第一篇:英語寫作的幾種修辭手法(本站推薦)
英語寫作的幾種修辭手法
許多考生反映自己的英語寫作要么十分“中文式”,全無英語的味道,要么就是作文干巴巴的顯得沒有一點文采。其實英文寫作和漢語寫作在修辭方面還是存在許多共同之處的。要使自己的英語作文顯得有文采,考生就要在英語寫作中嘗試采用有效的修辭手法,下面就介紹幾種修辭方法:
一、比喻(the figures of speech)
比喻是語言藝術的升華。
英語中常見的比喻方法有三種:明喻、隱喻和借喻。
1.明喻(the simile)
格式:本體 + 顯著比喻詞(like/as/as if)+ 喻體
常用介詞like、連詞as,as if,asso、動詞seem等以及句型Ato B asCtoD等等表示“好像”意思的比喻說法就叫明喻。例如:
(1)Teacher, you are like the sun, but more magnificent, andmorebrillant.老師,您像太陽,又比太陽更燦爛更輝煌。
(2)Your soul is as pure as snow, your personality is as nobleaspine trees!All praise to you, our belovedteacher.您的心靈像雪一樣純凈,您的人格像青松一般高潔!贊美您,敬愛的老師。
英語中除上述的用介詞、連詞或句型等的明喻表達方式外,還有許多常用的明喻習語。例如:
(1)as clear as crystal 清如水晶
(2)as weak as water 軟弱無力
這類利用類似漢語的押韻和疊聲增加語言的美感。與此同時,又可以使語言短小精悍,表達生動、形象。
2.隱喻(the metaphor)
格式:本體 + is/are + 喻體
例如:
(1)Time is a river, of which memory is the water.Oh myfriend,what I scoop up from the river is all yearning ofyou.時間是河、記憶如水,朋友,我從河里捧起來的都是對你的思念。
(2)Time is money.時間就是金錢。
注意:英語中存在著許多數詞習語和俚語,用作隱喻(也有個別用作明喻)。例如 :
(1)You are one in a million.你真是人見人愛。
(2)He has one over the eight.他酩酊大醉。
(3)This film star is a nine days wonder;I doubt whether anyone will remember in a years’ time.這位電影明星現在紅極一時(也指曇花一現),但我認為一年以后人們不見得還記得她。注意:英語中還有許多隱喻成語。例如:
(1)to teach fish to swim 班門弄斧
(2)to plough the sand 白費力氣
(3)up the tree騎虎難下;lame duck強弩之末;above board光明正大
3.借喻(the metonymy)
格式:直接用比喻事物代替本體事物
例如:
(1)The buses in America are on strikenow.美國的公共汽車司機正在罷工(這里buses喻指司機drivers)。
(2)The pen is mightier thanthesword.文人勝于武士(以pen,sword喻指使用這物的人)。
英語中一些鳥獸魚蟲的名字,除本義外,常可轉借喻人,形象生動,意味雋永。例如:
(1)She is a social butterfly.她是一個交際花(以蟲喻人)。
二、借代(the synecdoche)
借用一個名稱來代替另一事物。替代的方式可以是人、物互代,部分和全體互代,單數代復數,描象代替具體或具體代替抽象等等。例如:
(1)Uncle Sam will not help us.美國人不會幫助我們。(用Uncle Sam代替船美國人本身)
(2)You can depend on him for help whenever you’re in tourble.Hesa true blue.你遇到麻煩時盡管去找他幫忙,他是一個靠得住的忠實朋友。(用trueblue代替真金烈火,忠誠可靠的)使用借代修辭方式要選用最突出最明顯的事物特征來代替事物名稱。借代運用得好,能使語言表達簡潔明快、具體、形象,以避免重復、累贅,并給人以新鮮感。
三、夸張(the exaggeration)
把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或縮小,就叫夸張。
例如:
(1)Thank you a thousand.千恩萬謝。
英語中夸張修辭格,應用極為頻繁。夸張的功能是突出事物的本質特征,因而給人強烈印象或警悟、啟發。
四、擬人(the personifjcation)
就是把無生命的事物人格化。
例如:
(1)Books are a guide in youth and an entertainment for age.Theysupport us under solitude, and keep us from being a burdentoourselves.書籍是青年人的指南、老年人的娛樂。孤寂時,書籍給我們力量,使我們擺脫精神負擔。
(2)Love is the master key that opens the gatesofhappiness.愛是開啟幸福之門的萬能鑰匙。
擬人用法在英語寫作中運用得好,不僅使語言表達得生動、有力,而且給人以親切、實在、耳目一新的感受。
五、排比
把結構相同或相似、語氣一致、意思密切相關聯的句子或句子成分排列起來,使句式得到增強,感情得到加深,這種修辭叫排比。
例如:
(1)You are overwhelming jade, as white as snow, as smoothandmoist as grease, as brilliant as candles, and as firmasrock.你潔白如雪,潤澤如脂,你光輝如燭,堅貞如磐,你是令人傾心的美玉。
(2)You are in my mind and in my heart.You are in the very airIbreathe.You are part ofme.Forever.你占據了我整個思緒和心靈;你在我呼吸的空氣里;你永遠是我的一部分。
此外,在英語的具體寫作過程當中,我們可以運用恰當的抒情手法來進行寫作,達到以情動人的效果。下面就以2005年6月份四級考試作文為例,進行寫作。
提綱要求:
In honor of teachers on the occasion of Teacher’s Day
向老師致以節日祝賀
從一件難忘的事回憶老師的教誨和無私的奉獻
我如何回報老師的關愛
范文:Dear Miss Zhang,I’m not the best student of yours, butyou’rethe most respected teacher of mine.On this special occasionforyou, what I can dedicate is my highest consideration
andearnestblessings.May you be happy;may all of your life be fullofhappiness, joy as well as sweetness.I still remred clearly thattheday I was crying with a heavy heart because I failed to passtheexamination.I didn’t know what to do and where to go, just likeabird lost its way.Teacher, it was you who lighted the beaconofhope in my heart in the dark night.Your warm words,affectionateeyes, which dispelled the cold winter from my heart andkindled theflame of hope as well.And I still remred that theplatform, thedesks, the springs and autumns, all witness the flowerpetals ofyour heart.The buds, the seedlings, the spring flowersand fallfruits, all owe to your sincere devotion.In my view, all Iwant todo is to make the best of every day, and come a littlecloser towhat I dream of.Furthermore, I must not relax my effortsto be thebest I can be and do the best I can do.Bestwishes,Andy.(編輯:趙露)
第二篇:英語修辭手法
英語中常見的修辭手法明喻(Simile)
明喻是一種最簡單、最常見的修辭方法,是以兩種具有共同特征的事物或現象進行對比,表明本體和喻體的關系,兩者都在對比中出現,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻詞有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得當可以把深奧的道理說得通俗、淺顯、明白,使人可見可感可悟,把簡單的事物表達的更為形象更為生動。例如:
Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我們費力爬上三英尺,又掉下去兩英尺。)(大學英語第一冊第三單元課文B)
I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉爾在此使用了一個恰當的比喻,把德國士兵比作蝗蟲,因為二者有著共同之處-傳播毀滅。)暗喻(the metaphor)
暗喻也是一種比喻,但不用比喻詞,因此被稱作縮減了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根據兩個事物間的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本體和喻體之間不用比喻詞,只是在暗中打比方,從而更生動、更深刻地說明事理,增強語言的表現力。例如: I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.(我將全力幫助他穿越人生的驚濤駭浪。)(第二冊第三單元課文A)
Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧,孕育英語的文化土壤也同樣為當今世界培育了自由和人權準則。)(大學英語第二冊第七單元課文A)
Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart.A romance was budding.(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的種子,浪漫之花含苞待放。)(大學英語第一冊地五單元課文A)轉喻(the metonymy)
轉喻是通過相近的聯想,借喻體代替本體。轉喻是比隱喻更進一步的比喻,它根本不說出本體事物,直接用比喻事物代替本體事物。例如:
The buses in America are on strike now.美國的公共汽車司機正在罷工(這里buses 喻指司機drivers)。
“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish.But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧,”醫生說,“我會盡力做到科學能做到的,但每當我的病人開始數自己葬禮上的馬車時,藥物的療效就會減掉一半。”()大學英語第三冊第六單元課文A)4 夸張(the exaggeration)
把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或縮小,就叫夸張,即采用“言過其實”的說法,使事物的本質特征更好地呈現出來。英語中夸張修辭格,應用極為頻繁。夸張的功能是突出事物的本質特征,因而給人強烈印象或警悟、啟發。例如:
Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多數美國人的心目中,馬克.吐溫是位偉大作家,他描寫哈克.費恩永恒的童年時代中充滿詩情畫意的旅程和湯姆.索亞在漫長的夏日里自由自在歷險探奇的故事。)(eternal和endless都是夸張用語,表示哈克.費恩童年時期田園般的旅游和湯姆.索亞夏日里自由自在歷險探奇的故事都已成為永恒不朽之作。)擬人(the personifjcation)
所謂擬人就是把無生命的事物當作有生命的事物來描寫,賦予無生命之物以感情和動作或是把動物人格化。例如:
The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新學期第一天上學的路上,美麗的花兒在微笑,可愛的小鳥在林中歌唱.)(采用擬人化的修辭手法使句更為生動,表達更富情感.)
The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(蕭瑟的秋風吹落了枝葉,藤上幾乎是光禿禿的。)(這里作者運用了擬人手法,將秋天比做人,秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋風。語言表達生動、有力,讓人有身處其境的感覺)(大學英語第三冊第六課課文A)反語(the irony)
反語就是說反話,用反話來表達思想、觀點、事物等等。有的時候可以達到諷刺的意味。例如:
“What fine weather for an outing!”(計劃了一個美好的出游卻被一場大雨攪和了,于是出現了上面的這句話,通過反語達到諷刺的效果,從而更能夠反映出當時的無奈與沮喪。)7 頭韻(the alliteration)
頭韻即連續數個單詞的頭音或頭字母相同,這種現象在英語中常見。例如:
I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me.(打那時起,他們就一直不斷地對我進行體檢和治療。)(testing 和treating 用在這里是為了取得一種文字的音樂美的效果。)
Michael's dedication, determination and discipline was a coach's dream.(邁克爾的投入、執著、自律正是每個教練夢寐以求的。)(作者在這里運用押頭韻突出了主人公不達目的不罷休的決心。)(大學英語第二冊第五課課文A)矛盾修辭法(Oxymoron)
所謂矛盾修辭法,就是把意思上回響矛盾互相排斥的詞語緊密地聯系在一起,來描述一個事物,或表達一種思想,說明一個道理,或尋求一個哲理。,用這種方法,語言精煉簡潔,富有哲理,并產生強大的邏輯力量,產生一種出人意料,引人入勝的效果。
A miserable, merry Christmas(悲喜交加的圣誕節)。圣誕節那天,故事主人公小男孩經歷了從痛苦的邊緣到幸福的頂峰的過程。因此,父母精心安排的圣誕節既是最糟的,又是最好的。Such is the glorious messiness of English.That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anyway, explains the richness of English and way it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language.(由此一斑可見英語中絢麗多彩的雜亂無章現象。這種樂于包容的精神,這種不管源自何方來者不拒的胸懷,恰好解釋了英語何以會如此豐富,成為一個真正的全球語言。)(大學英語第二冊第七課課文B)雙關語(pun)
雙關語(pun)是英語中一種常見的修辭手法.該修辭格巧妙利用詞的諧音、詞的多義或歧義等,使同一句話可同時表達不同意義,以造成語言生動活潑、幽默詼諧或嘲弄譏諷的修辭效果,使人讀來忍俊不禁。
True Height(真正的高度)(height是一語雙關,既指跳高橫竿的高度,也指人生奮斗達到的目標。)(大學英語第二冊第五課文A)
Hiroshima-the “Liveliest” City in Japan(廣島-日本”最有活力”的城市)(作者將Liveliest 一詞用引號引起來是有意表明,人們竟然把一個遭受過原子彈轟炸的城市說成是“做快活的”,真是莫大的譏諷,同時也是進行今昔對比,可謂是一語雙關。)
修辭所追求的效果是語言表達得完美。修辭格是達到此境界的重要方式之一。要正確、恰當地運用修辭格,涉及的問題很多。其中一個十分重要的問題是切勿忘記,語言的完美必然建
筑在語言的正確、準確使用的基礎上,因此修辭格的運用不僅必須以合乎語法規則為前提,還要以合乎邏輯──正確思維方法為前提。
10.euphemism(委婉語):
用比較溫和的詞代替粗魯的詞或使人不愉快的詞,用通行的詞代替禁忌的詞。
The chairman’s wife is in the family way.He passed away last week.11.metonymy(借代):
不相類似的甲事物同乙事物之間有不可分離的關系,利用這種關系以乙事物的名稱來代替甲事物。
The pen is mightier than the sword.I find I like people better than things.12. 使用句法手段的修辭格:
Parallelism(排比句):
一般由三項或三項以上的詞語或句子構成,其并列的結構常相同或類似,意義相關,語氣連貫。排比次序一般由輕到重,由低潮到高潮。
1.Few people are immune to vanity, jealousy andpretension.2.Large shopping centers provide not only pleasant environment, abundant goods but also excellent services.3.Such belief is unfortunately wrong and possibly dangerous.13.提喻(synecdoche)又稱舉隅法,主要特點是局部代表全體,或以全體喻指部分,或以抽象代具體,或以具體代抽象。例如:
1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.長城不僅是用石頭和土建造的,而且是用幾百萬人的血和肉建成的。
句中的“the flesh and blood”喻為“the great sacrifice”(巨大的犧牲)
2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”
??他說這是世界上最美的語言。
這里用具體的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S.team.很多人將眼光投向美國隊壹個高高的20歲的黑姑娘。
這里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。
14.迭言(rhetorical repetition)這種修辭法是指在特定的語境中,將相同的結構,相同意義詞組成句子重迭使用,以增強語氣和力量。
1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.它必須用我們這些對于未來,對于人類以及人類自己創造的偉大命運具有信心的人的鮮血和汗水去創造。
2、...Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.因為優良的醫療技術和外科手術意味著更快地治療病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和更少殘廢。
15.、擬聲(onomatcpocia)是摹仿自然界中非語言的聲音,其發音和所描寫的事物的聲音很相似,使語言顯得生動,富有表現力。
1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.在學校房屋的屋頂上壹些鴿子正輕輕地咕咕叫著。
2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.她使我接觸到所有夠得著的或者感覺得到的東西,如陽光呀,絲綢擺動時的沙沙聲呀,昆蟲的叫聲呀,開門的吱嘎聲呀,親人的說話聲呀。
16.通感(synesthesia)是指在某個感官所產生的感覺,轉到另壹個感官的心理感受。Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.有些書是應當嘗嘗滋味的,有些書是應當吞下去的,有少數書是應當咀嚼和消化的。書是“嘗”不出味道的,也是不能“吃”下去將其“消化”掉的。這里把讀書中的精讀和泛讀,閱讀欣賞與吸收知識的感受,用味覺功能和消化功能來表示,心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。
17.頭韻法(alliteration)在文句中有兩個以上連結在壹起的詞或詞組,其開頭的音節有同樣的字母或聲音,以增強語言的節奏感。
How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.
第三篇:大學英語專業寫作修辭手法athena
移就.下面介紹一些英語作文中常用的修辭手法。
1.比喻(metaphor)
比喻就是打比方。可分為明喻和暗喻:
明喻(simile):
用like, as, as...as, as if(though)或用其他詞語指出兩個不同事物的相似之處。例如:
O my love's like a red, red rose.我的愛人像一朵紅紅的玫瑰花。
The man can't be trusted.He is as slippery as an eel.那個人不可信賴。他像鰻魚一樣狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起來。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.童年就像一場疾逝的夢。
暗喻(metaphor):
用一個詞來指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點的另外一個事物。例如:
He has a heart of stone.他有一顆鐵石心腸。
The world is a stage.世界是一個大舞臺。
2.換喻(metonymy)
用某一事物的名稱代替另外一個與它關系密切的事物的名稱,只要一提到其中一種事物,就會使人聯想到另一種。比如用the White House 代替美國政府或者總統,用the bottle來代替wine 或者alcohol,用the bar 來代替the legal profession,用 crown代替 king等。例如:
His purse would not allow him that luxury.他的經濟條件不允許他享受那種奢華。
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle.母親盡最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848.他在1848年繼承了王位。
3.提喻(synecdoche)
指用部分代表整體或者用整體代表部分,以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如:
He earns his bread by writing.他靠寫作掙錢謀生。
The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.在收獲季節里農場缺乏勞動力。
Australia beat Canada at cricket.澳大利亞隊在板球比賽中擊敗了加拿大隊。
He is the Newton of this century.他是這個世紀的牛頓。
4.擬人(personification)
把事物或者概念當作人或者具備人的品質的寫法叫擬人。例如:
My heart was singing.我的心在歌唱。
This time fate was smiling to him.這一次命運朝他微笑了。
The flowers nodded to her while she passed.當她經過的時候花兒向她點頭致意。
The wind whistled through the trees.風穿過樹叢,樹葉嘩嘩作響。
5.委婉(euphemism)
用溫和的、間接的詞語代替生硬的、粗俗的詞語,以免直接說出不愉快的事實冒犯別人或者造成令人窘迫、沮喪的局面。例如:
用to fall asleep;to cease thinking;to pass away;to go to heaven;to leave us 代替 to die
用senior citizens代替old people
用 a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil
用weight watcher代替 fat people
用mental hospital 代替 madhouse或者 asylum
用emotionally disturbed代替mad
用washroom, men's / women's room代替 lavatory
用 handicapped代替 crippled
用low income brackets;underprivileged;disadvantaged 代替 poor people
6.雙關(pun)
用同音異義或者一詞二義來達到詼諧幽默的效果:表面上是一個意思,而實際上卻暗含另一個意思,這種暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如:
A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms.(arms可指手臂或者武器)
一發炮彈打斷了他的腿,所以他繳械投降了。
“Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer.“Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman.我可以試穿一下櫥窗里的那件睡袍嗎?或者:我可以在櫥窗里試穿那件睡袍嗎?
Seven days without water make one weak(week).七天沒有水使一個人虛弱。或者:七天沒有水就是一周沒有水。
7.反語(irony)
使用與真正意義相反的詞,正話反說或者反話正說,從對立的角度運用詞義來產生特殊的效果。下面就是莎士比亞的戲劇 Julius Caesar 中的一個運用反語的很好的例子,Brutus出于野心刺殺了 Caesar, Caesar 的好友Antony 譏諷Brutus 說:
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest—
For Brutus is an honorable man;
So are they all, all honorable men—
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honorable man.在 Antony 的話里反復使用 honorable這個詞就是一個反語的例子。
8.矛盾修飾(oxymoron)
把相互矛盾的兩個詞用在一起的修辭方法。它利用詞義表面的相互矛盾使表層的不和諧統一在思想內容的深層,從而揭示事物對立統一的本質特征,達到加深印象的目的。例如:
She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.她帶著含淚的微笑讀那封盼望已久的信。
The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.教練為了對他的受訓者仁慈就要對他們殘酷。
During his useful life he often felt he was useless.在他大有作為的一生中他老是感到自己無用。
其他還有sweet pain;thunderous silence;luxurious poverty;heavy lightness;living death;impossible hope 等等。
9.軛式搭配(zeugma)
把適用于某一事物的詞語順勢用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一個句子里一個詞可以修飾或者控制兩個或更多的詞,它可以使語言活潑,富有幽默感。例如:
She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.她對那無家可歸的男孩打開了房門,也敞開了胸懷。
As I left home after breakfast, I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly.早餐之后我離開家的時候,我的里里外外都在顫抖。
I would my horse had the speed of your tongue.我希望我的馬能有你的舌頭的速度。
10.移位修飾(transferred epithet)
將本應該用來修飾某一類名詞的修飾語用來修飾另一類名詞。例如:
There was a short, thoughtful silence.出現了一陣短暫的、令人沉思的寂靜。
The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。
He closed his busy life at the age of sixty.在六十歲時他結束了他那忙碌的一生。
This is the cheapest market in this country.這是這個國家最便宜的市場了。
11.頭韻(alliteration)
兩個或者更多的詞以相同的音韻或者字母開頭就構成頭韻。例如:
proud as a peacock
blind as a bat
safe and sound
Long and loudly little Lily laughed.小莉莉長時間地、大聲地笑著。
The windows waved violently in the wind.窗戶在風中劇烈地搖動。
The sun sank slowly.太陽慢慢地下沉。
12.漸進(climax)
根據事物的邏輯關系,由小到大,由輕到重,由淺到深,由低到高,由少到多依次漸進地進行描述或論述。這種整齊的結構可以使人們的思想認識一層層深化提高,增強語言的感染力和說服力。例如:
I came;I saw;I conquer.我來了;我看到了;我征服。
Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.讀書使人充實;交談使人機智;寫作使人精確。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.書有可淺嘗者,有可吞咽者,更有少數須消化咀嚼者。
Lincoln recognized worth in the common people;he loved the common people;he fought for the common people;and he died for the common people.林肯認識到平民大眾的價值;他熱愛平民大眾;他為平民大眾而斗爭;他為平民大眾而獻身。
第四篇:英語修辭手法小結
英語修辭手法
英語中的修辭與漢語的修辭相比,分類細,種類多.下面將英語的修辭簡單介紹如下:
1.Simile 明喻
明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對比.這種共性存在于人們的心里,而不是事物的自然屬性.標志詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:
1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隱喻,暗喻
隱喻是簡縮了的明喻,是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物,通過比較形成.例如:
1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,轉喻
借喻不直接說出所要說的事物,而使用另一個與之相關的事物名稱.I.以容器代替內容,例如:
1>.The kettle boils.水開了.2>.The room sat silent.全屋人安靜地坐著.II.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:
Lend me your ears, please.請聽我說.III.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亞全集
VI.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢.4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:
1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整體)
他的廠里約有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)
他是本世紀的牛頓.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整體代部分)
這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,聯覺,移覺
這種修辭法是以視.聽.觸.嗅.味等感覺直接描寫事物.通感就是把不同感官的感覺溝通起來,借聯想引起感覺轉移,“以感覺寫感覺”。
通感技巧的運用,能突破語言的局限,豐富表情達意的審美情趣,起到增強文采的藝術效果。比如:欣賞建筑的重復與變化的樣式會聯想到音樂的重復與變化的節奏;聞到酸的東西會聯想到尖銳的物體;聽到飄渺輕柔的音樂會聯想到薄薄的半透明的紗子;又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微風過處送來縷縷清香,仿佛遠處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的”。
例如:
1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.(用視覺形容聽覺,鳥落在樹上,由它發出的聲音聯想到百合花)
鳥兒落在樹上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音.2>.Taste the music of Mozart.(用嗅覺形容聽覺)
品嘗Mozart的音樂.6.Personification 擬人
擬人是把生命賦予無生命的事物.例如:
1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.(把夜擬人化)
2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the
woods.(把鳥擬人化)
7.Hyperbole 夸張
夸張是以言過其實的說法表達強調的目的.它可以加強語勢,增加表達效果..例如:
1>.I beg a thousand pardons.2>.Love you.You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.8.Parallelism 排比,平行
這種修辭法是把兩個或兩個以上的結構大體相同或相似,意思相關,語氣一致的短語.句子排列成串,形成一個整體.例如:
1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free;no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral;no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辭法
婉辭法指用委婉,文雅的方法表達粗惡,避諱的話.例如:
1>.He is out visiting the necessary.?? 他出去方便一下.2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.他與妻子關系不融洽.3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.(去世)
10.Allegory 諷喻,比方(原意“寓言”)
建立在假借過去或別處的事例與對象之上,傳達暗示,影射或者譏諷現世各種現象的含義。
英文解釋:an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances;an extended metaphor 摘自英語專業《大學英語教程》一書
這是一種源于希臘文的修辭法,意為“換個方式的說法”.它是一種形象的描述,具有雙重性,表層含義與真正意味的是兩回事.例如:
1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.表層含義:趁著出太陽的時候曬草
真正意味:趁熱打鐵
2>.It's time to turn plough into sword.表層含義:是時候把犁變成劍
11.Irony 反語
反語指用相反意義的詞來表達意思的作文方式.如在指責過失.錯誤時,用贊同過失的說法,而在表揚時,則近乎責難的說法.例如:
1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.早上沒有時間觀念還真是一件好事啊(真實含義是應該明確早上的時間觀念)
2>“Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you.”the waiter said to the beggar.12.Pun 雙關
雙關就是用一個詞在句子中的雙重含義,借題發揮.作出多種解釋,旁敲側擊,從而達到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的詞形.詞意和諧音的方式出現.例如:
1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.13.Parody 仿擬
這是一種模仿名言.警句.諺語,改動其中部分詞語,從而使其產生新意的修辭.例如:
1>.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.3>.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.14.Rhetorical question 修辭疑問(反問)
它與疑問句的不同在于它并不以得到答復為目的,而是以疑問為手段,取得修辭上的效果,其特點是:肯定問句表示強烈否定,而否定問句表示強烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.例如:
1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
15.Antithesis 對照,對比,對偶
這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語句排在一起對比的一種修辭方法.例如:
1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.2>.You are staying;I am going.3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.16.Paradox 雋語
這是一種貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深長的說法,是一種
矛盾修辭法..例如:
1>.More haste, less speed.欲速則不達
2>.The child is the father to the man.(童年時代可決定人之未來)三歲看大,四歲看老。
17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
這也是一種矛盾修辭法,用兩種不相調和的特征形容一個事物,以不協調的搭配使讀者領悟句中微妙的含義.例如:
1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.沒有光亮,黑暗卻清晰可見
2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.18.Climax 漸進法,層進法
這種修辭是將一系列詞語按照意念的大小.輕重.深淺.高低等逐層漸進,最后達到頂點.可以增強語勢,逐漸加深讀者印象.例如:
1>.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.2>.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.19.Anticlimax 漸降法
與climax相反的一種修辭法,將一系列詞語由大到小,由強到弱地排列.例如:
1>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes
第五篇:英語修辭手法及圣經諺語[范文模版]
Figures of Speech ways of making our language figurative
Simile Simile:is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.Major forms of simile: 1)In his dream he saw the tiny figure fall as a fly.2)They crowded around the two strangers and the flood of questions came.3)What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul.4)Love and cough cannot be hidden
Novelty
1)當一名醫生必須要有膽量和巧手。
A doctor must have the heart of _____ and the hand of _____.Paris is a morgue without you;before I knew you, it was Paris, and I though it heavens;but now it is a vast desert of desolation and loneliness.It is like the face of a clock, bereft of its hands.(Sarah Bernhardt to Victorian Sardou)
All that had to show, as a man of letters, were these few tales essays, which had blossomed out like flowers in the calm summer of my heart and mind.------Hawthoren
Metaphor Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested… In foreign policy, flying solo can be risky business.The tug of war between enterprise profit and public interest
Personification
It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions.For example, the wind whistled through the trees.Religion is an admirable teacher for those connected to it, while it is a silent voice for those who are not.Rough wind _______ This was the sign meteorologists had been waiting for.Not only does the sharp fall in ocean temperatures signal the breakup of the giant pool of warm water in the tropical Pacific that triggered one of the century’s greatest EL Nino’s unruly twin sister, the climatological reversal that scientists call La Nina(the girl).Money talks, money prints, money broadcasts, money reigns……(Bernard Shaw)I saw justice and liberty sitting by his side.In the age of internet, it is observed that a lie goes halfway around the world before truth has time to get its trousers on.With network, truth never catches up with half-truth.Metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.The crown of rule, the scale of trade, the cross of faith 1 The kettle is boiling.He is fond of bottle.a real skirt, a skirt chaser 2 May pick your brains? show iron teeth
to give technical muscle, use legislative muscle, to be give muscle by multinational force 3 to raise an eyebrow, to point fingers Capitol Hill, the stockholm syndrome, Social status today involves an enormous amount of publicity and certain level of stardom.We’ve become Beverly Hills.他善于欣賞音樂。她對服裝很有品位。他喜愛美食。
Karajan had ruled his august orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic-of which he had been named conductor for life in 1955-with a brilliant ear and an iron fist.He is raised to bench.He enter the bar.Pen is mightier than sword.Nature’s first green is gold,/ Her hardest hue to hold./ Her early leaf’s a flower;/ But only so an hour./ Then leaf subsides to leaf.So Eden sank to grief,/So dawn goes down to day./ Nothing gold can stay.Synecdoche
involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.For instance, they say there's bread and work for all.She was dressed in silks.1 Let’s drink a cup or two.They were short of hands.He can hardly earn his everyday bread.The soaring bottom-line living expenses weigh heavily on the bread-earner of the family.Nature’s first green is gold,/ Her hardest hue to hold./ Her early leaf’s a flower;/ But only so an hour./ Then leaf subsides to leaf.So Eden sank to grief,/So dawn goes down to day./ Nothing gold can stay
Hyperbole
Deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.For instance, he almost died laughing.1 Thanks a million.The twin sisters are different in a thousand and one ways.2 For her there was nobody but Bart, and Bart was the world.Speaking in perpetual hyperbole is comely in nothing but love.---Francis Bacon 1 be hostile to straight plays of any kind even those that get good review… 2 There is lethal combination of high costs and high ticket prices at work.The lethality of nuclear warheads is appalling.3 Within the snap of fingers, stock prices started a long roll-coaster ride downward in 2008.Disclosure freak Acid freak Hard-road freaks Peeking freak Eco-freaks, soap freaks
Understatement
Opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement.It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.For instance, It is no laughing matter.Euphemism:
It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.For instance, we refer to “die” as “ pass away”.Pun
Play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words.For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms.(Here “arms” has two meanings: a person's body;weapons carried by a soldier.)Here Lies Lester Moore From A 44 No Less No More 2 We must hang together, or we shall hang separately.Seven days without 7-ups makes one weak.Drunk drivers often put the quart before the hearse.3 ―You’re not eating your fish.Anything wrong with it?‖ the waitress said to him.―Long time no sea.‖ The man replied.It’s a long way to Siberia and long wait at Moscow airport.I finally figured out how government works.The Senate gets the bill from the House.The President gets the bill from the Senate.And we get the bill for everything.6--―Mr.President, what kind of concrete assurance would you like to see to guarantee Saddam’s withdrawal from Kuwait?‖
--―Pieces of his bunker.‖
What kind of money do girls like most? Matrimony
Why are layers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side, and then on the other, and remain wide awake all the time.You earn your living and you urn your dead.Try our sweet corn.You will smile from ear to ear.Irony
A figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.parody is a work created to mock, comment on, or poke fun at an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of humorous, satiric or ironic imitation.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.Beauty is more than skin deep.She had hesitated for a long time before she finally walked into love.Paradox:
A figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.For example more haste, less speed.? His main feature is featurelessness.Oxymoron
A compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不協調)terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos and proud humility.Alliteration It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect.It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(間隔)and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called “front rhyme”.For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.Rhyme A word that corresponds with another in terminal sound, as behold and cold.Correspondence of terminal sounds of words or of lines of verse
1.Spare the rod and spoil the child.孩子不打不成器。
如果孩子做了錯事,卻不嚴加管教,不予以懲罰,那么就很難端正其品德.源自《舊約全書》(the Old Testament)《箴言》(Proverbs)中的第十三章第二十四節.原句為: Those who spare the rod hate their children, but those who love them are diligent to discipline them.(不忍杖打兒子的,是憎惡兒子;疼愛兒子的,隨時管教.)
2.the leopard cannot change his spots.江山易改,本性難移。
豹子生而有斑紋,豈能后天改變得了?同樣,如果一個人天性惡劣,那么他將很難變好.語出《舊約全書》(the Old Testament)《耶利米書》(Jeremiah)中的第十三章第二十三節.原句為: Can Ethiopian change their skin or leopards their spots? Then also you can do good who are accustomed to do evil.(埃塞俄比亞人能改變其膚色嗎?或者豹子能改變其豹斑嗎?若能,你們這些慣行惡的便可行善了.)
3.As you sow, so shall you reap.自食其果。
種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆.若你過的是不道德的甚至是罪惡的生活,得到的回報無疑是懲罰而不是獎賞.源出《新約全書》(the New Testament)《加拉太書》(Galatians)中的第六章第七、八節.原句為:Do not be deceived;God is not mocked, for you reap whatever you sow.If you sow to your own flesh, you will reap corruption from the flesh;but if you sow to the Spirit, you will reap eternal life from the Spirit.(不要自欺,上帝是輕慢不得的.人種的是什么,收的也是什么.順著情欲撒種的,必從情欲收敗壞;順著圣靈撒種的,必從圣靈收永生.)
4.Cast not the first stone.欲責他人,先思己過。
在譴責別人的過失之前,先要捫心自問,自己的行為是否無可指責,而不要不分青紅皂白,首先譴責他人.源于《新約全書》(the New Testament)《約翰福音》(John)中的一個故事:耶穌(Jesus)清晨在圣殿講道時,文士(the scribes)和法利賽人(the Pharisees)把一個與人通奸的婦人帶到他面前,并說:“摩西(Moses)在律法上吩咐我們把這樣的婦人用石頭打死.你說該把她怎么樣呢?”耶穌回答道:“Let anyone among you who is without sin be the first to throw a stone at her.”(你們中間誰是沒有罪的,誰就可以拿石頭打她.)他們聽了這話后,由于“問心有愧”,一個個都出去了.5.It is better to give than to take.給予勝于索取。語出《新約全書》(the New Testament)《使徒行傳》(Acts)中的第二十章第三十五節.原句為:In all this I have given you an example that by such work we must support the weak, remembering the words of the Lord Jesus, for he himself said, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.”(我凡事給你們做榜樣,叫你們知道應當這樣勞苦,扶助軟弱的人,又當記住主耶穌的話,他說:“施舍比接受更有福.”)
6.the love of money is the root of all evil.愛財為萬惡之源。
語出《新約全書》(the New Testament)《提摩太書》(Timothy)中的第六章第十節.原句為:For the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil, and in their eagerness to be rich some have wandered away from the faith and pierced themselves with many pains.(貪財是萬惡之根.有人貪戀錢財,就被引誘離了真道,用許多愁苦把自己刺透.)
7.Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh直譯“骨中之骨,肉中之肉”,出自<圣經>中關于上帝造人的神話.常用來比喻血緣上的親屬關系或思想上的團結一致
據<舊約?創世紀>第2章敘述:太初之際,混沌未開,耶和華上帝開天辟地.第一天耶和華創造了白天和夜晚;第二天創造了天空和風云;第三天創造了高山峻嶺.平原河流,以及富饒的土地和芳香的花果;第四天他又創造了太陽.月亮和星辰,確定年歲.季節.月份和日期;第五天他創造了各種形狀和大小的魚類和飛禽;第六天他才創造了各種陸上動物,然后他按照自己的形象用地上的塵土造出一個男人,名叫亞當(Adam),這就是神話中人類的始祖.后來,耶和華見押當獨居無伴侶幫助他,于是,趁亞當沉睡的時候,從他身上取下一根肋骨造成了一個女人叫夏娃(Eve),領到他面前,亞當說:“This is bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh”(這是我骨中之骨,肉中之肉)。從此兩人結為夫妻
Our army is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the people.8.Adams Apple喉結
《舊約.創世紀》第3章講到人類的起源,傳說上帝創造人類的始祖亞當和夏娃,在東方的伊甸(Eden)建立了一個園子給他們居住。伊甸園里生長著悅人眼目的各種樹木,樹上長著各種各樣的果實。上帝吩咐亞當說:你可以隨意吃園中的各種果子,只是不能吃那棵分別善惡樹上的果實,吃了必定要死。這種“禁果”就是apple。后來,亞當的配偶夏娃聽信蛇的誘惑,不顧神諭,吃了善惡樹上的禁果,還把這果子給它丈夫吃。亞當因心懷恐懼,吃時倉促,有一片果肉哽在吼中,不上不下,留下個結塊,就叫“亞當的蘋果”兩人吃了這果子就心明眼亮,能知善惡美丑。但是由于他們違背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸園。從此,亞當就永遠在脖子前端留下“喉結”,作為偷吃禁果的“罪證”。上帝還懲罰亞當,“必汗流滿面才能糊口”
不過也說一說是正當亞當吃的時候,上帝來了,所以亞當急忙吞下去,不料哽在喉嚨間了。
Adams apple can be more clearly seen on men than women’s throats.9.Sell Ones Birthright for a Mess of Pottages因小失大;見利棄義
《舊約.創世紀》第25章記述了這樣一個故事傳說:猶太族長以撒的妻子利百加懷孕期間,感覺到2個胎兒在她腹內互相踢打,就去問耶和華,耶和華對她說:“兩國在你腹內,兩族要從你身上出來,這族必強于那族,將來大的要服小的。” 后來,利百加果然生下一對孿生兄弟,哥哥叫以掃,弟弟叫雅各。兩兄弟長大后,以掃好動,常外出打獵;雅各則常在家里幫助料理家務。有一天,以掃打獵回來,又饑又渴,看見弟弟雅各在熬豆湯,就對他說:“我餓極了,給我喝點紅豆湯吧!”雅各說:“你要喝湯,就把你的長子權賣給我。”以掃說:“你都要餓死了,要這長子權有什么用呢?”于是,他便按雅各的要求,對天起誓,把長子權賣給雅各,換來餅和紅豆湯。以掃吃飽喝足后,起身走了。他哪里想到,為了這碗紅豆湯,他的后裔便注定要服事雅各的后裔。
這個成語常縮略為for a mess of pottage的形式。有時也可用to sell ones birthrights.There are many, many people who are willing to prostitute their intelligence for a mess of pottage.10..The writing/Finger on the Wall不詳之兆;大禍臨頭
據《舊約。但以理書》(Daniel)第5章記述:有一次古巴比倫(Babylonian)的國王伯沙撒(Belshazar)正在宮殿里設宴縱飲時,突然,不知從哪里出現了一個神秘的手指,當者國王的面,在王宮與燈臺相對的粉墻上寫西了四個奇怪的單詞:MENE(彌尼)、MENE(彌尼)、TEKEL(提客勒)、UPHARSING(烏法珥新)。國王張皇失措,驚恐萬分,誰也不懂墻上所寫的字是什么意思。后來叫來了被虜的猶太預言家但以理,才明白了這幾個字的意思就是大難臨頭。他說:“彌尼就是上帝已經數算你國的年日到此為完畢;提客勒就是你被稱在天平里顯出你的虧欠;烏法珥新就是你的國分裂,歸與瑪代人和波斯人。”果然,當夜伯沙撒被殺,又62歲的瑪代人大利烏取而代之。
英語中這個成語有幾種表達方式:the writing/handwriting on the wall或a finger on the wall,通常與be,like等系動詞連用;有時寫成see/read the writing on he wall的句型,表示提出警告,such as :Dont you see the writing on the wall, 有時候也可省略on the wall,只說Don’ you see the writing?意思也是一樣的。
When Bills team lost four games in a row, he saw the handwriting on the wall.11.Not an iota of 有一點點,絲毫也不
iota是希臘字母表中第9個字母“I”的名稱。not an iota of 出自《新約。馬太福音》第5章:“律法的一點一畫都不能廢去,都要成全。”因為iota是希臘字母表中最小的一個字母,它有時可以寫作一短橫置于其他字母之上;遺漏這一點點對發音并無什么影響,只按規則不能減少而已。《福音書》所說的律法,系指“摩西律”,意即無論何人都不允許隨便廢去這戒律哪怕是最小的一條,甚至其中的一個字母,一個小小短橫也不得更動或遺漏。
由此,在語言中遺留下來這個成語,轉義表示not a bit of;not one jot or little;not at all等意思。iota在這里,相當于漢語“小不點兒”的意思。
There is not an iota of truth in the story.12.The Salt of the Earth社會中堅;民族精華;優秀份子
字面意思“世上的鹽”
The Salt of the Earth一詞出自《圣經》,據《新約。馬太福音》(Matthew)第5長記載:耶穌對他的門徒說:“Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted? ” 在這里,salt用于轉義,表示flavor;of the earth即of the world。這是耶穌登山垂訓論“福”,所講福音結尾的話,他把門徒比做“世上的鹽”,這是極高的稱贊。這句話在后世不斷引用變成了一個典故性成語,轉義為the most valuable members of society;the finest type of humanity;a person or a group of people having the best character 之意
You all are the salt of the earth.Our hope is placed on you
13.Cast pearls before swine 對牛彈琴;白費好意
意思是“珍珠投在豬玀前面”。swine是個舊詞,書面詞,即今為pigs,不過swine單復同行,本句為復數。這個成語源自《新約。馬太福音》第7章:“Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you”.由于to cast pearls before swine,比喻確切,在后世不斷引用中而成為一個國際性成語,含有輕蔑嘲笑色彩。按其字面意義,這個成語與漢語成語“明珠暗投”相似,但是寓意不同,基本上不對應;按一比喻意義,它相當于“對牛彈琴”,“向驢說經”“一番好意給狗吃”“狗咬呂洞賓,不識好人心”等。
She read them Shakespeare, but it was casting pearls before swine
14.a wolf in sheep's clothing批著羊皮的狼;貌善心惡的人
耶穌在加利利一帶傳道布教,收了很多信徒。有一天,他對門徒說:“Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves” Mrs.Martin trusted the lawyer until she realized that he was a wolf in sheep's clothing
15.separate the sheep from the goats區別好壞,分清良莠
《新約。馬太福音》記述:“And before him shall be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divides his sheep from the goats”
由于《圣經》的影響,sheep和goat在英語中的形象截然不同,前者比喻好人,后者比喻壞人。英語中有關goat的成語,大多貶義。如:to play the goat=play the fool(瞎胡鬧);to get sb's goat(觸動肝火);等等。《圣經》說牧羊人要分辨綿羊和山羊,“把綿羊安置右邊,山羊左邊”。據說野山羊常混進羊群里,引誘綿羊,故牧養人必須把它們區分開來,以免混淆。
We'll go through the list of members, and separate the sheep from the goats
▲一粒芥菜種(A Grain of mustard,)〔簡釋〕 比喻事物具有強大生命力。也比喻人生的進步過程。
出自《新約?馬太福音》13章。〔原文〕 他(耶穌)又設個比喻對他們說:“天國好像一粒芥菜種,有人拿去種在田里。這原是百種里最小的。等到長起來,卻比各樣的菜都大,且成了樹。”
▲一碗紅豆湯(A red stew,)〔簡釋〕 比喻“因小失大”。
出自《舊約?創世紀》25章。〔原文〕 有一天,雅各熬湯,以掃從田野回來累昏了。以掃對雅各說:“我累昏了,求你把這紅湯給我喝。”??雅各說:“你今日把長子的名分賣給我罷。”以掃說:“我將要死,這長子的名分於我有甚麼益處呢?”雅各說:“你今日對我起誓罷!”以掃就對他起了誓,把長子的名分賣給雅各。於是雅各將餅和紅豆湯給了以掃,以掃喝了,便起來走了。這就是以掃輕看了他長子的名分。
▲一只小母羊羔(One’s ewe lamb)〔簡釋〕 比喻最珍愛的東西。
出自《舊約?撒母爾記下》12章。〔原文〕 拿單到了大衛那里,對他說:“??窮人除了所買來養活的一只小母羊羔之外,別無所有。羊羔在他家里和他兒女一同長大,吃他所吃的,喝他所喝的,睡在他懷中,在他看來如同女兒一樣。”
▲三十塊錢(Thirty pieces of silver)〔簡釋〕 比喻由出賣所得來的不義之財。
出自《新約?馬太福音》26章。〔原文〕 那時,祭司長和民間的長老,聚集在大祭司稱為該亞法的院里。大家商議,要用詭計拿住耶穌殺他。??當下,十二門徒里,有一個稱為加略人猶大的,去見祭司長說:“我把他交給你們,你們愿意給我多少錢?”他們就給了他三十塊錢。從那時候,他就找機會,要把耶穌交給他們。
▲從眼睛上掉下鱗片(the scales fell from his eyes,)〔簡釋〕 比喻重見光明。
出自《新約?使徒行傳》9章。〔原文〕 掃羅從地上起來,睜開眼睛,竟不能看見甚么。有人拉他的手,領他進了大馬色。三日不能看見,也不吃,也不喝。??亞拿尼亞就去了,進入那家,把手按在掃羅身上說:“兄弟掃羅,在你來的路上,向你顯現的主,就是耶穌,打發我來,叫你能看見,又被圣靈充滿。”掃羅的眼睛上,好像有鱗立刻掉下來,他就能看見,于是起來受了洗。吃過飯就健壯了。
▲心靈愿意,肉體軟弱(The Spirit is Willing but the flesh is weak,)〔簡釋〕 比喻力不從心。
出自《新約?馬太福音》26章,又見《馬可福音》14章。〔原文〕(耶穌對門徒說):“總要儆醒禱告,免得入了迷惑。你們心靈固然愿意,肉體卻軟弱了。”
▲以眼還眼,以牙還牙(Eye for eye,tooth for tooth)〔簡釋〕 即以其人之道,還治其人之身。
出自《舊約?出埃及記》21章,又見《利未記》24章,《申命記》19章,《新約?馬太福音》5章。〔原文〕 若有別害,就要以命償命,以眼還眼,以牙還牙,以手還手,以腳還腳,以烙還烙,以傷還傷,以打還打。
▲水桶的一滴(drop in the bucket)〔簡釋〕 比喻滄海一粟、九牛一毛。
出自《舊約?以賽亞書》40章。〔原文〕 看哪,萬民都像水桶的一滴,又算如天平上的微塵。他舉起眾海島,好像極微之物。
▲古蛇(The old serpent,)〔簡釋〕 比喻惡魔。
出自《新約?啟示錄》12章,20章 〔原文〕 在天上就有了爭戰。米迦勒同他的使者與龍爭戰。龍也同他的使者去爭戰。并沒有得勝,天上再沒有他們的地方。大龍就是那古蛇,名叫魔鬼,又叫撒但,是迷惑普天下的。他被摔在地上,他的使者也一同被摔下去。(12章)又:他捉住那龍,就是古蛇,又叫魔鬼,也叫撒但,把他捆綁一千年,扔在無底坑里,將無底坑關閉,用印封上,使他不得再迷惑列國,等到那一千年完了。以后必須暫時釋放他。(20章)
▲打空氣(beating the air)〔簡釋〕 比喻白費力氣。
出自《新約?哥林多前書》9章。〔原文〕 所以我奔跑,不像無定向的。我斗拳,不像打空氣的。
▲石頭必要呼叫起來(stone will cry out)〔簡釋〕 原意指感情無法控制,后轉用指壞事一定會暴露。
出自《新約?路加福音》19章 〔原文〕 眾人中有幾個法利賽人對耶穌說:“夫子,責備你的門徒罷。”耶穌說“我告訴你們,若是他們閉口不說,這些石頭必要呼叫起來!”
▲可怒預備遭毀滅的器皿(Vessels of wrath)〔簡釋〕 比喻遭到天譴的人。
出自《新約?羅馬書》9章。〔原文〕 倘若神要顯明他的忿怒,彰顯他的權能,就多多忍耐寬容那可怒預備遭毀滅的器皿。
▲歸他永遠的家(go to one’s long home)〔簡釋〕 指死亡。
出自《舊約?傳道書》12章。〔原文〕 人所愿的也都廢掉,因為人歸他永遠的家。
▲叫這杯離開我(let the cup pass from me)〔簡釋〕 比喻希望避免即將到來的苦難。
出自《新約?馬太福音》26章。〔原文〕 他就稍往前走,俯伏在地禱告說:“我父啊,倘若可行,求你叫這杯離開我。然而不要照我的意思,只要照你的意思。”
▲包在手巾里(lay up a napkin)〔簡釋〕 比喻將什么東西藏起來不用。
出自《新約?路加福音》19章。〔原文〕 又有一個來說:“主啊,看哪!你的一錠銀子在這里,我把他包在手巾里存著。”
▲用鐵杖管理(rule with rod of iron)〔簡釋〕 比喻高壓統治。
出自《舊約?詩篇》2章。〔原文〕 你必用鐵杖打破他們。你必將他們如同窯匠的瓦器摔碎。
▲老的好象瑪土撒拉(As old as Methuselah)〔簡釋〕 比喻長壽老人。
出自《舊約?創世紀》5章。〔原文〕 瑪土撒拉共活了九百六十九歲就死了。
▲耳朵發癢(Having itching ears)〔簡釋〕 比喻喜歡聽新鮮事情。
出自《新約?提摩太后書》4章。〔原文〕 因為時候要到,人必厭煩純正的道理。耳朵發癢,就隨從自己的情欲,增添好些師傅。并且掩耳不聽真道,偏向荒渺的言語。
▲壓傷的蘆葦(broken reed,A)〔簡釋〕 比喻不可靠的人或事物。
出自《舊約?列王記下》18章,又《以賽亞書》36章。〔原文〕 看哪,你所倚靠的埃及是那壓傷的葦杖人若靠這杖,就必刺透他的手。埃及王法老向一切倚靠他的人也是這樣。
▲有夫之婦(land of Beulah)〔簡釋〕 比喻平安寧靜的地方。
出自《舊約?以賽亞書》62章。〔原文〕 你必不再稱為撇棄的,你的地也不再稱為荒涼的,你卻要稱為我所喜悅的,你的地也必稱為有夫之婦。因為耶和華喜悅你,你的地也必歸他。
▲有權柄的(The powers that be,)〔簡釋〕 指政府或當局。
出自《新約?羅馬人書》13章。〔原文〕 在上有權柄的,人人當順服他。因為沒有權柄不是出於神的。
▲有人打你的右臉,連左臉也轉過來由他打(Whosoever Smiteth thee on thy right cheek,turn to him the other also)〔簡釋〕 比喻無原則地妥協和懦弱行為。
出自《新約?馬太福音》5章。〔原文〕 只是我告訴你們,不要與惡人作對。有人打你的右臉,連左臉也轉過來由他打。
▲灰馬(The pale horse,)〔簡釋〕 指死亡。
出自《新約?啟示錄》 〔原文〕 我就觀看,見有一匹灰馬,騎在馬上的,名字叫死。陰府也隨著他。有權柄賜給他們,可以用刀劍、饑荒、瘟疫、野獸,殺害地上四分之一的人。
▲在房上宣揚(proclaim from the housetops)〔簡釋〕 比喻到處張揚,公開散布。出自《新約?路加福音》12章。〔原文〕 因此你們在暗中所說的,將要在明處被人聽見。在室內附耳所說的,將要在房上被人宣揚。
▲在自己的葡萄樹、無花果樹下(Under one’s vine and fig tree)〔簡釋〕 比喻安居樂業。
出自《舊約?列王記上》4章。又見《彌迦書》4章和《撒迦亞書》10章。〔原文〕 所羅門在世的日子,從但到別是巴的猶大人和以色列人,都在自己的葡萄樹下和無花果樹下安然居住。
▲死人埋葬死人(Let the dead bury their dead)〔簡釋〕 比喻割舍舊情,拋棄往事。
出自《新約?馬太福音》8章,又《路加福音》9章。〔原文〕 又有一個門徒對耶穌說,主阿,容我先回去埋葬我的父親。耶穌說,任憑死人埋葬他們的死人,你跟從我罷。
▲吃喝吧!因為明天要死了(Let us eat and drink,for to morrow we shall die)〔簡釋〕比喻人生幾何,要及時行樂。出自《舊約?以賽亞書》22章。〔原文〕 當那日,主萬軍之耶和華叫人哭泣哀號,頭上光禿,身披麻布。誰知,人倒歡喜快樂,宰牛殺羊,吃肉喝酒,說:“我們吃喝罷,因為明天要死了。”
▲因大能的手(with a strong hand)〔簡釋〕 指強迫、強制。
出自《舊約?出埃及記》諸章。〔原文〕 耶和華對摩西說:“現在你必看見我向法老所行的事。使化因我大能的手容以色列人去,且把他們趕出他的地。”(1章)
▲因愛心所受的勞苦(Labour of love)〔簡釋〕 比喻不計報酬和自覺自愿的工作。
出自《新約?帖撒羅尼迦前書》1章。〔原文〕 在神我們的父面前,不住的記念你們因信心所作的工夫,因愛心所受的勞苦,因盼望我們主耶穌基督所存的忍耐。
▲肉中刺(thorn in the flesh)〔簡釋〕 比喻煩惱的根源。
出自《新約?哥林多后書》12章。〔原文〕 又恐怕我因所得的啟示甚大,就過於自高,所以有一根刺加在我肉體上,就是撒但的差役,要攻擊我,免得我過于自高。
▲先拿石頭打他(cast the first stone)〔簡釋〕 比喻首先發難或先發制人。
出自《新約?約翰福音》7章。〔原文〕 他們還是不住的問他,耶穌直起腰來,對他們說:“你們中間誰是沒有罪的,誰就可以先拿石頭打他。”
▲先知回鄉無人敬(A prophet is not without honour in his own country,)〔簡釋〕 比喻高明的人不被親近熟悉的人理解。類似漢語“墻內開花墻外紅”或“外來的和尚會念經”。
出自《新約?馬太福音》13章。〔原文〕 耶穌對他們說,大凡先知,除了本地本家之外,沒有不被人尊敬的。
▲伊甸園(Garden of Eden)〔簡釋〕 比喻人間樂土。
出自《舊約?創世紀》2章。〔原文〕 耶和華神在東方的伊甸立了一個園子,把所造的人安置在那里。耶和華神使各樣的樹從地里長出來,可以悅人的眼目,【其上的果子】好作食物。園子當中又有生命樹和分別善惡的樹。有河從伊甸流出來,滋潤那園子,從那里分為四道。
▲血田(Field of blood,The Akeldama)〔簡釋〕 比喻不正當得來的財產。
出自《使徒行傳》1章。〔原文〕 這人用他作惡的工價,買了一塊田,以后身子仆倒,肚腹崩裂,腸子都流出來。住在耶路撒冷的眾人都知道這事,所以按著他們那里的話,給那塊田起名叫亞革大馬,就是血田的意思。
▲自己眼中的梁木(A Beam in one’s eye,)〔簡釋〕 比喻自身存在的嚴重缺陷。
出自《新約?馬太福音》7章。又見《路加福音》6章。〔原文〕 為甚么看見你弟兄眼中有刺,卻不想自己眼中有梁木呢?你自己眼中有梁木,怎能對你弟兄說,容我去掉你眼中的刺呢?
▲如同火星飛騰(As the sparks fly upward)〔簡釋〕 比喻不可逆轉的規律。
出自《舊約?約伯記》5章。〔原文〕 人生在世必遇患難,如同火星飛騰。
▲好心的撒瑪利亞人(good Samaritan,A)〔簡釋〕 代指行善的人。
出自《新約?路加福音》10章 〔原文〕 惟有一個撒瑪利亞人,行路來到那里。看見他就動了慈心,上前用油和酒倒在他的傷處,包裹好了,扶他騎上自己的牲口,帶到店里去照應他。第二天拿出二錢銀子來,交給店主說:“你且照應他。此外所費用的,我回來必還你。”
▲束上腰(gird one’s loins)〔簡釋〕 比喻要做好準備。
出自《新約?彼得前書》1章。〔原文〕 所以要約束你們心中的腰,謹慎自守,專心盼望耶穌基督顯現的時候所帶來給你們的恩。
▲把房子蓋在沙土上(built the house upon the Sand)〔簡釋〕 比喻基礎不牢固。
出自《新約?馬太福音》7章。〔原文〕 凡聽見我這話不去行的,好比一個無知的人,把房子蓋在沙土上。
▲把腳上的土跺下去(shake off the dust of your feet)〔簡釋〕 比喻毅然離開,或完全脫離。
出自《新約?馬太福音》10章。〔原文〕 凡不接待你們,不聽你們的話的人,你們離開那家,或是那城的時候,就把腳上的塵土跺下去。
▲把炭火堆在他的頭上(Heap coals of fore upon his head)〔簡釋〕 比喻受其感化。
出處《舊約?箴言》25章 〔原文〕 你的仇敵,若餓了就給他飯吃,若渴了就給他水喝。因為你這樣行,就是把炭火堆在他的頭上。
▲連腿帶屁股地痛打(smite hip and thigh)〔簡釋〕 比喻徹底壓倒對方,打敗敵人。
出自《舊約?士師記》15章。〔原文〕 參孫對非利士人說:“你們既然這樣行,我必向你們報仇才肯罷休。” 參孫就大大地擊殺他們,連腿帶腰都砍斷了。
▲求面包給石頭(ask for bread and be given a stone)〔簡釋〕 西方有“要面包給石頭”的說法,從此演變而成。意為所得非所需。出自《新約?馬太福音》7章,又《路加福音》11章。〔原文〕 你們中間,誰有兒子求餅,反給他石頭呢?(《馬太福音》。
▲吹滅將殘的燈火(quench smoking flax)〔簡釋〕 比喻落井下石或使有希望的事物遭到夭折。
出自《舊約?以賽亞書》42章。〔原文〕 壓傷的蘆葦,他不折斷。將殘的燈火,他不吹滅。他憑真實將公理傳開。
▲曠野的吶喊(voice(crying)in the wilderness,A)〔簡釋〕 比喻號召沒有人響應。
出自《新約?馬太福音》3章。〔原文〕 那時,有施洗的約翰出來,在猶太的曠野傳道,說:“天國近了,你們應當悔改!”
▲我是阿拉法,我是俄梅戛(I am Alpha and Omega)〔簡釋〕 比喻事物的開始和結尾,或事情的全部。出自《新約?啟示錄》1章,21章,22章。〔原文〕 主神說:“我是阿拉法,我是俄梅戛,是昔在今在以后永在的全能者。”(1章)又:“我是阿拉法,我是俄梅戛,我是首先的,我是末后的,我是初,我是終。”
▲我必將大衛家的鑰匙放在他的肩頭上(The Key of the house of Davis will I lay upon his shoulder,)〔簡釋〕 西方以“將鑰匙放到肩上”比喻委任重大任務。出自《舊約?以賽亞書》22章。〔原文〕 我必將大衛家的鑰匙放在他肩頭上。他開,無人能關,他關,無人能開。
▲你們愿意人怎樣待你們,你們也要怎樣待人(ye would that men should do unto you,even so do ye also unto them)〔簡釋〕 意為以己推人,己所不欲,勿施于人。出自《新約?馬太福音》7章,又《路加福音》6章。〔原文〕 所以無論何事,你們愿意人怎樣待你們,你們也要怎樣待人。因為這就是律法和告知的道理。
▲無草作磚(Make brick without straw)〔簡釋〕 比喻無米之炊。
出自《舊約?出埃及記》5章。〔原文〕 你們不可照常把草給百姓作磚,叫他們自己去撿草。他們素常作磚的數目,你們仍舊向他們要,一點不可少。
▲猶大之吻(Judas’ Kiss,A)〔簡釋〕 比喻可恥的叛賣、變節行為。
出自《新約?馬太福音》26章。〔原文〕 那賣耶穌的,給了他們一個暗號,說:“我與誰親嘴,誰就是他。你們可以拿住他。”猶大隨即到耶穌跟前說“請拉比安!”就與他親嘴。耶穌對他說:“朋友,你來要作的事,就作罷。”於是那些人上前,下手拿住耶穌。
▲懷中的妻(Wife of one’s bosom)〔簡釋〕 意為最親愛的妻子。
出自《舊約?申命記》12章,28章等。〔原文〕 你的同胞弟兄,或是你的兒女,或是你懷中的妻,??
▲沒有種的地方要收割(Reap where a person has not sown)〔簡釋〕 比喻搶奪他人的勞動成果或不勞而獲。出自《新約?馬太福音》25章。〔原文〕 主人回答說,你這又惡又懶的仆人,你既知道我沒有種的地方要收割,沒有散的地方要聚斂。
▲窮的象約伯(poor as Job)〔簡釋〕 西方以“象約伯那樣”或“窮的象約伯”比喻一貧如洗。
出自《舊約?約伯記》1章。〔原文〕(在上帝的允許下,撒但考驗約伯,奪走了約伯所有的一切財產。約伯變成了一個窮人。)約伯便起來,撕裂外袍,剃了頭,伏在地上下拜。說:“我赤身出於母胎,也必赤身歸回。”
▲靈巧象蛇,馴良象鴿子(Wise as Serpents and harmless as doves)〔簡釋〕 西方常以蛇喻機巧,以鴿子喻善良。出自《新約?馬太福音》10章。〔原文〕 我差你們去,如同羊進入狼群。所以你們靈巧像蛇,馴良像鴿子。
▲攔路獅子(lion in the way)〔簡釋〕 比喻想象中的危險或障礙。
出自《舊約?箴言》22章。〔原文〕 懶惰的人說,外頭有獅子,我在街上,就必被殺。
▲披麻蒙灰(wear Sackeloth and ashes)〔簡釋〕 西方以“披麻蒙灰”表示悔恨之情。
出自《舊約?但以理書》9章。〔原文〕 我便禁食,披麻蒙灰,定意向主神祈禱懇求。我向耶和華我的神祈禱,認罪。
▲披著羊皮的狼(wolf in sheep’s clothing)〔簡釋〕 比喻以偽善面孔出現的惡人。
出自《新約?馬太福音》7章。〔原文〕 你們要防備假先知。他們到你們這里來,外面披著羊皮,里面卻是殘暴的狼。
▲軟弱的器皿(The weaker vessel,)〔簡釋〕 喻指婦女。
出自《新約?彼得前書》3章。〔原文〕 你們作丈夫的,也要按情理和妻子同住。因他是軟弱的器皿,與你一同承受生命之恩的,所以要敬重他。
▲往自己的地方去(Go to one’s own place)〔簡釋〕 指死亡。
出自《新約?使徒行傳》1章。〔原文〕 這位分猶大已經丟棄,往自己的地方去了。
▲金罐破裂(The Golden bowl is broken,)〔簡釋〕比喻理想破滅,或希望化為泡影。
出自《舊約?傳道書》 〔原文〕 人所愿的也都廢掉,因為人歸他永遠的家,吊喪的在街上往來,銀鏈折斷,金罐破裂,瓶子在泉旁損壞,水輪在井口破爛,塵土仍歸於地,靈仍歸於賜靈的神。
▲狗所吐的他轉過來又吃(dog returns to the vomit,The)〔簡釋〕 比喻惡習不改,本性難移。
出自《新約?彼得后書》2章。〔原文〕 俗語說得真不錯,狗所吐的他轉過來又吃,豬洗凈了又回到泥里去滾。
▲放在斗里的燈(Hide one’s light under a bushel)〔簡釋〕 英語中反用耶穌的話,比喻真人不露相。
出自《新約?馬太福音》5章,又《馬可福音》4章,《路加福音》11章。〔原文〕 人點燈,不放在斗底下,是放在燈臺上,就照亮一家的人(《馬太福音》)。又:耶穌又對他們說:“人拿燈來,豈是放在斗底下,床底下,不放在燈臺上么?”(《馬可福音》)又:沒有人點燈放在地窖子里,或是斗底下,總是放在燈臺上,使進來的看得見亮光。
▲油膏里的一只蒼蠅(fly in the ointment,A)〔簡釋〕 比喻美中不足。
出自《舊約?傳道書》10章。〔原文〕 死蒼蠅,使作香的膏油發出臭氣。這樣,一點愚昧,也能敗壞智慧和尊榮。
▲該撒的物當歸該撒(rdnder to caesar the things that are caesar’s)〔簡釋〕 比喻物歸原主。
出自《新約?馬太福音》22章,又見《馬可福音》12章,《路加福音》20章。〔原文〕 耶穌說:“這樣,該撒的物當歸給該撒,神的物當歸給神。”
▲經過水火(go through fire and water)〔簡釋〕 比喻赴湯蹈火,危險的經歷。
出自《舊約?詩篇》66章。〔原文〕 你使人坐車軋我們的頭。我們經過水火。你卻使我們到豐富之地。
▲茵陳和苦膽(gall and wormwood)〔簡釋〕 表示極其艱苦的處境或苦惱的事情。
出自《舊約?耶利米哀書》3章,又《阿摩司書》6章。〔原文〕 耶和華啊,求你記念我如茵陳和苦膽的困苦窘迫。(《耶利米哀書》)又:你們卻使公平變為苦膽,使公義的果子變為茵陳。(《阿摩司書》)
▲要照愚昧的人的愚妄的話回答他(answer a fool according to one’s folly)〔簡釋〕 比喻用對方的方法對付對方。出自《舊約?箴言》26章。〔原文〕 要照愚昧人的愚妄話回答他,免得他自以為有智慧。
▲按外貌待人(respect of persons)〔簡釋〕 此為反應《圣經》中語,比喻以貌取人或嫌貧愛富、待人接物不公正。出自《新約?雅各書》2章。〔原文〕 我的弟兄們,你們信奉我們榮耀的主耶穌基督,便不可按著外貌待人。
▲背起他的十字架(bear one’s cross)〔簡釋〕 比喻忍受苦難。
出自《新約?馬太福音》16章,又見《馬可福音》8章,《路加福音》23章。〔原文〕 于是耶穌對門徒說,若有人要跟從我,就當舍己,背起他的十字架,來跟從我。
▲看到果子可知樹(The tree is known by its fruit,)〔簡釋〕 比喻觀其言行可知其人。
出自《新約?馬太福音》12章。〔原文〕 你們或以為樹好,果子也好;樹壞,果子也壞。因為看到果子,就可以知道樹。
▲看到弟兄眼里的刺,不想自己眼里有梁(And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brohter’s eye,but considerest not the beam that is in chine own eye)〔簡釋〕 比喻正人先正己。
出自《新約?馬太福音》7章。又見《路加福音》6章。參看“自己眼中的梁木(Beam in one’s eye,A)”
〔原文〕 為甚么看見你弟兄眼中有刺,卻不想自己眼中有梁木呢?你自己眼中有梁木,怎能對你弟兄說,容我去掉你眼中的刺呢?
▲便雅憫那一份(Benjamin’s mess)〔簡釋〕 英語指“最大的份額”。
出自《舊約?創世紀》43章。〔原文〕 約瑟把他面前的食物分出來,送給他們,但便雅憫所的比別人多五倍。
Wisdom is a defence.智慧庇護人.Truth will make you free.真理會讓你們得到自由。No lie is of the truth.沒有謠言出自真理。
A good name is better than riches.美名勝過財富。No man can serve two masters.一仆難事二主。
Love one's neighbor as oneself.愛人如己。
It is more blessed to give than to receive.施與比索取更有福。The water wears away stone.水滴石穿。The spirit is willing but the frPrefix: 1 a: ________ atypical, amoral, apolitical ab, abs ________: abnormal, abuse, abduct, abstract, abrupt # abstain, abscise 3 ad, adapt, adept, adopt, adhere, adjacent adjoin, administrate adjust, advent 4 ac, ad, af, ag, an, ap, ar, as, at ___________: accessible, adopt, addict, attach, attain 5 amphi: ___________: amphibian, amphicar 6 an: _______: anarchy, anonymous 7 ante: ________ antecedent anti___________, antibiotics, antibacteria, antibody 9 fem: ________ feminine, femininity, feminism 10 be________: benumb, befriend, beware, belittle, befall 11 bene________: benevolence, benevolent, # benediction 12 bi_____: bilingual, bilateral, biannual 13 by_______: byproduct, byroad, bypath 14 co, col, com, con, cor: ___________: coexistence, cohere, coincidence, coordinate, collaborate, collapse, colloquial, correspond, corrupt, compassion, compatriot, contemporary, condense, compact 15 contra, counter, _________: contradict, counterattack 16 de ________: devaluation, detrain, depression, decapitation, deforestation, defrost, decode, derailment 17 bi________: dioxide, dilemma, digest, dilute, diminish, divorce, diffusion 18 e________: evade, elaborate, eject, emerge, eradicate 19 em, en_______: embrace, empathy, embarrass, enroll, encage 20 en(em)_______: anact, enlighten, enchant, empower, embody 21 eu________: euphemism, eulogize, euthanasia # eugenics euphonious 22 ex____: exaggerate, exclusive, expel, exposure, exhale, extract, exotic 23 extra_______: extracurricular, extravagant, extraviolet 24 fore, pre ________: forefather, foreman, foreshadow 25 homo______: homogeneous, homosexual, homonym 26 hyper, super_______: hypersensitive, hypercritical, hyperbole 27 in, il, im, ir _______: illiterate, irrational, irreversible, immune, invalid, impartial, indifferent 28 im, in_________: impel, imprison, impulsive, implicit, incentive, inspire, incorporate, inflame 29 inter:______ intervene, intervention, intersection, interval, interpret, intercept, intercourse, intercontinental, interfere, interrupt 30 macro, micro ___: macrostructure, # macrobian, 31 mal, mis ____: malady, malice, malicious, malnutrition, maltreat, malpractice 31 maxi, medi, mini____: maximum, miniature, minute, minimum, medieval, medium, Mediterranean 32 mono, uni: ______ monopolize, monopoly, monotonous, unanimous, unisex, unify, unification, uniform, unity, universal, unique 33 multi_______: multiple, multiply, multiplication, multitude 34 non_____: nonsense, nonexistent 35 out:________ outrage, outrageous, outlive, outshine, outdo, outwit, outgun 35 out_______: outward, outskirts, outset, outlook, outline, outcome, outlaw, outlet 36 over____: overtake, overturn, overthrow,overnight 37 over_____: overlook, overwhelm, overwhelming, overbridge, overlap, overcoat, overcast 38 over____: overtime, overdue, overflow, overdose, overdo, overdraft, overgrown # overhear 39 para____: parallel, parade, paradox, 40pan: _______ PanAmerican panorama 41per____: permanent, perpetual, perseverance, perplex, persistence, persistent, perspective, perspire 42 poly_____: polytechnic, polyfunctional 43 post______: postpone, postgraduate, postwar 44 pre ________: precaution, precede, precedent, previous, predecessor, predominant, preface, prehistoric, prejudice, preliminary, prelude, premise, prescribe 45 pro_______: progress, proceed, promote, profess, prominent, proclaim # provoke 46 sub_____: subconscious, submarine, submerge, submissive, subordinate, subscribe, subsequent, subsidiary, subsidize 47 trans__________: transfer, transaction, transition, transformation, transmit, transparency, transparent, transplant
Root: ag_________: agenda, agile, agent 2 alter______: alternative, alternate 3)am______: amiable, amorous, amour 4)ceed,ced, cees: precede, proceed, recede, recession, precedent, secede, secession, succeed, successor, successive, access, accessible 5)cern, cert, cre ________: discern, ascertain, certificate, discrete 6)chron______: chronic, chronology, synchronic 6 cid, cis_______: homicide 殺人(homi人+cide)insecticide, suicide, pesticide, concise, precise 7 circ,cycl ___________: circus, circulation, cyclone, recycle 8 cit: ______: cite, incite, recite 9 clam: ______, exclaim, acclaim, proclaim 10 clin, cliv=lean,slope decline, incline, declination 11 corp,corpor=body,: 12 cracy=rule, autocracy, democracy, bureaucracy 神權統治 13 creed,cred________: credulous, credible, credit, creed crit: _______criteria, hypocrite14 cult ________: cultivate, culture, agriculture, cult 15 dem_______: democracy, demography, epidemic 16 dent: _________ dentist, dental 17 dict: ______ diction, predict;contradict, abdicate, dedicate, addict 18 doc______: docile, doctrine 19 don: _____ donation, donor, pardon 20 du, dub, doub: ______ dual, dubious 21 duc, duct: ______ deduce, induce, seduce, abduct 22 dur_______: duration, endure, durable 23 dyn, dym_________: dynasty, dynamic, dynamics, dynamite 24 equ: ________: equation, equator, equilibrium, equivalent 25 fact, fect, fict _______: facilitate, facility, manufacture, affect, defect, infect, proficient, sufficient 26 fer: ______offer, ferry, confer, refer, transfer, conference 27 fid: ________ fidelity, confide, confidant, confidential 28 fin: _______ finite, infinite, confine, define, definite 29 flect, flex: _______ reflection, flexible, inflection, inflexible 30 flict: ________ conflict, afflict, inflict 32 flu: _______ flow, fluency, affluent 33 fore, fort: ________ fort, enforce, fortify 34 form: _______ formula, transform, deformed, uniformity, performance, conformity 35 fra _______: fragile, fragment, fraction, frail 36 fus: ________ infuse, refuse, diffuse, transfuse 37 gen,gener _________: generate, generator 38 graph: _____ autograph, autobiography 39 grad: _______ gradual, degradation 40 grat: ______ gratitude, gratification 41 grav: ________ gravity, aggravate, grief 42 gress: ______ progress, regress, congress, aggression 43 habit: ________ habitat, habitant, cohabit, inhabit 44 hum: ______ humble, humility, humiliate 45 hydro________ dehydrate, hydro power station 46 it: ______ exit, transitional, ambition, initiative, initiate, initial 47 ject: _____ inject, subject, project, reject, object 48 juv: ______ juvenile, rejuvenation 49 labor: ____ collaborate, elaborate, laborious 50 let, leg: ______ dialect, legible, eligible, legal, legitimate, legislative 51 log, logu_______: analogy, monologue, prologue 52 logy: ______ meteorology, geology, theology 53 man, manu: _________ manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate 54 loqu______: colloquial, eloquent 55 memo: ______ memorandum, memorial 56 merge: _______ emerge, submerge, merge, immerse 57 migr: _______ immigrant, migrate, emigrate 58 min_______: eminent, eminence, imminent, prominent 59 mit, miss________: mission, submit, transmit, emit, omit, submission 60 mob, mo______: mobility, mob, automobile, immobility, motivate, motivation, motive
mod: _______ modesty, moderate, modify, accommodate, outmoded 62 mort____: mortal, immortal, mortality, mortgage 63 mount: ______ surmount, mounting 64 muni____: municipal, community, immune, immunity 64 navy, astro, geo, solar, lunar
nov____: novel, novelty, innovation, novice, renovate 66 opt: ______ option, adopt, optional 67 pat, pass, path: ________ passion, passive, impassive, compassion, patience, compatible, sympathy, empathy, apathy, antipathy 68 ped____: pedal, pedestrian, centipede, expedition, impede, peddle, pedlar 69 pel, puls____: compel, propel, repel, dispel, expel, compulsion, compulsory, impulse, repulsive 70 pet______: petition, appetite, appetizer, impetus, incompetent, perpetual 71 phon: ___________symphony, phonograph, phonetics 72 port: _________ porter, portable, transport, export, import 73 pos: ________ compose, dispose, expose, deposit, impose, exposition 74 prais, preci: _______ appraisal, depreciation, appreciative 75 prim: _______ primary, primitive, prime 76 pri: ______ privacy, privilege, deprive 77 rupt: ______ erupt, abrupt, corrupt, interrupt, disrupt 78 scend_______: ascend, descend, descendant, descent, transcend 79 sci________: conscience, conscious, conscientious 80 scribe: _______ prescribe, ascribe, subscribe, inscribe, scribble, manuscript, transcribe 81 sequ: _______ subsequent, sequence, consequence 82 sect, seg____: section, intersection, segment, segregation 83 Simil, simul, sembl_________: simile, simulate, resemble, assimilate, assemble 84 sist: _______ assist, consistent, persistence, resistance 85 sol_____: solo, solitude, solitary, isolation 86 soph____: sophisticated, sophomore, philosophy # pansophic 87 speci____: species, specimen, specialty, specification 88 spect: ______perspective, prospect, spectacle, inspect, spectator, # auspice, introspect 89 tain____: attainment, attainable, retain, detain, sustainable 90 termin: ______ terminal, terminate, terminator 91 thermo: ______ thermos, thermometer, thermology 92 tort: _______ torture, distort, retort 93 tract: _______ abstract, distract, extract, subtract, contract 94 tribut: ______ tribute, attribute, contribute, distribute 95 urb: _______ suburb, urban, urbane 96 us, ut: ______ utility, utilize, utilitarian, utilitarianism, utensil 97 vac, void, van: ______ vacuum, vanity, vacant, evacuation, vanish, devoid 98 vad, vas: _______ invade, invasion, evasive, pervasive 99 vail: _________ avail, prevail, prevalent, invalidity 100 ver, ert: _______ convert, revert, reverse, versatile, controversy, divert, diversity 101 vis, vid: _______ visual, supervise, revision 102 viv: _______ survival, revival, vivid, vital, vitality, vigor, vitamin 103 voc: _______ vocal, advocate, evoke, provoke 104: vol: _______ revolve, revolutions, evolution, volume, revolver
Suffix:
nominal 1)–crat, _____ technocrat, EUcrat, The education system of that country seems devoted only to the able and clever—the meritocrats.2)______–ee detainee, evacuee, draftee, flunkee, cursee, the huggee
3)–eer____ auctioneer, profiteer, sloganeer, racketeer, go racketeering, pamphleteering
4)–er, ______1 hatter, glover 2 diner, chopper 3 typewriter, cooker, thriller # backgrounder, face-saver, attention-getter, The scene-stealers were located in Los Angeles.學齡前兒童,他只是個事后諸葛亮,Supporters of the Concorde hail the jet as a revolutionary globe-shrinker.5)–nik beatnik, peacenik, protestnik, 計算機迷,影迷
6)--(i)an, ______ 1republican, Darwinian 2 Parisian, Indonesian,7)–ant, _____ informant, lubricant,8)—ling, duckling, hireling, princeling, underling,9)–manship, _______salesmanship, statesmanship, brinkmanship, 寫作方法,獲取撥款的本事
10)-ese, ________ 1 Burmese, Cantonese, officialese, journalese, anchormanese, gansterese, 11)–speak, doublespeak, newspeak, oldspeak, bureauspeak, summitspeak, Feaudspeak
12)–ism, _________ relativism, sophism, rheumatism, activism, euphemism, wittism, Methodism, fanaticism, tourism.# consumerism, nuclearism, 曠課,樂觀,13)-ocracy _______, aristocracy, meritocracy, 14)–let, ______, pamphlet, starlet,15)–ette-______, dinette, leatherette, usherette, suffragette
16)–itis _____ vacationitis, golfitis
–holic, colaholic, cyberholic, movie-holic
17)frequently used nominal suffixes:-mania,-athon,-cast,-gate,-meister, buster, cide,II Adjective and Adverbs –ed, ________ dogged, ragged, rugged, 尖的,巧克力味蛋糕,自謀職業的,2 –ish _______ snobbish, childish, greenish, coldish, Turkish, He is 70ish.3 –y ______, felt toasty by the fire, It was all very neat and Christmasy, splashy spectacles, 4 –esque __________ picturesque, romanesque, arabesque 5 –ward(s), 民工的返鄉流-bound,-oriented 6 –wise, _______crabwise, moneywise, education-wise, 7 –friendly esh is weak.心有余力不足。
Let the dead bury their own dead.既往不咎。
A little fire can kindle the forest.星星之火,可以燎原。
Treat others the way you would like to be treated.已所不欲,勿施于人。A good name is better than riches.美名勝過財富。