第一篇：武漢理工大學(xué)研一下英語(yǔ)考試翻譯和單選總結(jié)(精)

研究生英語(yǔ)第二學(xué)期翻譯和單選 Unit 11 1.幸福不在于擁有金錢,而在于獲得成就時(shí)的 喜悅以及產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造力的激情。Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money, but in the joy of achievement sand the thrill of creative efforts.2.從 1994年開(kāi)始,大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)已經(jīng)從 1000漲到 了 3500, 以至于許多學(xué)生, 尤其是那些來(lái)自貧 困區(qū)的學(xué)生選擇從事兼職工作來(lái)籌集他們昂 貴的支出。

Starting from September 1994, the college tuition and fees has soared from 1000 to 3500 so that many students, especially those from poverty-stricken areas, choose to do part-time jobs to cope with their expensive expenditure.3.總統(tǒng)所作的決定,經(jīng)常是他的判斷,他對(duì)僚 屬的信任以及對(duì)他們的情緒的關(guān)懷的混合體。A Presidential decision is always an amalgam of judgment, confidence in his associates, and concern about their morale.4.風(fēng)格優(yōu)雅華麗,曲調(diào)流暢委婉,反映出江南 人勤勞樸實(shí)、細(xì)致含蓄的性格特色。The style is refined, smooth and indirect, expressing the hard-working meticulous and Spartan character of the people who live south of the Yangtze.5.保險(xiǎn)業(yè)最近受到幾項(xiàng)不利的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素所困而 前景黯淡。The insurance industry is cursed with a set of dismal economic characteristics that make for a poor long-term outlook.6.良藥苦口利于病, 忠言逆耳利于行。Although good medicine cures sickness, it is often unpalatable;likewise, sincere advice given for one ’ s well-being, is often resented.7.由于不斷加重的失業(yè)焦慮、有史以來(lái)最多地 取消房屋抵押贖回權(quán)、不斷攀升的能源價(jià)格, 美國(guó)人對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的信心跌到了新低。Americans ’ confidence in the

economy fell to a new low, dragged down by worries about mounting job losses, record-high home foreclosures and zooming energy prices.8.有趣的是,我發(fā)現(xiàn)媒體的規(guī)模與聲譽(yù)和報(bào)導(dǎo) 的真實(shí)性一點(diǎn)相關(guān)都沒(méi)有。Interestingly, there has been no correlation between the size and prestige of the publication and the accuracy of the report.9.Near-term inflation expectations measured by the survey jumped to the highest since the turmoil following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in late 1990, which caused oil prices to soar sharply.調(diào)查表明近期通脹預(yù)期已達(dá)到最高,這是自 1990年底伊拉克入侵科威特導(dǎo)致石油價(jià)格猛 漲至今最高水平。

10.The slowdown could dovetail with Beijing's own aims to moderate the contentious trade surplus and, at the same time, recalibrate growth away from heavy industry in favour of consumption and services.經(jīng)濟(jì)減速能與北京緩 和有爭(zhēng)議的貿(mào)易順差這一目標(biāo)相吻合,與此同 時(shí),將重工業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)調(diào)整為消費(fèi)和服務(wù)業(yè)的增 長(zhǎng)。

11.But China also need to scrutinize all her actions exposed to others because it's the year 2008 and all people are watching this country's all moves waiting for a chance to sting.但是,中 國(guó)也要仔細(xì)審查她的行動(dòng),因?yàn)檫@是 2008年, 所有的人都在觀看這個(gè)國(guó)家的一切舉動(dòng),想找 機(jī)會(huì)挑刺。

12.Both developing countries and developed countries have realized the importance of technologies in building more energy-efficient and low-emission industries, however on transferring such technologies, developed nations underline the role of markets, while developing nations urge the combination of roles of markets and governments.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家都認(rèn) 識(shí)到技術(shù)對(duì)建造更多節(jié)能減排工業(yè)的重要性, 但是就轉(zhuǎn)化利用這些技術(shù)而言,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家強(qiáng)調(diào) 市場(chǎng)作用,然而發(fā)展中國(guó)家力促市場(chǎng)和政府的 合作。

13.Should we let the economy continue to run on the basis of the insatiable demand of fashion and status driven consumers, whose motivations and criteria of success are

cultivated by the advertisements of companies that need to sell more to survive and thrive? 公司為賣出更多產(chǎn) 品以生存和興旺,用廣告影響了消費(fèi)都的動(dòng)機(jī) 和成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),使他們永不停歇地追求時(shí)尚和

地位,我們能讓經(jīng)濟(jì)繼續(xù)這樣發(fā)展嗎? 14.Though they were pampered children at home, they swallowed the misunderstandings and even the insults and tried to adapt themselves to the local culture.盡管在家里是嬌寶寶, 他們咽下了 誤解和辱罵,盡力融入到當(dāng)?shù)匚幕?/p>

Unit 12 1.女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的道路,它宣稱女 人和男人擁有平等權(quán)利。在某種意義上現(xiàn)在女 人比男人擁優(yōu)先權(quán)。

Feminist movement has come a long way, which claims that women should have equal rights with men.To some extent, women have more priority to men now.2.由于勞資糾紛,東方航空公司的駕駛員們駕 駛多個(gè)航班在飛離機(jī)場(chǎng)后,卻又中途紛紛選擇 返航,日前他們正和航空公司協(xié)商待遇問(wèn)題。Pilots of China Eastern turned back midway on flights to airports they had set off because of a labor dispute, and now they are negotiating with the carrier over treatment and pay.3.中國(guó)政府認(rèn)為因特網(wǎng)是技術(shù)進(jìn)步的重要標(biāo) 志,但同時(shí)也想阻止人們接觸不良信息,因此 把不良信息重新放在網(wǎng)站不顯眼的地方是政 府對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)采取的模棱兩可的態(tài)度的表現(xiàn)。Chinese Government sees the internet as vital for China ’ s technological progress but, at the same time, they want to stop people from accessing unhealthy content, so relocating content to less prominent parts of website is an indication of its ambivalent attitude towards the net.4.食物纖維素被吹捧成最新的萬(wàn)靈仙丹,既可 減輕中,又有益健康。

Dietary fibre is tout as the latest cure – all which cuts down weight and promotes good health.5.在太空,女人比男人有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),因?yàn)樗?們所需要的食物氧氣較少,承受輻射的能力較 強(qiáng)。

Women have significant advantages over men in space because they need less food and less oxygen and they stand up to radiation better.6.中國(guó)政府目前關(guān)注農(nóng)民工的最主要的需求, 即著力解決他們的就業(yè)、住房、社會(huì)保障、健 康和教育問(wèn)題。At present, our nation tended first to rural migrants ’ paramount needs, which are employment, residence, social security health and education problems.7.對(duì)于讓工人參與管理的提議,公司只是口頭 上說(shuō)說(shuō)而已,并沒(méi)有將之付諸實(shí)際,這使得工 們很反感。

The company pays lip service to the idea of workers ’ participation, but does nothing to put it into practice, which makes the employees repellent.8.Tax evasion was never justifiable, so it pays to be honest when it comes to tax for taxpayers.逃 稅從來(lái)都是下正當(dāng)?shù)男袨?所以納稅人在納稅 時(shí)講誠(chéng)實(shí)是值得的。

9.It's extremely critical for a job applicant to do his homework while seeking employment.The decision-maker who interview prospective employees like people who are well-prepared.在 求職時(shí),求職者事先做好充分準(zhǔn)備是非常關(guān)鍵 的,那些對(duì)未來(lái)的雇員有錄用決定權(quán)的人喜歡 有充分準(zhǔn)備的人。

10.In the end, all the world's wealth and a thousand armies are no match for the strength and decency of the human spirit.歸根到底, 全世 界的財(cái)富和軍隊(duì)都抵不過(guò)人的精神的力量。11.Like a recurring dream, China's definitive classic tome, The dream of the Red Mansion, an 18th-century novel by Cao Xueqin, is appearing in various formats throughout the world.如同夢(mèng) 境再現(xiàn)一樣,由曹雪芹創(chuàng)作的中國(guó)十八世紀(jì)文 學(xué)名著《紅樓夢(mèng)》以不同文本在全世界流傳 12.Visiting museums may be a fast and direct way to get a glimpse of Chinese colorful ethnic cultures, but the opportunity to

immerse yourself in their way of life brings unforgettable fun and active insight into local customs and beliefs.參觀 博物館或許是了解中國(guó)豐富多彩民族文化的 快速直接的途徑,也是一個(gè)沉醉在他們的生活 方式之中,給你帶來(lái)難忘的樂(lè)趣和增加對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)?風(fēng)俗和信仰理解的機(jī)會(huì)。

13.When it comes to banning smoking in public places, there have been plenty of lip service, excuses and inept rules, but very little resolve or action.當(dāng)談到在公共場(chǎng)合禁煙問(wèn)題時(shí),好多人 都只是嘴上說(shuō)說(shuō),找找借口,還有很多愚蠢的 規(guī)定而已,但他們很少下定決心或付諸行動(dòng)。14.The leader had the gift of being able to infuse enthusiasm into the most skeptical member of the group.那位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人很有天賦能使團(tuán)體中最持懷 疑態(tài)度的人都充滿熱情。

15.It is forbidden to construct new project in residential areas that discharge waste gas or dust containing toxic matters.禁止在居民區(qū)新建排 放含有毒物質(zhì)的廢氣和粉塵的項(xiàng)目。

Unit 13 1.我妹妹答完試卷后作了很多修改,但她弄巧 成拙, 反而又增加了幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。My sister made a few changes after working out the exam paper.But she should have left well enough alone for she made several new mistakes.2.我們明天十點(diǎn)碰頭,大家集思廣益,爭(zhēng)取想 出解決問(wèn)題的最好方案。Let ’ s brainstorm at 10 tomorrow and try to come up with the best solutions to the problem.3.她突然來(lái)我家造訪,這讓我大吃一驚。Her sudden visit to my home greatly devastated me..4.這樣的言行舉止將大大有損于他的公眾形 象。Such speech and action made a huge dent on his public image 5.從大體上來(lái)說(shuō),就業(yè)條件和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有著緊 密的相互關(guān)聯(lián)。

By and large close correlation exits between employment condition and economic development.6.證據(jù)顯示,創(chuàng)辦公司前不要過(guò)多地考慮―偉 大的計(jì)劃‖或許會(huì)更好。Evidence suggests that it might be better not to obsess on finding a great idea before launching a company.7.他們嘗試著一切人們能想到的買賣,只要能 付清電費(fèi)和汽油費(fèi)。

They tried whatever people thought they could do, only if that might pay off their electricity and gasoline.8.他們大家獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策也沒(méi)能想出他的最初產(chǎn)品 應(yīng)該是什么。

They brainstormed but failed to figure out what their initial product should be.Unit14 1.心臟病與緊張、煙以及缺乏鍛煉有密切的關(guān) 系。

The heart diseases closely associate with tense, smoking and inadequate physical exercises.2.大多數(shù)綠色食品有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn),即它們的價(jià) 格高于以常規(guī)方式種植的食物。

One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods.3.這些理由是根本不成立的,也絕對(duì)不能得出 臺(tái)灣可以―中華民國(guó)‖的名義自立成為一個(gè)國(guó) 家和海峽兩岸已經(jīng)分裂為兩個(gè)國(guó)家的結(jié)論。These arguments are absolutely untenable, and can never lead to the conclusion that Taiwan may declare itself a state under the name of the ― Republic of China‖ , or that the two sides of the Straits have been divided into two states.4.其他的方法論原則都是以實(shí)事求是為基礎(chǔ)、為評(píng)價(jià)歷史的根本目的服務(wù)的。

Based on the principle of seeking truth from facts, the other principles serve the fundamental purpose of reviewing history.5.計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為一個(gè)分布式系統(tǒng),每個(gè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn) 則指定執(zhí)行某一具體業(yè)務(wù)。The computer network becomes a distributed system, and each node is designated to perform a specific function.6.雙方都聲稱,他們是維護(hù)中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值準(zhǔn) 則二戰(zhàn)。

Both sides claim they are fighting for the preservation of traditional Chinese values.7.對(duì)于大學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),要客觀的評(píng)價(jià)自己,清晰 得認(rèn)識(shí)到自身的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),以對(duì)自己的未來(lái)作出 正確的決定。

For college students they should evaluate themselves objectively to gain insight into their own strengths and weaknesses so as to make the right decision about future.8.那個(gè)可怕的日子將永遠(yuǎn)藏在他的記憶中。That terrible day will b for ever embedded in his memory.Unit 15 1.任何了解中國(guó)歷史的人都知道,世界上最早 的紙是中國(guó)漢朝人蔡倫發(fā)明的。Anyone who has the knowledge of Chinese history knows that paper was firstly invented by Cai Lun in Han Dynasty.2.歐洲成功發(fā)明的歷史源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng),但是對(duì)這些 發(fā)明進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新的歷史相當(dāng)匱乏。Europe has a long history o f successful invention, but a weak history of turning those inventions into innovations.3.歐洲具備成為高科技創(chuàng)新載體的條件似乎應(yīng) 有盡有:教育程序較高的勞動(dòng)力, 著名的大學(xué), 堅(jiān)實(shí)的法律體系,發(fā)達(dá)的金融市場(chǎng)。但是情況 并非如此。Europe seems to have everything it takes to be a hotbed of high-tech innovation: a highly educated

workforce, great universities, a solid legal system, and advanced financial markets.Yet it is anything but.4.任何文化者有不便公開(kāi)承認(rèn)的禁忌——在客 套的交往中禁止你說(shuō)或做的某些事,這些清規(guī) 戒律容不得任何置疑。Every culture has its unacknowledged taboos — the things you are forbidden to say or do in polite company, the accepted truths you are not allowed to doubt.5.現(xiàn)在女能夠更自由地選擇她們想要的生活, 然而對(duì)于如何來(lái)安排她們的生活,卻沒(méi)有多少 選擇的余地。Women now have more choices over what kind of lives they want to lead, but they do not have more choices over how they want to arrange their lives.Unit 11 1.Many traditional Chinese believe that high forehead is of great mental power.A.objective B.indicative C.directive D.decisive 2.Our country is in great danger;we must the whole nation to prepare themselves to fight.A.mechanize B.paralyze C.monopolize D.mobilize 3.the bad weather has delayed the flight, so it would be several hours before they could arrive.A.Presumably B.Respectively C.Imaginably D.Plausibly 4.A speech could inspire the audience and achieve the goal the speaker desired.A.productive B.provocative C.instructive D.ingenious

5.he is a very serious and strict scholar, but actually he is not that kind of person at all.A.Virtually B.Seemingly C.Decisively D.Likely 6.It’s difficult to someone politely, but we should try to learn to do so.A.remark B.flatter C.conflict D.contradict 7.A newspaper reader can select what he is interested in and what he thinks is boring or irrelevant.A.scan B.skip C.scrutinize D.dash 8.Party congresses at all levels are by Party committees at their respective levels.A.accumulated B.convened C.attended D.participated 9.An experienced politician who knew better than to launch a campaign in troubled political waters, she intended to wait for a more occasion before she announced her plans.A.propitious B.provocative C.questionable D.theoretical 10.No matter how the revelations of the coming years may be, they will be hard put to match those of the past decade, which have transformed our view of the emergence of Mayan civilization.A.minor dramatically B.profound negligibly C.striking radically D.bizarre nominally Unit 12 1.He is innocent of the crime and we will him anyway.A.stand up to B.stand up for C.stand in for D.stand out for 2.A good education is an you can fall back on for the rest of your life.A.indoctrination B.inventory C.obligation D.asset 3.This poem a vision of a future world where human being and animals live in peace and harmony.A.conjures up B.imparts C.nurtures D.disdains 4.Two rakish-but-sweet men in pursuit of her made her feel.A.repellent B.palatable C.insidious D.ambivalent 5.Building a new socialist countryside has become a thing for China in the era.A.prophylactic B.paramount C.permanent D.persistent 6.Don’t worry about the stain, it will if you use this brand of washing powder.A.brush off B.flush off C.break up D.lay off 7.He is not trustworthy.His behavior is no for his words.A.contradiction B.compromise C.match D.paradox 8.You’ve since we last met.You were a clerk then, and now you own your own factory.A.come a long way B.come round C.come through D.come over 9.He is a basketball player, and leads all rookies in points, assists, steals and minutes in the playoffs.A.talent B.agile C.versatile D.budding He is a versatile actor, one who is able to himself in all roles and is able to bring the audience into a world of fantasy, filled with dreams, laughter and sadness.A.immerse B.soak C.plunge D.empower Unit 13 1.Statistics indicate that, children in the United those of their families.A.other than B.rather than C.better than D.more than 2.Air and the sun’s rays create much distortion, and whatever tends to influence is useful to the astronomer.A.exclude B.eliminate C.extinguish D.impose 3.The young painter had the example of Picasso to and guide him.A.respire B.inspire C.expire D.induce 4.Economic development has grave on unemployment.A.relation B.connection C.implications D.associate 5.Casey founded a company to the mineral resource in the area.A.cultivate B.employ C.capitalize D.exploit B that there was no danger.A.insured ensured B.assured D.secured C C.6.The manager said that they had an plan if what they had submitted was not accepted.A.alternate absolute B.alternative D.appreciable C.4.The wild life in Africa is extremely and therefore two wildlife research institutes have been established there.A.colorful C.diverse D.abundant B , but his B.complicated 7.As is generally believed, young people nowadays their parents.A.summon cherish 8.I can’t B.overtake

D.overhaul A what has happened to the C.C ideals that are far superior to 5.His speech was careful and words seemed to make no sense.A.distinguished distinctive B.distinct D.distinguishable C.vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning.A.figure out look out B.draw out D.work out C.6.Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, C and turning calm situations into A.tragic turbulent 7.He couldn’t ones.B.versatile C.9.There are some disadvantages in living in the country, but, D we like it.B.by choice D.suspicious B his curiosity to see what A.by any chance C.by design was in the box.A.retain restrict B.restrain D.represent C.D.by and large 10 John wanted to make his kite go higher, but his father told him to windy.A.leave the field B.leave it in the cold D.leave over C because it was too 8.Not having a good command of English can be a serious your goals.A.barrier offences B.fault D.distress C.A preventing you from achieve C.leave well enough alone Unit 14 1.The prince hoped to the help of a foreign army.A.claim exclaim B.proclaim D.assert A the crown with 9.No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it has been D to Bach.C.C.A.referred identified B.associated D.attributed 2.Your excuses for not studying during the holidays may be many and have to keep you busy.A.variation variant B.variety D.various B the passengers 6 10.These classroom activities are intended to C children’s language skills.B.evolve D.inspire C.D but I still A.foster C.cultivate Unit 15 1.Don’t A it 3.The captain of the ship , but I think she has won a lottery of 500,000 Yuan.A.spread lay 2.He out B about B.spread out out C.boost D.put up A 10.In view to the present situation, the D.disseminate of the opinions among senators is certainly impossible to reach a consensus.A.divergence B.difference D.diversification C.the man to disobey orders the central government.A.inspired instilled B.instigated D.instructed C such as a C.distraction 3.The new car has many added radio, a video, a phone and so on.A.referents refinements B.refiners D.refillments C.4.Statistics show one of the principal problems which exists in food processing is the worry about its D.B.hymnal D.hygiene A of the colored lights along the C.A.hygienic cleanness 5.The Yangtze River banks forms splendid scenery of

Wuhan city.A.interplay C.interact D.interacting B.interplaying 6.More rioting in France among college students has A the government’s lack of control.B.shown D.emphasize C.A.underlined underscored 7.Instead of making people more equal, the British education system between rich and poor.A.points up C.stress 8.You C D.shows me!I didn’t hear you come in.B.surprised D.starved C.B.accentuates B the differences A.startling startled 9.The company launched a publicity campaign to C the newspaper’s circulation.B.urge C.7 A.accelerate

第二篇：研一英語(yǔ)考試翻譯

1、如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一場(chǎng)激烈的爭(zhēng)論，那就提出轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的話題吧。對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，高科技的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物生產(chǎn)的概念會(huì)帶來(lái)諸如環(huán)境、健康、安全和倫理等方面的各種問(wèn)題。特別是在有悠久的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)和主張環(huán)保的游說(shuō)集團(tuán)的國(guó)家里，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

2、事實(shí)上，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品已經(jīng)成為我們生活重要的一部分。根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)部的統(tǒng)計(jì)，美國(guó)去年所種植玉米的 1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技術(shù)的產(chǎn)物。今年，美國(guó)將種植 6500多萬(wàn)英畝的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物。基因妖怪已經(jīng)從瓶子里跑出來(lái)了。

3、但是，顯然還有一些非常現(xiàn)實(shí)的問(wèn)題需要解決。就像任何一種要進(jìn)入食物鏈的新食品一樣，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品必須經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的檢驗(yàn)。在富裕的國(guó)家里，由于有大量豐富的食品可供選擇，而且供應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)需求，所以關(guān)于生物技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)論相對(duì)緩和一些。在迫切想要養(yǎng)活其迅速增長(zhǎng)而又吃不飽的人口的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，問(wèn)題比較簡(jiǎn)單，也更加緊迫：生物技術(shù)的好處是否大于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呢?

4、關(guān)于人口增長(zhǎng)和饑餓的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字讀來(lái)令人感到不安。去年，世界人口達(dá)到了 60 億。聯(lián)合國(guó)預(yù)測(cè)，到 2D0年，這個(gè)數(shù)字很可能將接近90億，而增加的人口幾乎都來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家。與此同時(shí)，世界人均耕地正在減少。國(guó)際農(nóng)業(yè)生物工程應(yīng)用技術(shù)采購(gòu)管理局(ISAAA)稱，自 1960年以來(lái)，耕地面積一直持續(xù)下降，并將在今后 50年減少一半。

5、聯(lián)合國(guó)估計(jì)，世界上有近8 億人口營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良。它產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)是破壞性的。大約有 4億的育齡婦女體內(nèi)缺鐵，也就是說(shuō)，她們的嬰兒將可能有各種天生的缺陷。數(shù)量多達(dá) 1億的兒童缺乏維生素 A，這是導(dǎo)致失明的主要原因。還有數(shù)千萬(wàn)的人患有因食物匱乏而導(dǎo)致的其他嚴(yán)重疾病和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良癥。

6、生物技術(shù)對(duì)此能做些什么呢?生物技術(shù)專家已經(jīng)培育出了含有 β—胡蘿卜素(身體可將之轉(zhuǎn)化為維生素 A)和更多鐵元素的轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻，目前正在研究培育其他一些增進(jìn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的農(nóng)作物。生物技術(shù)還可以幫助提高因蟲(chóng)害、干旱、土壤貧瘠和作物病毒、細(xì)菌或真菌導(dǎo)致作物減產(chǎn)而出現(xiàn)食物匱乏的地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率。

7、蟲(chóng)害帶來(lái)的損失令人難以置信。例如，歐洲玉米螟每年毀掉 4000 萬(wàn)噸玉米，占世界玉米總產(chǎn)量的 7％。把抗蟲(chóng)害的基因植入種子可以幫助避免這一損失。在非洲進(jìn)行的抗蟲(chóng)害棉花試驗(yàn)中，棉花的產(chǎn)量已大幅度提高。有人擔(dān)心，抗蟲(chóng)害的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物不僅將害蟲(chóng)殺死，而且有可能連益蟲(chóng)也一起殺死，但到目前為止，這種擔(dān)心似乎沒(méi)有根據(jù)。

8、病毒常常在發(fā)展中國(guó)家造成主要糧食作物的大面積歉收。兩年前，花葉病毒使非洲損失了超過(guò)一半的木薯，而這種作物是當(dāng)?shù)厝说闹饕澄铩＾D(zhuǎn)基因的抗病毒作物可以減少這種損失，就像抗干旱種子在可耕地面積因缺水而受到限制的地區(qū)起到的作用一樣。含鋁過(guò)高的土壤會(huì)損傷作物的根系并使許多主要作物歉收，對(duì)于這種問(wèn)題生物技術(shù)也能幫助解決。目前，研究人員已經(jīng)識(shí)別出一種有助于中和水稻里鋁的毒性的基因。

9、許多科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，生物技術(shù)能夠把發(fā)展中國(guó)家的農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)量提高 25％，并且?guī)椭乐棺魑锸崭詈笤馐軗p失。

10、盡管具有這么多潛力，生物技術(shù)還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能解決全部問(wèn)題。在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，作物歉收只是造成饑餓的一個(gè)原因。貧窮才是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住＝裉欤澜缬谐^(guò) 10 億人口每天靠不到 1美元維持生計(jì)。如果農(nóng)民沒(méi)錢種植轉(zhuǎn)基因作物或當(dāng)?shù)厝速I不起農(nóng)民種出的糧食，培育轉(zhuǎn)基因作物就無(wú)法減少饑餓。

11、此外，生物技術(shù)也無(wú)法克服在發(fā)展中國(guó)家分配糧食的難題。從整體上看，世界生產(chǎn)的糧食足夠養(yǎng)活所有人，但大部分糧食卻不是在需要的地方。尤其在運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后的國(guó)家，地理?xiàng)l件對(duì)食物供給的限制正如遺傳學(xué)為食物供給帶來(lái)的希望一樣大。

12、生物技術(shù)也面臨自身的“分配”問(wèn)題。許多轉(zhuǎn)基因作物方面的尖端研究都是富國(guó)的私營(yíng)生物技術(shù)公司進(jìn)行的。對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的窮苦農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)，這些公司的產(chǎn)品通常顯得過(guò)于昂貴，而且這些產(chǎn)品中的大部分甚至無(wú)法到達(dá)最需要的地區(qū)。強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激促使生物技術(shù)公司把富裕國(guó)家的市場(chǎng)作為第一目標(biāo)，以便能夠盡快回收產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的高額成本。不過(guò)，有些公司已開(kāi)始對(duì)貧窮國(guó)家的需要做出反應(yīng)。例如，一家總部在倫敦的公司已經(jīng)宣布，它愿意和發(fā)展中國(guó)家一起分享生產(chǎn)維生素增強(qiáng)型的“金水稻”所需的技術(shù)。

二、號(hào)召氣候文化變革

1.在應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化這場(chǎng)斗爭(zhēng)中，人類需要做的不僅僅是改用節(jié)能燈泡和購(gòu)買“綠色環(huán)保”商品。正如環(huán)境科學(xué)家大衛(wèi)·奧爾在其題為《堅(jiān)持到底》的書中所指出的那樣，我們所需要的是一個(gè)改變我們優(yōu)先考慮的事的一個(gè)徹底的文化變革。問(wèn)題是那個(gè)看起來(lái)不可能完成的任務(wù)是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。奧爾的書，加之最近的研究和積極的社會(huì)行動(dòng)給了我們希望。2.科學(xué)界正逐漸達(dá)成一個(gè)共識(shí)：人類正在迅速走向一個(gè)全球性的氣候?yàn)?zāi)難。盡管針對(duì)我們所面臨的危險(xiǎn)和代價(jià)的認(rèn)識(shí)越來(lái)越多，我們能夠防止災(zāi)難發(fā)生的時(shí)間卻所剩無(wú)幾。奧爾注意到了形勢(shì)的嚴(yán)峻，但是并沒(méi)有沉溺于絕望和失敗情緒之中。奧爾的書清晰地表明我們需要做出哪些改變。3.書中，奧爾描述了三種類別的在難度上遞增的變化。他所列舉的第一類變化，也是最容易實(shí)現(xiàn)的，是重新設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)生產(chǎn)食品、能量、水和其它商品的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以使這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施依靠可再生資源運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。第二類變化是全面修訂教育體系以提高人們的生態(tài)意識(shí)和促進(jìn)富有創(chuàng)造力的、切實(shí)可行的問(wèn)題解決能力。第三類變化是改革我們的政治體系，使其從當(dāng)前的公司富豪統(tǒng)治（所謂的民主）變?yōu)橛烧嬲I(lǐng)導(dǎo)者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的真正意義上的民主體制。4.如奧爾所說(shuō)，我們生活“在各種失敗了的‘主義’的廢墟之中。共產(chǎn)主義和資本主義貫徹的都是“不惜一切代價(jià)求增長(zhǎng)”的政策，而這些政策都沒(méi)有充分說(shuō)明自然資本和社會(huì)資本資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值，這些資本資產(chǎn)包括諸如穩(wěn)定的氣候、正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和成功的人類社區(qū)。我們需要一種超越古今的解決辦法，以便構(gòu)想出一套完全不同的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)。奧爾建議制定三種“目前看起來(lái)完全不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的”目標(biāo)。首先，奧爾主張改變我們需要優(yōu)先考慮的事，即從經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟軌蛘嬲纳泼總€(gè)人生活質(zhì)量的發(fā)展。第二，消費(fèi)文化應(yīng)該集中在必需品，而不是需求品上。第三，也是最難實(shí)現(xiàn)的，我們應(yīng)該喚起人們的“同情心和智慧以便公平地分配財(cái)富、機(jī)會(huì)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。5.這些目標(biāo)和用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)的政策長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)都是被列在社會(huì)和政治議程之內(nèi)的。問(wèn)題是為什么事情并未發(fā)生改變？我們?nèi)绾尾拍苁惯@些事情發(fā)生改變呢？奧爾機(jī)智地處理了這個(gè)問(wèn)題，他指出人類的本性是靈活的，迅速的文化變革曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)。比如，在二戰(zhàn)后的美國(guó)，文化發(fā)生了改變，以允許新的社會(huì)和稅收政策發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用，這些政策后來(lái)制造了美國(guó)的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。前蘇聯(lián)的解體是由于社會(huì)問(wèn)題的緩慢積聚，直至達(dá)到了翻動(dòng)點(diǎn)。由此可見(jiàn)，遲早有一天，那些以提高生活質(zhì)量、追求公正和富足為目標(biāo)的人開(kāi)始勝過(guò)那些世界觀鎖定在不惜一切代價(jià)求增長(zhǎng)的人。6.這樣的態(tài)度正處于上升趨勢(shì)，這一論斷的證據(jù)部分來(lái)自于社會(huì)學(xué)家保羅·H·雷和心理學(xué)家謝利·魯思·安德森的著述，他們對(duì)過(guò)去40年美國(guó)的世界觀進(jìn)行了調(diào)查和分類。他們?cè)陬}為《文化創(chuàng)新者》（該書2000年由Crown出版公司出版）的一書中將美國(guó)人口分為三大類：“傳統(tǒng)派”，“現(xiàn)代派”和“文化創(chuàng)新派”。“傳統(tǒng)派”包括宗教右翼和其他喜歡重提過(guò)去的人；“現(xiàn)代派”指的是當(dāng)前占主導(dǎo)地位的群體，包括“不惜一切代價(jià)求增長(zhǎng)”類型的人；“文化創(chuàng)新派”包括那些持有奧爾所倡導(dǎo)的價(jià)值觀和目標(biāo)的人。到2000年為止，在美國(guó)，文化創(chuàng)新者的比例從20世紀(jì)60年代的幾乎為零增長(zhǎng)到25%，現(xiàn)在，據(jù)估計(jì)，文化創(chuàng)新者的比例已接近30%。當(dāng)這個(gè)比例達(dá)到足以開(kāi)始徹底改變美國(guó)國(guó)家的，乃至世界的政治動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，一個(gè)新的政治翻動(dòng)點(diǎn)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)。7.就像奧爾所指出的那樣，各種各樣積極的社會(huì)行動(dòng)正在推動(dòng)我們朝著文化變革的方向發(fā)展。這些行動(dòng)包括英國(guó)托特尼斯“轉(zhuǎn)變網(wǎng)絡(luò)”這一慈善機(jī)構(gòu)率先發(fā)起的“轉(zhuǎn)變小鎮(zhèn)”運(yùn)動(dòng)，該運(yùn)動(dòng)旨在幫助社區(qū)減少碳排放；基于加拿大溫哥華的“可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市”行動(dòng)，該行動(dòng)支持全世界范圍內(nèi)的城市可持續(xù)性發(fā)展項(xiàng)目；還有奧爾自己旨在在美國(guó)俄亥俄州奧柏林市規(guī)劃和建設(shè)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的建筑物的行動(dòng)。8.其它文化變革的指標(biāo)包括保羅·霍肯在其2007年題為《幸福的動(dòng)蕩》（Viking出版公司出版）中所描述的成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)致力于恢復(fù)環(huán)境和促進(jìn)社會(huì)公正的組織。2008年設(shè)立的一個(gè)法國(guó)政府委員會(huì)是諸多旨在說(shuō)明GDP作為社會(huì)進(jìn)步衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的局限性的努力之一。這些例子均是針對(duì)為建造可持續(xù)發(fā)展的和美好的未來(lái)提供切實(shí)可行的解決辦法而進(jìn)行的全球性對(duì)話增多的證據(jù)。一個(gè)名為《解決辦法》的期刊（我是該期刊的主編，奧爾和霍肯是副主編）很快就要問(wèn)世了，以提供更廣闊的進(jìn)行這方面問(wèn)題討論的平臺(tái)。9.這一切都表明一個(gè)全球性的文化變革正在進(jìn)行中。這種變革，如奧爾在書中所得出的結(jié)論指出的那樣，“已發(fā)展為一個(gè)全世界范圍內(nèi)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)拒絕接受人類注定要以一個(gè)大爆炸或在一個(gè)燒焦的、荒蕪的地球上抽泣來(lái)結(jié)束我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)這一說(shuō)法”。我們還有出路，但是機(jī)不可失，時(shí)不再來(lái)。但愿奧爾的書能夠及時(shí)幫助我們實(shí)現(xiàn)這一必要的文化變革。

三、雄心勃勃的維基百科

1.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上從來(lái)就不乏瘋狂透頂、野心勃勃的主意。這些主意大多沒(méi)跑出將它們炮制出來(lái)的酒吧就自生自滅了。有些主意紅火一時(shí)，但很快就栽了跟頭。還有一些雖然堅(jiān)持了下來(lái)，但是虎頭蛇尾，無(wú)足輕重。然而，偶有不動(dòng)聲色者卻能順利過(guò)關(guān)。

2.成功者鳳毛麟角，維基百科便是其中之一。就連其創(chuàng)始人38歲的科技企業(yè)家吉米﹒威爾士都承認(rèn)，創(chuàng)辦該網(wǎng)站本是個(gè)“瘋狂透頂?shù)南敕ā保壕S基百科是一個(gè)免費(fèi)的、自由在線百科全書網(wǎng)站，任何人都可以添加內(nèi)容并進(jìn)行編輯。它沒(méi)有編輯，沒(méi)有校對(duì)大軍，也沒(méi)有專人檢查內(nèi)容是否屬實(shí)；事實(shí)上，這里沒(méi)有一位全職人員。換句話說(shuō)，傳統(tǒng)百科全書的概念和它風(fēng)馬牛不相及。

3.說(shuō)它玩不轉(zhuǎn)的理由有很多，說(shuō)它盡善盡美也差得遠(yuǎn)，但是在不到四年的時(shí)間里，它的詞條已經(jīng)突破了100萬(wàn)大關(guān)，這些詞條由阿爾巴尼亞語(yǔ)到祖魯語(yǔ)的100種語(yǔ)言寫成。

4.對(duì)維基百科迷來(lái)說(shuō)，它是一個(gè)極好的研究資源---盡管用起來(lái)尚須謹(jǐn)慎為上；它還是在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上通過(guò)協(xié)作與合作而取得成果的楷模，其成功令人難以置信。詆毀它的人大多來(lái)自傳統(tǒng)百科全書界和圖書管理學(xué)界。對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，它幾乎不配“百科全書”這個(gè)稱謂。

5.我們不妨引用數(shù)字來(lái)說(shuō)明維基百科的成就。在慶祝不到4年時(shí)間里第100萬(wàn)個(gè)詞條發(fā)布之際，正值《牛津國(guó)家傳記詞典》最新版發(fā)行。該詞典歷時(shí)12年才編纂完成，但是它所收入的傳記只有寥寥5.5萬(wàn)條，而花費(fèi)卻高達(dá)2500萬(wàn)英鎊。到目前為止，維基百科還是威爾士一人資助的，但目前的總支出依然是大約30萬(wàn)英鎊。

6.新版《大英百科全書》正文有4400萬(wàn)字。而維基百科的總詞量已經(jīng)超過(guò)2.5億了。最新版《大英百科全書》的印刷版收入了6.5萬(wàn)詞條，在線版有7.5萬(wàn)個(gè)。而維基百科英文網(wǎng)站所收入的詞條已有大約36萬(wàn)之多了，而且新的詞條與日俱增。

7.但是，如果質(zhì)量不好，數(shù)量再多也沒(méi)有用。這正是爭(zhēng)議的起因。

8.圖書管理員兼互聯(lián)網(wǎng)顧問(wèn)菲利浦﹒布拉德認(rèn)為：“從理論上講，這是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的想法，但實(shí)際上，我是不會(huì)用它的；我覺(jué)得任何圖書管理員都不會(huì)使用這個(gè)網(wǎng)站。主要問(wèn)題在于它缺乏權(quán)威性。對(duì)于印刷出版物來(lái)說(shuō)，出版商必須要保證其數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性，因?yàn)檫@關(guān)系到他們的飯碗問(wèn)題。但是像維基百科這樣的東西，過(guò)一陣就完了。”

9.威爾士是這樣回應(yīng)的，他承認(rèn)維基百科模式所帶來(lái)的結(jié)果決不會(huì)沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤（他們已經(jīng)在網(wǎng)站上闡明了這一點(diǎn)），但是他還提到了本月出版的一家德國(guó)科技雜志上的一篇文章，這篇文章將維基百科與兩部老牌傳統(tǒng)數(shù)字百科全書B(niǎo)rockhaus與微軟的 Encarta 進(jìn)行了比較。文章對(duì)三種百科全書在廣度、深度及內(nèi)容的易理解程度、搜索難易度和多媒體內(nèi)容的質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了測(cè)評(píng)。維基百科輕松勝出。

10.丹﹒格爾默---硅谷的評(píng)論員和《我們媒體》的作者，是很多自由迷當(dāng)中的一員：“我不認(rèn)為每個(gè)人都說(shuō)維基百科是傳統(tǒng)百科全書的絕對(duì)替代品。但是就我所了解的題目而言，我發(fā)現(xiàn)維基百科和我找到的任何資料一樣精確。”

11.事實(shí)上，維基百科正在不斷發(fā)展壯大。現(xiàn)在每天大約會(huì)有3000新詞條加入進(jìn)去（其中大約700到800條是英語(yǔ)詞條）；隨著網(wǎng)站規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，在網(wǎng)站上對(duì)此條進(jìn)行編輯的次數(shù)也與日俱增。今年9月，每篇文章平均有11次被編輯。有關(guān)以巴沖突的詞條今年一年就被編輯了250多次。

12.事實(shí)上維基百科揭示了百科全書中通常鮮為人知的一面：即隱藏在每個(gè)詞條背后數(shù)不清的決定。維基百科與其他百科全書唯一的不同之處是，維基百科的決策過(guò)程無(wú)休無(wú)止，起碼可以說(shuō)，爭(zhēng)論往往十分激烈。

13.威爾士稱，在他的百科全書里，詞條“就如同香腸一樣：你可能會(huì)喜歡它的味道，但未必想去看看它的制作過(guò)程。”

14.它可能還有點(diǎn)像無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。而且，鑒于它缺乏中央控管，嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái)，它確實(shí)處于無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。然而，使之行之有效的因素有三：

15.第一是其所有權(quán)，以及沒(méi)有商業(yè)需求的壓力。該網(wǎng)站是由志愿者來(lái)操控的，現(xiàn)在歸一個(gè)基金會(huì)所有，這說(shuō)明人們自愿為這一事業(yè)付出時(shí)間及知識(shí)財(cái)產(chǎn)。它設(shè)法將每年的運(yùn)作費(fèi)用控制在10萬(wàn)美元以下。

16.第二是首要的編輯原則，即所有文章均應(yīng)體現(xiàn)一個(gè)“中立觀點(diǎn)”。據(jù)威爾士稱，這既是一條編輯方針，也是“讓人們合作共事的一項(xiàng)社會(huì)技能”。

17.第三（這可能也是最關(guān)鍵的一條）是它形成了一個(gè)異常錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜而又民主的社會(huì)工作秩序，使得這個(gè)龐大而雜亂的項(xiàng)目有章可循。

18.為“維基百科”公告或者編輯文章的“維基百科人”有數(shù)十萬(wàn)之多。但是據(jù)威爾士稱，其核心團(tuán)隊(duì)大約只有200人，這些人目前都相互很熟悉。在這個(gè)核心內(nèi)圈之外還有一個(gè)約2000人的核心隊(duì)伍，在上個(gè)月他們每人都有100次以上的編輯。在這個(gè)核心之外，還有大約1萬(wàn)人，他們每人至少會(huì)進(jìn)行5次編輯。他們當(dāng)中有行政人員、政府官員、管理人員、開(kāi)發(fā)人員等等，他們各有不同的技術(shù)等級(jí)和管理權(quán)限，19.整個(gè)體系在網(wǎng)頁(yè)上一目了然。編輯方針及策略都張貼在網(wǎng)頁(yè)上，以供人們進(jìn)行討論和投票。雖然維基百科的內(nèi)容會(huì)自動(dòng)而無(wú)序地增加，但維基百科的社會(huì)構(gòu)成，如果不經(jīng)核心團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)允，不會(huì)發(fā)生變化。

20.在成功面前，威爾士和他的志愿者團(tuán)隊(duì)并沒(méi)有滿于現(xiàn)狀，不思進(jìn)取。他正在進(jìn)行協(xié)商，想把維基百科的一部分內(nèi)容印刷并在非洲發(fā)放，以此作為實(shí)現(xiàn)“將免費(fèi)的百科全書送到每個(gè)地球人手中”這一遠(yuǎn)大抱負(fù)的一步。瘋狂透頂嗎？野心勃勃嗎？絕對(duì)是。但是看看他們?cè)谶^(guò)去3年半中的斐然業(yè)績(jī)，如果你打賭說(shuō)他們不會(huì)成功，那你可能也同樣發(fā)瘋了。

八．Music and the Brain 八．

1、音樂(lè)環(huán)繞在我們周圍，這是音樂(lè)唯一的方式。振奮人心的管弦樂(lè)的高潮部分會(huì)使我們熱淚盈眶，精神振奮；背景音樂(lè)的推進(jìn)增加了電影和電視劇的情感色彩；球類比賽中風(fēng)琴演奏使我們共同起立歡呼；父母的輕唱使嬰兒得到安撫。

2、我們對(duì)音樂(lè)的喜好根深蒂固：自從文化誕生之日起，我們就開(kāi)始創(chuàng)造音樂(lè)。3萬(wàn)年以前，早起人類就已經(jīng)吹骨笛、使用打擊樂(lè)器、吹單簧口琴——世界上所有已知社會(huì)都有音樂(lè)。的確，我們欣賞音樂(lè)的能力似乎是與生俱來(lái)的。兩個(gè)月大的嬰兒就會(huì)對(duì)美妙和諧的聲音表現(xiàn)出青睞，而對(duì)刺耳的聲音則會(huì)表現(xiàn)出厭惡。當(dāng)交響樂(lè)的終結(jié)曲目給我們帶來(lái)美妙的快感是，大腦中的快感中樞就會(huì)興奮起來(lái)，這種感覺(jué)就像我們吃了巧克力或者喝了可卡因一樣。

3、這其中存在著一個(gè)有趣的生物之謎：為什么音樂(lè)——這一廣受人們喜愛(ài)并以其獨(dú)特的魅力牽動(dòng)人的情感的事物——如此盛行，又對(duì)我們?nèi)绱酥匾克某霈F(xiàn)是否在某種程度上有助于人類的生存，比如像墨西哥大學(xué)的杰弗里F米勒所提出的，它能促進(jìn)擇偶？或者，借用哈佛大學(xué)的史蒂芬品克的話，音樂(lè)僅僅是“聽(tīng)力奶油蛋糕”，也就是說(shuō)，它是進(jìn)化中的偶然事件，不經(jīng)意卻滿足了人類的幻想

4、為什么音樂(lè)如此盛行，又對(duì)我們?nèi)绱酥匾?duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題，神經(jīng)科學(xué)家尚未得出最終答案。但是近幾年來(lái)我們對(duì)于音樂(lè)在大腦中何處以何種方式進(jìn)行加工的這一問(wèn)題已經(jīng)開(kāi)始有了越來(lái)越深入的理解。這應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠?yàn)槲覀兓卮疬M(jìn)化問(wèn)題打下一定的基礎(chǔ)。出乎人們的意料，對(duì)腦損傷病人的研究和對(duì)健康個(gè)體的圖像共同揭示了大腦中不存在專門加工音樂(lè)的中樞。音樂(lè)占用了遍布大腦各處的多個(gè)區(qū)域，包括那些一般情況下處理其他認(rèn)知活動(dòng)的區(qū)域。對(duì)音樂(lè)起作用的區(qū)域因個(gè)人的經(jīng)歷和所受的訓(xùn)練而異，在人類感覺(jué)器官中，耳朵具有的感覺(jué)細(xì)胞最少，只有3500個(gè)內(nèi)毛細(xì)胞，而眼睛則擁有1億個(gè)感光器。但是大腦對(duì)音樂(lè)的反應(yīng)卻相當(dāng)靈活：甚至僅僅經(jīng)過(guò)一點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練就能改變大腦處理音樂(lè)輸入信息的方式。

5、現(xiàn)代圖像處理技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前，科學(xué)家理解大腦內(nèi)部對(duì)音樂(lè)的處理主要是依靠研究病人，包括曾經(jīng)因?yàn)橥鈧⒅酗L(fēng)或其它疾病而表現(xiàn)出大腦缺陷的著名作曲家。例如，法國(guó)作曲家莫里斯·斯拉威爾在1933年開(kāi)始表現(xiàn)出看似局部腦退化的癥狀，即由于某些具體區(qū)域的大腦組織萎縮而導(dǎo)致的精神紊亂。他的概念性能力仍然完好無(wú)損——他仍然能夠聽(tīng)到和記住自己以前的作品，并且可以彈奏音節(jié)，但是他無(wú)法再創(chuàng)作音樂(lè)。拉威爾有一次在談到他所提議的歌劇《圣女貞德》時(shí)，向朋友坦白說(shuō)“?這個(gè)歌劇就在這里，在我腦子里，我能聽(tīng)到它，但是我無(wú)論如何也不能譜寫出來(lái)了。一切都完了，我再也創(chuàng)作不了音樂(lè)了。”這一案例支持了大腦中或許不具有專門處理音樂(lè)區(qū)域這一觀點(diǎn)。

6、另外一個(gè)作曲家的經(jīng)歷進(jìn)一步表明音樂(lè)和語(yǔ)言是獨(dú)立進(jìn)行加工的。俄國(guó)作曲家維薩里森沙柏林于1953年患中風(fēng)，喪失了說(shuō)話和聽(tīng)話的能力。但是在此后10年間，一直到他去世前，他卻仍然具有創(chuàng)作音樂(lè)的能力。因此，關(guān)于音樂(lè)和語(yǔ)言各自進(jìn)行加工的假設(shè)似乎是正確的，盡管近期的研究使人們對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的理解更加細(xì)化且稍有不同，即音樂(lè)和語(yǔ)言有共享的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：其一，兩者都是交流方式；其二，音樂(lè)和語(yǔ)言都有句法，即約束其基本元素（分別為音符和單詞）正確結(jié)合的一套規(guī)則。圣地亞哥神經(jīng)學(xué)院的奧耐滴D派特認(rèn)為，圖像結(jié)果表明額葉的一個(gè)區(qū)域可以構(gòu)建音樂(lè)和言語(yǔ)的句法，而大腦其他部分處理語(yǔ)言和音樂(lè)加工的相關(guān)方面工作。

7、圖像研究也為我們提供了大腦對(duì)音樂(lè)做出反應(yīng)的較為精細(xì)的畫面。如果我們看一下耳朵一般是如何將聲音傳遞給大腦的，就能看出這些研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。正如其它感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)，聽(tīng)力系統(tǒng)也是分層排列的，從耳朵到聽(tīng)力腦皮層這一最高層包括一系列的神經(jīng)加工站。對(duì)聲音，如音調(diào)的加工從內(nèi)耳開(kāi)始，內(nèi)耳將由諸如小提琴所發(fā)出的聲音分成基本組成頻率，然后將這一信息以一系列的神經(jīng)元放電形式沿著聽(tīng)力神經(jīng)分別調(diào)試的纖維進(jìn)行傳遞。最終，這些神經(jīng)元放電到達(dá)位于額葉的聽(tīng)力腦皮層。大腦中聽(tīng)力系統(tǒng)的不同細(xì)胞對(duì)特定頻率的敏感性最強(qiáng)；相鄰細(xì)胞的調(diào)諧曲線有重疊之處，因此，不會(huì)有漏掉的音符。其實(shí)，由于相鄰細(xì)胞調(diào)諧于相似的頻率，使得聽(tīng)力腦皮層表面形成了一個(gè)‘頻率分布圖’。

8、然而，音樂(lè)本身要更加復(fù)雜，音樂(lè)包含一系列的音調(diào)，聽(tīng)懂音樂(lè)意味著要掌握聲音之間的關(guān)系。大腦很多區(qū)域參與了對(duì)音樂(lè)各組成部分的加工活動(dòng)。就拿既有頻率又有音量的音調(diào)來(lái)說(shuō)，研究者曾一度認(rèn)為對(duì)特定頻率敏感的細(xì)胞當(dāng)在檢測(cè)到這一頻率時(shí)總會(huì)以相同的方式做出反應(yīng)。

9、但是在二十世紀(jì)80年代后期，我和托馬斯M麥肯納在加利福尼亞大學(xué)歐文分校的實(shí)驗(yàn)室對(duì)旋律曲線，即構(gòu)成所有旋律基本元素的升降調(diào)模式進(jìn)行相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)后，對(duì)上述觀點(diǎn)提出了質(zhì)疑。我們用五個(gè)同樣的音符組成具有不同旋律曲線的曲調(diào)，然后記錄下來(lái)貓聽(tīng)力腦皮層中各個(gè)神經(jīng)元的反應(yīng)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞做出的反應(yīng)（即神經(jīng)元放電）因旋律曲線而異，由特定音調(diào)在曲調(diào)中的位置而定，當(dāng)該音調(diào)位于曲調(diào)中間而非最開(kāi)始的位置時(shí)，細(xì)胞會(huì)做出最強(qiáng)烈的反應(yīng)。而且，同樣的一個(gè)音符，當(dāng)它位于升調(diào)曲線中時(shí)和當(dāng)它位于降調(diào)曲線或是更復(fù)雜曲線中時(shí)，細(xì)胞做出的反應(yīng)也各不相同。這些研究結(jié)果表明，曲調(diào)模式至關(guān)重要：聽(tīng)力系統(tǒng)的加工完全不同于將電話和音響系統(tǒng)中的聲音進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單轉(zhuǎn)化。

10、大腦對(duì)音樂(lè)的反應(yīng)還由聽(tīng)眾的經(jīng)歷和所受訓(xùn)練而定，只要稍做訓(xùn)練就可以很快改變大腦的反應(yīng)。例如，約10年前，科學(xué)家還認(rèn)為聽(tīng)力腦皮層中的每一個(gè)細(xì)胞對(duì)固定的音符調(diào)諧，但是對(duì)旋律曲線的研究使我們對(duì)此提出質(zhì)疑，我們認(rèn)為細(xì)胞調(diào)諧可以通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)而改變，某些細(xì)胞可以對(duì)那些引發(fā)注意力或儲(chǔ)存在記憶中的聲音表現(xiàn)出特別的敏感性。

11、為了解決上述問(wèn)題，我和瓊S貝克，簡(jiǎn)麥克愛(ài)德森于二十世紀(jì)90年代進(jìn)行一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)，以研究當(dāng)受試者得知某一音調(diào)較為重要時(shí)，其聽(tīng)力腦皮層的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是否會(huì)發(fā)生變化。我們?cè)囼?yàn)小組首先給試驗(yàn)小鼠播放了許多不同音調(diào)，然后記錄下來(lái)他們聽(tīng)力腦皮層中的不同細(xì)胞做出的反應(yīng)，從而測(cè)定哪些音調(diào)能夠引起最強(qiáng)烈的反應(yīng)。然后，我們用發(fā)送信號(hào)使小鼠的腳輕微跳動(dòng)的方式告知它們某個(gè)不受關(guān)注的音調(diào)的重要性。幾分鐘之后，小鼠學(xué)會(huì)了這種關(guān)聯(lián)性。然后，我們?cè)谑苡?xùn)后一直到其兩個(gè)月內(nèi)幾次測(cè)得小鼠對(duì)不同音調(diào)的反應(yīng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)元調(diào)諧的喜好已經(jīng)從原來(lái)偏好的音調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)為信號(hào)強(qiáng)調(diào)的音調(diào)。因此，學(xué)習(xí)使大腦變調(diào)，從而使更多的細(xì)胞對(duì)行為上有重要意義的聲音做出敏感的反應(yīng)。

12、總之，到目前為止，研究結(jié)果表明音樂(lè)具有生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，大腦中存在與音樂(lè)相關(guān)的功能性結(jié)構(gòu)。雖然研究才剛剛起步，我們似乎仍然可以清楚地看出多個(gè)大腦區(qū)域參與音樂(lè)加工的特定工作，或者輔助音樂(lè)感知，或者引發(fā)情感反應(yīng)。這些結(jié)果顯示學(xué)習(xí)使大腦重新調(diào)諧，既增加了個(gè)體細(xì)胞的靈敏度，同時(shí)也增加了對(duì)聽(tīng)眾覺(jué)得重要的聲音做出反應(yīng)的細(xì)胞的數(shù)量。隨著有關(guān)音樂(lè)和大腦的研究進(jìn)一步深入，我們有理由相信我們不僅會(huì)加深對(duì)音樂(lè)和其存在的原因的理解，同時(shí)也會(huì)了解音樂(lè)的多面性。

第三篇：武漢理工大學(xué)研究生英語(yǔ)下單選總結(jié)

Unit 11

1.Many traditional Chinese believe that high forehead is of great mental power.A.objectiveB.indicativeC.directiveD.decisive

2.Our country is in great danger;we mustthe whole nation to prepare themselves to fight.A.mechanizeB.paralyzeC.monopolizeD.mobilize

3.the bad weather has delayed the flight, so it would be several hours before they could arrive.A.PresumablyB.RespectivelyC.ImaginablyD.Plausibly

4.A speech could inspire the audience and achieve the goal the speaker desired.A.productiveB.provocativeC.instructiveD.ingenious

5.he is a very serious and strict scholar, but actually he is not that kind of person at all.A.VirtuallyB.SeeminglyC.DecisivelyD.Likely

6.It’s difficult tosomeone politely, but we should try to learn to do so.A.remarkB.flatterC.conflictD.contradict

7.A newspaper reader can select what he is interested in and what he thinks is boring or irrelevant.A.scanB.skipC.scrutinizeD.dash

8.Party congresses at all levels are by Party committees at their respective levels.A.accumulatedB.convenedC.attendedD.participated

9.An experienced politician who knew better than to launch a campaign in troubled political waters, she intended to wait for a more occasion before she announced her plans.A.propitiousB.provocativeC.questionableD.theoretical

10.No matter howthe revelations of the coming years may be, they will be hard put to match those of the past decade, which have transformed our view of the emergence of Mayan civilization.A.minordramaticallyB.profoundnegligibly

C.strikingradicallyD.bizarrenominally

Unit 12

1.He is innocent of the crime and we will him anyway.A.stand up toB.stand up forC.stand in forD.stand out for

2.A good education is an you can fall back on for the rest of your life.A.indoctrinationB.inventoryC.obligationD.asset

3.This poema vision of a future world where human being and animals live in peace and harmony.A.conjures upB.impartsC.nurturesD.disdains

4.Two rakish-but-sweet men in pursuit of her made her feel.A.repellentB.palatableC.insidiousD.ambivalent

5.Building a new socialist countryside has become athing for China in the era.A.prophylacticB.paramountC.permanentD.persistent

6.Don’t worry about the stain, it will if you use this brand of washing powder.A.brush offB.flush offC.break upD.lay off

7.He is not trustworthy.His behavior is no for his words.A.contradictionB.compromiseC.matchD.paradox

8.You’ve since we last met.You were a clerk then, and now you own your own factory.A.come a long wayB.come roundC.come throughD.come over

9.He is a basketball player, and leads all rookies in points, assists, steals and minutes in the playoffs.A.talentB.agileC.versatileD.buddingHe is a versatile actor, one who is able to himself in all roles and is able to bring the audience into a world of fantasy, filled with dreams, laughter and sadness.A.immerseB.soakC.plungeD.empower

Unit 13

those of their families.A.other thanB.rather thanC.better thanD.more than

2.Air and the sun’s rays create much distortion, and whatever tends toinfluence is useful to the astronomer.A.excludeB.eliminateC.extinguishD.impose

3.The young painter had the example of Picasso toand guide him.A.respireB.inspireC.expireD.induce

4.Economic development has grave on unemployment.A.relationB.connectionC.implicationsD.associate

5.Casey founded a company tothe mineral resource in the area.A.cultivateB.employC.capitalizeD.exploit

6.The manager said that they had anplan if what they had submitted was not accepted.A.alternateB.alternativeC.absoluteD.appreciable

7.As is generally believed, young people nowadays ideals that are far superior to their parents.A.summonB.overtakeC.cherishD.overhaul

8.I can’twhat has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning.A.figure outB.draw outC.look outD.work out

9.There are some disadvantages in living in the country, but, we like it.A.by any chanceB.by choiceC.by designD.by and large 10 John wanted to make his kite go higher, but his father told him to because it was too windy.A.leave the fieldB.leave it in the coldC.leave well enough aloneD.leave over

Unit 14

1.The prince hoped to the crown with the help of a foreign army.A.claimB.proclaimC.exclaimD.assert

2.Your excuses for not studying during the holidays may be many and but I still have to keep you busy.A.variationB.varietyC.variantD.various

3.The captain of the shipthe passengers that there was no danger.A.insuredB.assuredC.ensuredD.secured

4.The wild life in Africa is extremely and therefore two wildlife research institutes have been established there.A.colorfulB.complicatedC.diverseD.abundant

5.His speech was careful and, but his words seemed to make no sense.A.distinguishedB.distinctC.distinctiveD.distinguishable

6.Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations intoones.A.tragicB.versatileC.turbulentD.suspicious

7.He couldn’t his curiosity to see what was in the box.A.retainB.restrainC.restrictD.represent

8.Not having a good command of English can be a serious preventing you from achieve your goals.A.barrierB.faultC.offencesD.distress

9.No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it has been to Bach.A.referredB.associatedC.identifiedD.attributed

10.These classroom activities are intended to children’s language skills.A.fosterB.evolveC.cultivateD.inspire

Unit 15

1.Don’tit, but I think she has won a lottery of 500,000 Yuan.A.spreadaboutB.spreadoutC.layoutD.disseminateout

2.Hethe man to disobey orders the central government.A.inspiredB.instigatedC.instilledD.instructed

3.The new car has many added such as a radio, a video, a phone and so on.A.referentsB.refinersC.refinementsD.refillments

4.Statistics show one of the principal problems which exists in food processing is the worry about its.A.hygienicB.hymnalC.cleannessD.hygiene

5.The of the colored lights along the Yangtze River banks forms splendid scenery of Wuhan city.A.interplayB.interplayingC.interactD.interacting

6.More rioting in France among college students hasthe government’s lack of control.A.underlinedB.shownC.underscoredD.emphasize

7.Instead of making people more equal, the British education systemthe differences between rich and poor.A.points upB.accentuatesC.stressD.shows

8.Youme!I didn’t hear you come in.A.startlingB.surprisedC.startledD.starved

9.The company launched a publicity campaign tothe newspaper’s circulation.A.accelerateB.urgeC.boostD.put up

10.In view to the present situation, theof the opinions among senators is certainly impossible to reach a consensus.A.divergenceB.differenceC.distractionD.diversification

第四篇：太原理工大學(xué)研究生英語(yǔ)考試翻譯資料

1.Alienation 疏離

By alienation is meant a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself as an alien.He has become, one might say, estranged from himself.He does not experience himself as the center of his world, as the creator of his own acts — but his acts and their consequences have become his masters, whom he obeys, or whom he may even worship.The alienated person is out of touch with himself as he is out of touch with other person.He, like the others, is experienced as things are experienced;with the senses and with common sense, but at the same time without being related to oneself and to the world outside positively.Erich Fromm(1900 — 1980)： The Sane Society 疏離

疏離，指的是人在體驗(yàn)自己時(shí)，把自己視為外人的一種體驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｊ健Ｓ腥苏f(shuō)，這是自己疏遠(yuǎn)了自己。這種人不覺(jué)得自己是個(gè)人世界的中心，不認(rèn)為自己的行為是自己所做的，相反地，行為和行為的后果才是他的主宰，他必須服從甚至崇拜。疏離的人疏遠(yuǎn)自己，就好像是他在疏遠(yuǎn)別人一樣。他就像其他人，別人對(duì)他的感受方式和人們對(duì)事物的感受方式一樣；他用感官和常識(shí)來(lái)體驗(yàn)，卻無(wú)法同時(shí)與自己或外在世界產(chǎn)生明確的關(guān)聯(lián)。

德國(guó)精神分析學(xué)家及社會(huì)哲學(xué)家弗羅姆：《健全的社會(huì)》

2.Beauty 美

The ancients called beauty the flowering of virtue.Who can analyze the nameless charm which glances from one and another face and form? We are touched with emotions of tenderness and complacency, but we cannot find whereat this dainty emotion, this wandering gleam, points.It is destroyed for the imagination by any attempt to refer it to organization.Nor does it point to any relations of friendship or love known and described in society, but, as it seems to me, to a quite other and unattainable sphere, to relations of transcendent delicacy and sweetness, to what roses and violets hint and foreshow.We cannot approach beauty.Its nature is like opaline doves'-neck luster, hovering and evanescent.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 — 1882): Essays美

古人說(shuō)，“美”是品德之花。瞥視它的容貌樣子，誰(shuí)能說(shuō)明那種難以言喻的魅力呢？我們因溫和滿足之情而動(dòng)容，但我們無(wú)法得知這種恍惚閃光般的雅興究竟指向何方。如果想把美整理出個(gè)條理，就會(huì)破壞了美的想象。美也不在表現(xiàn)社會(huì)所說(shuō)的友誼或愛(ài)情的關(guān)系，在我看來(lái)，美所呈現(xiàn)的是一個(gè)迥然不同且無(wú)法企及的領(lǐng)域，指出一種超越性的感覺(jué)和甜蜜的關(guān)系，說(shuō)明玫瑰和紫羅蘭所暗示或預(yù)示的是什么。我們無(wú)法接近美。美的本質(zhì)猶如鴿子頸項(xiàng)上的乳白光澤，飄忽即逝。

美國(guó)散文家、哲學(xué)家及詩(shī)人愛(ài)默生：《文集》

3.Childhood 童年

Childhood is less clear to me than to many people: when it ended I turned my face away from it for no reason that I know about, certainly without the usual reason of unhappy memories.For many years that worried me, but then I discovered that the tales of former children are seldom to be trusted.Some people supply too many past victories or pleasures with which to comfort themselves, and other people cling to pains, real and imagined, to excuse what they have become.I think I have always know about my memory.I know when it is to be trusted and when some dream or fantasy entered on the life, and the dream, the need of dream, led to distortion of what happened.And so I knew early that the rampage angers of an only child were distorted nightmares of reality.But I trust absolutely what I remember about Julia.Lillian Hellman(1905 — 1984)： Julia

童年

我小時(shí)候的記憶比許多人模糊：不知道為什么，童年一結(jié)束，我就別過(guò)臉去，但我知道決不是因?yàn)橛兄纯嗷貞涍@種常見(jiàn)的原因。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)，多年來(lái)便困擾著我，但后來(lái)我發(fā)現(xiàn)，舊時(shí)兒事，通常不足以為信。有些人搬出好些昔日的盛事趣事來(lái)聊以自慰，有些人則念念不忘或真實(shí)或想象而來(lái)的痛苦，把它當(dāng)成自己何以變得如此 1的口實(shí)。

我想我一向清楚自己的記性，知道那一段時(shí)間的記憶是可以相信的，明白生活中在何時(shí)又摻進(jìn)了夢(mèng)想或幻想。做過(guò)的夢(mèng)和對(duì)夢(mèng)想的需要，扭曲了發(fā)生的事件。我也很早就了解到，獨(dú)生子之所以大吵大鬧，是做惡夢(mèng)之后所扭曲的結(jié)果。然而，對(duì)于茱麗亞的回憶，我百分之百相信是確實(shí)無(wú)誤的。

美國(guó)女作家莉蓮·海爾曼：《茱麗亞》

4.Cities and City Life 都市與都市生活

Living in cities is an art, and we need the vocabulary of art, of style, to describe the peculiar relationship between man and material that exists in the continual creative play of urban living.The city as we imagine it, then, soft of illusion, myth, aspiration, and nightmare, is as real, maybe more real, than the hard city one can locate on maps in statistics, in monographs on urban sociology and demography and architecture.Jonathan Raban: Soft City

都市與都市生活

生活在都市里是一門藝術(shù)，我們需要藝術(shù)和時(shí)尚的詞匯，才能描繪存在于日新月異的都市生活中的人類與物質(zhì)之間的獨(dú)特關(guān)系。于是我們想象的都市，充滿了柔性的幻想、神話和夢(mèng)魘。這樣的城市，比起可按統(tǒng)計(jì)值繪制在地圖上、可在都市社會(huì)學(xué)、人口學(xué)、建筑學(xué)專著中見(jiàn)到的那種生硬城市，都是同樣真實(shí)的，甚或更加真實(shí)。

英國(guó)作家喬納森·拉班：《柔性城市》

5.Declaration of Independence 獨(dú)立宣言

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.That , to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Thomas Jefferson(1743 — 1826)

獨(dú)立宣言

我們認(rèn)為以下的真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主賦予每個(gè)人一些不可剝奪的權(quán)力，包括生命、自由和追求幸福的權(quán)力。政府的成立乃是為了保障這些權(quán)力，政權(quán)則由人民授權(quán)而來(lái)。對(duì)于無(wú)法保障這些全力的政府，人民有權(quán)改變或廢除，進(jìn)而建立新政府，并采取此原則為基礎(chǔ)，以此方式組織權(quán)力，因?yàn)檫@是最有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)安全與幸福的方法。

美國(guó)第三屆總統(tǒng)托馬斯·杰斐遜（1776）

6.Difference of Opinion 意見(jiàn)分歧(考的可能性不大)

One lesson we learn early, that in spite of seeming difference, men are all of one pattern.We readily assume this with our mates, and are disappointed and angry if we find that we are premature, and that their watches are slower than ours.In fact, the only sin which we never forgive in each other is difference of opinion.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 — 1882): Society and Solitude

意見(jiàn)分歧

我們很早就學(xué)到了這一課：人在表面上盡管有所差異，實(shí)際上卻都是一個(gè)樣子。我們就是這樣假設(shè)我們的伙伴的，所以如果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己來(lái)的早了，發(fā)現(xiàn)別人的表走得比較慢，我們就會(huì)失望和生氣。事實(shí)上，我們永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法互相原諒的惟一過(guò)錯(cuò)，就是意見(jiàn)有所分歧。

美國(guó)散文家、哲學(xué)家及詩(shī)人愛(ài)默生：《社會(huì)與孤寂》

7.The Sympathy of Nature 大自然的惻隱之心

Such was the sympathy of Nature — that wild, heathen Nature of the forest, never subjugated by human law, nor illuminated by higher truth…Love, whether newly born, or aroused from a death-like slumber, must always create a sunshine, filling the heart so full radiance, that it overflows upon the

outward world.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804 — 1864)： The Scarlet Letter 大自然的惻隱之心

這是大自然的惻隱之心——森林那種野性、未開(kāi)化的大自然模樣，從未受制于人類法律，也未曾受過(guò)高深真理的啟迪……愛(ài)，無(wú)論是初生的，或是從死亡般的沉睡中蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)的，總會(huì)產(chǎn)生一道陽(yáng)光，讓內(nèi)心充滿光芒，流溢到外在世界。

美國(guó)作家霍桑：《紅字》

8.England and the English 英格蘭與英國(guó)人

There is nothing so sad or so good that you will not find an Englishman doing it;but you will never find an Englishman in the wrong.He does everything on principle.He fights you on patriotic principles;he robs you on business principles;he enslaves you on imperial principles;he bullies you on manly principles;he supports his king on loyal principles and cuts off his king's head on republican principles.His watchword is always Duty;and he never forgets that the nation which lets its duty get on the opposite side to its interest is lost.George Bernard Shaw(1856 — 1950)： Napoleon 英格蘭與英國(guó)人

你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，英國(guó)人所做的事，要么極壞，要么極好，可是呢，你就是不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他 22理虧。他們做什么都是有有原則的。和你打仗時(shí)，他們根據(jù)愛(ài)國(guó)原則；搶劫你的時(shí)候，根據(jù)商業(yè)原則；奴役你的時(shí)候，根據(jù)帝國(guó)主義原則；欺負(fù)你的時(shí)候，根據(jù)男子漢原則；支持皇室嘛，根據(jù)忠誠(chéng)原則；把國(guó)王的頭砍掉呢，則是依據(jù)共和體制原則。他的口號(hào)都是“責(zé)任”，而且他也從沒(méi)忘記過(guò)，讓責(zé)任變得違背利益的那個(gè)國(guó)家已經(jīng)消失了。

愛(ài)爾蘭劇作家、小說(shuō)家及評(píng)論家瀟伯納：《拿破侖》

9.Experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn)

Experience is not a matter of having actually swum the Hellespont, or danced with the dervishes, or slept in a doss-house.It is a matter of sensibility and intuition, of seeing and hearing the significant things, of paying attention at the right moments, of understanding and coordinating.Experience is not what happens to a man;it is what a man does with happens to him.Aldous Huxley(1894 — 1963)： Texts and Pretexts

經(jīng)驗(yàn)

經(jīng)驗(yàn)這件事嘛，并非是真的要去泅渡海勒斯海峽，要去和托缽僧共舞，或是去投宿廉價(jià)客棧。經(jīng)驗(yàn)一事乃是關(guān)乎感覺(jué)和本能，在看到和聽(tīng)說(shuō)了有意義的事情時(shí)，能夠在恰當(dāng)時(shí)刻留意到并且有所領(lǐng)悟和協(xié)調(diào)。經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并不是指人遇到了什么，而是指人如何處理所遇到的事情。

英國(guó)作家?jiàn)W爾德斯·赫胥黎：《正題與藉口》

10.The Four Freedoms 四大自由

In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.The first is freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world.The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world.The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world.The fourth is freedom from fear — which, translated into world terms, means a worldwide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor — anywhere in the world.Franklin D.Roosevelt(1882 — 1945)： January 6, 1941, one of annual messages to Congress 四大自由

在我們力求安定德未來(lái)日子里，我們期待一個(gè)以人類四大基本自由為基礎(chǔ)的世界。

?世界各地都有言論與表達(dá)的自由。

?世界各地人人都有用自己的方式來(lái)崇拜上帝的自由。

?有免于匱乏的自由，用世俗的話來(lái)說(shuō)，亦即在經(jīng)濟(jì)上保障世界各國(guó)的居民都能夠擁有健康和平的生活。?有免于恐懼的自由，用世俗的話來(lái)說(shuō)，亦即徹底地世界性裁減軍備以至于世界上任何地方的任何國(guó)家都無(wú)法侵犯任何鄰國(guó)。

美國(guó)第三十二屆總統(tǒng)羅斯福：1941年1月6日致國(guó)會(huì)咨文

11.Hate 仇恨

There is no hate without fear.Hate is crystallized fear, fear's dividend, fear objectivized.We hate what we fear and so where hate is, fear is lurking.Thus we hate what threatens our person, our vanity and our dreams and plans for ourselves.If we can isolate this element in what we hate we may be able to cease from hating.Cyril Connolly(1903 — 1974)： The Unquiet Grave

仇恨

仇恨之中必有恐懼。仇恨是恐懼的結(jié)晶、附屬品和客體化。我們討厭我們所害怕的東西，所以有恨的地方，就潛伏著恐懼。也因此，我們討厭會(huì)威脅我們的人身、自由、隱私、收入、聲望、虛榮、夢(mèng)想或是個(gè)人計(jì)劃的東西。如果我們能夠在仇恨之中濾出恐懼的因素，或許我們就不會(huì)再有仇恨了。

英國(guó)作家康諾利：《不平靜的墳?zāi)埂?/p>

12.Idleness 懶散

Idleness predominates in many lives where it is not suspected;for, being a vice which terminates in itself, it may be enjoyed without injury to others;and it is therefore not watched like fraud, which endangers property;or like pride, which naturally seeks its gratifications in another's inferiority.Idleness is a silent and peaceful quality, that neither raises envy by ostentation, nor hatred by opposition;and therefore nobody is busy to censure or detect it.Samuel Johnson(1709 — 1784)： Idleness

懶散

懶散這種惡習(xí)僅限于個(gè)人人可以懶散卻不會(huì)傷害到別人，也因此，它在不覺(jué)中主宰著許多人的生活。懶散看起來(lái)并不像會(huì)危及財(cái)產(chǎn)的詐騙行為，也不像驕傲那樣，藉由別人的劣勢(shì)來(lái)獲取自己的滿足感。懶散具有靜默安詳?shù)奶匦裕粫?huì)因?yàn)橘u弄而惹人嫉妒，也不會(huì)因?yàn)榉磳?duì)什么而招致怨恨，所以沒(méi)有人忙于非難或盤查它。

英國(guó)詩(shī)人及評(píng)論家塞繆爾·約翰遜：《懶散》

13.科學(xué)就是探求真理。在探求真理的過(guò)程中，人們對(duì)客觀規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí)要經(jīng)過(guò)艱苦曲折的過(guò)程。常常有這樣的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握資料的差異，認(rèn)識(shí)方法的不同，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)“橫看成嶺側(cè)成峰，遠(yuǎn)近高低各不同”的情況，以至引起學(xué)術(shù)上的爭(zhēng)論。因此，有作為的科學(xué)工作者都把反對(duì)的意見(jiàn)看作對(duì)自己的莫大的幫助，把對(duì)自己的批評(píng)當(dāng)作最珍貴的友誼。正如歌德所說(shuō)，“我們贊同的東西使我們處之泰然，我們反對(duì)的東西才使我們的思想獲得豐產(chǎn)。”這都是因?yàn)椋澩囊庖?jiàn)未必正確，反對(duì)的意見(jiàn)未必錯(cuò)誤。退一步說(shuō)，即使錯(cuò)誤的反對(duì)意見(jiàn)，對(duì)自己的科學(xué)研究也是很有好處的。

Science means the exploration of truth.In the process of exploring truth, people will have to experience tremendous hardships and difficulties before they can come to understand the objective laws.It is often the case that the differences in the research perspectives, the materials mastered, and the ways of understanding would lead to totally different results-as we might say, “a mountain becomes a hill when viewed horizontally and a ridge when viewed vertically, and it assumes totally different shapes when viewed from a short or a long distance, or from a high or a low position.”-and even lead to academic disputes.Therefore, an accomplished scientist would regard opposing arguments as his most tremendous benefit and take others' criticism of him as the most precious friendship that he can ever obtain.In Gothe's words, “We take for granted what we are in favor of.However, only what we are opposed to can enrich our thoughts.” This is all because the approving opinions are not necessarily justified while the opposing arguments are not necessarily unfounded.To put it in the least way, even the opposing arguments that are mistaken will be immensely beneficial to one's own scientific research.14.中國(guó)將堅(jiān)定不移地奉行獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策，繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)同發(fā)展中國(guó)家的團(tuán)結(jié)合作，同它們一道維護(hù)發(fā)展中國(guó)家正當(dāng)合理的權(quán)益。同時(shí)，我們要進(jìn)一步致力于穩(wěn)定周邊、鞏固睦鄰友好。我們還將不斷地充實(shí)與各個(gè)大

國(guó)已經(jīng)建立或正在建立的未來(lái)關(guān)系框架的內(nèi)涵。我們將更積極地參與國(guó)際事務(wù)和各種多邊外交活動(dòng)，堅(jiān)決反對(duì)霸權(quán)主義、強(qiáng)權(quán)政治，推動(dòng)在世界上建立公平合理、平等互利的國(guó)際政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序。

China will unswervingly observe the independent and peaceful foreign policy.It will continue to reinforce its solidarity and cooperation with the developing countries in the world and, together with them, to safeguard the just and reasonable rights of the developing countries.At the same time, we will be further committed to stabilizing our peripheral areas and to consolidating the harmonious friendship with our neighboring countries.We will also make continued efforts to enrich the implications of the framework of the future relations that have been established or that are being established with all the major countries of the world.We will take more positive steps to participate in international affairs and in various kinds of multilateral diplomatic activities.China will remain firm in its opposition to hegemonism, power politics and will endeavor to promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order that is fair, reasonable, equal and reciprocally beneficial.15.中國(guó)是一個(gè)人口眾多、資源相對(duì)不足的發(fā)展中國(guó)家。中國(guó)將繼續(xù)深化改革，擴(kuò)大開(kāi)放，堅(jiān) 定不移地發(fā)展社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，合理利用和保護(hù)資源。中國(guó)愿一如既往 地積極參與國(guó)際資源環(huán)境合作，與世界各國(guó)一道，為實(shí)現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展而攜手奮進(jìn)。

China is a developing country with a large population and a relative shortage of resources.China will continue to deepen the reform, widen the opening-up, develop the socialist market economy unswervingly, take the road of sustainable development, and rationally use and protect its resources.China will, as usual, take an active part in international cooperation for the development of resources and environment protection, and join hands with all other countries in the world in advancing boldly to achieve the sustainable development of human society

16.2008年9月以來(lái)，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)遭受了上世紀(jì)大蕭條以來(lái)最為嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。各國(guó)紛紛采取措施，應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)的嚴(yán)重沖擊。中國(guó)政府及時(shí)果斷調(diào)整宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，實(shí)施積極的財(cái)政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策，迅速出臺(tái)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展的一攬子計(jì)劃，對(duì)緩解經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中的突出矛盾、增強(qiáng)信心、穩(wěn)定預(yù)期，發(fā)揮了重要作用。這個(gè)一攬子計(jì)劃最直接、最重要的目標(biāo)，是扭轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增速下滑趨勢(shì)、保持經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快增長(zhǎng)，并力求解決制約中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題，加快轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式，全面提升各種生產(chǎn)要素的質(zhì)量和水平，為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展打下更加牢固的基礎(chǔ)。

Since last September, the world economy has run into the most serious challenges ever since the Great Depression of the last century.Countries around the world have taken steps to cope with the severe impact of the global financial crisis.In the face of the crisis, the Chinese Government made swift and decisive adjustments to its macroeconomic policies.We adopted a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, and put in place a package plan to ensure steady and relatively fast economic growth.These measures have proved essential for easing major problems in the economy, shoring up confidence and stabilizing expectations.The most immediate and important goal of our package plan is to reverse the economic downturn and maintain steady and relatively fast growth.It is also designed to address structural problems constraining China's economic development, speed up the transformation of growth pattern and raise the quality and performance of factors of production in order to lay a more solid foundation for China's economic growth in the long run.17.進(jìn)入 21 世紀(jì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，已經(jīng)把世界連成一體，文化的發(fā)展將不再是各 自封閉的，而是在相互影響中多元共存。一個(gè)國(guó)家、一個(gè)民族對(duì)人類文化貢獻(xiàn)的大小，越來(lái)越 取決于她吸收外來(lái)文化的能力和自我更新的能力。中國(guó)將永遠(yuǎn)堅(jiān)持開(kāi)放兼容的方針，既珍視傳 統(tǒng)，又博采眾長(zhǎng)，用文明的方式、和諧的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮和社會(huì)進(jìn)步。

In the 21st century, economic globalization and the information network have linked us all together.Different cultures live together and influence each other.No culture can flourish in isolation.How much a country or a nation contributes to the culture of humanity is increasingly determined by her ability to absorb foreign cultures and renew herself.That is why China will remain open and receptive, value her own traditions while drawing on others' successful experience, and achieve economic prosperity and

social progress in a civilized and harmonious way.18.00.6.24

The response of adults to the behavior of adolescents is often more strongly influenced by the adults’ own needs than by the way the adolescents are acting.The adult world clings stubbornly to social order, resistive to the young people whose questioning , risk-taking and spontaneity threaten existing arrangements.Adult fears that adolescents will escape their control, with the anxiety about unplanned change and disorderliness, lead to determined efforts to restrain young people through familial and societal regulation.The youth who searches for and attains what his parents had yearned for and then denied themselves, attacks the most vulnerable facet of adult personality----the fragile self-esteem.It is no wonder, then, that rather than an attempt at loving understanding, the parent responds with bitterness and opposition.成年人對(duì)青少年行為所做出的反應(yīng)并不完全取決于他們的行為本身;成年人的反應(yīng)往往是從自身需要出發(fā)。成年人恪守社會(huì)規(guī)范;反對(duì)青年人懷疑現(xiàn)狀、鋌而走險(xiǎn)、崇尚自由以至威脅到現(xiàn)有的格局。成年人害怕青少年擺脫他們的束縛,擔(dān)心失去控制會(huì)變得一發(fā)不可收拾,因此他們通過(guò)家庭和社會(huì)兩方面的章法去約束青年人。當(dāng)青年人追求并且得到了父母曾經(jīng)渴望過(guò)、繼而又放棄了的東西,他們便觸及了成年人格中最薄弱之處他們的———易受傷害的自尊。難怪父母親非但不會(huì)做到努力用愛(ài)心去理解青少年,反而會(huì)對(duì)他們的行為橫加阻攔。19.04.06.20

As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry and elaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification.When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled about numerous strokes.In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children to native speakers as early as possible.However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition won’t be gained until studies of the brain have developed to the point where the function of each part of the brain is brought to light.The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question.語(yǔ)言學(xué)是認(rèn)知科學(xué)的一個(gè)分支，在語(yǔ)言習(xí)得和分類方面已得到系統(tǒng)的研究和闡述。談到語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)，西方人公認(rèn)漢字的拼寫特別困難，他們對(duì)眾多的筆畫一籌莫展。在中國(guó)仍有一種錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)，認(rèn)為只要幼兒盡早接觸本族語(yǔ)者，就能取得最佳效果。但是，只有到了大腦的研究十分發(fā)達(dá)，已揭示了大腦每一區(qū)域功能之時(shí)，人們才能對(duì)語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的過(guò)程有更深刻的了解。中國(guó)的家長(zhǎng)們是否應(yīng)急于讓孩子精通英語(yǔ)還值得商榷。

第五篇：武漢理工大學(xué)研究生英語(yǔ)下課后翻譯總結(jié)

Unit11 1.幸福不在于擁有金錢，而在于獲得成就時(shí)的喜悅以及產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造力的激情。

Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money, but in the joy of achievements and the thrill of creative efforts.2.從1994年開(kāi)始，大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)已經(jīng)從1000漲到了3500，以至于許多學(xué)生，尤其是那些來(lái)自貧困區(qū)的學(xué)生選擇從事兼職工作來(lái)籌集他們昂貴的支出。

Starting from September1994, the college tuition and fees has soared from1000 to 3500 so that many students, especially those from poverty-stricken areas, choose to do part-time jobs to cope with their expensive expenditure.3.總統(tǒng)所做的決定，經(jīng)常是他的判斷，他對(duì)僚屬的信任以及對(duì)他們的情緒的關(guān)懷的混合體。

A presidential decision is always an amalgam of judgement, confidence in his associates, and concern about their morale.4.風(fēng)格優(yōu)雅華麗，曲調(diào)流暢委婉，反映出江南人勤勞樸實(shí)、細(xì)致含蓄的性格特色。

The style is refined, smooth and indirect, expressing the hard-working meticulous and Spartan character of the people who live south of the Yangtze.5.保險(xiǎn)業(yè)最近受到幾項(xiàng)不利的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素所困而前景黯淡。

The insurance industry is cursed with a set of dismal economic characteristics that make for a poor long-term outlook.6.良藥苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。

Although good medicine cures sickness, it is often unpalatable;likewise, sincere advice given for one’s well-being, is often resented.7.由于不斷加重的失業(yè)焦慮、有史以來(lái)最多地取消房屋抵押贖回權(quán)、不斷攀升的能源價(jià)格，美國(guó)人對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的信心跌到了新低。

Americans’ confidence in the economy fell to a new low, dragged down by worries about mounting job losses, record-high home foreclosures and zooming energy prices.8.有趣的是，我發(fā)現(xiàn)媒體的規(guī)模與聲譽(yù)和報(bào)導(dǎo)的真實(shí)性一點(diǎn)相關(guān)都沒(méi)有。

Interestingly, there has been no correlation between the size and prestige of the publication and the accuracy of the report.Unit12 1.女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的道路，它宣稱女人和男人擁有平等權(quán)利。在某種意義上現(xiàn)在女人比男人擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)。

Feminist movement has come a long way, which claims that women should have equal rights with men.To some extent, women have more priority to men now.2.由于勞資糾紛，東方航空公司的駕駛員們駕駛多個(gè)航班在飛離機(jī)場(chǎng)后，卻又中途紛紛選擇返航，日前他們正和航空公司協(xié)商待遇問(wèn)題。Pilots of China Eastern turned back midway on flights to airports they had set off because of a labor dispute, and now they are negotiating with the carrier over treatment and pay.3.中國(guó)政府認(rèn)為因特網(wǎng)是技術(shù)進(jìn)步的重要標(biāo)志，但同時(shí)也想阻止人們接觸不良信息，因此把不良信息重新放在網(wǎng)站不顯眼的地方是政府對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)采取的模棱兩可的態(tài)度的表現(xiàn)。

Chinese Government sees the internet as vital for China’s technological progress but, at the same time, they want to stop people from accessing unhealthy content, so relocating content to less prominent parts of website is an indication of its ambivalent attitude towards the net.4.食物纖維被吹捧成最新的萬(wàn)靈仙丹，既可減輕體重，又有益健康。

Dietary fibre is tout as the latest cure----all which cuts down weight and promotes good health.5.在太空，女人比男人有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)樗齻冃枰氖澄镅鯕廨^少，承受輻射的能力較強(qiáng)。

Women have significant advantages over men in space because they need less food and less oxygen and they stand up to radiation better.6.中國(guó)政府目前關(guān)注農(nóng)民工的最主要的需求，即著力解決他們的就業(yè)、住房、社會(huì)保障、健康和教育問(wèn)題。

At present, our nation tended first to rural migrants’ paramount needs, which are employment, residence, social security health and education problems.7.對(duì)于讓工人參與管理的提議，公司只是口頭上說(shuō)說(shuō)而已，并沒(méi)有將之付諸實(shí)際，這使得工人們很反感。

The company pays lip service to the idea of workers’ participation, but does nothing to put it into practice, which makes the employees repellent.Unit13 1.我妹妹答完試卷后作了很多修改，但她弄巧成拙，反而又增加了幾個(gè)新錯(cuò)誤。

My sister made a few changes after working out the exam paper.But she should have left well enough alone, for she made several new mistakes.2.我們明天十點(diǎn)碰頭，大家集思廣益，爭(zhēng)取想出解決問(wèn)題的最好方案。

Let’s brainstorm at 10 tomorrow and try to come up with the best solutions to the problem.3.她突然來(lái)我家造訪，這讓我大吃一驚。

Her sudden visit to my home greatly devastated me.4.這樣的言行舉止將大大有損于他的公眾形象。

Such speech and action made a huge dent on his public image.5.從大體上來(lái)說(shuō)，就業(yè)條件和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有著緊密的相互關(guān)聯(lián)。

By and large close correlation exists between employment condition and economic development.6.證據(jù)顯示，創(chuàng)辦公司前不要過(guò)度地考慮“偉大的計(jì)劃”或許更好。

Evidence suggests that it might be better not to obsess on finding a great idea before launching a company.7.他們嘗試著一切人們能想到的買賣，只要能付清電費(fèi)和汽油費(fèi)。

They tried whatever people thought they could do, only if that might pay off their electricity and gasoline.8.他們大家獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策也沒(méi)能想出他的最初產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該是什么。

They brainstormed but failed to figure out what their initial product should be.Unit14 1.心臟病與緊張、煙以及缺乏鍛煉有密切的關(guān)系。

The heart disease closely associate with tense, smoking and inadequet physical exercises.2.大多數(shù)綠色食品有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，即它們的價(jià)格高于以常規(guī)方式種植的食物。

One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods.3.這些理由是根本不能成立的，也絕對(duì)不能得出臺(tái)灣可以以“中華民國(guó)”的名義自立為一個(gè)國(guó)家和海峽兩岸已經(jīng)分裂為兩個(gè)國(guó)家的結(jié)論。

These arguments are absolutely untenable, and can never lead to the conclusion that Taiwan may declare itself a state under the name of the “Republic of China”, or that the two sides of the Straits have been divided into two states.4.其它的方法論原則都是以實(shí)事求是為基礎(chǔ)、為評(píng)價(jià)歷史的根本目的服務(wù)的。

Based on the principle of seeking truth from facts, the other principles serve the fundamental purpose of reviewing history.5.計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為一個(gè)分布式系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)則指定執(zhí)行某一具體業(yè)務(wù)。

The computer network becomes a distributed system, and each node is designated to perform a specific function.6.雙方都聲稱，他們是維護(hù)中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值準(zhǔn)則而戰(zhàn)。

Both sides claim they are fighting for the preservation of traditional Chinese values.7.對(duì)于大學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，要客觀的評(píng)價(jià)自己，清晰地認(rèn)識(shí)到自身的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，以對(duì)自己的未來(lái)作出正確的決定。

For college students they should evaluate themselves objectively to gain insight into their own strengths and weaknesses so as to make the right decision about future.8.那個(gè)可怕的日子將永遠(yuǎn)藏在他的記憶中。

That terrible day will be for ever embedded in his memory.Unit15 1.任何了解中國(guó)歷史的人都知道，世界上最早的紙是中國(guó)漢朝人蔡倫發(fā)明的。

Anyone who has the knowledge of Chinese history knows that paper was firstly invented by Cai Lun in Han Dynasty.2.歐洲成功發(fā)明的歷史源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，但是對(duì)這些發(fā)明進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新的歷史相當(dāng)匱乏。

Europe has a long history o f successful invention, but a weak history of turning those inventions into innovations.3.歐洲具備成為高科技創(chuàng)新載體的條件似乎應(yīng)有盡有：教育程序較高的勞動(dòng)力，著名的大學(xué)，堅(jiān)實(shí)的法律體系，發(fā)達(dá)的金融市場(chǎng)。但是情況并非如此。

Europe seems to have everything it takes to be a hotbed of high-tech innovation: a highly educated workforce, great universities, a solid legal system, and advanced financial markets.Yet it is anything but.4.任何文化者有不便公開(kāi)承認(rèn)的禁忌——在客套的交往中禁止你說(shuō)或做的某些事，這些清規(guī)戒律容不得任何置疑。

Every culture has its unacknowledged taboos—the things you are forbidden to say or do in polite company, the accepted truths you are not allowed to doubt.5.現(xiàn)在女能夠更自由地選擇她們想要的生活，然而對(duì)于如何來(lái)安排她們的生活，卻沒(méi)有多少選擇的余地。

Women now have more choices over what kind of lives they want to lead, but they do not have more choices over how they want to sequence their lives.