第一篇：美國文學(xué)史名詞解釋_綜合版

美國文學(xué)選讀復(fù)習(xí)資料

the settlement of North American continent by English started in the early 17th century.Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World—a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England.Puritanism, however was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincidentwith the founding of New Zealand;it was also a way of being in the world—a style of response to lived experience—that has reverberated through American life ever since.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.American Romanticism

The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.? Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

? For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than

reason and common sense.? They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group,against authority.? The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and

express his own inner thoughts.New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper The Spy(1821)The Leatherstocking Tales(1823—1841)

The Pilot(1824)The Red Rover(1827)

Washington Irving（“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon” “Bracebridge Hall”“Tales of a Traveller”“The History of the Life and Voyages of ChristopherColumbus ”）

American Transcendentalism

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Transcendentalism

① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them, the individual is the most important element of Society.③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was not purely matter.It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.Writers

Emerson’s：Nature；Self-Reliance；The American Scholar；The Over-soul；

H.D.Thoreau：Walden

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Walt Whitman：Leaves of Grass Emily Dickinson：I Died for Beauty；Because I could

not stop for Death

William Faulkner(1897-19621949 Nobel price

As I Lay Dying(1930)

Light in the August(1932)

Absalom, Absalom(1936)

Go Down Moses(1942)

Ernest Hemingway

Iceberg Principle(Theory)

“grace under pressure”

Major Works:

The Sun Also Rises 1926(Jake Barnes)

A Farewell to Arms 1928(a tragic story about war and love)(Frederic Henry and

Catherine Barkley)

For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940(Spanish civil war)(Robert Jordan)

The Old Man and the Sea 1952(Santiago)

Herman Melville

代表作：白鯨Moby DickOther Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter

Mosses from an Old Manse;Twice-Told Tales;The Marble Faun;The House of the

Seven Gables

Realism

As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism

with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and

sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism.This literary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the

American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.local colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late

19th(1860s—1870s).The feature of local colorism are:(1)presenting a locale

distinguished from the outside world;(2)describing the exotic of the picturesque;

(3)glorifying the past;(4)showing things as they are;(5)influence of setting on

characters.The well known local colorism authors were Mark Twain with his book

Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Bret Harte’s with his The

Luck of the Roaring Camp.American naturalists accepted the more negative

interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior

of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex

combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic

forces.2)naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing

becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.It is

no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human

existence.3>Dreiser with his Sister Carrie is a leading figure of his school.1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct

treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record

exactly the momentary impressions”

Three main principles of the Imagist Movement(1912):

[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects

[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does

not contribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the

sequence of a metronome.4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known

poem.The Modern Period

Part I The 1920s-1930s(the second renaissance of American literature)

l The Roaring Twenties(economically)

l The Jazz Age(socially)

l“l(fā)ost” and “waste land”(spiritually)

There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural

sciences.Darwinism(Darwin), Socialism(Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis(Sigmund Freud)

The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the

post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of

betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of

youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had

love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three

best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and

John dos Passos.The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers

and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s.the member of the beat generation

were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy,creativity.The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non conformity and for its non conforming style.The major writing are jack Kerouac’s on the road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl.American Dream

The is the idea held by many in the United States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity.These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America.IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the “mental pictures” that readers experience with a passage of literature.It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor.Puritanism

American Puritanism was practice and belief of Puritans.Puritans were the people who wanted to purify the Church of England and then were persecuted in England.They came to America for various reasons.But because they were a group of serious and religious people, they carried a code of value and a philosophy of life.To them, religion was the most important thing.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement for God’s grace.They also believed in hard working, piety and sobriety.In a word, American Puritanism exerted great influences upon American thought and literature.

第二篇：美國文學(xué)史名詞解釋

It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God?s grace.They went to America to prove that they were God?s chosen people who would enjoy God?s blessings on earth and in Heaven.Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Its Influence on literary were as follows:（影響）(1)American Literature is based on a myth------the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(2)The American Puritan?s metaphorical made of perception----symbolism.The representatives were Edwards(The Freedom of the Will), Franklin(On the Art of Self-improvement), Crevecoeur(Letters from an American Farmer).代表作家及代表作：Captain John SmithTrue Relation of Virginia(1608)

Anne Bradstreet“To My Dear and Loving Husband”

Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism

1.Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2.Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.不要這么多，我就刪掉了3、4、5條。。

Romantic Attitude

1.Appeals to imagination;use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”

2.Stress on emotion rather than reason;optimism, geniality.3.Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:

a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel ,gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:

? New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

? Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”

? 浪漫主義的影響： The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation?s revolutionary heritage and its

frontier egalitarianism.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson who published ?Nature? in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America and presented?The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere.? and romantic idealism on Puritan soil as well as Thoreau.Emerson?s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age.What is Transcendentalism?

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts(main ideas)

1, ?transcend ere?: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits

2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second

4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.5, It emphasized the significance of the individual

6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ?oversoul?.Major writers and Literary Works

Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803----1882)Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau(1817----1862)Walden

超驗(yàn)主義的影響：it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.The natural implication that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the1

tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.——latter half of the nineteenth century

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Major Features:

1）Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner.2）Open ending(means real life is complex and cannot be fully understood)

3）Focuses on the lives of the common people

4）Emphasize objectivity

Representatives:

Howells, Henry James

代表作：William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham

Henry James“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”

現(xiàn)實(shí)主義影響：Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism。

thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:

Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870.The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War paved the way for local color fiction.Basic Features

Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished form the outside world.Local color fiction describes the exotic and the picturesque.It describes things that are not common in other regions.Local color fiction also attempts to show things as they as they are.Local color fiction glorifies the past.(nostalgic about the past)

Local color fiction stresses the influence of setting on character.Masters：

Mark Twain（筆名）

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

6.American naturalism

American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features:

Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment

The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:

The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane,Crane?s is the first American naturalism work.Norris?s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism.Dreiser?s is the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers? detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:

Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.A poetic movement of England and the U.S.that flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”

Major features:

---it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.---with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian

---In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction

---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:

Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle

The form of free verse(Ezra Loomis Pound)

影響：.its influence

1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clustersFree verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence(韻律)of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images, and syntactical(依照句法的)patterns rather than the conventional use of meter（音步）.Rhyme may or may not be present in it, but when it is , it is used with great freedom.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman?s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.thIt has since been used Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot and other major American poets of the 20 century.Walt Whiteman?s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most notable example.9.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s.The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises.It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.10.The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place.These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.Ernest Hemingway?s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action

The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II.Particularly in North America.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Perhapsthe most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald?s The Great Gatsby.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.

第三篇：美國文學(xué)史及選讀名詞解釋

1.American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.American naturalism had been shaped by the war;by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美國自然主義：美國自然主義是一種新的、更具批判性的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義。美國自然主義是在戰(zhàn)爭和影響人們早期信念的社會**的影響之下形成的。美國的自然主義者往往否定了廣為接受的道德真理的正確性，他們想達(dá)到極端的客觀與直率，他們所展現(xiàn)的人物往往都是下層社會的人，他們的命運(yùn)受到環(huán)境和遺傳的制約。在反應(yīng)生活方面，自然主義作家往往表現(xiàn)出早期浪漫主義中感傷主義特征，但和浪漫主義不同的是，自然主義者認(rèn)為，世界缺乏道德，人不論男女都沒有自由的意愿，他們的生活都受到遺傳和環(huán)境的控制，人在生前過著悲慘的生活，死后便被人所遺忘。雖然自然主義文學(xué)通過更為苛刻的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義手法來展現(xiàn)這個世界，但是他有時也是為了通過社會改革來改善這個世界。

2.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.美國清教主義：清教主義是新教徒的原來的一個分支——清教徒的行為和信仰。在美國的第一批居民中有很多就是清教徒，他們有著嚴(yán)格的宗教信仰和道德準(zhǔn)則。就像這個詞所暗指的那樣，清教徒們想“清化”他們的宗教信仰和行為習(xí)慣。他們相信宿命論、原罪說、全體墮落和有限的贖罪。作為一種文化遺產(chǎn)，美國清教主義在早期美國人的思想上有著深刻的影響，他對美國文學(xué)的影響也是頗為持久的。

3.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an

objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義：在美國文學(xué)史上，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)宣告了浪漫主義的終結(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的開始。現(xiàn)實(shí)主義反對浪漫主義和感傷主義的謊言，它從一個陌生的世界轉(zhuǎn)向了普通人的真實(shí)生活的描寫。它所關(guān)心的是普通的下層勞動人民而非理想中的人類本性和現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)歷。American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century.A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence.Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.美國浪漫主義：浪漫主義階段涵蓋了19世紀(jì)前半頁。美國的不斷壯大和發(fā)展以及隨之而來的明珠和平等的思想、工業(yè)化的發(fā)展、西北邊疆的不斷擴(kuò)展和國外的各種影響使浪漫主義作家文學(xué)不但成為一種可能，而且使它成為美國政治獨(dú)立后的一種必然。然而，浪漫主義文學(xué)往往有很多共性：他們熱心于道德、相信個人主義價值觀和對世界的直觀感受，并且他們認(rèn)為自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而人類社會則是墮落的根源。在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以前，浪漫主義價值觀占據(jù)是政治、藝術(shù)、和哲學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，浪漫主義者對個人的贊揚(yáng)正好迎合了美國的革命遺風(fēng)和邊疆開拓者的品均主義。

5.American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history.Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe.They stressed the importance of the individual.To them, the individual was the most important element of society.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美國超驗(yàn)主義：美國超驗(yàn)主義出現(xiàn)的19世紀(jì)20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要遠(yuǎn)得多。超驗(yàn)主義和福音派新教分別是美國清教主義的兩個分支，他們的祖先是17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)的加爾文神教。超驗(yàn)主義者主張文化的復(fù)興，認(rèn)為“超靈”是宇宙中最重要的事物。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)個人的重要性，反對精神上的物質(zhì)主義。對他們來說，個人是一個社會最重要的元素。他們認(rèn)為自然就是“精神”或“上帝”的象征，它是有生命的，而上帝又無處不在。他們認(rèn)為生與死最基本的真理可以超越感官的世界而獲得。艾默生的《自然》被稱為是“美國超驗(yàn)主義的宣言”，他的《美國學(xué)者》則被認(rèn)為是美國的“文化獨(dú)立宣言書”。

6.Local Colorism: The definition of local colorism is made clear by Hamlin Garland in his Crumble Idols, he claims that it has “such quality and texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or anyone else than a native.” Here “text” refers to the elements which characterizes a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and mores peculiar to one particular place.And his “background” covers physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition human thought and behavior.The ultimate aim of the local colorism is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that differs from the world outside.7.Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.意象主義：意象主義是在1909到1917年之間在英國和美國的一次詩歌運(yùn)動。意象主義主張在詩歌通過“直接描寫事物”和簡介的用詞來產(chǎn)生意象，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物為龐德和艾米?羅威爾

8.The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s.At the time, it was known as the “New Negro Movement”, of which Harlem was the largest center.Writers and artists emphasized black liberation, retaining black cultural pride, and not giving in to white standards.They began to produce a wide variety of fine and highly original works dealing with African-American life.These works attracted many black readers.New to the wider culture, they also attracted commercial publishers and a large white readership.Writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance include Langston Hughes Who wrote The Weary Blues.HR was more than just a literary movement in AM history.9.Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.自由詩：按照語言的抑揚(yáng)頓挫和意象模式，而不是按照固定韻律寫出的詩。它的韻律建立在音素、語詞、短語、句子和段落等形式的基礎(chǔ)上，而不是建立在音步傳統(tǒng)格律單位上。因此，自由詩消除了很多不自然的成分和詩體表現(xiàn)的某些審美差距。20世紀(jì)初，在英國詩法中自由詩已經(jīng)流行。

10.Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.素體詩：用五音步抑揚(yáng)格寫的無韻詩。

第四篇：美國文學(xué)史及選讀的名詞解釋(全)

1.American Puritanism

it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（預(yù)言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousness（虔誠,盡職），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.2.Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18thcentury in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing.When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19thcentury who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers.They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death.The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint.They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography.3.2.Transcendentalism(先驗(yàn)說,超越論): is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism(理性主義and喀爾文主義).Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.4.Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(詳細(xì)的)authenticity(確實(shí)性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽)the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features.It is characteristic of vernacular(本國語)language and satirical(諷刺的)humor

5.Stream of consciousness（意識流）： It is one of the modern literary techniques.It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing

incessantly。

6.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience

7.Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.American naturalism had been shaped by the war;by the social upheavals（劇變）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.8.Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.9.Modernism： It was a complex and diverse（復(fù)雜多樣的）international movement in all the creative arts（創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)），originating about the end of the 19th century.It provided（出現(xiàn)）the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century.It was made up of many facets（方面），such as symbolism，surrealism（超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義），cubism（立體主義），expressionism，futurism（未來主義），ect

10.The Lost generation： it refers to a group of young intellectuals（知識分子）who came back from war，were injured（受傷害）both physically（身體上）and mentally（精神上）.They lived by indulging（放任）themselves in the

Bohemian（波西米亞）way of life.Their American dream was disillusioned（破滅了）.The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.11.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough.It usually implies a successful and satisfying（知識界精華）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S.12.The Harlem Renaissance：refers to the flowering of African American literature, art, and drama during the 1920s and 1930s.Though centered in Harlem, New York, the movement impacted urban centers throughout the United States.Black novelists, poets, painters, and playwrights began creating works rooted in their own culture instead of imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans.

第五篇：文學(xué)史名詞解釋

1.風(fēng)“：學(xué)習(xí)文學(xué)史。原指音樂。《詩經(jīng)》中有十五國風(fēng)，即是指各地不同的音樂；”雅“：指雅正之聲，指周王朝京畿地域的音樂；”頌“：是一種宗廟祭奠用的舞曲。

2.《詩經(jīng)》：中國第一部詩歌總集，收錄西周初年到春秋中葉約五百余年間的詩歌305篇。包括《國風(fēng)》、《小雅》《大雅》、《頌》。自考。《小雅》中另有6篇”笙詩“，僅有詩題，不在305之?dāng)?shù)。3.采詩說：是關(guān)于《詩經(jīng)》編訂進(jìn)程的一種說法；上古有自上而下的詩歌采集制度，采詩官到官方采詩讓國君了解民情。4.獻(xiàn)詩說：《國語﹒周語上》；是關(guān)于《詩經(jīng)》編訂進(jìn)程的一種說法；爆發(fā)于先秦時期。

5.刪詩說：是關(guān)于《詩經(jīng)》編訂進(jìn)程的一種說法；學(xué)者以為《詩經(jīng)》中作品的編集成書經(jīng)過了孔子的刪定。刪詩說最先由司馬遷提出。6.”棄婦詩“：是抒寫因婚姻粉碎或丈夫變心而被屏棄的婦女感受的詩歌；其中以《谷風(fēng)》、《氓》二首為代表。7.三體三用說：唐人孔穎依體用關(guān)聯(lián)，相比看自考。把賦比興從“六詩”或“六義”中分辨進(jìn)去，認(rèn)定為《詩經(jīng)》藝術(shù)顯露方式。

8.《春秋》：是魯國的編年史，經(jīng)過了孔子的訂正；它以一致今音信標(biāo)題的形式，簡括記實(shí)了魯國及周王朝、諸侯國的歷史事故。以謹(jǐn)慎的書法和微言大義，表達(dá)保護(hù)同一等思想。9.《尚書》：是我國現(xiàn)代第一部歷史散文集；它是以記言為主的古史。有古今之別。10.《今文尚書》：是秦始皇焚書后，由西漢初年經(jīng)師伏生清算進(jìn)去的，共28篇；因它是用漢代通用的隸書寫定，故稱今文《尚書》

11.《古文尚書》：漢武帝時出現(xiàn)；用戰(zhàn)國時期的文字寫定；比《今文尚書》多出十六篇。12.《逸周書》：本名《周書》，《漢書?藝文志》著錄有七十一篇，今存六十篇，看看自考成績查詢時間。另外十一篇僅存篇目，被視為《尚書》的余篇；文字和春秋戰(zhàn)國之文接近，非一時一人之作。

13.銅器銘文：是刻于青銅器上的文字。普通都較冗長，僅幾十字，個體較長如《散氏盤銘》、《毛公鼎銘》。銘文文體與《尚書》相像多為散文。14.《左傳》：全稱《春秋左氏傳》，是我國第一部敘事殷?仔細(xì)的編年史，作者恐怕是戰(zhàn)國初年熟知?dú)v史掌故的人，所記起于魯隱公元年止于魯哀公二十七年；它記載了春秋列國各方面的重小事故，真實(shí)反映了這一事故的社會情景；是先秦時期最具文學(xué)顏色的歷史散文。

15.《戰(zhàn)國策》：你看自考自考中國古代文學(xué)史一（新版教材）名詞解釋合集。經(jīng)西漢劉向清算編訂成書，形式上主要記戰(zhàn)國時謀臣策士的事跡、群情；該書有不少“增飾非實(shí)”之辭。16.《越絕書》：記載春秋末年吳越爭霸的史實(shí)；它不拘于歷史原形，在故事和人物描寫方面有不少浮夸虛擬的場合；作者普通以為是袁康、吳平。17.《國語》：我國第一部國別史；記載周、魯?shù)戎T侯國史實(shí)；以記言為主。學(xué)會福建自考報名。

18.九歌：是一組祭神的歌曲，包括《湘君》等共十一篇作品；是屈原被流放江南時，在官方祭神歌曲的基礎(chǔ)上加工創(chuàng)作的一組詩；其形式，在祭神的同時，也依靠著屈原的身世之感和規(guī)諷之意

19.楚辭：是戰(zhàn)國前期爆發(fā)于楚國的一種新體詩，具有濃密的場合顏色；遐想富奇，安放跨飾，句式長短不拘；代表人物屈原、宋玉。20.重言：重言是援用名人的話以證明已意，基礎(chǔ)都是虛擬的。

21.卮言：指心想筆隨、變幻寫意的發(fā)言，也就是表情達(dá)意不受真憑實(shí)據(jù)的局限。學(xué)會豐胸的最快方法。

22.《呂氏春秋》：由秦相呂不韋組織，由其門客全體編撰的一部書；歷來被視為雜家著作，其中以儒、道、法、陰陽家思想更多一些；以平實(shí)發(fā)言，短小篇幅，厚實(shí)發(fā)言說明長遠(yuǎn)道理。江西省自考。23.《鹽鐵論》：恒寬編擬的政論；全書采用對話體，行文質(zhì)直平實(shí)。

24.《漢書》：是我國第一部斷代史，起自高祖元年止于王莽年間；秉承《史記》編制，但改“書”為“志”，廢止“世家”入“傳”；全書100篇，包括12本紀(jì)、8表、10志、70傳。25.辭賦：是一種特殊的文體。它非詩非文，而又具有詩、文的不少特質(zhì)，是詩、文的分析體；“賦”作為文體的稱號，最早見于荀子的《賦篇》，自學(xué)考試網(wǎng)上課程。但只到了漢代，辭賦才繁華發(fā)財成為一種奇特的文體，造成自身特質(zhì)。

26.抒情小賦：一種句法類于大賦但篇幅較量短小，鋪敘摹繪的成分節(jié)減而抒情成分極大的賦作，如張衡《歸田賦》、趙壹《刺世疾邪賦》。27.散體大賦：以狀物為主，安放夸飾，文辭璀璨，如張衡的《二京賦》；這類作品是普通所說的“大賦”或“漢賦”的典型。28.騷體賦：以抒情為主，體制基礎(chǔ)于先秦的楚辭相同，如賈誼《吊屈原賦》

29.紀(jì)行賦：議決記敘旅途所見而表達(dá)本身的嘆息的賦作；題材源于劉欣的《逐初賦》；是后代游記文學(xué)的先聲。

30.”樂府”：轉(zhuǎn)義指掌管音樂的行政機(jī)關(guān)，魏晉之后，自考本科考研。人們把樂府演唱的詩歌也稱為樂府，于是“樂府”成為詩體稱號。31.《北征賦》：班彪仿照《逐初賦》，記敘路程，感古傷時，安窮樂道。32.《兩都賦》：班固；題材形式上著重寫京都，加倍鋪敘京都觀念；在謀篇布局上增強(qiáng)諷喻引導(dǎo)的篇幅。

33.蘇李詩：指《文選》中收錄的七首相傳為蘇武和李陵的詩；在藝術(shù)上近于《古詩十九首》

34.建安七子：孔融、陳琳、王粲、徐斡、阮禹、應(yīng)踢、劉楨；他們在不同文體方面的優(yōu)長不盡相同，但在詩、文方面有較高功勞，為建安文學(xué)繁榮做出勞績，世稱“建安七子”。35.建安風(fēng)骨：激昂大方任氣，以悲涼為美；抒一己之情懷，有熱烈的客觀顏色；

36.游仙詩：是歌詠仙人周游之情的詩，福州大學(xué)自考辦。體裁多為五言；淵源可以上溯到先秦；形式有兩種，一種純寫求仙長生之意，另一種則是憤世嫉俗之言。37.左思風(fēng)力：指左思詩歌的氣魄特色。指他的詩援用歷史典故以抒時憤，剛健無力，故鐘嶸譽(yù)之謂“左思風(fēng)力”。38.玄言詩：以闡釋老莊和佛理為主要形式的詩歌；大作于東晉，特質(zhì)是以玄理入詩，以詩為老莊哲學(xué)說教，脫離社會生活。

39.太康詩風(fēng)：相比看考中。“采縟于野史，力柔于建安”；“縟旨星稠，繁文綺合”

40.元嘉詩歌：晉末宋初的詩歌創(chuàng)作；元嘉是劉宋文帝的年號，古代文學(xué)。共三十年，但元嘉詩歌不只限于此，它上起晉宋之交的謝靈運(yùn)，下迄大明、秦始之交的鮑照；以謝靈運(yùn)、鮑照功勞最高。

41.永明體：又稱新體詩；是從詩歌聲律中高度提出的一個概念，想知道北京高教自考。指五言詩從聲律較量自在的古體詩走向格律嚴(yán)整的近體詩之間的過渡階段；其實(shí)際增援是永明聲律說。42.永明聲律：即是講求平下去入四聲的對稱與錯綜之美的腔調(diào)搭配大綱。

43.吳歌、西曲：吳歌爆發(fā)于其時首都建業(yè)一帶的江南地域；西曲則采自長江中游及漢水兩岸的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)軍事重鎮(zhèn)一帶。

44.宮體詩：是指以寫閨閣情懷為主要形式的；宮全詩帶有顯明的文娛主意和消遣性子，同時對寫實(shí)技巧刻意追求。

45.山水詩：指以天然山水為主要審美對象的詩歌。曹操的《觀滄海》是第一首較完美的山水詩；東晉玄言詩人借山水悟道，但并非作為審美對象；到了謝靈運(yùn)創(chuàng)作了一批以天然山水為審美對象的詩歌，替考網(wǎng)。使山水詩成為詩歌創(chuàng)作中的緊急周圍。

46.用典：亦稱用事。其歷來作用是增強(qiáng)文章的壓服力，其后又有以少總多的效果，即以一句古事古辭，惹起讀者的厚實(shí)聯(lián)想。47.駢文：想知道名詞解釋。是一種具有平衡對稱之美的文體。駢文的主要特征有四：對偶、用典、聲律、辭藻。48.志怪小說：是魏晉南北朝小說的一類別；起于魏晉，其主要形式是尋談神仙鬼怪。49.《拾忘記》：所記多為神話傳說，屬于雜史體志怪小說；報告人事和社會生活是此書特質(zhì)。.50.《西京雜記》：記敘西漢人物軼事、宮廷制度、習(xí)俗習(xí)慣、怪異傳說。51.初唐四杰：初唐文學(xué)家王勃、楊炯、盧照鄰、駱賓王四人齊名，因此并稱“初唐四杰”

52.吳中四士：指初唐詩人張若虛、賀知章、張旭、包融四人并稱為“吳中四士”；詩多具浪漫顏色，體現(xiàn)了唐詩從盛唐到中唐的過度。53.沈宋：初唐詩人沈詮期、宋之問的并稱；都以律詩名世。自考成績查詢時間。54.上官體：指唐詩人上官儀的詩作。詩多應(yīng)制、奉和之作、婉眉工整，史稱“上官體”。

55.山水田園詩派：盛唐詩派以王維、孟浩然為代表。詩歌以反映田園生活、刻畫山水景物為主要形式。詩歌氣魄清爽天然，教材。意境淡遠(yuǎn)清閑。56.文章四友：初唐詩人杜審言、李嶠、蘇滋味、崔融齊名。五律居多，對律詩繁華發(fā)財有勞績。57.高岑：唐代詩人高適、岑參的并稱。二人都擅長寫邊塞詩，氣魄相似，后被人并稱“高岑”。

58.王孟：唐代詩人王維、孟浩然同為盛唐山水田園詩人；二人都善用五言詩描寫天然景物并對后世爆發(fā)影響，世稱“王孟”。59.沉郁頓挫：杜甫詩歌的主要?dú)馄恰３劣簦钙涓星榈谋艔?qiáng)盛深厚；頓挫，指其感情的表達(dá)波浪升沉、重復(fù)低回。

60.大歷詩風(fēng)：是盛唐詩歌向中唐詩歌過渡的一種詩歌氣魄；多顯露寂寥寂寞的冷落心境，追求清雅高逸的情調(diào)解清靜恬澹的生活情味；漸露中唐臉龐。

61.大歷十佳人：對比一下四川自考網(wǎng)座位查詢。唐大歷時期十個詩人的并稱。有李端、盧綸、吉中孚、韓翊、錢起等；大歷初年他們曾在長安插足緊急唱和活動，又創(chuàng)作傾向和詩風(fēng)相近，被合稱“大歷十佳人”

62.元和體：元、白在元和年間所寫的“次韻相酬”、長篇排律，“小碎篇章”，及兩人艷體詩在內(nèi)，統(tǒng)稱為元合體。打破了詩歌的保守類型形式，呈現(xiàn)出詩歌的寫實(shí)尚俗特征。63.元白：唐代詩人元稹、白居易的并稱。是其時新樂府疏通的首倡者。相比看福建師范大學(xué)學(xué)工處。64.韓孟詩派：中唐詩歌流派，以韓愈、孟郊為代表。尚怪奇，重客觀是其創(chuàng)作傾向。

65.苦呤：孟郊作詩辦法，他以苦呤著稱，注重造語煉字，追求構(gòu)思的奇特超凡。在中唐寒士困窘得志的背景下，孟郊成為其時苦呤詩人的代表。我不知道自考辦。66.長吉體：李賀字長吉，“長吉體”即指李賀詩歌的氣魄特色。他的詩造語奇麗，生新拗折，筆觸形象而明朗，帶有奧秘顏色。67.小李杜：指晚唐的出名詩人李商隱和杜牧。他和李商隱同為晚唐七絕功勞最高的詩人，世稱“小李杜。（冠“小”字，是由于盛唐已有并世而立詩人李白和杜甫）

68.武功體：是指姚合的詩。代表作是五律組詩《武功縣中作》30首。這組詩主要寫山縣之荒漠，官況之蕭條，以及私人生活的窘困等，是晚唐普通士人真實(shí)際遇和特定心態(tài)的反映。69.韓柳：唐代散文家韓愈、柳宗元的并稱；韓柳是唐代古文疏通的代表作家，事實(shí)上江西財經(jīng)大學(xué)自考網(wǎng)。對后代散文的繁華發(fā)財影響很大。

70.中唐古文疏通：由韓愈、柳宗元率領(lǐng)，是一場由拼文到散體的文體文風(fēng)維新；它有很實(shí)際的主意，有鮮明見解有遍及參與者，在中國散文史上影響深遠(yuǎn)。

71.唐傳奇：唐人用白話寫作的短篇小說，因其有障礙奇特的情節(jié)，與普通散文不同，故名。它是在六朝志怪小說的基礎(chǔ)上，融合傳記、辭賦、詩歌、說唱藝術(shù)而造成的新小說文體。72.俗講：又可稱為講經(jīng)文。取材全為佛經(jīng)，福建八閩交警網(wǎng)。思想形式是宣傳佛教教義，以經(jīng)文為綱，將經(jīng)文敷演為散文與詩句。說唱團(tuán)結(jié)。

73.變文：對于福州自考辦。是唐代官方創(chuàng)作的一種新文體。得名與佛家變相相關(guān)；變文之變，是更改了佛經(jīng)的本文而成為俗講的意義，但當(dāng)變文成了專稱后就不限定佛經(jīng)的故事了；變文最先出現(xiàn)于佛寺，后逐步繁華發(fā)財，變文成了一種通俗的官方文藝了。

74.曲子詞：詞是唐五代鼓起的合樂而歌的古詩體。它爆發(fā)于隋唐之際，中唐習(xí)作漸多，晚唐五代繁榮。

75.詞為艷科：是指詞繁華發(fā)財至晚唐，自考在線。詞的官方特質(zhì)消逝了，成為了歌臺舞榭、樽前花下的文娛品；《花間集》奠定了“此為艷科”的基礎(chǔ)。

76.溫、韋：指晚唐詞人溫庭筠和韋莊；溫庭筠是“詞為艷科”的始作俑者，是花間詞派的鼻祖，新版。韋莊詞封閉文人詞自抒情懷的保守，成為南唐詞的先導(dǎo)；溫、韋各有所長，各自啟迪一種詞風(fēng)，在詞體氣魄的定型進(jìn)程中都起到了關(guān)鍵性作用，世稱“溫、韋”。

77.花間集：最早的文人詞總集，趙崇扎編成，共10卷，選錄18位文人詞500首；集結(jié)代表了詞在格律方面的類型化，標(biāo)志詞在文辭、氣魄、意境上詞性特征確切定；奠定了詞為“艷科”的基礎(chǔ)。中國古代。

78花間詞派：花間詞派是晚唐五代奉溫庭筠為鼻祖而舉辦詞的創(chuàng)作的一個文人詞派；得名于后蜀趙崇祚編輯的《花間詞》；婉麗綺靡是花間詞派的主導(dǎo)氣魄，對后世詞的繁華發(fā)財起深遠(yuǎn)影響；花間派并不是嚴(yán)厲意義上的文學(xué)流派。