that
C)in that
D)except that [P45-60]If I hadn?t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _________ now.A)wouldn?t be smiling
B)couldn?t have smiled
C)won?t smile
D)didn?t smile 注：混合虛擬語氣
首先判斷是否是虛擬語氣；如果是虛擬語氣的話，見到now就是混合虛擬語氣 [P41-48]I?d rather you _______ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A)don?t
B)wouldn?t
C)didn?t
D)shouldn?t
[P41-53]If she doesn?t tell him the truth now, he?ll simply keep on asking her until she _____.A)does
B)has done
C)will do
D)would do 注：在條件句中在時間狀語從句中用一般現在時表示將來。
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[P39-59]You don?t have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _______ on business first.A)would go
B)will go
C)went
D)have gone [P31-43]It?s already 5 o?clock now.Don?t you think it?s about time ________?
A)we are going home B)we go home
C)we went home
D)we can go home [P24-61]To be frank, I?d rather you ________ in the case.A)will not be involved
B)not involved
C)not to be involved
D)were not involved [P24-66] I have no objection ________ the evening with them.A)to spend
B)to spending
C)of spending
D)spending [P14-70]It took him several months to ______ the wild horse.A)tendB)
cultivate
C)tame
D)breed 注：tend to 打算做某事
tend 照料
bar tender 調酒師 bargain 討價還價，便宜貨(some bargains)
bar 酒吧，棍子 embarrass 尷尬
ass 屁股，驢子，笨蛋
donkey 驢
barbarian 野蠻人
barren 貧瘠的assassin 暗殺者
[P14-69]A completely new situation will _______ when the examination system comes into existence.A)rise
B)arise
C)raise
D)arous 愛情三步曲II：
今天又是一個Friday，俺無事可做idleness，人也很lazy，班長inform（通知）我，說今晚有個party，一想到晚會上會assemble（無數）lady，心里感到陣陣(burst)happy，今晚上帝對俺特別的mercy（仁慈），在墻角居然坐著個fairy（仙女），lonely（孤單的）的眼神，迷人的appearance（外表），給俺留下很深的impression（印象），俺決定把握住這次opportunity（機會），【Opportunity knocks only once.】
于是上前說：Hi, baby!她看也不看就說busy，眼神中透露出indifferently（冷漠），于是俺說：俺多少也算是個celebrity（名人），這一招果然effective（有效），她抬起眼看了看說really? 于是我擺了個pose說：你看我像不像Snoopy? 她說：切！那我就是lovely kitty。笑容也變得sunny（陽光的），就這樣我認識了我的honey，這個故事聽起來像fantasy（幻想，白日夢）一致關系： 結構一致
平行并列結構是由平行結構的連接詞連接兩個或兩個以上對等的對象構成的。SOFTEN 原則：Smile, Open，Forward，Touch，Eye contact，Nod平行結構標志詞 FANOYERMB：for, and, as well as, not...but, not only...but also, neither...nor, other than, yet, either...or, rather than, more than, but I have nothing to do but call the police.平行結構的原則：形式對稱
[P5-50]I like watching TV _________ to the cinema.A)more than to go
B)than going
C)more than going
D)rather than to go [P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.A)to be invited
B)to have invited
C)having invited
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[P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members _________ a match without a standard court.A)objected to having B)were objected to haveC)objected to haveD)were objected to having [P8-47]Having no money but _______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A)not to want anyoneB)not wanting anyoneC)wanted no oneD)to want no one [P8-46]Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to _______ any further responsibilities.A)take on
B)get on C)put up
D)look up 注：1.take on 承擔；流行
2.get on 上車
g et into 鉆進車里
3.put up 建立
[P8-41]Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her examination.A)to prepare B)to be prepared
C)preparing
D)being prepared [P9-48]We desire that the tour leader _______ us immediately of any change in plans.A)inform B)informs
C)informed
D)has informed [P9-55]In the course of a day students do far more than just _______ classes.A)attend B)attended C)to attend
D)attending [P9-53]Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _________ harm them.A)more than B)other than
C)rather than
D)better than 注：1.rather than 而不是2.more than 勝過
3.better than 比……好 [P23-54]Not that John doesn?t want to help you, _______ it?s beyond his power.A)but that
B)for that
C)and that
D)in that 注：1.考的是not...but...平行結構。2.beyond 超越
beyond one's imagination 超乎想象 [P25-67]Realizing that he hadn?t enough money and _______ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.A)not wanted
B)not to want
C)not wanting
D)wanting not 代詞指代一致：
one...another...one...the other...some...others...one...the others...any 任何（共性）
each 每個（個性）
[P19-44]No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _____.A)the other B)any other C)another rD)other 注：neither 兩者都不 P19-49] I have two boys but _______ of them likes sweets.A)both B)neither
C)either
D)none 注：common sense 常識
nonsense 胡說，謙虛地說
[P1-45____student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.A)Each
B)Any
C)Either
D)One [P1-42]There were no tickets _________for Friday?s performance.A)preferable B)considerable
C)possible
D)available 注：1.preferable 更好的，更可取的具有比較意義的形容詞要求和 to 來搭配，如 superior, senior, junior, inferior, A is sencond only to B
2.considerable 相當多的，大量的
[P15-31]The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at ________ chemist?s.A)each
B)some C)any
D)certain [P15-34] Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of his skin.A)regardless of
B)in the light of
C)by virtue of
D)with the exception of
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注：1.in the light of 根據
2.by virtue of 借助，由于
3.with the exception of 除了，相當于 other than [P31-39]All the students in this class passed the English exam _________ the exception of Li Ming.A)on
B)in
C)for
D)with P31-40]Young adults _________ older people are more likely to prefer pop songs.A)other than
B)more than
C)less than
D)rather than 注：rather than 而不是
[P4-41]We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let?s have ________ one this month.A)another
rB)more
C)the other
D)other [P4-68] A new technique ________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A)working out B)having worked out C)having been worked outD)to have been worked out 注：非謂語動詞題型，句首出現名詞為獨立主格結構。定語從句引導詞：關系代詞
1.which 指物，who 指人，人物混用/前面有不定代詞/序數詞/最高級時用that。2.which 用在非限制定語從句（有逗號），如：
He always changed his mind, which makes me angry.3.as 也可以引導非限制定語從句。
as與which 的區別：
1)which只能用在句子中間和后邊，而as可用在句首和句尾。
As makes me angry, he always changed his mind.2)as 搭配：same as/ such as
the same watch as you have [P1-43]It wasn?t such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.A)that
B)which
C)as
D)what [P11-67]___ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.A)That
B)Which
C)As
D)It [P42-58]The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _______ is often the case in other countries.A)as
B)what
C)so
D)that [P63-17]We had to sleep in our wet clothes, _____ was most uncomfortable.A)in which
B)which
C)where
D)that [P3-60]The goals _______ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A)after which
B)for which
C)with which
D)at which 注：1.fight for 為……而奮斗
2.fight with 與誰打架 [P3-56]The engine _______ smoke and steam.A)gives up
B)gives in
C)gives away
D)gives off 注：1.gives up 放棄
2.gives in 屈服
3.gives away 走漏風聲，贈送
4.gives off 釋放 [P3-57] The manager promised to keep me ________ of how our business was going on.A)to be informed
B)on informing
C)informed
D)informing [P42-62]We need a chairman _________.A)for whom everyone has confidence
B)in whom everyone has confidence C)who everyone has confidence of
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注：have confidence in 對……有信心 [P60-46] Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.A)with which
B)for which
C)of which
D)which 注：
1.of which 其中
2.On the one hand, On the other hand, Last but not least（最重要的）
3.face something = be faced with
4.依照原句型造句：
Learning English has its problems, of which reciting words is not the least.Students will face a lot of problems, of which improving yourself is not the least [P64-24]This is a subject about _____ we might argue for a long while.A)that
B)it
C)which
D)what 注：作為介詞賓語用which不能用that，但in that 除外 介詞 + which + to do 其功能相當于定語從句。The key with which to open the door has been lost.[P59-36] The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A)to be based on
B)to base on
C)which to base on
D)on which to base 注： fici-做
sufficient 足夠的 deficient 缺乏的 efficient 有效的（效率）
effect 有效（結果）proficient 熟練的 bene-好
beneficial 有益benediction 祝福
[P12-50]You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _________ to suspend your tent.A)there
B)them
C)where
D)which [P13-59] When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.A)broke off
B)broke down
C)broke out
D)broke up 注：1.break off 斷裂（部分從整體上下來）
2.break up 打碎
3.break out 爆發 主謂一致
從句/ 不定式/ 動名詞做主語，謂語是單數。
Seeing is believing./ To see is to believe.眼見為實。You got 100 is a mystery to me.從句在句子中做什么功能即為什么從句。
1、主語從句：
（1）主語從句做主語，謂語動詞單數。
（2）主語從句的引導詞：how, why, whether, that,what（引導的缺主語或缺賓語的從句）[P7-69]How close parents are to their children _________ a strong influence on the character of the children.A)have
B)has C)having
D)to have [P13-55] In some countries, _________ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.A)which B)one
C)that
D)what
2、定語從句主謂一致：取決于其先行詞（定語從句所修飾的名詞）
3、隨前一致：以前面的名詞為準。
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A with B 取決于A
as well as
including
with
together with accompanied by
4、隨后一致：not A but B/ not only A but also B+ v.與B一致
5、就近原則：以靠近的名詞為準。n1 or n2 +v.either n1 or n2 +v.6、A and B 結構：
（1）A and B 指同一個東西，是單數。
a lawyer and teacher
law and order 法律法規
war and peace 戰爭與和平
bread and butter 基本生活必須品
butterfly 蝴蝶
To love and to be loved 愛與被愛
2）A and B 所指不同，是復數。
a lawyer and a teacher
air and water
7、時間/距離/長度/重量做主語，謂語動詞單數。
Time is money.時間就是金錢。
8、百分比結構：取決于后面的名詞。
of+n.+v.（由of后的n.決定）
one+persent
majority
minority
9、many a +n./ more than one +n./ a n.or two/ every n1.and n2.謂語動詞都是單數。
10、The+adj.表示一類人，謂語動詞用復數。The rich are always ridiculous.[P42-63]Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ________ to the health service.A)assessment
B)assignment
C)exception
D)access [P43-70]The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ________ up to half will be from overseas.A)in which
B)for whom
C)with which
D)of whom 百分比結構取決于后面的名詞。
n1.of n2.取決于n1.（非百分比結構）[P60-43] The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A)have allowed
B)allow
C)allowing
D)allows [P60-42] You _______ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A)shouldn't follow
B)mustn't follow C)couldn't have been following
D)shouldn't have been following [P60-41]--“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o'clock tonight?”--“I'm sorry.M.Williams _______ to a conference long before then.” A)will have gone
B)had gone
C)would have gone
D)has gone [P60-44]Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.A)assembled
B)accumulated
C)piled
D)joined [P60-45]Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.A)include
B)involve
C)contain
D)comprise 注：involve doing 表示要求做
[P60-48]The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.A)had not worked B)not to work
C)does not work
D)did not work [P54-41]She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she ______ too long.A)has been reading
B)had read
C)is reading
D)read [P54-42] Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______ drawing millions of visitors every year.聲明：本資料由聽力課堂網站收集整理，僅供英語愛好者學習使用，資料版權屬于原作者。
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A)attention
B)attraction
C)appointment
D)arrangement [P54-43]I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.A)you to delay making B)your delaying makingC)your delaying to make
D)you delay to make [P54-44]The hopes goals, fears and desires _______ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.A)alter
B)shift
C)transfer
D)vary 注：1.alter 細微的改變
2.shift 本質上的轉變，性質上的轉變
3.transfer 轉學；調任工作
transform 改變
transport 運輸
passport 護照 transplant 移植
transmit（疾病/廣播電視節目/文化/語言的）傳播 emit 釋放
omit 省略
4.vary 差異
vary between/ throughout/ from A to B [P43-41]A person?s calorie requirements vary ________ his life.A)across
B)throughout
C)over
D)within [P37-42]Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the least.A)for which
B)to which
C)of which
D)in which
[P37-43]Which sport has the most expenses ________ training equipment, players? personal equipment and uniforms? A)in place of
B)in terms of
C)by means of
D)by way of 注：in terms of 根據
[P30-29]Features such as height, weight, and skin color _________ from individual to individual and from face to face.A)change
B)vary
C)alter
D)convert 注：convert（宗教信仰的）改變
[P54-45]Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba.A)being cultivated
B)been cultivated C)having cultivated D)cultivating [P54-46]The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.A)having seated
B)seating
C)seated
D)having been seated 注：seat sb.給某人安排座位
[P55-47]This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably.A)is worn
B)wears C)wearing
D)are worn 注：感觀動詞用主動
[P55-48]Some diseases are _____ by certain water animals.A)transplanted
B)transformed
C)transported
D)transmitted [P55-49]Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early? A)go
B)went
C)would go
D)goes coincidence（時間；空間）巧合 意見的）一致 倒裝
1、承前否定，前面是否定后面也是否定意義。nor, neither
I cann't answer, nor can I.nor 是連詞，neither 既是連詞又是副詞 I cann't answer, but neither can I。
考試中neither和nor同時出現時，通常考得是neither的副詞用法。
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[P3-59]She never laughed, _________ lose her temper.A)or she ever did
B)nor did she ever
C)or did she ever
D)nor she ever did 注: lost one's temper 發脾氣
[P35-39] The manager lost his _________ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.A)mood
B)temper
C)mind
D)passion 注: 1.in no mood to do 沒有心情做某事
2.mind doing 介意做某事 3.passion 熱情，激情 [P22-42]I could not persuade him to accept it, _________ make him see the importance of it.A)if only I could no tB)no more than I could C)or I could not D)nor could I [P27-33] The organization had broken no rules, but _________ had it acted responsibly.A)neither
B)so
C)either
D)both [P49-57]We don?t need air conditioning, _________.A)nor can we afford it B)and nor we can afford it C)neither can afford it D)and we can neither afford it注: afford 負擔，承擔
2、only 在于句首＋狀語/狀從，部分倒裝。Only at work did he feel happy.Only when you get 85 will I feel better.Only you can go with me to the west heaven.（加主語不倒裝）[P19-50]Only by shouting at the top of his voice _______.A)was he able to make himself hear B)he was able to make himself hear C)he was able to make himself heard
D)was he able to make himself heard 注: 1.forum 論壇2.summit 峰會3.convention 國際會議，傳統，風俗4.conference 一般性的會議
5.seminar 研討會
[P16-43]Only under special circumstances ________ to take make-up tests.A)permitted are freshmen
B)freshmen are permitted C)are freshmen permitted
D)are permitted freshmen 注：make-up test 補考
make for 走向
make up for 補償，彌補
3、否定副詞或具有否定意義的詞在句首，句子部分倒裝。little, no longer，not only...but also，rarely, not until，in no way，scarcely...when，hardly，no sooner...than 主句倒裝從句不倒裝。
[P6-62]No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _________ we all sat down to rest.A)when
B)then
C)than
D)until [P52-60] We have been told that under no circumstances _______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A)may we use
B)we may use
C)we could use D)did we use [P52-59]Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _______ in the marker.A)batteries
B)bargains C)baskets
D)barrels 注：1.batteries 電池
2.barrels 桶
4、as, though 表盡管時，句子部分倒裝。
Beautiful as she is she is stupid.[P35-40]Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _______ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.聲明：本資料由聽力課堂網站收集整理，僅供英語愛好者學習使用，資料版權屬于原作者。
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A)are to challenge B)may be challenged
C)have been challenged D)are challenging
[P26-26]___ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A)Being published
B)Published
C)Publishing
D)To be published P51-48]The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain.A)isolated
B)isolating
C)being isolated
D)having been isolated 注：isolate 孤立
stimulate 刺激
prestige 名聲，聲望
ostrich 鴕鳥 同位語從句Mr.Huang, a CET-4 teacher, is a native to Dalian.主語同位語從句：
Evidence that Mr.Huang killed himself came out.1）主語必須是一個概括性名詞，如：evidence, news, believe, 想法，標志等。2）同位語從句用來解釋說明名詞。
Evidence came out that Mr.Huang killed himself.同位語從句和定語從句的區別：
I knew the news that he killed himself.（同位語從句）I knew the news that was written by you.（定語從句）
1）同位語從句是用來解釋前面的名詞，而定語從句是用來修飾、限制前面的名詞。2）同位語從句必須是特殊的概括性的名詞，而定語從句可以是任何名詞。3）同位語從句 that 起引導詞的作用（從句主謂賓完整），定語從句 that 起關系代詞的作用（從句不完整）。
[P59-37]There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A)that
B)which
C)in which
D)whose [P53-69]___ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A)It being B)It is C)There is
D)There being 注：1.+ 名詞，選項中的 there be 結構為首選。2.作表語是形容詞優于名詞。It is evident that...3.evident 明顯的 dentist 牙醫
[P17-53]The mere fact _________ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A)that B)which C)whatD)why [P7-63]Evidence came up _________ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A)what
B)which
C)that
D)whose 難題、短語
[P1-41]The bridge was named _______the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A)after B)with
C)by
D)from 注：1.be named after 以……命名
2.be named by 被……取名 [P1-46]All _______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A)what is needed B)for our needs
C)the thing needed
D)that is needed 注：all that = what [P3-61]I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _________ in a quiet neighbourhood.A)all in all B)above all C)after all D)over all 注：1.above all 首先2.all in all 總的來說3.after all 畢竟、終究4.over all 遍及 5.overall 制服；總的
[P5-44]There were some _________ flowers on the table.A)artificialB)unnaturalC)falseD)unreal 聲明：本資料由聽力課堂網站收集整理，僅供英語愛好者學習使用，資料版權屬于原作者。
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注：1.artificial 人造的2.unnatural 不自然的
3.false 具有欺騙性的“假” false hair 假發false teeth 假牙 4.unreal 不真實的 [P5-47]Children are very curious _________.A)at heart B)in person
C)on purpose
D)by nature 注：1.by nature 天性
2.at heart 在心理上（強調內心世界）3.in person 親自的 4.on purpose 有目的的、故意的
[P7-67]What _________ would happen if the director knew you felt that way? A)do you suppose B)you suppose
C)will you suppose D)you would suppose 注：do you suppose 做插入語，過去時用did [P6-54]Important people don?t often have much free time as their work _________ all their time.A)takes away
B)takes over
C)takes up
D)takes in 注：1.take up 占用 2.take away 拿走
3.take over 接管
4.take in 理解；欺騙（口語）
I was simply taken in.[P9-56]The French pianist who had been praised very highly _________ to be a great disappointment.A)tuned up
B)turned in
C)turned out D)turned down 注：1.turn out to be 證明是，結果是2.turn up 出現3.turn in 上交
4.turn down 拒絕；把音量調小[P15-32]You cannot be _________ careful when you drive a car.A)very B)too C)so
D)enough 注：not too+adj 再……也不過分
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