第一篇：房產(chǎn)中介組織概況(自己總結(jié)的)

房產(chǎn)中介組織概況

班級(jí)：8408010

2學(xué)號(hào)：2008040801037

姓名：王歡

社會(huì)中介組織是指處在政府與企事業(yè)單位及公民等經(jīng)濟(jì)主體和社會(huì)主體之間，起溝通、聯(lián)結(jié)作用，承擔(dān)特定服務(wù)、協(xié)調(diào)、監(jiān)督、管理職能的具有相對(duì)獨(dú)立的法律地位的社會(huì)組織。近年來(lái)，我國(guó)高度重視社會(huì)中介組織的發(fā)展，在有關(guān)政策的引導(dǎo)下，社會(huì)中介組織無(wú)論從數(shù)量上、質(zhì)量上、規(guī)模上、輻射范圍上，都比起初有了很大的進(jìn)步，隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步許多社會(huì)中介組織也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展，房地產(chǎn)已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)新興的產(chǎn)業(yè)，而房地產(chǎn)中介組織也隨機(jī)發(fā)展起來(lái)并且不斷壯大，那么這篇文章就談一談我國(guó)的房產(chǎn)中介組織的概況。

馬克思指出：“物質(zhì)生活的生產(chǎn)方式制約著整個(gè)社會(huì)生活、政治生活和精

[神生活的過(guò)程。”物質(zhì)資料的生產(chǎn)方式是人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的最終決定力量。沒有經(jīng)

濟(jì)的發(fā)展，物質(zhì)生活的充裕，就不可能有社會(huì)各方面的健康發(fā)展。我國(guó)目前還處于社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段，生產(chǎn)力水平還不夠發(fā)達(dá)，各地區(qū)發(fā)展還不平衡，直接造成了不同地區(qū)、不同區(qū)域在經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)事業(yè)發(fā)展上的諸多差異。

我國(guó)的房地產(chǎn)中介組織是伴隨著房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展從無(wú)到有，從小到大逐步建立和發(fā)展起來(lái)的，并且是隨著房地產(chǎn)事業(yè)的發(fā)展而逐漸發(fā)展起來(lái)的，規(guī)范化的房地產(chǎn)中介組織和成熟先進(jìn)的運(yùn)營(yíng)管理模式對(duì)于促進(jìn)房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展和規(guī)范房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行有著極其重要的作用。我國(guó)改革開放20多年來(lái)房地產(chǎn)中介行業(yè)的從業(yè)人員隊(duì)伍迅速擴(kuò)大，但是由于我國(guó)房地產(chǎn)中介業(yè)起步較晚，在執(zhí)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，執(zhí)業(yè)規(guī)則，專業(yè)人員素質(zhì)，技術(shù)手段，特別是在運(yùn)營(yíng)管理模式方面還處于探索階段，總體上來(lái)說(shuō)比較幼稚，缺乏核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比還存在一定的差距。隨著房地產(chǎn)事業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，房產(chǎn)中介組織免得這新的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。

一．我國(guó)房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)的重要性

作為房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的重要組成部分，房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展對(duì)促進(jìn)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)發(fā)展起到了重要的作用。

1、房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)是房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的潤(rùn)滑劑

房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)企業(yè)依靠自己的信息優(yōu)勢(shì)和專業(yè)知識(shí)優(yōu)勢(shì)，提供精確的交易信息與專業(yè)的咨詢建議，促進(jìn)市場(chǎng)信息的雙向流動(dòng)。對(duì)于消費(fèi)者可以提供全面的房產(chǎn)信息，縮短交易時(shí)間與成本;對(duì)于開發(fā)商可以提供準(zhǔn)確的市場(chǎng)信息、專業(yè)化的咨詢意見，從而避免市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，快速促進(jìn)開發(fā)與銷售。此外，房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)企業(yè)還提供一些周邊服務(wù)，如房產(chǎn)按揭、IT交易平臺(tái)、信息咨詢系統(tǒng)等，諸如此類服務(wù)均大大提高了房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)的運(yùn)行效率，降低了市場(chǎng)的運(yùn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

2、房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)具有較大的社會(huì)效益

房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)具有就業(yè)吸納能力強(qiáng)，資源耗費(fèi)少等特點(diǎn)，屬于新型朝陽(yáng)服務(wù)業(yè)。其屬于人力密集型行業(yè)，以從業(yè)者為創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的主體，在人員擴(kuò)張方面受其它生產(chǎn)要素的制約較少，在吸納就業(yè)方面具有先天的優(yōu)勢(shì)以及巨大的潛

力。此外，該行業(yè)以知識(shí)與服務(wù)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值，資源能源耗用極低，符合新型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。

房地產(chǎn)中介整體發(fā)展主要有以下幾方面的特點(diǎn)：

1． 特別是沿海開放城市發(fā)展較快，內(nèi)陸城市發(fā)展較慢。如：上海已有4000

多家中介商在從事從涉外房屋租賃買賣、新樓盤代理到二手房買賣租賃等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的中介服務(wù)，北京也有近2000家中介商。

2． 形成了包含房地產(chǎn)樓盤代理、評(píng)估、策劃、二手房出租買賣、抵押擔(dān)

保等領(lǐng)域的相對(duì)完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)。

3． 房地產(chǎn)中介的外部制度環(huán)境正在積極地建立，人才流動(dòng)在加速，戶籍

制度在逐步放松，房地產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權(quán)管理在規(guī)范，住房抵押業(yè)務(wù)在不斷地增長(zhǎng)，等等，這一切都預(yù)示著房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)和中介業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的外部環(huán)境正在逐步走向成熟。

二．目前房地產(chǎn)中介業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的主要問題 ：

1．缺乏專業(yè)的人才，影響產(chǎn)業(yè)的提升。

房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)工作涉及面廣，具有綜合性、廣泛性的特點(diǎn)，是多學(xué)科知識(shí)的綜合能力體現(xiàn)。因此，從事房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)工作的人員不僅需要精通房地產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)、房地產(chǎn)法律等方面知識(shí)，而且還要掌握現(xiàn)代化信息設(shè)備的操作技巧，同時(shí)，還要具備溝通溝通能力和敬業(yè)精神。因而，世界上房地產(chǎn)業(yè)比較成熟的國(guó)家對(duì)中介行業(yè)人員從業(yè)都有專門規(guī)定，如美國(guó)規(guī)定至少要有2年以上從事房地產(chǎn)工作的經(jīng)歷，并修完與房地產(chǎn)有關(guān)的8門學(xué)科方具有獲得房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人執(zhí)照的資格。但目前，由于房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)業(yè)在我國(guó)是近幾年才興起的一個(gè)行業(yè)，不少房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)缺乏一支經(jīng)過(guò)專門訓(xùn)練、嚴(yán)格資質(zhì)審查的專家隊(duì)伍。市場(chǎng)呼喚素質(zhì)綜合化的房地產(chǎn)中介人才，這種人才具有較高學(xué)歷、較深的專業(yè)知識(shí)、較強(qiáng)的業(yè)務(wù)能力和較高的道德水準(zhǔn)。他們是中介行業(yè)的骨干力量，是當(dāng)前亟需的人才。隨著房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)不斷向縱深發(fā)展，綜合素質(zhì)差的人便難以對(duì)市場(chǎng)信息作出正確的處理和預(yù)見性的分析，這勢(shì)必影響他們的中介活動(dòng)。專業(yè)人員的缺乏是影響房地產(chǎn)中介業(yè)發(fā)展和提升的瓶頸之一。

2．房地產(chǎn)中介缺乏消費(fèi)者的普遍認(rèn)同。

目前中介服務(wù)人員資格認(rèn)證制度尚不規(guī)范，從而造成房地產(chǎn)中介機(jī)構(gòu)從業(yè)人員來(lái)源復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)狀：既有與房地產(chǎn)專業(yè)相關(guān)的如工民建、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理、法律、貿(mào)易、會(huì)計(jì)等專業(yè)的人員，也有與房地產(chǎn)完全無(wú)關(guān)的如文史類，理工農(nóng)醫(yī)類等專業(yè)的人員；既有部分高等學(xué)歷的從業(yè)人員，更有大量“半路出家”，根本不懂房地產(chǎn)知識(shí)，缺乏專門訓(xùn)練，中等學(xué)歷的從業(yè)人員，而且許多從業(yè)人員缺乏應(yīng)有的敬業(yè)精神和職業(yè)道德，唯利是圖，利用各種手段竭盡欺詐之能事，嚴(yán)重影響了中介機(jī)構(gòu)的形象，損害了客戶利益，擾亂了房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的正常秩序。近幾年遭到嚴(yán)厲的口誅筆伐，客戶對(duì)房地產(chǎn)中介的有關(guān)投訴連續(xù)幾年列于中國(guó)消協(xié)十大投訴熱點(diǎn)之一，有些人向房地產(chǎn)中介舉起了“免談”的牌子。如何重新塑造中介的信任是整個(gè)行業(yè)發(fā)展所面臨的另外一個(gè)問題。

3．房地產(chǎn)中介市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈，中介商生存率低。

雖然社會(huì)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)中介的需求在逐步放大，但是房地產(chǎn)中介市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的內(nèi)外環(huán)境并非十分理想，不確定因素佷多，充滿風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。房地產(chǎn)中介尤其是普通中介市場(chǎng)，由于投資成本低，管理不太規(guī)范，市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入制度不完善，進(jìn)入門檻較低，操作不規(guī)范，信譽(yù)較低，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)手段和方式落后，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)十分激烈，許多中小房地產(chǎn)中介商面臨著競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和生存的壓力。導(dǎo)致當(dāng)年房地產(chǎn)中介商的生存率很低，如：鄭州市僅僅只有30%，上海和北京市場(chǎng)相對(duì)成熟，生存率也只有40%。一方面由于政府推行的住房制度和土地使用制度在不斷地向縱深發(fā)展，房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的潛力在不斷地釋放，中介業(yè)務(wù)成倍上升，有許多投資人看好這一潛在巨大的市場(chǎng)，不斷地涌入這一市場(chǎng)，另一面，大量的中介公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)無(wú)力，而退出這一市場(chǎng)。

三、我國(guó)房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)的前景展望

作為一個(gè)新生的行業(yè)，我國(guó)房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)的未來(lái)發(fā)展?jié)摿薮螅渲饕内厔?dòng)因素來(lái)自于兩個(gè)方面：一是其所依立的房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展;二是行業(yè)本身的進(jìn)一步生長(zhǎng)成熟。

1、房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)的持續(xù)向好將創(chuàng)造巨大的市場(chǎng)空間

自從1998年國(guó)家實(shí)行住房商品化改革之后，我國(guó)的房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)迎來(lái)了黃金十年，從1997年至2008年全國(guó)商品房銷售面積增長(zhǎng)了近六倍，年均增長(zhǎng)率達(dá)到21%，商品房?jī)r(jià)格也有較快的增長(zhǎng)。同時(shí)房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)建設(shè)在全國(guó)各地也火熱進(jìn)行，2008年全國(guó)房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)投資完成額達(dá)到3.06萬(wàn)億，占全社會(huì)固定資產(chǎn)投資額的18%，為08年GDP的十分之一，房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的支柱地位日益得到加強(qiáng)。雖然08年房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)遭遇了巨大調(diào)整，市場(chǎng)呈量縮價(jià)跌之態(tài)勢(shì)，但09年上半年房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)快速回暖，各類行業(yè)指標(biāo)強(qiáng)勁復(fù)蘇，仍不改長(zhǎng)期向好的態(tài)勢(shì)，推動(dòng)我國(guó)房地產(chǎn)持續(xù)向好的基本因素也沒有改變。

2、房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)的自身發(fā)展將進(jìn)一步拓展已有的市場(chǎng)空間

房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)業(yè)的成熟將為自身帶來(lái)更大的市場(chǎng)空間，其成熟表現(xiàn)為行業(yè)專業(yè)化程度逐步深化，發(fā)展模式日益成熟，行業(yè)價(jià)值的逐步顯現(xiàn)，行業(yè)地位日漸提高。

房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商在發(fā)展初期往往采取全職能、整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈滲透的經(jīng)營(yíng)模式，自行包攬房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)銷售的整個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，但隨著市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)程度加劇以及房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)企業(yè)的專業(yè)化提升，房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)參與的房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)價(jià)值鏈環(huán)節(jié)越來(lái)越多，由銷售環(huán)節(jié)向上拓展到調(diào)研、設(shè)計(jì)、企劃等環(huán)節(jié)，形成了目前所謂的全程代理概念，向下端則拓展到物業(yè)管理、存量房交易等環(huán)節(jié)。同時(shí)，房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)企業(yè)的發(fā)展模式也在逐步完善與成熟。易居中國(guó)服務(wù)內(nèi)容涵蓋住宅消費(fèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的諸多領(lǐng)域，世聯(lián)地產(chǎn)則形成了“咨詢+實(shí)施“的獨(dú)特業(yè)務(wù)模式。

隨著市場(chǎng)專業(yè)化程度的不斷提高，主流開發(fā)商紛紛將非核心業(yè)務(wù)外包，萬(wàn)科、保利、恒大等開發(fā)商的樓盤幾乎全部均由房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)企業(yè)代理銷售。08年策劃代理百?gòu)?qiáng)企業(yè)銷售額超過(guò)7000億元，占全國(guó)商品房銷售額的比重達(dá)到了歷史的最高水平32.1%，而05年此比例不到20%。另外，全國(guó)商品房代理銷售比例由07年的41%快速上升到08年的47%。除了代理銷售業(yè)務(wù)，08年的房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)重大調(diào)整使得行業(yè)的顧問策劃業(yè)務(wù)得到快速發(fā)展，百?gòu)?qiáng)企業(yè)的策劃收入增長(zhǎng)率同比達(dá)到了56%。

雖然我國(guó)房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)在近幾年取得了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展，但與國(guó)外成熟市場(chǎng)相比仍有巨大的差距。如美國(guó)，大約85%的物業(yè)交易是通過(guò)中介機(jī)構(gòu)完成的，而即使在我國(guó)房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)行業(yè)發(fā)展時(shí)間早、市場(chǎng)化程度高，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的珠三角和長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū)，由中介代理的新增商品房的市場(chǎng)份額也才剛剛達(dá)到50%;在房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)行業(yè)發(fā)展相對(duì)不成熟的其他區(qū)域，由中介代理的新增商品房的市場(chǎng)份額約10%-30%，由此可見，房地產(chǎn)中介服務(wù)行業(yè)未來(lái)業(yè)務(wù)具有廣闊的空間。

第二篇：英美概況總結(jié)

英美概況總結(jié)

1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except __D___.英國(guó)之所以能成為世界上最早開始工業(yè)化的國(guó)家,原因有很多。但英國(guó)是從 17 世紀(jì)以后逐步 開始對(duì)海外貿(mào)易和開拓海外殖民地產(chǎn)生濃厚興趣的。A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade.B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport.C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected.D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century.2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.The monarch has very little power.英國(guó)是君主立憲制國(guó)家，國(guó)王或女王（君主）幾乎沒什么實(shí)質(zhì)性的權(quán)力。

3.the Conservative Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received financial support from them? 保守黨和自由黨是英國(guó)最早成立的兩個(gè)黨派。大致來(lái)說(shuō)，保守黨是中上 層階級(jí)的黨，它得到大公司財(cái)政上的支持；而工黨主要得到工會(huì)的支持，它的支持者主要是 中產(chǎn)階級(jí)和知識(shí)分子。

4.On accepting Bill of Rights, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.《權(quán)利法案》的簽署，標(biāo)志著英國(guó)進(jìn)入了君主立憲制時(shí)代，一個(gè)君主幾乎沒有什么實(shí)質(zhì)性權(quán) 力并受制于議會(huì)的時(shí)代。

5.Females were allowed to vote in national elections until 1918.直到 1918 年婦女才在全國(guó)大選中享有選舉權(quán)。

6.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a domain.《1867 年英國(guó)北美法案》將加拿大納為它的自治領(lǐng)。

7.During World War II, as a war leader,Winston Churchill received massive popular support and led his country to final victory in 1945.在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中，當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)首相丘吉爾作為戰(zhàn) 爭(zhēng)統(tǒng)帥受到了英國(guó)人民的廣泛擁戴，并帶領(lǐng)英國(guó)人民贏得了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的最后勝利。8.The Falkland Islands war was between Britain and Argentina.福克蘭群島戰(zhàn)役是發(fā)生在英國(guó)和阿根廷著這兩個(gè)國(guó)家之間。位于大西洋南部的福克蘭群島從 1892 年起就是英國(guó)的海外殖民地，1982 年阿根廷開始控制這些島嶼，但是英國(guó)最終打敗了 阿根廷，并重新占領(lǐng)了這些島嶼。

9.In Britain, a by-election is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns.英國(guó)的下院議會(huì)成員中有人去世、退休或辭職時(shí)，就要進(jìn)行補(bǔ)缺選舉。

10.In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.在英國(guó)，部長(zhǎng)們是由首相推薦，女王加以任命的。

11.There are 651 members in the House of Commons.下議院共有 651 名議員。

12.Which of the following people didn’t use to be the British Prime Minister? A.Margaret Thatcher B.Winston Churchill C.Horatio Nelson(c)D.John Major 撒切爾夫人，丘吉爾和梅杰都曾經(jīng)做過(guò)英國(guó)首相；而納爾遜（1758-1805），英國(guó)海軍統(tǒng)帥，因作戰(zhàn)負(fù)傷，右眼失明，失去右臂。后任地中海艦隊(duì)司令，在特法爾加角海戰(zhàn)中大敗西班牙 聯(lián)合艦隊(duì)，本人受重傷陣亡，號(hào)稱 Viscount Nelson。13.By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom.在英國(guó)，按照傳統(tǒng)，多數(shù)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人由君主任命為首相，首相從本黨內(nèi) 部挑選一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人擔(dān)任各部部長(zhǎng)職位。

14.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears this nickname today.托利黨是英國(guó)保守黨的前身。

15.In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.在英國(guó)，在下議院中贏得第二席位的政黨為反對(duì)黨，它也有它自己的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和影子內(nèi)閣（shadow cabinet）。

16.The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.現(xiàn)在“英國(guó)病”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用來(lái)指英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)上的衰退。

17.The 1980s was remembered as the decade of privatization.正如 20 世紀(jì) 40 年代被看作是國(guó)有化的時(shí)代一樣，20 世紀(jì) 80 年代被看作是私有化的時(shí)代。包括英國(guó)石油、航空、鋼鐵、電訊在內(nèi)的幾乎 40% 的國(guó)有公司實(shí)現(xiàn)了私有化。

18.Today, in Britain，coal mining is called a “sick” industry.英國(guó)煤礦業(yè)被稱為生病工業(yè)。英國(guó)的煤產(chǎn)量在一戰(zhàn)前達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)，如今的英國(guó)的煤礦業(yè)衰退，從而導(dǎo)致礦工的數(shù)量、煤礦的總產(chǎn)量大大下降。

19.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the design in 1765.第一臺(tái)蒸汽機(jī)是 Thomas Newcomer 在 17 世紀(jì)末設(shè)計(jì)的，后來(lái)蘇格蘭發(fā)明家瓦特在 1765 年 對(duì)原有的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)提高，生產(chǎn)出了第一臺(tái)高效的蒸汽機(jī)并應(yīng)用到紡織和其他機(jī)械業(yè) 中。

20.The Industrial Revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生了工人階級(jí)，即無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)。后來(lái)形成了工會(huì)制度。21.Cotton Textile is the key to Industrial Revolution.紡織業(yè)的改革是英國(guó)工業(yè)革命的主要成 就之一。

22.Romanticism became a literary current during the period of the successful Industrial Revolution.工業(yè)革命時(shí)期的主要文學(xué)流派是浪漫主義。

23.Modern football game began in England.現(xiàn)代的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)起源于英國(guó)。其正宗的老家在英格蘭，19 世紀(jì)興起。

24.Prime Minister is the leader of the British government.英國(guó)的政體是君主立憲制。國(guó)王（女王）是國(guó)家元首，但政府的首領(lǐng)為首相。

25.The second largest city in England,Birmingham, is a metropolitan district and an industrial and manufacturing city.英國(guó)的第二大城市伯明翰位于英格蘭中部平原，是國(guó)際化大都市，也是 英國(guó)的工業(yè)和制造業(yè)中心。

26.The Romans introduced Christianity into Britain.公元 43 年，羅馬人占領(lǐng)英國(guó)，其后統(tǒng)治了 400 多年。基督徒就是在這一時(shí)期由羅馬人傳入英國(guó)的。

27.The real power of the British government lies in the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister.君主立憲制下，國(guó)王的作用更側(cè)重于其象征意義，而實(shí)權(quán)為內(nèi)閣所有，內(nèi)閣由首相率領(lǐng)。

28.In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.英國(guó)的教育體系中的義務(wù)教育階段是 5-16 歲，這是每一位學(xué)生在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的最低年限。

29.The longest river in Britain is the Severn River, and the largest river in the USA is the Mississippi.英國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河是塞文河，全長(zhǎng) 355 公里，美國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河是密西西比河，長(zhǎng) 4000 公里左右。

30.The general election in Britain is held every five years.英國(guó)大選每 5 年舉行一次。31.Which of the following tribes first came to Britain? A Roman B Anglo-Saxons C Jutes D Celts(D)凱爾特在公元前 700 年到英國(guó)，羅馬人在公元 1 到 5 世紀(jì)統(tǒng)治英國(guó)，5 世紀(jì)中期盎格魯撒克 遜人侵占英國(guó)，因此凱爾特人是最早踏入英國(guó)的。32.The Hundred Years’ War between Britain and France was fought from 1337 to 1453.英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)于 1337 年到 1453 年間，中間還發(fā)生了黑死病。

33.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year 1949.愛爾蘭共和國(guó)在 1949 年獨(dú)立。

34.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution.英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)于 1642 年到 1646 年間 發(fā)生，國(guó)王查爾斯與議會(huì)發(fā)生爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，實(shí)際上是國(guó)王與清教徒之間的矛盾引起的，結(jié)果議會(huì)勝 利。

35.Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east, 英國(guó)南面與法國(guó)隔著英吉利海峽。

36.The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh.英國(guó)最大的湖是內(nèi)伊湖，最長(zhǎng)的河流是塞文 河。

37.The majority of people in Scotland live in the central Lowlands? 蘇格蘭中低部適合人類生存，是蘇格蘭工業(yè)和人高度集中的地區(qū)。

38.In Britain only about 2% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the land area.由于英國(guó)農(nóng)作業(yè)時(shí)的高度機(jī)械化，只需利用全國(guó) 2%的人口來(lái)耕作大面積農(nóng)地。39.The two important crops in Britain are wheat and barley.小麥和大麥?zhǔn)怯?guó)最重要的莊稼。

40.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free education.英國(guó)的義務(wù)教育是從 5 歲到 16 歲，所以期間的教育全部免費(fèi)。41.Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper?(D)A The Telegraph B The Guardian C The News of the World 英國(guó)歷史上最悠久的日?qǐng)?bào)是《泰晤士報(bào)》。D The Times 42.The river Thames is in England.泰晤士河位于英格蘭。

43.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.工業(yè)革命最早從英國(guó)開始。44.Which of the following is true under Thatcher’s administration?(C)A The proportion of owner-occupation decreased.B Public housing became more important.C Many public houses were sold to people.D The UK became more European-like in its housing arrangement.1979 年撒切爾夫人成為英國(guó)第一任女首相。她提出的政策稱被為“撒切爾主義”。其內(nèi)容包 括國(guó)有企業(yè)私有化，采用貨幣主義政策以控制通貨膨脹，削弱工會(huì)的影響，加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)因素在 經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用，將公有住房賣給公眾，強(qiáng)調(diào)法律和秩序。在一定程度上講，她的計(jì)劃是成功 的。她領(lǐng)導(dǎo)英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)度過(guò)了一段最繁華的時(shí)期。

45.Britain has its nuclear naval force since it’s a traditional sea power.英國(guó)擁有其海軍核力量與其一貫的霸主地位是密切相關(guān)的。

46.Which of the following is the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain?(C)A The Times B The Guardian C The Observer D The Financial Times 《觀察家報(bào)》創(chuàng)刊于 1791 年，是英國(guó)創(chuàng)刊最早的星期日?qǐng)?bào)紙。

47.Big Ben was named after Benjamin Hall.據(jù)說(shuō) Big Ben 得名于它在 1859 年修建時(shí)候的建造者 Benjamin Hall。

48.The Capital of Wales is Cardiff.威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫。49.Portsmouth is England’s biggest naval base.英國(guó)最大的海軍基地是普茨茅斯。

50.There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour Party.英國(guó)奉行的是兩黨制。其兩大主要政黨是保守黨和工黨。1.Which name is NOT related to Britain?(D)A Northern Ireland B Scotland C Wales D Toronto 2.The news agency Reuters was founded in London.路透社創(chuàng)建于倫敦。

3.The tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by William the Conqueror.倫敦塔是 1078 年為防止羅馬入侵由威廉大帝修建的。

4.The Anglo-Saxon were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.英國(guó)民族的前身是安格魯薩克森人。

5.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.格拉斯格是蘇格蘭最大的城市和經(jīng)濟(jì)中心。6.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free education.英國(guó)小孩 5—16 歲的教育是免費(fèi)的。

7.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.工業(yè)革命起源于英國(guó)。

8.Ben Nevis is the name ofBritain’s highest mountain? 本尼維斯山為英國(guó)最高峰。9.The United Kingdom is the correct name to use to refer to Britain in a political way.提起英國(guó)，很多人會(huì)使用名字“Britain”“England”或“British”，但這往往會(huì)惹惱蘇格蘭人，威爾士 人以及北愛爾蘭人。從政治角度來(lái)講，“the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”或 “the United Kingdom/UK”是英國(guó)正確的叫法。“the British Isles”則是地理意義 上的名字，包括 Great Britain，the whole of Ireland（Northern and Southern），the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man 這些島嶼。Britain has, for centuries , been slowly tilting with the North-West slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking.英國(guó)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)地勢(shì)一直在緩慢地傾斜，表現(xiàn)為西北部在慢慢上 升，而東南部在慢慢下沉，所以英國(guó)的西北部為高地。

11.The two areas in Britain where a lot of immigrants live are London and heart of England.現(xiàn) 在，英國(guó)移民主要集中在倫敦及英格蘭心臟地帶的一些城市和城鎮(zhèn)，諸如 Slough, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Birmingham, Luton, Bradford, Coventry, Bedford 和 Reading 等等。

12.The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses.英國(guó)國(guó)旗為紅白藍(lán)三色的米字旗（也叫“Union Jack”，是由三個(gè)十字組成。）13.Which flower is symbol of England?(D)A Thistle B Shamrock C Daffodil D Rose A，薊是蘇格蘭的象征，用作蘇格蘭的國(guó)徽；B，三葉苜蓿花為愛爾蘭的國(guó)花；C，黃水仙 花是威爾士的國(guó)花；D，玫瑰則是英格蘭的國(guó)花。

14.Lake District was the home of the Lake Poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge and Robert Southey of 19th century Britain.位于英格蘭西北部和威爾士北部的湖區(qū)是英國(guó)著 名的風(fēng)景區(qū)之一，也是英國(guó)十九世紀(jì)湖畔詩(shī)人聚居的地方。

15.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.最早來(lái)英國(guó)定居的是伊比利亞人。大約

在公元前 3000 年左右，也就是新石器時(shí)代，他們從伊比利亞半島（即今天的西班牙）來(lái)到 英國(guó)。

16.Julius Caesar invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC.英國(guó)的歷史是從羅 馬人的入侵開始的。愷撒，這位偉大的羅馬將軍，在公元前 55 年第一次帶兵入侵并征服了 英國(guó)。

17.Which one is not the reason for the very limited influence of Roman to Britain? A The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.B The Romans and Britons never intermarry during the 4 centuries C The Romans didn’t like the Britons.D The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.(c)盡管羅馬人征服了英國(guó)，但是羅馬文化對(duì)英國(guó)的影響十分有限。這主要是因?yàn)椋毫_馬人一直 把英國(guó)人看作是社會(huì)地位相當(dāng)于奴隸的被降伏的民族； 在長(zhǎng)達(dá)四個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間里從來(lái)沒有羅 馬人跟英國(guó)人通婚；羅馬人對(duì)英國(guó)平民階層的語(yǔ)言和文化沒有任何影響。18.The Hundred Years’ war with France ended by the English being driven out of France.By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.英法之間的百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以英國(guó)人被趕出法國(guó)而告終。到 1453 年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)，只有法國(guó)北部的 加萊港還在英國(guó)人手里。

19.Which war had little effect on ordinary people but gave a death blow to feudalism?(A)A The Wars of the Roses C The English Civil War B The Hundred Years’ War D World War I 盡管玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了 30 年，但對(duì)老百姓的生活幾乎沒什么影響，反倒使英國(guó)的封建主義受 到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。20.The English Civil War, also called the Puritan Revolution , is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)也叫“清教徒革命”，這是因?yàn)榉磳?duì)國(guó)王的人大 部分是那些清教徒。英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅推翻了英國(guó)的封建制度，也動(dòng)搖了歐洲封建統(tǒng)治的基礎(chǔ)。所以，從這個(gè)角度講，英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)通常被看作現(xiàn)代世界史的開端。

21.Scotland is the home of golf.高爾夫是一項(xiàng)古老的貴族的運(yùn)動(dòng)，源于十五世紀(jì)或更早以前 的蘇格蘭，蘇格蘭地區(qū)山多，氣候濕潤(rùn)，多霧，非常適合牧草生長(zhǎng)，這里的工業(yè)文明以前是 連綿不斷的牧場(chǎng)。相傳當(dāng)時(shí)牧羊人放牧閑暇時(shí)，用木板玩游戲，將石子擊入兔子窩或洞中。

久而久之形成了使用不同的球桿并按一定的規(guī)則擊球。

22.Which of the follwing languages is NOT spoken in Scotland? A English B Scottish C Gaelic D Denish(D)Gaelic 蘇格蘭蓋爾語(yǔ)是高地蘇格蘭人的傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)言；更多人使用的語(yǔ)言是英語(yǔ)。一直到 15 世 紀(jì)末，盎格魯人仍然以他們的語(yǔ)言稱蘇格蘭蓋爾語(yǔ)為「蘇格蘭語(yǔ)」（盎格魯語(yǔ)：Scottish）。23.The election of 1979 made Margaret Thatcher to power and she became the first woman prime minister.Margaret Thatcher 在 1979 年成為英國(guó)首相，為英國(guó)史上第一個(gè)女首相。

24.To its full sense, the British Parliament consist of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.具體的說(shuō)，英國(guó)的議會(huì)是由元首，上議院和下議院組成。其中，元首沒 有實(shí)權(quán)，上議員由大法官（Lord Chancellor）掌權(quán)，是由神職議員（the Lord Spiritual）和世 俗議員（the Lord Temporal），下議院的成員是通過(guò)選舉產(chǎn)生的 651 名議員,以首相為首。

25.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by William the Conqueror.倫敦塔名為 “塔” 實(shí)際上是公元 11 世紀(jì)處于羅馬統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的一座城堡式建筑。，26.There are two state churches in Britain.英國(guó)有兩大國(guó)教： 在英格蘭是英格蘭教（Church of England）或者英國(guó)圣公會(huì)，在蘇格莎白的頭銜全稱為“托上帝宏恩，大不列顛及北愛爾蘭 聯(lián)合國(guó)和她的其他領(lǐng)土和領(lǐng)地的女王、英聯(lián)邦元首、基督教的保護(hù)者伊麗莎白二世”。可見，英女王是基督教的保護(hù)者。

27.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son Richard, the regime began immediately to collapse.Oliver Cromwell 的兒子在父親過(guò)世后繼承王權(quán)，但是不久后掌控的政體瓦解。1660 年，議 會(huì)扶植流浪法國(guó)的前國(guó)王兒子 Charles 二世當(dāng)國(guó)王。28.The twenty-first birthday is a great event in Britain since it marks the beginning of full manhood or womanhood.在英國(guó),21 歲生日是個(gè)大生日,因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為 21 歲是大人開始的年 齡。

29.Reuters was founded in 1851.路透社是世界四大通訊社之一，也是英國(guó)創(chuàng)辦最早的通訊 社。1850 年由保羅·朱利葉斯·路透（paul julius reuter）在德國(guó)亞琛創(chuàng)辦，1851 年遷址到 倫敦。創(chuàng)辦人路透原為德國(guó)人，后加入英國(guó)籍。1865 年，路透把他的私人通訊社擴(kuò)展成為 一家大公司。

英國(guó)文學(xué) 1.Irony refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality.irony 是指“反諷”，揭示事物表面與真相的差別。

2.Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England.Aflred Tennyson 被稱為維多利亞時(shí)代最杰出的英國(guó)詩(shī)人。他的主要作品為：The Princess，Maud 和短詩(shī) Break，Break，Break。

3.James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT__C__.A Dubliners B A Potrait of the Artist as a Young Man C Jude the Obscure D Ulysses Jude the Obscure 是 Thomas Hardy 的作品。4.Which of the follwing poets is different from the others? A John Donne B John Keats C Lord Byron A D Percy Bysshe Shelley 除了 John Donn 是玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人外，另外三位為浪漫主義派詩(shī)人。5.William Wordsworth is an English _A___.A poet B novelist C playwright D critic William Wordsworth 是英國(guó)前浪漫主義詩(shī)人。

6.The compiler of A Dictionary of the English Language is Samuel Johnson.Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）編寫的《英語(yǔ)字典》是之后所有英語(yǔ)字典的基石。

7.My Last Duchess is a monologue poem written by Robert Browning.Robert Browning（1812-1889）擅于寫?yīng)毥莿。拇碜魇?My Last Duchess 和 Meeting at Night。8.“Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is an epigrammatic line by John Keats.Beauty is truth, truth beauty 是 John Keats 的寫作宗旨，他用盡畢生精力追求能夠表達(dá)一切美 麗事物的詩(shī)篇。

9.Paradise Lost is a masterpiece by John Miltom.《失樂園》和《復(fù)樂園》均為 John Milton 作。

10.James Joyce mostly wrote about his hometown Dublin.James Joyce 出生于愛爾蘭的首都都柏林，主要作品有： Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man，A Ulysses。故事合集 Dubliners。

Land and People

1.The official name of Great Britain is___.(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)2.On the British Isles there were two countries before___.(1918)3.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year___.(1949)4.Of all the four parts of Island in Great Britain ___ is the largest in area.(England)5.In ___ the British Commonwealth was founded.(1913)6.The Strait of Dover is only ___ km.wide.(33)7.On the island of Britain from north to south it runs ___ km and the widest part extends ___ km.(1,000;500)8.Scotland has an area of ___ sq.km., which makes it rank the second in size.(78,760)9.The highest mountain in Britain, Ben Nevis, lies in ___.(the Highlands)10.The longest river in Britain is ___.(the Severn River)11.The largest lake in Britain is ___.(Lough Neagh)12.Britain is an island country which lies between latitude ___ to ___ degrees north.(50;60)13.The prevailing ___ winds or Westerlies blow over the country all the year.(south-west)14.In Britain the average rainfall throughout the whole year is over ___ mm.(1,000)15.The average population density in Britain is ___ people per square kilometer.(237)16.In Britain ___ of the population is urban and ___ is rural.(90%;10%)17.The Celts arrived in Britain after ___.(700BC)18.The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient ___.(Britons)19.Names beginning with “M” are ___.(Scottish)20.Irish,often called Erse, is a form of ___.(Gaelic)The Oringins of a Nation 1.The first known settles of Britain were ___.(the Iberians)2.The true Roman occupation began in ___.(43AD)3.The Hadrians Wall was built during the occupation of ___.(the Romans)4.The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday came from ___.(Druidism)5.The Witan, the basis of the Privy Council was created by ___.(the Anglo-Saxons)6.Alfred the Great was the King of ___.(Wessex)7.Canute was a ___ leader.(Danish)8.When Edward the Confessor died, the Witan chose ___ as English King.(Harold)9.In 1066 Harold and his troops fought against William's army on Senlac Field near ___.(Hastings)10.For nearly ___ years Britain was under the Roman occupation.(400)The Shaping of the Nation 1.“Domesday Book” was compiled during the rule of ___.(William I)2.When William died in 1087, he left Normandy to ___, and England to ___.(Robert;William Rufus)3.In Henry's day a jury consisted of ___ men.(12)4.The Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 increased the jurisdiction of ___.(the civil courts)5.The Canterbury Tales was written by ___.(Geoffrey Chaucer)6.The Murder in the Cathedral is about the martyrdom of ___.(Henry II)7.Magna Carta was signed in ___ at a conference at ___.(1215;Oxford)8.According to Magna Carta no tax should be made without the approval of ___.(the King)9.Led by ___, the barons forced Henry III to accept ___.(Simon de Montfort;the Great Charter)10.In 1265 Simon summoned the Great and two ___ from each town.(yeomen)11.Even today the British royal assent to law is still written in ___ “l(fā)e roil le veut”.(English)12.Under ___ Wales was conquered.(Henry III)13.The Hundred Year's War lasted from ___ to ___.(1337;1453)14.The Black Death swept through England in the summer of ___ without warning.(1348)15.By the end of 14th century the Black Death reduced England's population from 4 million to ___ million.(3)16.The Peasant Uprising led by John Ball happened in ___.(1381)Transition to the Modern Age

1.The Wars of Roses refereed to the battles between ___ and ___.(the House of York;the HOuse of Lancaster)2.The Wars of Roses broke out shortly after ___.(the Hundred Year's War)3.The Wars of Roses broke out in ___ and ended in ___.(1455;1485)4.The Wars of Roses ended with the failure of ___.(the House of Lancaster)5.After the Wars of Roses the rule of ___ began.(the Tudors)6.The last battle of the Wars of Roses was at ___ in 1485.(Bosworth Field)7.The first king of the Tudors was ___.(Henry VII)8.In foreign affairs, Henry VIII was aided by ___, Archbishop and Lord Chancellor.(Thomas Wolsey)9.Henry VIII dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because ___.(they were much more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings)10.The real change of “the Reformation” came in the day of ___.(Edward VI)11.___ is remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.(Mary Tudor)12.England has been Protestant since the reign of ___, a Protestant Queen.(Elizabeth I)13.Elizabeth I was the daughter of ___ and ___.(Henry VIII;Anne Boleyn)14.The Armada was defeated by England in ___.(1588)15.Stuarts began with the rule of ___.(James I)16.The Renaissance began in northern ___ in the early ___ century.(Italy;14th)17.The Renaissance was typified by the universal genius of ___.(Leonardo da Vinci)18.The finest exponents in English Renaissance were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson and ___.(William Shakespeare)19.___ established blank verse in plays.(Christopher Marlowe)20.___ influenced greatly the early works of William Shakespeare.(Christopher Marlowe)21.Which in the following is the tragedy of Shakespeare?(Hamlet)22.___ created a dream world of mystery and magic which has influenced many later poets, especially the Romantics.(Edmund Spenser)23.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was engineered by ___.(Guy Fawkes)24.___ was regarded as the second Magna Carta.(The Petition of Right)25.___ contained a series of seven laws against the Puritans.(The Clarendon Act)26.In the Glorious Revolution the Catholic English king, ___ was driven out of England.(James II)27.After the Glorious Revolution came the Age of ___, a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament.(the Constitutional Monarchy)28.It was during the reign of ___, the name Great Britain came into being in 1707.(Anne)The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 1.___ was the forerunner of the Conservative Party.(The Tories)2.The open field system could be dated back to ___ century.(5th)3.According to the open field system each year ___ field was left “fallow”.(1/3)4.The open field system lasted till ___ century.(18th)5.The seed frill was invented by ___.(Jethro Tull)6.The English king ___ was given the nickname “Farmer George”.(George III)7.The Industrial Revolution began in the late ___ century and ended in early ___ century and it first sprang in ___.(18th;19th;Britain)8.The Industrial Revolution first started in ___.(textiles)9.In Britain the real revolution in textiles was in ___.(1770)10.The spinning jenny was invented by ___.(James Hargreaves)11.The first steam engine was devised by ___.(Thomas Newcomer)12.As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Britain was by ___ the “workshop of the world”.(1830)13.The Chartist Movement lasted from ___ to ___.(1836;1848)14.In ___, the London Working Men's Association was founded.(1836)15.The Physical Force Chartists was led by ___.(Feargus O'Conour)16.The Moral Force Chartists was led by___.(William Lovett)17.During the Chartist Movement ___ petitions were presented to the Parliament.(3)18.The People's Charter made in 1836 had ___ points.(6)19.During the Chartist Movement the first petition was presented in ___ and the last was in ___.(1840;1848)20.Influenced by the French Revolution the British Parliament passed ___ of 1799-1800 to forbid the formation of unions.(the Combination)21.During the rule of the ___ government, the Trade Union Act of ___ legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.(Liberal;1871)22.The Independent Labor Party was formed in ___, led by ___.(1893;Keir Hardic)23.The Labor Party became the opposition for the first time in ___.(1922)24.English colonial expansion began with the colonization of ___ in ___.(Newfoundland;1583)25.After the Seven Years, War Canada was ceded to Britain by ___.(The 1763 Treaty of Paris)26.___ divided Canada into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.(The Canada Act of 1791)27.Canada was established as a dominion by ___.(The British North America Act of 1867)28.Australia was first discovered by ___ in the early ___.(Dutch;1600s)29.In ___ the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion---the Independent Commonwealth of Australia.(1901)30.New Zealand was first sighted by the ___ seaman ___ in ___.(Dutch;Abel Tasman;1642)31.In the 1770s ___ visited New Zealand and claimed it for England.(Captain James Cook)32.Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi in ___ with ___ chiefs.(1840;Maori)33.New Zealand was completely independent in ___.(1931)34.The British East India Company was established in ___.(1600)35.In ___ Queen Victoria became Empress of India.(1877)36.The Suez Canal was first built by ___ engineers.(French)37.In the ___ British merchants began to smuggle opium into China from India.(1830s)38.In ___, the Chinese, led by the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu, confiscated the British merchants' opium and burned them.(1839)39.After the Opium War in 1840 the British troops occupied Hong Kong in ___.(1841)40.After the Opium War in 1840, ___ was signed in 1842.(the Treaty of Nanjing)41.After the Second Opium War China was forced to open ___ ports.(11)42.In Britain, after the First World War women over ___ years old were granted the right to vote.(30)43.The spark of World War I was struck at ___ in ___.(Sarajevo;1914)44.The Sudetenland was given to Germany by ___.(the Munich Agreement)45.The Great Exhibition 100 years ago was held by ___.(the Conservative Government)46.The Beatles, the popular band in 1960s, came from ___.(Liverpool)47.In 1979 the Conservative Party returned to power again and ___ became the Prime Minister.(Margaret Thatcher)48.In ___ the Falkland Island war broke out between Britain and ___.(1982;Argentina)The Economy 1.After ___, Britain gave up its economic hegemony and suffered a deep low of its position of industrial leadership.(the Second World War)2.With help from ___, the British economy quickly recovered from the Second World War.(the USA)3.By the end of ___, the British economy had returned to its pre-war levels.(1947)4.In 1950 Britain's GDP and its foreign trade ranked ___ and its per capita income ranked ___ in the world.(second;third)5.The end of ___ Britain witnesses the first oil shock.(1973)6.In ___ Britain became a net exporter of oil.(1980s)7.The 1940s in Britain was regarded as the decade of ___ in economy.(nationalization)8.The 1980s in Britain was remembered as the era of ___.(privatization)9.Almost all the industrial areas in Britain except ___ and ___ are based on coalfields.(London;Belfast)10.The coal from the coalfield of ___ is ,ost suitable for producing blast furnace coke used in British steelworks.(the North-East)11.___ coalfields produce coal suitable for the power stations.(The Midlands)12.It is estimated that Britain has the oil reserves of ___ million barrels.(13)13.In Britain the imported cotton arrives at the city of ___ and then carried by canal to the great textile manufacturing city of ___.(Liverpool;Manchester)14.Britain was a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the ___ century.(19th)15.Now the British motor industry is dominated by ___ firms.(4)16.The motor vehicle industry in Britain began to developed in the early ___ century.(20th)17.The area between ___ and ___ in Scotland is referred to as the “Silicon Glen”.(London;South Wales)18.In Britain ___ of the population who are farmers manage ___ of the land area.(3%;70%)19.In Britain any farm employing more than ___ farm workers is a big farm.(4)20.There are mainly ___ farm types in Britain.(6)21.The chief arable farming areas are in ___ and ___.(the East;the South East)22.The two very important crops in Britain are ___ and ___.(wheat;barley)23.Both ___ and ___ are the staple food of Britain.(wheat;potatoes)24.In Britain ___ is not grown.(rice)25.___ is the chief kind of farming in the North and West of Britain.(Stock farming)26.Britain is the ___ largest trading nation in the world.(fifth)27.Britain has been a major trading power since the ___ century.(17th)28.About half of British trade is with ___.(EEC)Government and Administration 1.The United Kingdom is government in the name of ___, by ___.(the Sovereign;His or Her Majesty’s Government)

2.The British monarchy can be traced back to at least ___ century.(the 9th)3.The present British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II was crowned in ___.(1953)4.___ is the “supreme governor” of the Church of England.(The monarch)5.In law British Prime Minister is appointed by ___.(the monarch)6.All royal expenditure is approved by ___.(the British Parliament)7.The life of the British Parliament is ___ years and divided into ___.(5;sessions)8.The leader of the House of Lords is ___.(the Lord Chancellor)9.___ has the ultimate authority for law-making.(The Lower House)10.In Britain the members of the Lower House are elected either at a general election or at ___.(a by-election)11.In Britain the general election is normally held every ___ years.(5)12.In Britain the citizens aged ___ or over have the right to vote.(18)13.In Britain a candidate must be at least ___ or over with the deposit of ￡___.(21;500)14.The Social and Liberal Democratic Party is the combination of the Social Democratic Party and ___.(the Liberal Party)15.The House of Lords cannot delay a bill passed by the Lower House for more than ___ months.(12)16.The House of Common is headed by ___.(the Speaker)17.The British Cabinet is presided by ___.(the Prime Minister)18.The local government on the mainland of Scotland is on ___ basis.(tow-tier)19.Northern Ireland is divided into ___ districts.(26)20.Which of the following is NOT true about the British Parliament.(The Lord Chancellor is responsible for the records of proceedings of the House of Lords and for the text of Acts of Parliament.)Justice and Law 1.___ is confined mainly to economic and social matters in Britain.(European Community Law)2.In ___ the Lord Advocate, is responsible for prosecutions in the courts.(Scotland)3.Whether the accused is guilty or innocent is decided by ___.(the jury)4.The jury in Scotland contains ___ members.(15)5.England and Wales are divided into ___ circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal cases.(6)6.___ is the ultimate court of appeal in civil cases throughout the United Kingdom.(The House of Lords)7.In England and Wales the highest judicial appointments are made by the Queen on the advice of ___.(the Prime Minister)8.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the common law in the U.K.?(It mainly includes the Acts of Parliament.)Social Affairs 1.The NHS was established in the UK in ___.(1948)2.___ do not contribute to the cost of the NHS.(Students)3.In Britain ___ cannot received a voucher towards the cost of their spectacles.(officials at office)4.___ is directly responsible for the NHS.(Central government)5.The contributory social security benefits include ___.(retirement pension)6.Women at the age of ___ and men at the age of ___ are entitled to a state retirement pension.(60,65)7.___ is uniquely related to the Crown.(Church of England)8.About 1,312 churches are governed locally in Scotland by ___.(Kirk Session)9.The General Assembly meets annually under the presidency of an elected moderator, who serves for ___.(one year)10.___ is NOT among the Anglican Churches.(The Baptists)11.The Free Church does NOT include ___.(the Church of England)12.___ is the largest of the Free Churches.(The Methodist Church)13.___ allows only men to become priests.(The Roman Catholic Church)14.There are now ___ Roman Catholic provinces in Britain.(7)15.December 25th is ___.(Christmas Day)16.___ is liable to be charged by the NHS for treatment in an accident, emergency or for an infectious disease.(No one)17.Services provided for expectant mothers and mothers with young children do NOT include ___.(free sight test)18.Unemployment benefit of ___ a week for a single person is payable for up to a year in any one period of unemployment.(￡45.45)19.Employers are responsible for paying statutory sick pay to employees for up to a maximum of ___ weeks if employees are sick or disable.(28)20.Most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly from their employer for a maximum of ___ weeks.(18)

美國(guó)概況

1.The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River.（密西西比河也是美國(guó)最長(zhǎng)最為重要的河流，被美國(guó)人“眾河之父”Father of Waters）

2.Non-Hispanic white is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A.3.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans.2000年前美國(guó)黑人是美國(guó)人數(shù)最多的少數(shù)民族，2000年后Hispanics/Latinos也就是拉丁裔的美國(guó)人成為美國(guó)人數(shù)最多的少數(shù)民族。

4.America has the world's oldest written constitution and political party.5.As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U.S.Constitution?

A.He is the head of the state

B.He is the chief executive of the U.S.C.He is the commander in chief of the armed forces

D.He is the head of his political party

6.The economic problems caused by the depression in 1929 were eventually solved by the New Deal.（proposed by F.D.Roosevelt）

7.The New England region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.8.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.9.Which of the following is NOT America's newspaper?

A.Wall Street Journal

B.USA today

C.Guardian（英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》）

D.The Milwaukee Journal

10.ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO等都是美國(guó)主要的新聞與有線電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)（News and Cable Networks）

11.To the west of mainland America lies the Pacific Ocean.美國(guó)大陸東部則是大西洋。

12.Detroit, a U.S.city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its automobile industry.13.New York City is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.14.Washington D.C.is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.15.The U.S.Congress has the power to make these laws except of _______.A.defense B.citizenship and naturalization C.marriage D.the regulation of foreign trade

16.The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln.17.Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rhode Island.18.The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.19.The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the population.20.The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884.21.Franklin D.Roosevelt's presidential term is the longest.（12 years）

22.American Civil War broke out in 1861 and finished in 1865.23.Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.24.In 31 October Halloween is celebrated.25.The US was rated fourth in the world in terms of land area.26.The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states equally.（two for each state）

27.Hollywood, the center of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angeles.28.The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.英國(guó)概況

1.Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?

A.England B.Scotland C.Ireland D.Wales

2.Modern football game began in England.3.In Britain education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.4.The longest river in Britain is the Severn River.5.The general election in Britain is held every five years.6.“God Save the Queen” is the national anthem of Britain.7.In 1588 the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada and established the supremacy over the sea.8.Big Ben is a famous clock in London.9.In 1066 William the Conqueror led the Norman army in invading and defeating England.10.The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.11.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.12.Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in the history of Great Britain.13.The capital of Wales is Cardiff.14.There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labor party.15.The new agency Reuters（路透社）was founded in London.16.The Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.17.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.18.The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英國(guó)文學(xué)

1.Beowulf: national epic in old English 2.Geoffrey Chaucer: father of modern English poetry;The Canterbury Tales 3.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: story about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 4.Renaissance: it was an intellectual movement.It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.Two features are striking of this movement.The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.5.Thomas More: Utopia 6.William Shakespeare: Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello He was also famous for his sonnets and love tragedy: Romeo and Juliet.7.John Milton: Paradise Lost(great epic)8.Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 9.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels

10.John Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress(It is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.)11.Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language 12.In the mid-18th century, a new literary trend called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England.13.National poet of Scotland: Robert Burns 14.William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads(It marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.)15.George Gordon Byron: Don Juan 16.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 17.John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale 18.In the Victorian Age(1836 – 1901), romanticism gradually gave way to realism.19.Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities;David Copperfield;Oliver Twist 20.Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights 21.Thomas Hardy: Tess of D’Urbervilles 22.William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair 23.George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion;Mrs Warren’s Profession(He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.)24.John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga 25.James Joyce: “stream-of-consciousness”

語(yǔ)言學(xué)

1.The core of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

2.The beginning of Modern linguistics: marked by the publication of F.de Saussure's book Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century.3.Prescriptive vs.Descriptive規(guī)定性研究與描寫性研究

Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.4.Competence vs.performance 語(yǔ)言能力與語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用: the distinction was proposed by the American linguist N.Chomsky in 1965.The two terms are similar with Saussure's langue and parole.However, Saussure took a sociological view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.5.Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.（語(yǔ)音學(xué)）

6.Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（音位學(xué)）

7.音位學(xué)與語(yǔ)音學(xué)的不同：語(yǔ)音學(xué)著重于語(yǔ)音的自然屬性；音位學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)音的社會(huì)功能。

8.Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（形態(tài)學(xué)）

9.Morpheme: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning.10.Word-formation: the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships.They are compound and derivation.11.Transformational-Generative grammar: proposed by Chomsky in 1957（轉(zhuǎn)換生成語(yǔ)法）

12.hyponymy上下義關(guān)系，指一種意義包含關(guān)系，一個(gè)上義詞一般會(huì)有許多下義詞，比如flower與violet的關(guān)系即上下義關(guān)系。

13.antonymy反義關(guān)系：（1）Gradable antonyms兩者并非絕對(duì)對(duì)立，而是相對(duì)hot-cold；（2）complementary antonyms互補(bǔ)，兩者絕對(duì)對(duì)立，非此即彼，如dead-alive（3）relational antonyms相反的，兩個(gè)實(shí)體之間關(guān)系的相互顛倒buy-sell

14.Sociolinguistics: It is the sub-filed of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)

15.Sapir-whorf hypothesis薩皮爾伍爾夫假說(shuō): according to Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, language filters people's perception and the way they categorize experiences.此假說(shuō)認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言決定或影響人的思維方式和行為。

16.acquisition（習(xí)得）:it is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language, and it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.Learning（學(xué)習(xí)）: it is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.專八人文知識(shí)必背

1.A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位學(xué);在語(yǔ)言或一門語(yǔ)言中，對(duì)有關(guān)其分類和模式以及為大家所默認(rèn)的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學(xué), 音系學(xué)

3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來(lái)形成合乎語(yǔ)法的句子規(guī)則的學(xué)科

4.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語(yǔ)義學(xué)，以語(yǔ)言形式表示意思的研究或科學(xué)

5.acronym : 首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.換喻或轉(zhuǎn)喻，一種,一個(gè)詞或詞組被另一個(gè)與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美==或用劍代替軍事力量，對(duì)面來(lái)了三個(gè)“紅領(lǐng)巾”也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾指代少先隊(duì)員。

7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻, 一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)中，如 “我的離開好象是冬天來(lái)臨”或“你對(duì)我的思想就象食物對(duì)于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）

8.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隱喻一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來(lái)指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 “憂愁之海”或“整個(gè)世界一臺(tái)戲”(莎士比亞)the ship of desert 沙漠之舟

9.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修飾法, 一種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在 震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀 cruel kindness

10.The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11.John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost.Paradise Regained was also written by him.12.Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行詩(shī)體, 一種由十四行組成的詩(shī)歌形式，通常有一種傳統(tǒng)的押韻形式, 莎士比亞用過(guò)此詩(shī)體。

13.Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚語(yǔ)主要出現(xiàn)在非正式的、游戲性的話語(yǔ)中的一種語(yǔ)言，基本由存在時(shí)間很短的派生詞和修辭構(gòu)成，它們被故意地用來(lái)取代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的詞語(yǔ)以達(dá)到生動(dòng)、幽默、無(wú)禮或其它效果

14.Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement.警句，妙句，吸引人的詞句廣泛使用的或流行的用語(yǔ)，尤指用作集團(tuán)或運(yùn)動(dòng)的口號(hào)的用語(yǔ)。

15.Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.行話, 一個(gè)行業(yè)、職業(yè)或類似的團(tuán)體中使用的專業(yè)的或技術(shù)的語(yǔ)言.16.Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.陳腔濫調(diào), 陳腐的或平庸的評(píng)論或陳述，尤指某人表述它時(shí)好象它是新穎的或有意義的

17.Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.夸張法,一種比喻，使用夸張來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如在我能睡一年或這書有一噸重

18.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象聲詞, 詞的構(gòu)成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行動(dòng)的聲音.19.hypotaxis: 從屬關(guān)系

20.parataxis: 并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指 短語(yǔ)或分句間不用連詞，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超驗(yàn)主義, 一種文學(xué)和哲學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)，與拉爾夫?沃爾多?愛默生和瑪格麗特?富勒有關(guān)，宣稱存在一種理想的精神實(shí)體，超越于經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科學(xué)之處，通過(guò)直覺得以把握

22.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美國(guó)

23.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.詞法，詞態(tài)學(xué)，形態(tài)音位學(xué), 語(yǔ)言或某一語(yǔ)言中對(duì)于單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式的研究，包括詞尾變化、派生和合成詞的構(gòu)成

24.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant輔音 followed by a fricative摩擦;for example, the initial sounds of child and joy.塞擦音由閉塞音伴隨著摩擦音而形成的復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)音；例如 child和 joy的第一個(gè)音Also called: affricative.25.Vanity Fair 名利場(chǎng) was written William Makepeace Thackray 26.Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins

尼爾．阿姆斯特朗、埃德溫．奧爾德林、邁克爾．柯林斯

27.The title of the national anthem 國(guó)歌 of Canada is O Canada.此種類型題同學(xué)們可自己多找?guī)讉€(gè)國(guó)家。

28.Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29.etymology: the history of a word.詞源學(xué)

30.The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除紐約市、南方、新英格蘭

31.John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披頭士或甲殼蟲樂隊(duì)in the 1960s.32.In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游記, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society.有理智和人性的馬 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33.Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.詞素, 一種含有一個(gè)單詞的有意義的語(yǔ)言單位，如-ed在單詞 walked中，不能被劃分為更小的有意義單位

35.The name of the famous stadium露天體育場(chǎng) in the north of London is Wembley.36.Wimbledon溫布爾登[英國(guó)英格蘭東南部城市](位于倫敦附近, 是著名的國(guó)際網(wǎng)球比賽地)

37.Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食譜, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香腸

38.Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（強(qiáng)制）.聯(lián)合抵制, 聯(lián)合起來(lái)拒絕使用、購(gòu)買或經(jīng)銷以示抗議、不滿或作為強(qiáng)制的手段

39.Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.種族隔離, 強(qiáng)制實(shí)行種族的社會(huì)分離政策及實(shí)踐，如在學(xué)校、居住和工業(yè)中，尤指在白人居多的社會(huì)中實(shí)行有色人種歧視的政策

40.Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.種族隔離制, 南非共和國(guó)實(shí)行的一種官方的種族隔離政策，包括在政治、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)諸方面對(duì)非白色人種的歧視.41.Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;desegregation.種族或宗教融合, 在社會(huì)或組織中，使不同的種族或宗教派別的人處于無(wú)限制的平等的關(guān)系中；取消種族隔離

42.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43.Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 語(yǔ)言中最小的語(yǔ)音單位，如英語(yǔ)里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b

46.polysemy: 一詞多義

47.patron saint：保護(hù)圣徒, 守護(hù)神

48.Parentese: 父母語(yǔ)

49.back formation: 逆構(gòu)詞 脫落一詞的詞綴以構(gòu)成新詞 typewriter → typewrite

50.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme.For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.語(yǔ)素變體, 語(yǔ)素的一種變體形式，如語(yǔ)音學(xué)的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，還有 en在 oxen中都是英語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)語(yǔ)素的語(yǔ)素變體.美國(guó)地理概況

The Fall Line瀑布線：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布線指的是瀑布急速地從高處向低處流瀉的點(diǎn)。

The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亞山脈：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亞山脈全場(chǎng)1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亞高原及阿巴拉契亞山脈組成。

The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脈：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脈由海岸山脈、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山組成。

The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科羅拉多和哥倫比亞高地之間的部分。

The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亞山之間的平原。

The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。

The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A..It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美國(guó)最長(zhǎng)、最重要的河流。它的流域面積達(dá)3225000平方公里。

The Five Great Lakes北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、蘇必利爾湖、伊利湖、休倫湖以及安大略湖。

The Niagara Falls尼亞加拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.尼亞加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米寬，平均落差為49米。

Yellow stone National Park黃石國(guó)家公園：Located in the northern part of Wyoming.It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A.黃石國(guó)家公園位于懷俄明州的北部地區(qū)。是世界上最古老的國(guó)家公園，是美國(guó)最大的野生保護(hù)區(qū)。

Grand Canyon大峽谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonders of the world.It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep.Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth.大峽谷在亞利桑那州的北部，是世界上最偉大的自然奇跡之一。它約有277英里長(zhǎng)，18英里寬，約1英里深。它的墻壁斷層記錄了地球形成的過(guò)程。

Old Faithful老忠實(shí)噴泉：The most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.老忠實(shí)噴泉是黃石國(guó)家公園最著名的噴泉，每73分鐘向空中噴水100英尺多高。

Chinatown唐人街：An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs;two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.唐人街是許多中國(guó)人生活、居住的地區(qū)，那里有許多中國(guó)店鋪、飯店、夜總會(huì)。兩條最重要的唐人街分別在紐約和舊金山。

Indian Reservation印第安保留地：It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.印第安保留地指的是專門給印第安人居住的貧瘠的沙漠地區(qū)。New England新英格蘭：It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.This region is featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.新英格蘭由六個(gè)州組成：緬因州、新罕布什爾州、佛蒙特州、馬薩諸塞州、羅德島州以及康涅狄格。這個(gè)地區(qū)主要以多山、多山谷、河流為特征。

The Mountain States山地諸州：Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.山地諸州指的是蒙大拿州、懷俄明州、科羅拉多州以及新墨西哥州。

The Pacific Coast States太平洋沿岸諸州：Washington, Oregon and California.太平洋沿岸諸州包括華盛頓州、俄勒岡州以及加利弗尼亞州。

Mount McKinley 麥金利山：6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.麥金利山高達(dá)6187米。在阿拉斯加的中部。是這片大陸上最高的山峰。

Pearl Harbor 珍珠港：The base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.near the city of Honolulu in Hawaii.珍珠港是美國(guó)太平洋艦隊(duì)的基地，在夏威夷的火奴魯魯市附近。

加拿大地理概況

Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia.60% of the population in Canada inhabit in the area between Quebec city and the western end of Lake Ontario.加拿大是世界上幅員第二大的國(guó)家,大約60%的人口集中在魁北克市與安大略省西端。Toronto多倫多:Toronto is Canada's largest city and the provincial Capital of Ontario.多倫多是安大略省的省會(huì),加拿大經(jīng)濟(jì)中心,第一大城市。

Ottawa渥太華:Ottawa is the capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest city.It is located in the Ottawa Valley in the eastern part of the province of Ontario.加拿大首都,第四大城市,地處安大略省東部的安大略谷。

Vancouver溫哥華:Vancouver is British Columbia’s largest city and the third largest city in Canada.It is an important ice-free harbor and the major Canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.不列顛哥倫比亞省的最大城市,也是加拿大第三大城市。它是加拿大一個(gè)非常重要的不凍港,而且是加拿大通往太平洋的主要通道,太平洋最大的貨運(yùn)港口。

Quebec魁北克省:Quebec is the largest province in Canada geographically, and the second most populous, after Ontario.It differs from the other provinces of Canada because of its strong French culture.Montreal, the second largest city of Canada, is located in this province.The Quebec city is the center of the province.魁北克省是加拿大最大的省,人口僅次于安大略省。法國(guó)文化的強(qiáng)烈影響使它與其他省區(qū)不一樣。加拿大第二大城市蒙特利爾位于該省。其中心是位于圣勞倫斯河上的魁北克城。The Canadian Shield加拿大地盾:The Canadian Shield is a semicircle band of rocky highlands and plateaus around the Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories.The Shield covers almost half of the Canadian territory.這是圍繞哈得孫海灣的一塊半圓形多石高低和高原,從魁北克省的北部海岸一直延伸到西北自治領(lǐng)的北極沿岸。幾乎加拿大的一半面積在加拿大地盾一帶。

Mount Logan 洛跟峰:Mount Logan is the highest peak in Canada and is located in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.加拿大最高峰,位于加拿大西北部的育空地區(qū)。

The Mackenzie River 馬更些河:The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada, flowing between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains.馬更些河是加拿大最長(zhǎng)的河流,流經(jīng)加拿大地盾與西部落基山脈之間,全長(zhǎng)1600公里。英國(guó)地理概況

The English Channel: The Channel is a narrow sea passage which separates England and France and connects the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea.英吉利海峽:英吉利海峽是一道狹長(zhǎng)的海峽,分割英法兩國(guó),連接大西洋和北海。The Dee estuary: A small sea(in Irish Sea)where the Dee River enters.迪河河口:是迪河流入的一個(gè)小海。

“The Act of Union of 1801”: In 1801 the English Parliament passed an act by which Scotland, Wales and the Kingdom of England were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Great Britain.1801合并法:1801年英國(guó)議會(huì)通過(guò)法令,規(guī)定英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士根據(jù)憲法合并成為大不列顛王國(guó)。

Gaelic: It is one of the Celtic Language, and is spoken in parts of the Highlands.蓋爾語(yǔ):是蓋爾特語(yǔ)言的一種,在高地地區(qū)仍有人說(shuō)這種語(yǔ)言。

The “backbone of England”: It refers to the Pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格蘭脊梁:指的是山脈的背脊。

Lead ore: British lead ores have been worked since pre-Roman times.It contains silver.鉛礦:自前羅馬時(shí)代開始,英國(guó)的鉛礦就被開發(fā)了。內(nèi)含銀。

China clay: The deposits of china clay in Cornwall are of great economic value.瓷土:康沃爾的瓷土沉淀帶來(lái)了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。

專八人文英國(guó)美國(guó)文學(xué)作者及作品

英國(guó)文學(xué)

1、Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利?喬叟1340-1400 長(zhǎng)詩(shī)：The House of Fame聲譽(yù)之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特羅勒斯與克麗西德

小說(shuō)：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英國(guó)文學(xué)史上現(xiàn)實(shí)主義第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主義思想的作家，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的奠基人）

2、William Shakespeare莎士比亞1564-1616 The Tempest暴風(fēng)風(fēng)雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz維羅納二紳士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor溫莎的風(fēng)流婦人;Measure for Measure惡有惡報(bào);The Comedy of Errors錯(cuò)中錯(cuò);Much Ado about Nothing無(wú)事自擾;Love’s Labour’s Lost空愛一場(chǎng);A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之夢(mèng);The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew馴悍記;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大歡喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third約翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脫愛勒斯與克萊西達(dá);The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利歐雷諾斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯?安莊尼克斯;Romeo and Julet羅密歐與朱麗葉；Timon of Athens雅典的泰門;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯?凱撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麥克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子復(fù)仇記;King Lear李爾王;Othello奧塞羅;Antony and Cleopatra安東尼與克利歐佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis維諾斯?阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行詩(shī)

3、Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 Advancement of Learning學(xué)術(shù)的進(jìn)展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西島;Essays論文集（Of Studies論學(xué)習(xí);Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）

4、John Milton約翰?彌爾頓1608-1674 L‘Allegro歡樂的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科馬斯;Lycidas列西達(dá)斯;Areopagitica論出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense為英國(guó)人民聲辯;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再為英國(guó)人民聲辯;Paradise Lost失樂園;Paradise Regained復(fù)樂園;Samson Agonistes力士參孫

5、John Bunyan班揚(yáng)1628-1688 The Pilgrim’s Progress天路歷程;The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生

6、Joseph Addison艾迪生 詩(shī)：The Campaign 遠(yuǎn)征； 劇本：Cato加圖 名文；Adventure of A shilling一先令的歷險(xiǎn)

7、Richard Steele理查德?斯梯爾1672-1729 The Christian Hero基督教徒的英雄 名文：The Spectator Club旁觀者俱樂部

8、Danniel Defoe丹尼爾?迪福1660-1731（標(biāo)志著近代英國(guó)小說(shuō)的形成）

Hymn to the Pillory枷刑頌;Robinson Crusoe魯賓孫飄流記;Captain Singleton辛格頓船長(zhǎng);Moll Flanders莫爾弗蘭德斯;A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日記

9、Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745 The Battle of Books書的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng);A Tale of A Tub一個(gè)木桶的故事;The Drapier’s Letters布商的書信;A Modest Proposal一個(gè)溫和的建議;Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游記(A Voyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人國(guó)/大人國(guó)/拉普他等地/智馬國(guó)游記)

10、Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744 Pastorals田園詩(shī)集;An Essay on Criticism批評(píng)論;Windsor Forest溫莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷發(fā)遇劫記;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德論;An Essay on Man人論;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot與阿布斯諾博士書

11、Henry Fielding亨利?菲爾丁1707-1754（英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的奠基者）劇本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England堂?吉訶德在英國(guó);The Historical Register for the Year歷史記事

長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams約瑟?安德魯傳;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大偉人江奈生?魏爾德傳;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling湯姆?瓊斯;Amelia阿美利亞

12、Samuel Johnson塞繆爾?約翰生1709-1784 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言辭典;Lives of Poets詩(shī)人傳;Vanity of Human Wishes人類欲望的虛幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯

名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield給吉士菲爾伯爵的信

13、Oliver Goldsmith哥爾斯密1728-1774 The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲爾德牧師傳;The Citizen of the World世界公民;The Deserted荒村;She Stoops to Conquer屈身求愛;The Rivals情敵 ；The School for Scsanda造謠學(xué)校

14、William Blake布萊克1757-1827 Poetical Sketches素描詩(shī)集;Songs of Innocence天真之歌;Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌The French Revolution法國(guó)革命;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的婚姻;America;Milton;Jerusalem 名詩(shī)：London;The Tiger

15、Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect蘇格蘭方言詩(shī)集

名詩(shī)：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae蘇格蘭人;The Two Dogs兩只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer威利長(zhǎng)老的祈禱;My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵紅紅的玫瑰;John Anderson約翰?安德生,My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That不管身在何處都須保持尊嚴(yán);Robert Bruce’s March to Bannockburn

16、William Wordsworth威廉?華茲華斯1770-1850 An Evening Walk黃昏漫步;Lyrical Ballads抒情歌謠集（與柯勒律治合編）;Lucy Poems露西組詩(shī)(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways;To the Cuckoo杜鵑頌;I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud;The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麥人);Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽頌;Ode to Duty義務(wù)頌;The Excursion遠(yuǎn)足;The Prelude序曲

17、Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads;The Fall of the Bastille巴士底獄的毀滅;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner老船夫;Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria文學(xué)傳記

18、Walter Scott瓦爾特?司各特1771-1832 詩(shī)：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border蘇格蘭邊區(qū)歌謠集;Marimion瑪里恩;The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人

小說(shuō)：Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering蓋?曼納令;Rob Roy羅布羅伊;The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩監(jiān)獄;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼爾華斯;Woodstock皇家獵館;Queentin Durward昆廷?達(dá)沃

19、Jane Austin簡(jiǎn)?奧斯丁1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見;Sense and Sensibility理智與情感;Emma愛瑪;Mansfield Park曼斯菲爾德公園;Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey諾桑覺寺

20、Charles Lamb查爾斯?蘭姆1775-1834 Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亞故事集;Alburn Verses詩(shī)集;Essay of Elia伊利亞散文集(Dream Children夢(mèng)中兒女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig烤豬論;Old China古瓷;New Year’s Eve除夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers掃煙囪童工贊;The Superannuated Man領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金的人;A Bachelor’s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People單身漢對(duì)結(jié)過(guò)婚的人的行為的抱怨)

21、William Hazlitt威廉?赫茲里特1778-1830 Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays莎劇中的人物;A View of the English Stage英國(guó)舞臺(tái)一瞥;Lecture on the English Poets論英國(guó)詩(shī)人;The Spirit of the Age時(shí)代精神;Sketches and Essays素描與隨筆;Table Talk桌邊文談

名文：On Familiar Style

22、George Gordon Byron喬治?拜倫1788-1824 Hours of Idliness懶散的時(shí)刻;English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英國(guó)詩(shī)人與蘇格蘭評(píng)論家;Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰羅德?哈羅德游記;Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill編織機(jī)法案編制者頌;Oriental Tales東方敘事詩(shī)(The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;The Corsa海盜;The Siege of Corinth柯林斯之圍);Manfred曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青銅世紀(jì);Don Juan唐?璜

名詩(shī)：She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece

23、Percy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪萊1792-1822 Queen Mab麥布女王;Prometheus Unbound解放了的普羅米修斯;Adonais阿東尼斯;The Cenci欽契;Song to the Men of England致英國(guó)人民;England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy專制魔王的化裝游行;Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark西風(fēng)/云雀頌;A Defence of Poetry詩(shī)辯

24、John Keats約翰?濟(jì)茲1795-1821 Endymion恩底彌翁;Isabella伊莎貝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣愛尼節(jié)前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希臘古甕頌;Ode to a Nightingale夜鶯頌;To Autumn秋頌;Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）

25、Thomas Hood胡德1799-1845 The Song of the Shirt襯衫之歌;The Bridge of Sighs悲嘆之橋;Miss Kilmansegg and Her Precious Leg基爾曼塞格小姐和她貴重的腿

26、Ernest Jones瓊斯1819-1869 小說(shuō)：The Women’s Wrongs婦女們的委屈 名詩(shī)：The Song of the Lower Class;The Song of the Future

27、Afred Tennyson丁尼生1809-1892 Poems of Two Brothers壎篪;Timbuctoo提姆巴克圖;The Pricess公主;In Memoriam H H悼念哈拉姆;Maud毛黛;Enoch Arden伊諾克?阿登;Idylls of the King國(guó)王之歌

名詩(shī)：Ulysses;The Eagle;Break,Break,Break

28、Robert Browning 勃朗寧1812-1889 Paracelsus巴拉塞爾士;Strafford斯特拉福;Pippa Passes比芭走過(guò);Dramatic Lyrics戲劇抒情詩(shī);Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戲劇傳奇與抒情詩(shī)(Home Thoughts;From Abroad;Prospice向前看);Dramatic Personae登場(chǎng)人物;Men and Women男男女女

29、Elizabeth Barrel Browning 1806-1861 Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行詩(shī);The Cry of the Children 30、Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外傳;Oliver Twist奧利弗?退斯特;American Notes美國(guó)札記;Martin Chuzzlewit馬丁?朱述爾維特;The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店;Dombey and Son董貝父子;David Copperfield大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾;Hard Times艱難時(shí)世;A Tale of Two Cities雙城記;Great Expectation遠(yuǎn)大前程

31、William MakepeaceThackery薩克雷1811-1863 The Book of Snobs勢(shì)利者集;Vanity Fair名利場(chǎng);History of Pendennis潘丹尼斯的歷史;The History of Henry Esmond亨利?艾斯芒的歷史;The Newcomes紐可謨一家;The Virginians弗吉尼亞人

32、Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell蓋斯凱爾1810-1865 Mary Barton瑪麗?巴頓;Ruth露斯;Cranford克蘭弗德;North and South北與南;Life of Charlote Bronte夏洛蒂勃郎特傳

33、Charlote/Emily/Anne Bronte夏洛蒂/愛米麗/安妮?勃郎特1816-1855 Jane Eyre簡(jiǎn)愛;Shirley雪麗/ Wuthering Height呼嘯山莊/ Agones Grey艾格尼斯?格雷

34、George Eliot愛略特1819-1880 Adam Bede亞當(dāng)?貝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marner織工馬南;Middlemarch米德爾馬契;Felix Holt,the Radical

35、Thomas Carlyle卡萊爾1795-1881 Sartor Resartus衣裳哲學(xué)/舊衣新裁;The Life of Schiller席勒傳;The French Revolution;Heroes and Hero-worship論英雄與英雄崇拜

36、George Meredith梅瑞狄斯1828-1909 詩(shī)：Modern Love;Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth大地歡歌

小說(shuō)：The Ordeal of Richard Feverel理查德?法弗爾的考驗(yàn)；The Egoist利己主義者;Diana of the Crossways彷徨中的戴安娜;The Idea of Comedy and the Uses of the Comic Spirit喜劇的概念與喜劇精神的作用

37、William Morris莫里斯1834-1896 詩(shī)：The Earthly Paradise地上樂園;Chants of Socialism社會(huì)主義歌集;Pilgrims of Hope希望的探求者

小說(shuō)：A Dream of John Ball夢(mèng)見給翰?保爾;News from Nowher烏有鄉(xiāng)消息

38、Samuel Butler勃特勒1835-1902 The Way of All Flesh如此人生;Erewhon埃瑞璜;Erewhon Revisited重游埃瑞璜

39、Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928 Under the Greenwood Tree綠茵下;Far from the Madding Crowd遠(yuǎn)離塵囂;The Return of the Native還鄉(xiāng);The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng);Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔絲;Jude the Obscure無(wú)名的裘德 詩(shī)集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯詩(shī)集 史詩(shī)劇：The Dynasts統(tǒng)治者三部曲

40、Robert Couis Stevenson史蒂文生1850-1894 小說(shuō)：New Arabian Nights新天方夜譚;Treasure Island寶島;The Strange Case of Dr Jeykell and Mr Hyde化身博士;Kidnapped誘拐 游記：An Inland Voyage內(nèi)陸游記;Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes騎驢旅行;A Child’s Garden of Verses兒童詩(shī)園

41、Isabella Augusta Gregory/Perse格葛瑞/珀斯1852-1932 The Travelling Man旅行者;Spreading the News道聽途說(shuō);Hyachinth Halvey海欽斯?哈爾威;The Gaol Gate監(jiān)牢之門;The Rising of the Moon月亮上升的時(shí)候

42、Oscar Wilde王爾德1856-1900 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The Picture of Dorian Gray道林?格雷的畫像

童話：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快樂王子

詩(shī)集：De Prafundis慘痛的呼聲;The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁獄之歌

劇作：Lady Windermere’s Fan溫德米爾夫人的扇子;A Woman of No Importance一個(gè)無(wú)足輕重的婦女;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性

43、George Bernard Shaw蕭伯納1856-1950 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：An Unsocial Socialist業(yè)余社會(huì)主義者 評(píng)論：Quintessence of Ibsenism 劇本：Widoer’s Houses鰥夫的房產(chǎn);Mrs Warren’s Profession華倫夫人的職業(yè)The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的門徒;Man and Superman人與超人;John Bull’s Other Island英國(guó)佬的另一個(gè)島;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校;Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak House傷心之家;The Apple Cart蘋果車;Too True to be Good真相畢露

44、George Gissing吉辛1857-1903 小說(shuō)：Demos民眾;New Crub Srreet新窮士街;Born in Eile在流放中誕生;The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft拉伊克羅夫特的日記（散文）;Charles Dickens:A Critical Study狄更斯研究

45、Joseph Conrad康拉德1859-1924 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Almayer’s Folly奧爾邁耶的愚蠢;The Nigger of the Narcissus水仙號(hào)上的黑鬼;Lord Jim吉姆老爺;Nostromo諾斯特羅莫;The Secret Agent間諜;Chance機(jī)緣;Victory勝利

短篇小說(shuō)：An Outpost of Progress文明的前哨;Heart of Darkness黑暗的中心;Youth青春

46、Joseph Rudyard Kipling羅德雅德?吉卜林1865-1936 詩(shī)集：Barrak Room Ballad營(yíng)房詩(shī)集;The Seven Seas七海;Recession and Other Poems贊美詩(shī)及其他;The Five Nations五國(guó)

長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Kim基姆;Captain Courageous勇敢的船長(zhǎng)

短篇小說(shuō)：Plain Tales from the Hills;Soldiers There;The Story of the Gadsby;Life Handcap生命的阻力;The Jungle Book;The Second Jungle Book林莽之書;The Lost Legion

47、William Butler Yeats葉芝1865-1939 詩(shī)：Respondibilities責(zé)任;The Tower塔;The Winding Stair盤旋的樓梯

名詩(shī)：A Deap Sworn Vow;Easter 1916 劇本：The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的國(guó)土;The Hour Glass時(shí)漏;Dedidre黛德爾 Autobiographies自傳三部曲;Essays and Introduction

48、Herbert George Wells威爾斯1866-1946 科幻小說(shuō)：The Time Machine時(shí)間機(jī)器;The Island of Dr Morau莫洛博士島;The Invisible Man隱身人;When the Sleeper Waked;The Shape of Things to Come未來(lái)事物的面貌 An Outline of World Histrory 世界史綱 社會(huì)生活小說(shuō)：Tono Bungay托諾?班格;Ann Veronica安?維羅尼卡;Kipps基普斯

49、Enoch Arnord Bennett阿諾德?本涅特1867-1931 A Man from the North北方人;Anna of the Five Towns五鎮(zhèn)上的安娜;The Old Wives’ Tale老婦譚;Clayhanger克萊亨厄 劇本：Milestones;How to Live Twentyfour Hours a Day 50、John Galworthy高爾斯華綏1867-1933 From the Four Winds天涯海角(The Man of Property有產(chǎn)業(yè)的人;In Chancery騎虎難下;To Let出租→The Forsyte Saga福爾塞世家);(The White Monkey白猿;The Silver Spoon銀匙;Swan Song天鵝曲→A Modern Comedy現(xiàn)代喜劇)劇作：The Silver Box銀匣;Strife斗爭(zhēng)

51、Saki薩奇（Hector Hugh Munro孟柔）1870-1916 短篇小說(shuō)集：Reginald雷金納德;Reginald in Russia;The Chronicles of Clovis克洛維斯記事;Beats and Super-beats;The Toys of Peace;The Square Egg方蛋 名文：Dusk

52、Edward Morgan Forster福斯特1879-1970 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Where Angels Fear to Tread天使們忘而卻步的地方;The Longest Journey最漫長(zhǎng)的旅程;A Room with a View可以遠(yuǎn)眺的地方;A Passage to India印度之行 短篇小說(shuō)集：The Eternal Moment永恒的時(shí)刻

散文集：Abinger Harvest在阿賓格村的收獲;Two Cheers for Democracy

53、John Millington Synge沁孤1871-1909 The Playboy of the Western World西方世界的花花公子;Riders to the Sea騎馬下海的人們;Deridre of Sorrows悲傷的黛達(dá)爾;In the Shade of the Glen在幽谷的陰影下;The Tinker’s Wedding補(bǔ)鍋匠的婚禮

54、Bertrand Russell羅素1872-1970 Road to Freedom到自由之路;Marriage and Morals婚姻與自由;Mysticism and Logic神秘主義與邏輯;Sceptical Essays懷疑論集;The Analysis of Mind心理分析;History of Western Philosophy西方哲學(xué)史;Priccipia Mathematica數(shù)學(xué)原理;A Free Man’s Worship

短篇小說(shuō)：Satan in the Suburbs撒旦在郊區(qū);Portraits from Memory回憶中的畫像

55、William Somerset Maugham毛姆1874-1965 小說(shuō)：Liza of Lambeth蘭貝思的莉莎;Of Human Bondage人類枷鎖;Cakes and Ale尋歡作樂;The Moon and Six Pence月亮與六便士 短篇小說(shuō)：Complete Short Stories短篇小說(shuō)集

劇本：Smith;The Circle;Our Betters位居我們之上的人們

56、John Masefield梅斯菲爾德1878-1967 詩(shī)：Salt-Water Ballads海上歌謠;The Everlasting Mercy永久的仁慈;The Widow in the Bye Street小街的寡婦;The Daffodil Fields水仙田;Reynard the Fox狐貍雷納德

小說(shuō)：Captain Margaret;Multitude and Solitude群與獨(dú);Sard Harker薩德?哈克爾 劇本：The Locked Chest

57、Giles Lytton Strachey斯特雷奇1880-1932 傳記：Emiment Victorians維多利亞時(shí)代的杰出人物;Queen Victoria 評(píng)論集：Land-marks in French Literature;Books and Characters

58、Sean O’casey肖恩?奧凱西1880-1964 劇本：The Shadow of a Gunman槍手的影子;Juno and the Peacock裘諾與孔雀;The Plough and the Stars犁與星;The Star Turns Red;Red Roses for Me給我紅玫瑰

自傳體小說(shuō)：I Knock at the Door我敲門;Pictures in the Hallway門廳里的圖畫;Drums under Windows窗下鼓聲;Inishfallen,Fare Thee Well英尼希法倫，再見;Rose and Crown;Sunset and Evening Star日落與金星

59、James Joyce喬伊斯1882-1941 短篇小說(shuō)：Dubiners都柏林人

長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年藝術(shù)家的畫像;Ulysess尤利西斯;Finnegans Wake芬尼根的覺醒

60、Virginia Woolf沃爾芙1882-1941 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Mrs Dalloway達(dá)洛威夫人;To the Lighthouse到燈塔去;Orlando奧蘭多傳;The Waves浪;Flush弗樂希;Between the Acts幕間

散文集：The Common Readers;The Death of the Moth and Other Essays;A Room of One’s Own;Three Guineas三個(gè)基尼亞

名文：Modern Fiction現(xiàn)代小說(shuō) 日記：A Writer’s Diary

61、David Herbert Lawrence勞倫斯1885-1930 The White Peacock白孔雀;Sons and Lovers兒子與情人;The Reinbow虹;Women in Love戀愛中的婦女;Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰萊夫人的情人

62、Katherine Mansfield曼斯菲爾德1888-1923 In a German Pension在一個(gè)德國(guó)公寓里;Blis幸福;The Garden Party園會(huì);The Dove’s Nest鴿巢;Something Childish幼稚集 63、Thomas Stearns Eliot艾略特1888-1965 詩(shī)集：Prufrock and Other Observation普魯夫洛克及其他;The Waste Land荒原;The Hollow Men空虛的人們;Ash-Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters 詩(shī)劇：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂里的謀殺案;The Family Reunion團(tuán)圓

評(píng)論集：The Sacred Wood圣林;Homage to John Dryden向約翰?德萊頓致敬;For Lancelot Andrews紀(jì)念蘭斯洛特?安德魯斯

64、Aldous Leonard Huxley赫胥黎1894-1963 Antic Hay滑稽的環(huán)舞;Point Counter Point旋律和對(duì)立;Brave New World新奇的世界;Letters書信集;Ape and Essence猿與本質(zhì);Eyeless in Gaza加沙的盲人;After Many a Summer多少個(gè)夏天之后;The Doors of Perception感覺之門;Fairy Godmother天使教母(←Two or Three Graces雅事二三)65、John Boynton Priesley普里斯特利1899-小說(shuō)：The English Comic Characters英國(guó)喜劇從物;The English Novel英國(guó)小說(shuō);The Good Companions好伙伴;Angel Pavement天使街;They Walk in the City;他們走在城市中；Let the People Sing讓人們歌唱 劇本：Dangerous Corner危險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)角;Time and the Conways時(shí)代與康威一家;In Inspector Calls罪惡之家;When We Are Married;The Linden Tree普提樹;Summer Day’s Dream夏日夢(mèng) 66、Hugh MacDiarmid麥克迪爾米德1892-1978 Sangshaw詩(shī)歌集;A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle醉漢看薊;First/Second/Third Hymn to Lenin;In Memoriam James Joyce悼念喬伊斯;Collected Poems 名詩(shī)：Why I Choose Red;Moonlight Among;The Pines;Third Hymn to Lenin 67、Ivor Armstrong Richards理查茲1893-1979 Principles of Literary Criticism文學(xué)批評(píng)原理;Science and Poetry;Practical Criticism實(shí)用批評(píng);Coleidge on Imagination柯爾律治論想象;The Philosophy of Rhetoric修辭哲學(xué);Basic in Teaching :East and West教學(xué)基礎(chǔ)（The Four Kinds of Meaning）;Basic English and It’s Uses基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)及其應(yīng)用

68、Leshe Poles Hartley哈特利1895-1972 短篇小說(shuō)集：Night Fears and Other Stories黑夜的恐懼及其他故事(The Killing Bottle致命瓶;The White Wand白色魔杖)論文集：The Novelist’s Responsibility

長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Eustace and Hilda優(yōu)斯塔斯與希爾達(dá)三部曲(The Shrimp and the Anemone蝦與海葵);The Go-Between信使;The Hireling傭工；Facial Justice表面正義;The Boat;A Perfect Woman一個(gè)完美的女人;The Betrayal背叛;My Sister’s Keeper妹妹的監(jiān)護(hù)人 69、Elizabeth Bowen鮑恩1899-1973 The Hotel旅舍;The House in Paris巴黎寓所;The Death of the Heart心死;The Heat of the Day炎日 短篇小說(shuō)集：Look at All Those Roses(Tears ,Idle Tears)70、Victor Sawdon Pritchett普里徹特1900-短篇小說(shuō)：The Sailor水手;The Sense of Humour幽默感;Mr Beluncle貝倫克爾先生

游記：The Spanish Temper西班牙性格 評(píng)論集：Books in General書籍泛談

自傳：A Cab at the Door:A Memoir馬車在家門口：回憶錄； Midnight Oil挑燈夜談 71、George Orwell奧威爾1903-1950 小說(shuō)：Down and Out in Paris and London巴黎倫敦落魄記;Homage to Catalonia向坎塔羅尼亞致敬;Animal Farm獸園;Nineteen Eighty-Four 散文集：Dickens,Dali and Others狄更斯，達(dá)里及其他;Shooting on Elephant and Other Essays獵象記及其他;The Collected Essays,Journalism and Letters of George Orwell in Four Volumes奧威爾散文，新聞寫作及書信集 名文：Lear Tolstoy and The Fool 72、Frank O’connor奧康納1903-1966 論文集：The Lonely Voice:A Study of the Short Story寂寞之聲：短篇小說(shuō)研究

自傳：An Only Son獨(dú)生子;My Father’s Son;The Backward Look:A Survey of Irish Literature愛爾蘭文學(xué)回顧

短篇小說(shuō)集：Collection Two:Stories by Frank O’connor(Private Property私有財(cái)產(chǎn))73、Evelyn Waugh伊夫林?沃1903-1966 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Decline and Fall沒落與墮落;Vile Bodies行尸走肉;A Handful of Dust 一撮灰塵;Black Mischief黑色的禍害;Scoop挖新聞;Put out More Flags多升幾面旗;Bridgeshead Revisited重游布賴茲海德(Men at Arms行伍生涯;Officers and Gentlemen軍官與紳士;Unconditional Surrender無(wú)條件投降→The Sword of Honour榮譽(yù)之劍三部曲)自傳：A Little Learning一點(diǎn)學(xué)問（三部只成一部）

短篇小說(shuō)集：Mr Loveday’s Little Outing and Other Sad Stories洛弗戴先生一次短暫的外出與其他悲慘故事

74、Christopher Isherwood 衣修午德1904-All the Conspirators所有的陰謀者;Mr Norris Changeds Traits諾里斯先生換火車;Sally Bowles薩利?鮑爾斯（選自《再見吧，柏林》）;Journey to a War戰(zhàn)地行;Prater Violet紫羅蘭姑娘;The World in the Evening夜晚的世界;Down there on A Visit在那兒進(jìn)行訪問;A Single Man單身漢;A Meeting by the River河畔相會(huì)

75、Graham Greene格雷厄姆?格林1904-消遣：Stamboul Train斯坦布爾列車;A Gun for Sale一支出賣的槍;Our Man in Havana我們?cè)诠呒{的人

嚴(yán)肅：The Power and the Glory權(quán)力與榮譽(yù);The Heart of the Matter問題的核心;The End of the Affair愛情的結(jié)局;The Quiet American;The Comedians喜劇演員;The Human Favor人的因素

76、Charles Percy Snow斯諾1905-1980 Strangers and Brothers陌生人與兄弟們;The Light and the Dark光明與黑暗;Time of Hope希望的時(shí)刻;The Masters院長(zhǎng)們;The New Men新人;Homecoings歸家;The Conscience of the Rich富人的良心;The Affairs事件;Corridors of Power權(quán)力走廊;The Sleep of Reason理智沉眠;Last Things結(jié)局

77、Peter Courtney Quennell昆納爾1905-Byron:The Year of Fame拜倫：盛名時(shí)期;Byron in Italy;Byron:A Self-Portrait拜倫：一幅自我畫像;A History of English Literature;Four Portraits:Studies of the 18th Century四幅畫像：關(guān)于十八世紀(jì)的研究

78、William Empson燕卜蓀1906-詩(shī)集：Poems;The Gathering Storm醞釀中的風(fēng)暴;Collected Poems 名詩(shī)：Legal Fiction;Homage to the British Museum 論著：Seven Types of Ambiguity晦澀的七種類型;Some Versions of Pastoral田園詩(shī)的幾種變化；The Structure of Complex Words復(fù)合詞的結(jié)構(gòu)

79、Wystan Hugh Auden奧登1907-1973 詩(shī)集：Poems;The Orators雄辯家;Look,Stranger!瞧，陌生人;Spain 詩(shī)劇：The Dog Beneath the Skin皮下之狗;The Ascent,F6攀登F6;On the Frontier邊界上

The Sea and the Mirror海與鏡;The Age of Anxiety憂慮時(shí)代;The Shield of Achilles阿基琉斯的盾牌;Homage to Clio向克奧女神致敬;About the House屋子內(nèi)外 散文評(píng)論集：The Dyer’s Hand染工之手;Secondary World次要的世界 名詩(shī)：Who’s Who;The Unknown Citizen;Their Lonely Betters

80、William Golding戈?duì)柖?911-長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Lord of the Flies蠅王;The Inheritors繼承人;Pincher Martin平卻?馬丁;The Spire塔尖;The Pyramid金字塔

81、Angus Wilson威爾遜1913-小說(shuō)：The Wrong Set and Other Storie亂了套和其他短篇故事s;Anglo-Saxon Attitudes盎格魯撒克遜態(tài)度;The Middle Age of Mrs Eliot艾略特夫人的中年;The Old Men at the Zoo;Late Call夜訪;As if by Magic象是用了魔術(shù) 評(píng)論：Emile Zole愛彌爾?佐拉;The World of Charles Dickens;The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling吉卜林的奇異旅程

82、Dylon Thomas迪倫?托馬斯1914-1953 詩(shī)：Eighteen Poems;The Map of Love愛的地圖;Deaths and Entrances死亡與出場(chǎng);Collected Poems 自傳：Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog作為一條小狗的藝術(shù)家畫像 廣播劇：Under the Milk Wood 名詩(shī)：Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night 83、Muriel Sarah Spark斯帕克1918-The Comforter安慰者;The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie瓊?布羅迪小姐的黃金時(shí)代;The Diver’s Seat司機(jī)的座位;The Abbess of Crewe克魯女修道院院長(zhǎng);Loitering with Intent存心游戲;Collected Stories I短篇小說(shuō)集

（一）84、Richard Lessing多麗絲?萊辛1919-The Grass is Singing草兒在歌唱;Children of Violence暴力和孩子們(Martha Quest瑪莎?金奎特;A Proper Marriage正當(dāng)?shù)幕橐?A Ripple from the Storm暴風(fēng)雨掀起的漣漪;Landlocked被陸地圍住的;The Four-gated City四門城);The Golden Notebook金色筆記;Briefing for a Descent into Hell墮入地獄簡(jiǎn)況;The Summer before the Dark 85、Iris Murdoch默多克1919-Under the Net在網(wǎng)下;The Bel鐘l;A Severed Head砍掉的頭;The Black Prince黑衣王子;The Sea,The Sea大海啊，大海

86、Philip Larkin拉金1922-詩(shī)：The North Ship北方船;Jill;A Girl in Winter 詩(shī)集：The Less Deceived受騙較少的人;The Whitsun Weddings降靈節(jié)婚禮;High Windows高窗

名詩(shī)：Church Going;Reason for Attendance 87、Kingsley Amis 金斯萊?艾米斯1922-小說(shuō)：Lucky Jim幸運(yùn)的吉姆;My Enemy’s Enemy我的敵人的敵人;One Fat Englishman一個(gè)英國(guó)胖子;That Uncertain Feeling那種不安感;Take a Girl Like You愛你這樣的姑娘;Ending up死

88、John Wain韋恩1925-長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Hurry on Down大學(xué)后的漂泊;Living in the Present生活在當(dāng)代;The Contenders競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者;Strike the Father Dead打死父親;A Winter in the Hills山中寒冬

短篇小說(shuō)集：The Life Guard救生員

89、Brian Wilson Aldiss奧爾迪斯1925-The Brightfountain Diaries明泉日記;The Billion Year Spree:The History of Science Fiction科幻小說(shuō)史;Best SF Stories of Brian W Aldiss奧爾迪斯最佳科幻故事集(Outside外界)90、Alan Sillitoe西利托1928-Saturday Night and Sunday Morning;The General;Key to the Door;A Tree on Fire;A Start in Life一位長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員的孤獨(dú);The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner撿破爛人的女兒;The Ragman’s Daughter;The Windower’s Son 91、John Osborne奧斯本1929-Look back in Anger憤怒的回顧;Lurther;Inadmissible Evidence不能接受的證據(jù);Time Present and Hotel in Amsterdam目前和阿姆斯特丹的旅館

92、Ted Hughs特德?休斯1930-The Hawk in the Rain雨中鷹;Lupercal盧潑卡爾神(Hawk of Roosting);Scapegoats and Rabies替罪羊與狂犬病;Wodwo沃德沃怪物;Crow烏鴉 Songs of Woe哀歌

93、Arnold Wesker韋斯克1932-劇本：The Wesker Triology韋斯克三部曲(Chicken Soup with Barley大麥雞湯;Roots;I’m Talking about Jerusalem0;The Four Seasons;The Friends;The Journalists新聞?dòng)浾?Caritas Christi卡里塔斯?克里斯蒂

94、Margaret Drabble德雷伯爾1939-小說(shuō)：A Summer Bird-cage夏日的鳥籠;The Garrick Year茄立克年;The Millstone磨石;The Needle’s Eye針眼;The Realms of Gold黃金世界;The Ice Age冰期

美國(guó)文學(xué)

1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富蘭克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack窮查理歷書；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自傳

2、Thomas Paine托馬斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise稅務(wù)員問題；Common Sense常識(shí)；American Crisis美國(guó)危機(jī)；Rights of Man人的權(quán)利：Downfall of Despotism專制體制的崩潰；The Age of Reason理性時(shí)代

3、Philip Freneau菲利普?弗倫諾1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英國(guó)囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans紀(jì)念美國(guó)勇士-----同類詩(shī)中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金銀花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殯葬地

4、Washington Irving華盛頓?歐文1783-1859 A History of New York紐約的歷史-----美國(guó)人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；The Sketch Book見聞札記The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的傳說(shuō)-----使之成為美國(guó)第一個(gè)獲得國(guó)際聲譽(yù)的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田莊；Talks of Travellers旅客談；The Alhambra阿爾罕伯拉

5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯?費(fèi)尼莫爾?庫(kù)珀1789-1851 The Spy間諜;The Pilot領(lǐng)航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer殺鹿者

6、William Cullen Bryant威廉?柯倫?布萊恩特1794-1878 The Poems1821/1932詩(shī)選:To a Waterfowl致水鳥-----英語(yǔ)中最完美的短詩(shī);Thanatopsis死亡隨想---受墓園派影響;The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林賦;The Flood of Years似水流年

7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加?愛倫?坡1809-1849（以詩(shī)為詩(shī)；永為世人共賞的偉大抒情詩(shī)人-----葉芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪誕奇異故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia萊琪兒;Annabel Lee安娜貝爾?李-----歌特風(fēng)格；首開近代偵探小說(shuō)先河，又是法國(guó)象征主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的源頭

Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木兒和其他詩(shī);Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾爾?阿拉夫，帖木兒和其他詩(shī);The Raven and Other Poems烏鴉及其他詩(shī):The Raven烏鴉;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲爾;To Hellen致海倫

8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉爾夫?沃爾多?愛默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature論自然-----新英格蘭超驗(yàn)主義者的宣言書;The American Scholar論美國(guó)學(xué)者;Divinity;The Oversoul論超靈;Self-reliance論自立;The Transcendentalist超驗(yàn)主義者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英國(guó)人的特征;School Address神學(xué)院演說(shuō)

Concord Hymn康考德頌;The Rhodo杜鵑花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首開自由詩(shī)之先河

9．Nathaniel Hawthorne納撒尼爾?霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales盡人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年輕的古德曼?布朗;The Scarlet Letter紅字;The House of the Seven Gables有七個(gè)尖角閣的房子--------心理若們羅曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷傳奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像

10、Henry David Threau亨利?大衛(wèi)?梭羅1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods華騰湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers

11、Walt Whitman沃爾特?惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草葉集:Song of the Broad-Axe闊斧之歌;I hear America Singing我聽見美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花開時(shí);Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪漢和罷工問題;Song of Myself自我之歌

12、Herman Melville赫爾曼?梅爾維爾1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比?迪克/白鯨；Typee泰比;Omoo奧穆;Mardi瑪?shù)?Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮爾埃;Piazza廣場(chǎng)故事;Billy Budd比利?巴德

13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利?沃茲沃思?朗費(fèi)羅1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海華沙之歌----美國(guó)人寫的第一部印第安人史詩(shī);Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民謠及其他詩(shī);Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布魯茨的鐘樓及其他詩(shī);Tales of a Wayside Inn路邊客棧的故事---詩(shī)集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生禮物/Paul Revere’s Ride保羅?里維爾的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish邁爾斯?斯坦迪什的求婚----敘事長(zhǎng)詩(shī)；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴組詩(shī)

14、John Greenleaf Whittier約翰?格林里夫?惠蒂埃1807-1892 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question廢奴問題;Voice of Freedom自由之聲;In War Time and Other Poems內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封門;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海灘的帳篷

Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田園詩(shī)

15、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈麗特?比徹?斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom’s Cabin湯姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德陰暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧師的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奧爾島的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人們

16、Frederick Douglass弗萊德里克?道格拉斯1817-1895 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗萊德里克?道格拉斯，一個(gè)美國(guó)黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷鎖與我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗萊德里克?道格拉斯的生平與時(shí)代

17、Emily Dickinson埃米莉?迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉?迪金森詩(shī)集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄學(xué)的

18、Mark Twain馬克?吐溫（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美國(guó)文學(xué)的一大里程碑 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉維拉縣有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出國(guó)記;The Gilded Age鍍金時(shí)代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer湯姆?索耶歷險(xiǎn)記;The Prince and the Pauper王子與貧兒;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克貝利?費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亞瑟王宮中的美國(guó)佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威爾遜;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉?達(dá)克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg敗壞哈德萊堡的人 How to Tell a Story怎樣講故事---對(duì)美國(guó)早期幽默文學(xué)的總結(jié)

19、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-1902 The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮營(yíng)的幸運(yùn)兒------鄉(xiāng)土文學(xué)作家

20、William Dean Howells 威廉?狄恩?豪威爾斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham賽拉斯?拉帕姆的發(fā)跡;A Modern Instance現(xiàn)代婚姻;A Hazard of Now Fortunes時(shí)來(lái)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn);A Traveller from Altruia從利他國(guó)來(lái)的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透過(guò)針眼----烏托邦小說(shuō);Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作與小說(shuō)閱讀

21、Henry Adams享利?亞當(dāng)斯1838-1918 History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Madison(歷史著作)；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利?亞當(dāng)斯的教育

22、William James威廉?詹姆斯1842-1910(首提“意識(shí)流”理論)Principles of Psychology心理學(xué)原理；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking實(shí)用主義：某些舊思想方法的新名稱；The Meaning of Truth真理的意義

23、Henry James享利?詹姆斯1843-1916 小說(shuō)：Daisy Miller苔瑟?米樂；The Portrait of a Lady貴婦人畫像；The Bostonians波士頓人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真貨色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鴿翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗

評(píng)論集：French Poets and Novelists法國(guó)詩(shī)人和小說(shuō)家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的畫像;Notes and Reviews札記與評(píng)論;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小說(shuō)藝術(shù)

24、Ambrose Bierce安布羅斯?畢爾斯1842-1914? 小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的樂趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亞淘出的金塊和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull來(lái)自空腦殼的蜘蛛網(wǎng)

短篇小說(shuō)集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians軍民故事;In the Midst of Life在人生中間;Can Such Things Be?這種事情可能嗎？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼詞典(The Applicant申請(qǐng)者)

25、Edward Bellamy愛德華?貝拉米1850-1898 Looking Backward:2000-1887回顧：從2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起義的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他

26、Edwin Charles Markham馬卡姆1852-1940 The Man With the Hoe荷鋤人

27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查爾斯?契斯納特1858-1932 The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年時(shí)代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警長(zhǎng)的兒女)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition一脈相承

28、Hamlin Garland漢姆林?加蘭1860-1940 Crumbling Idol崩潰的偶像（真實(shí)主義veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路(The Return of a Private三等兵歸來(lái));Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷蘭人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部邊地農(nóng)家子

29、O?Henry歐?享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910 The Man Higher Up黃雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下

30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯?華頓1862-1937 The House of Mirth歡樂之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班納姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真時(shí)代;The Customs of the Country鄉(xiāng)村習(xí)俗;A Backward Glance回首往事

32、George Santayana桑塔亞那1863-1952 Scepticism and Animal Faith懷疑主義與動(dòng)物性信仰;The Realms Being存在諸領(lǐng)域（本質(zhì)/物質(zhì)/真理/精神領(lǐng)域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三大哲學(xué)詩(shī)人；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十書懷);The Last Puritan最后的清教徒

33、William E?B Dubois威廉?艾伯?杜波依斯1868-1963 Souls of Black Folk黑人的靈魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隸貿(mào)易進(jìn)入美國(guó);The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）

34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加?李?馬斯特斯1868-1950 A Book of Verse詩(shī)集;Maximilian馬克西米連（詩(shī)集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河詩(shī)集(Lucinda Matlock魯欣達(dá)?馬物羅克)

35、Edwin Arlington Robinson魯賓遜1869-1935 Captain Craig克雷格上尉---詩(shī)體小說(shuō)；The Town Down the River河上的城鎮(zhèn);The Man Against the Sky襯托著天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃馮的收成;Collected Poems詩(shī)集

36、Frank Norris弗蘭克?諾里斯1870-1902 Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人號(hào)上的莫蘭（romantic）;Mc-Teague麥克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麥詩(shī)史(The Octopus章魚,The Pit小麥交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麥交易所及其他新老西部故事

37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬?克萊恩1871-1900 Magic:A Girl of the Streets街頭女郎梅姬（美國(guó)文學(xué)史上首次站在同情立場(chǎng)上描寫受辱婦女的悲慘命運(yùn)）；The Red Badge of Courage紅色英勇勛章；The Open Boat小劃子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘來(lái)到黃天鎮(zhèn)

38、Theodore Dreiser西奧多?德萊塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美國(guó)的悲劇（被稱為美國(guó)最偉大的小說(shuō)）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗

39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保爾?勞倫斯?鄧巴1872-1906 We Wear the Mask我們帶著面具 他是美國(guó)第一個(gè)有成就的黑人詩(shī)人，被稱為“黑種人的桂冠詩(shī)人”(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race)40、Jack London杰克?倫敦1876-1916 The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼喚;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深淵中的人們;The Iron Heel鐵蹄;Marti Eden馬丁?伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎樣成為社會(huì)黨人;The War of the Classes階級(jí)之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng);What Life Means to Me生命對(duì)我意味著什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life熱愛生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下

41、Upton Sinclair厄普頓?辛克萊爾1878-1968 Spring and Harvest春天與收獲;The Jungle屠場(chǎng)（揭發(fā)黑幕運(yùn)動(dòng)的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士頓;Dragon’s Teeth龍齒

42、Irving Babbitt歐文?白壁德1865-1933（新人文主義主要代表）Literature and the American College文學(xué)與美國(guó)學(xué)院（）要求恢復(fù)古典文學(xué)教學(xué);The New Laokoon新拉奧孔;Rousseau and Romanticism盧梭與浪漫主義;Democracy and Leadership民主與領(lǐng)導(dǎo);On being Creative論創(chuàng)造性

43、Villa Sibert Cather維拉?凱塞1873-1947 O,Pioneers啊，先驅(qū)們;My Antonia我的安東尼亞;The Professor’s House教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死

44、Gertrude Stein格特魯?shù)?斯坦因1874-1946 The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas愛麗絲?托克拉斯的自傳；Tender Button溫柔的鈕扣

45、Robert Frest羅伯特?弗羅斯特1874-1963 A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士頓之北(Mending Wall修墻,After Apple-picking摘蘋果之后);Mountain Interval山間（成熟階段）(The Road Not taken沒有選擇的道路);West-running Brook西流的溪澗;A Further Range又一片牧場(chǎng);A Witness Tree一株作證的樹

46、Sherwood Anderson舍伍德?安德森1876-1941 Windy McPherson’s Son饒舌的麥克斐遜的兒子;Marching Men前進(jìn)中的人們;Mid-American Chants美國(guó)中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的溫斯堡/畸人志;Poor White窮苦的白人;Many Marriages多種婚姻;Dark Laughter陰沉的笑聲 The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories雞蛋的勝利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why我想知道為什么

47、Carl Sandburg卡爾?桑德堡1878-1967 Always the Young Stranger永遠(yuǎn)是陌生的年輕人s;In Reckless Ecstasy肆無(wú)忌憚的狂熱;The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二;The War Years戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的年代（林肯傳記）;The American Songbag美國(guó)歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜與鹽;Corn-huskers輾米機(jī)（Fog霧）;Smoke and Steel煙與鋼

48、Wallace Stevens華萊士?史蒂文斯1879-1955 Harmonium風(fēng)琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar彈藍(lán)吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction關(guān)于最高虛構(gòu)的札記(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得?昆斯彈風(fēng)琴;Sunday Morning禮拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems詩(shī)集

49、Henry Louis Mencken孟肯1880-1956 Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯納的戲劇;The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲學(xué);The American Language美車語(yǔ)言;Happy Days幸福的日子（自傳三部曲）;Newspaper Days新聞?dòng)浾叩臍q月;Heathe Days倡導(dǎo)異端邪說(shuō)的年代 50、William Carlos Williams威廉?卡羅斯?威廉斯1883-1963 收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部詩(shī)選）

詩(shī)集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love愛的歷程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留蓋爾的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷長(zhǎng)詩(shī)）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光蘭（長(zhǎng)詩(shī)）

名詩(shī)：Red Wheelbarrow紅色手推車;The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡婦的春怨;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父親;Proletarian Portrait無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)畫像（from An Early Martyr先驅(qū)）;The Great American Novels偉大的美國(guó)小說(shuō);In the American Grain美國(guó)性格;Autobiography自傳

51、Sinclair Lewis辛克萊?劉易斯1885-1951(美國(guó)第一個(gè)獲諾貝爾獎(jiǎng))Dur Mr Wrenn我們的雷恩先生;The Job求職;The Main Street大先進(jìn);Babbitt巴比特;Arrowsmith艾羅史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾爾默?甘特里;Dodsworth多茲沃斯;It can’t Happen Here事情不會(huì)發(fā)生在這里;Kingsblood Royal王孫夢(mèng)

52、Ezra Pound艾茲拉?龐德1885-1972 The Spirit of Romance羅曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派詩(shī)選;Cathay華夏（英譯中國(guó)詩(shī)）;Literary Essays文學(xué)論;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒條;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound龐德詩(shī)章（109首及8首未完成稿）

53、Hilda Doolittle希爾達(dá)?杜麗特爾1886-1961 Sea Garden海的花園;Collected Poems(Dread山精;Pear Tree;Orchard);The Walls Do Not Fall墻沒在倒塌（戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)詩(shī)三部曲）;Tribute to the Angels天使頌;The Flowering of the Rod柳條葳蕤;Tribute to Freud獻(xiàn)給弗洛伊德;Hellen in Egypt海倫在倫敦（抒情長(zhǎng)詩(shī)）

54、Thomas Stearns Eliot托馬斯?艾略特1888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations普羅夫洛克（荒原意識(shí)）;The Waste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬禮;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火誡;Death by Water水邊之死;What the Thunder Said雷電之言);名詩(shī)：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四個(gè)四重奏

詩(shī)劇：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂謀殺案;Family Reunion大團(tuán)圓;Cocktail Party雞尾酒會(huì)

55、Eugene Oneil尤金?奧尼爾1888-1953 獨(dú)幕劇：Bound East to Cardiff東航卡迪夫;The Long Voyage Home歸途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月

多幕劇：Beyond the Horizon天邊外（其成名作）;Anna Christie安娜?克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones瓊斯皇;The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的兒女都有翅膀The Great God Brown大神布朗;The Strange Interlude奇異的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr素娥怨/悲悼a;The Iceman Cometh送冰的人來(lái)了;The Long Days Journey Into Night進(jìn)入黑夜的漫長(zhǎng)旅程/日長(zhǎng)路遠(yuǎn)夜常深沉

56、Katherine Anne Porter凱瑟琳?安?波特1890-1980 Flowering Judas開花的紫荊花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall）;Pale Horse,Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories------TheCollected Stories of K A Porter Ship of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)）;The Never Ending Wrong千古奇冤（回憶錄）

57、Archibald Mac Leish阿基博爾德?麥克利什1892-1982 Towers of Ivory象牙塔;The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新發(fā)現(xiàn)的大陸;Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems1912-1952 廣播劇：The Fall of the City城市的陷落;Airraid空襲

58、Michael Gold邁克爾?戈?duì)柕?894-1967 120 Million一億二千萬(wàn);Change The World改變世界;The Hollow Man空心人;Jews Without Money沒在錢的猶太人（自傳體小說(shuō)）戲劇：Hoboken Blues;Fiesta節(jié)日;Battle Hymn歌;Prletarian Literature in the United States美國(guó)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)文學(xué)選集（與人合編）

59、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962 Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香與煙囪;The Enormous Room大房間;XLI Poems詩(shī)41首;Viva萬(wàn)歲;No，Thanks不，謝謝;Collected Poems詩(shī)集;Eimi愛米（訪蘇游記）

60、Edmund Wilson埃德蒙?威爾遜1895-1972 Travel in Two Democracies在兩個(gè)民主國(guó)家里旅行;To the Finland Station到芬蘭站去;A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里話:行年六十的沉思;Axel’s Castle阿克塞爾的城堡(象征主義批判的圭阜);The Ttriple Thinkers三重思想家;The Wound and The Bow創(chuàng)傷與箭;The Shores of Light光明之岸;The Fruits of the MLA現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言協(xié)會(huì)的成果

61、John Dos Passos帕索斯1896-1970 The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District of Columbia哥倫比亞大區(qū)(The Adventures of a Young Man一個(gè)年輕人的冒險(xiǎn);Number One第一號(hào);The Grand Design偉大的計(jì)劃);Orient Express東方特別快車（游記）

62、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯?菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代)The Side of Paradise人間天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美麗的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的蓋茨比;Tender in the Night夜色溫柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨頭

短篇小說(shuō)：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘們和哲學(xué)家們;Tales of the Jazz爵士時(shí)代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床號(hào)→The Ice Palace冰宮;May Days五一節(jié);The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨飯店那樣大的鉆石;Winter Dreams冬天的夢(mèng);The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted重訪巴比倫敦 The Crack-up崩潰（自傳體文集）

63、William Faulkner威廉?福克納1897-1962 The Marble Faun云石林神（詩(shī)集）;Soldiers’ Pay兵餉（小說(shuō)）

短篇小說(shuō)：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury憤怒與喧囂;As I lay dying當(dāng)我垂死的時(shí)候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龍，押沙龍（家世小說(shuō)）64、Malcolm Cowley馬爾科姆?考利1898-譯作：法國(guó)安德烈?紀(jì)德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虛構(gòu)的會(huì)議

詩(shī)集：Blue Juniata;The Dry Season;The Exile’s Return流亡者的回歸（研究“迷惘的一代”的專著）;A Second Flowering第二次繁榮(The Other War另一種戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng))65、Ernest Hemingway歐內(nèi)斯特?海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）In Our Time在我們的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太陽(yáng)照樣升起;Farewell to Arms永別了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴

短篇小說(shuō)：Men Without Women沒有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing勝者無(wú)所獲;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五縱隊(duì)與首次發(fā)表的四十九個(gè)短篇 政論：To Have and Have Not貧與富 回憶錄：A Moveable Feast到處逍遙

66、Hart Crane哈特?克蘭1899-1932 My Grandfather’s Love Letters祖父的情書;Praise for an Urn甕頌;For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen為浮士德和海倫的婚姻而作;Voyage航海;The Bridge橋（長(zhǎng)詩(shī)）;White Buildings白色的樓房（首部詩(shī)集）67、Thomas Wolfe托馬斯?沃爾夫1900-1938 Look Homeward,Angel天使，望鄉(xiāng)→（續(xù)）Of Time and the River時(shí)間與河流;The Web and the Rock蛛網(wǎng)與巖石;You Can’t Go Home Again有家歸不得;The Hills Beyond遠(yuǎn)山（未完成）短篇小說(shuō)：From Death to Morning從死亡到早晨

68、James Langston Hughes詹姆斯?蘭斯頓?休斯1902-1969 Mulatto混血兒（劇本）;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌聲;Dear Lovely Death親愛的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈萊姆的莎士比亞;I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普爾精選

69、John Steinbeck約翰?斯坦貝克1902-1966 Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat煎餅房;In Dubious Battle勝負(fù)未定;Of Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath憤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐頭廠街;The Pearl珍珠

短篇小說(shuō)：The Red Pony小紅馬(The Gift,The Great Mountains大山;The Promise許諾,The Leader of the People人們的領(lǐng)袖)70、Nathanael West韋斯特1903-1940 The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴爾索?斯納爾的夢(mèng)幻生涯;The Day of Locust蝗災(zāi)之日;Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小說(shuō)

71、James Farrel 法雷爾1904-1979 Studs Lonigan斯塔茲?朗尼根(Young Lonigan少年朗尼根;The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年時(shí)代,Judgement Day末日窩審判);Danny O’Neil丹尼?奧尼爾（五部曲）;Bernard Carr伯納德?卡爾（三部曲）短篇小說(shuō)：Calico Shoes花布鞋;Guillotine Party行刑隊(duì)

文藝評(píng)論：A Note on Literary Criticism文藝評(píng)論札記;Literature and Morality文學(xué)與道德

72、Lillian Hellman麗蓮?海爾曼1905-1983 The Children’s Hour孩子們的時(shí)光;The Little Foxes小狐貍;Watch on the Rhine守望萊茵河;The Searching Wind徹骨的風(fēng);The Autumn Garden秋園;Tos in the Attic閣樓里的玩具;The Days to Come未來(lái)的日子;Another Part of the Forest森林的另一處

回憶錄：An Unfinished Wonman一個(gè)事業(yè)尚未終了的女人;Pentimento舊畫新貌;Scoundrel Time邪惡的時(shí)代

73、Clifford Odets克利福德?奧德茨1906-1963 Waiting for Lefty等待老左/勒夫特;Awake and Sing!醒來(lái)歌唱;Till the Day I Die直到我死的那天;Paradise Lost失樂園;Golden Boy金孩子;Clash by Night夜間沖突;The Big Knife大刀;The Country Girl鄉(xiāng)村姑娘;The Flowering Peach開花的桃樹

74、Richard Wright理查德?賴特1908-1960 Uncle Tom’s Children湯姆叔叔的孩子們;Native Son土生子;Black Boy;黑孩子The Outsiders局外人;The Long Dream漫長(zhǎng)的夢(mèng);Eight Men八人行

75、Eudora Welty尤多拉?韋爾蒂1906-短篇小說(shuō)：Death of a Travelling,Salesman巡回推銷員之死;A Curtain of Green and Other Stories綠窗簾和其他;The Wide Net and Other Stories大網(wǎng)和其他故事;The Golden Apples金蘋果;The Bridge of Innifallen英尼斯法倫的新娘

長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The Robber Bridgeroom強(qiáng)盜新朗;Detta Wedding德爾塔的婚姻;The Ponder Heart龐德的心;The Losing Battles失敗的戰(zhàn)斗;The Optismist’s Daughter樂觀者的女兒 76、Valdimir Nabokov弗?納博科夫1899-1977 Lolita洛莉塔;Pale Fire微暗的火;The Admiralty Sprie海軍部大廈塔尖

77、Anais Nin安娜伊思?寧1903-1977 The Novel of Future未來(lái)的小說(shuō);Heida海達(dá);House of Incest亂倫之家;Collages拼貼

78、Issac Bashevis Singer艾薩克?辛格1904-1991 Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩爾;The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族;Satan in Goray撒旦在戈雷;The Magician of Lublin盧布林的魔術(shù)師;The Slave奴隸;The Manor莊園;The Estate產(chǎn)業(yè);Enenemies,A Love Story仇敵們，一個(gè)愛情故事;Shosha舒莎

短篇小說(shuō)：The Spinoza of Market Street市場(chǎng)街的斯賓諾莎;A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友

名篇：Neighbours鄰居

79、Robert Penn Warren羅伯特?沃倫1905-1989 Night Rider夜間騎士;At Heaven’s Gate在天堂門口;All King’s Men國(guó)王的全部人馬;World Enough and Time足夠的世界和時(shí)間;The Cave洞穴;Band of Angels天使的隊(duì)伍;A Place to Come to歸宿 詩(shī)集：Thirtysix Poems;Selected Poems1923-1943;Brother to Dragons;Promised:Poems1954-1956;You,Emperors and Others;Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966;Elven Poems on the Same Themet;Incarnation Poem1966-1968顯靈：1966-1968詩(shī)選;Now and Then:Poems 1976-1978此時(shí)與彼時(shí)1976-1978詩(shī)選

劇作：Proud Flesh驕傲的血肉之軀;Modern Rhetoric當(dāng)代修辭學(xué)；Birth of Love愛之誕生(選自與Cleanth Brooks合編的 Understanding Poetry/Understanding Fiction)逃亡者集團(tuán)The Fugitive的宣言書I’ll Take My Stand我表明我的立場(chǎng)

80、Tennessee William田納西?威廉斯1911-1983 American Blues美國(guó)的布魯斯;Battle of Angels天使的戰(zhàn)斗;The Glass Menagerie玻璃動(dòng)物園;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望號(hào)街車;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof熱鐵皮屋頂上的貓;The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke夏與煙;The Rose Tattoo玫瑰紋;Sweet Bird of Yout可愛的青春鳥 81、John Cheever約翰?契弗1912-1982 短篇小說(shuō)：The Expelled開除

短篇小說(shuō)集：The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式;The Enormous Radio and Other Stories巨型收音機(jī)和其他;The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories綠茵山竊賊和其他;Some People,Places and Things That Will Not Appear in My Next Novel一些不會(huì)在我下一部小說(shuō)中出現(xiàn)的人物、地點(diǎn)、事件;The Brigadier and the Golf Widow陸軍準(zhǔn)將和高爾夫迷寡婦;The World of Apples蘋果世界→The Stories of John Cheever契弗短篇小說(shuō)選

長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal瓦普肖特紀(jì)事/丑聞;Bullet Park布利特公園;Falconer鷹獵者

82、Irwin Shaw歐文?肖1913-1984 Bury the Dead埋葬死者;Sailor off the Bremen不來(lái)梅港外的水手

長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The Young Lions幼獅;The Troubled Air混濁的空氣;Lucy Crown露茜?克朗;Two Weeks in Another Town； Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁聲;Rich Man,Poor Man;Evening in Byzantium;Nightwork認(rèn)夜工;Beggarman,Thief;Bread upon the Waters 83、Ralph Ellison拉爾夫?埃利林1914-長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Invisible Man看不見的人 散文集：Shadow and Act影子與行動(dòng);Going to the Territory步入文學(xué)界

84、Bernard Malamud伯納德?馬拉默德1914-1986 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The Natural天生運(yùn)動(dòng)員;The Assistant伙計(jì);The Fixer裝配工;A New Life新生活;God’s Grace上帝的恩賜 短篇小說(shuō)：The Magic Barrel魔桶

85、Landall Jarrel蘭達(dá)爾?賈維爾1914-1965 詩(shī)集：Blood for a Stranger獻(xiàn)給一個(gè)陌生人的血;Little Friend ,Little Friend小朋友，小朋友;Losses損失;Seven-league Crutches七里格長(zhǎng)的拐杖;The Lost World失去的世界

小說(shuō)：Pictures of an Institution學(xué)院小景;The Woman at the Washington Zoo華盛頓動(dòng)物園的女人

評(píng)論：Poetry and the Age詩(shī)歌與時(shí)代;The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner旋轉(zhuǎn)炮塔炮手之死

86、John Berryman約翰?貝里曼1914-1972 詩(shī)：Homage to Mrs Bradstreet獻(xiàn)給布拉茲特里夫人；The Dream Songs夢(mèng)之歌;Poems1942;The Dispossessed被剝奪者(The Ball Poem小球詩(shī));77 Dream Songs;Berryman’s Sonnets;Short Poems;His Toy;His Dream;His Rest;Love and Fame;Delusion,etc錯(cuò)覺及其他

小說(shuō)：Recovery復(fù)原 傳記：Stephen Crane斯蒂芬?克萊恩

87、Saul Bellow索爾?貝婁1915-長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Dangling Man晃來(lái)晃去/掛起來(lái)的人;The Victim受害者;The Adventure of Augie March奧基?馬奇歷險(xiǎn)記;Henderson the Rain King雨王漢德遜;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt’s Gift洪堡的禮物

中篇小說(shuō)：Seize the Day且樂今朝

88、Arthur Miller阿瑟?米勒1915-Situation Normal情況正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的兒子;The Death of a Salesman推銷員;The Crucible嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)/薩姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge橋頭眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays兩個(gè)星期一的回憶;After the Fall墮落之后;Incident at Vichy維希事件;The Price代價(jià);The Creation of the World and Other Business創(chuàng)世及其他;The Archbishop’s Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美國(guó)時(shí)鐘

89、Robert Lowell羅伯特?洛厄爾1917-1977 詩(shī)：Lord Weary’s Castle威爾利老爺?shù)某潜?Life Studies人生探索

名篇：For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead獻(xiàn)給聯(lián)邦死難士→自白詩(shī)運(yùn)動(dòng) 90、J D Salinger杰羅姆?大衛(wèi)?塞林格1919-短篇小說(shuō)：The Young Folks年輕人 短篇小說(shuō)集：Nine Stories故事九篇

中篇小說(shuō)：Franny弗蘭尼;Zooey卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠們，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The Cather in the Rye麥田守望者

91、Betty Frieden貝蒂?弗里丹1921-The Feminine Mystique女性的奧秘;It Changed My Life它改變了我的生活;The Second Stage第二階段(How to get the Women’s Movement Moving Again)92、Alex Haley亞歷克斯?哈利1921-1992 The Autobiography of Malcolm X馬爾科姆?艾克斯自傳

Roots根;Hanning漢寧鎮(zhèn)（自傳體小說(shuō)）

93、Jack Kerouac杰克?凱魯亞克1922-1966(“垮掉的一代”奠基者)The Town and the City鎮(zhèn)和城;On the Road在路上;The Subterraneans地下居民;The Dharma Bums達(dá)摩的流浪者;Visions of Cody科迪的夢(mèng)想；Doctor Sax薩克斯醫(yī)生;Maggie Cassidy麥琪?卡西迪;Mexico City Blues墨西哥城的布魯斯;Lonesome Traveller孤獨(dú)的旅行者;Desolation Angels凄涼天使;Satori in Paris巴黎參禪記;Vanity of Duluoz杜盧奧斯的偏見 94、Kurt Vonnegut庫(kù)特?馮尼格特 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Player Piano自動(dòng)鋼琴;The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖;Cat’s Craddle貓的搖籃;Slaughterhouse Five第五號(hào)屠場(chǎng);Mother Night黑夜母親;God Bless You,Mr Rosewater上帝保佑你，羅斯瓦特先生;Breakfast of Champions頂呱呱的早餐;Slapstick,or Lonesome No More滑稽劇,又名不再孤獨(dú);Jailbird囚犯;Deadeye Dick神槍手迪克

短篇小說(shuō)集：Welcome to the Monkey House歡迎到猴房來(lái)(Report on the Barnhouse Effect關(guān)于巴恩豪斯效應(yīng)的報(bào)告)95、Norman Mailer諾曼?米勒1923-(垮掉的一代；文學(xué)恐怖主義者/亡命之徒)裸者與死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海濱;The Deer Park廘苑;An American Dream一場(chǎng)美國(guó)夢(mèng);The White Negro白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself為自己做廣告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我們?yōu)槭裁匆ピ侥?The Executioner’s Song劊子手之歌;The Armies of the Night夜色幕下的大軍(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虛構(gòu)小說(shuō);New Journalism新新聞報(bào)道

96、James Dichey詹姆斯?迪基1923-詩(shī)集：Into the Stone鉆入石頭;Drowning With Others跟別人一起淹死(The Lifeguard救生員);Helmets頭盔;Buckdancer’s Choice班克舞者的選擇;Poems1957-1967;The Iodiac黃道 長(zhǎng)詩(shī)：Deliverance解脫

詩(shī)論集：The Suspect in Poetry詩(shī)歌中的嫌疑犯;Babel to Byzatium從巴別爾到拜占庭 97、Joseph Heller約瑟夫?海勒1923-長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Catch-22第二十二條軍規(guī);Something Happened出了毛病;As Good as Gold像高爾德一樣好 劇本：We Bombed in New Haven我們轟炸紐黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger’s Trial克萊文杰受審（據(jù)Catch-22第八章）98、James Baldwin詹姆斯?鮑德溫1924-1987 散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的筆記;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time下一次烈火;No Name in the Street他的名字被遺忘;The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作

小說(shuō)：Go Tell it on the Mountain向蒼天呼吁;Giovanni’s Room喬萬(wàn)尼的房間;Another Country另一個(gè)國(guó)度;Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告訴我火車已開多久;If Beale Street Could Talk假如比爾能說(shuō)話;Just Above My Head就在我頭上 短篇小說(shuō)集：Going to Meet the Man去見這個(gè)人

劇本：The Amen Corner阿門角;Blues for Mister Charley為查理先生唱布魯斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost有一天當(dāng)我迷失的時(shí)候/迷路前后

100、Flannery O’Connor弗蘭納里?奧康納1925-1964 長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：Wise Blood慧血;The Violent Bear It Away它為強(qiáng)暴者所奪走

短篇小說(shuō)集：A Good Man Is Hard to Find好人難尋;Everything That Rises Must Converg上升的一切必然匯合e 名文：Good Country People善良的鄉(xiāng)下人;The Lame Shall Enter First跛腿者先進(jìn)去;Greenleaf格林利夫;Revelation;Parker’s Back派克的背

101、William Styron威廉?斯泰倫1925-Lie Down in Darkness躺在黑暗中;The Long March長(zhǎng)途行軍;Set This House on Fire放火燒屋;The Confessions of Nat Turner納特?特納的自白;Sophie’s Choice索菲的選擇

102、Allen Ginsburg艾倫?金斯堡1926-詩(shī)集：Howl and Other Poems嚎叫及其他(America)(The Beat Generation垮掉的一代的宣言書和代表作);Kaddish and Other Poems卡第緒及其他;Plannet News行星消息;The Fall of America美國(guó)的衰弱 103、James Wright詹姆斯?賴特1927-1980 詩(shī)集：The Green Wall綠墻;Saint Judas圣徒猶大;The Tail and Eyes of a Lion獅子的尾巴和眼睛;The Branch Will Not Break樹枝不會(huì)斷;Shall We Gather at the River我們?cè)诤舆吘蹠?huì);Collected Poems;Two Citizens兩位公民;Moments of the Italian Summer意大利之夏;To a Blossoming Pear Tree致盛開鮮花的梨樹;This Journey;A Blessing祝福

104、Edward Albee愛德華?阿爾比1928-The Zoo Story動(dòng)物園的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith貝西?史密斯之死;The Sandbox沙箱;The American Dream美國(guó)夢(mèng);Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?誰(shuí)害怕弗吉尼亞?伍爾夫;Tiny Alice小愛麗絲;A Delicate Balance脆弱的羊群;Seascape海景;The Lady from Dubuque來(lái)自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms在臂人

105、Martin Luther King Jr馬丁?路德?金1929-1968 I Have a Dream;Stride Toward Freedom邁向自由;Strength to Love愛的力量;Why We Can’t Wait?;Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我們何去何從，紛爭(zhēng)還是團(tuán)結(jié)？

106、Gary Snyder加里?斯奈德1930-(ecology poet)Riprap大卵石(Piute Creek皮尤特河);Myths & Texts神話與現(xiàn)實(shí);The Back Country偏僻的山村;Regarding Wave觀浪(Meeting the Mountain進(jìn)山);Turtle Island龜島;Left Out in the Rain：New Poems 1974-1985留在雨中:1974-1985新詩(shī)集

文集：Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers Without End Plus One山水窮盡六章外一章;The Real Work:Interviews and Talks腳踏實(shí)地工作：訪問記與演講稿

107、John Barth約翰?巴思1930-長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌劇;The End of the Road窮途末路;The Sot-weed Factor煙草代理商;Letters書信集;Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子賈爾斯;Lost in the Funhouse迷失在開心館里（Title題目）;Chimera客邁拉； Sabbatical學(xué)院的輪休假;The Friday Book:Essays and Other Nonfictions星期五的書：論文及其他非小說(shuō)

108、Tony Morrison托尼?莫里森1931-The Bluest Eye最藍(lán)的眼睛;Sula蘇拉;Song of Solomon所羅門之歌;Tar Baby柏油娃娃;Beloved;Jazz爵士樂

109、John Updike厄普代克1932-長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：The Poorhouse Fair養(yǎng)老院義賣會(huì);Rabbit, Run兔子，跑吧;Rabbit Relax兔子回家;Rabbit Is Rich兔字發(fā)財(cái);Centaur馬人;Of the Farm農(nóng)場(chǎng);Couples夫婦;The Witches of Eastwick伊斯特威克的巫婆們;Tust Me信賴我 短篇小說(shuō)集：Pigeon Feather and Other Stories鴿羽及其他故事;The Music School 音樂學(xué)校;Problems and Other Stories問題及其他故事

評(píng)論集：Hugging the Shore:Essays and Criticism擁抱海洋：論文與批評(píng) 詩(shī)集：Midpoint and Other Poems中點(diǎn)及其他詩(shī)篇

小說(shuō)：V；The Crying of Lot 49 49號(hào)遺物的拍賣;Gravity’s Rainbow萬(wàn)有引力之虹

110、Joyce Carol Oates 喬伊斯?卡洛爾?歐茨1938-A Garden of Earthly Delights人間樂園;Expensive People奢侈的人們;Them;The Assassins刺客;Childwold查爾德伍德;Son of the Morning黎明之子;Unholy Loves不神圣的愛情;Bellefleur貝爾弗勒;Angel of Light光明天使;A Bloodsmoor Romance布勒茲摩傳奇 短篇小說(shuō)集：By the North Gate北門邊;Upon the Swearing Flood洪水浪潮;The Wheel of Love愛之輪;Marriage and Infidelities婚姻與婚外戀

詩(shī)集：Anonymous Sins無(wú)名的罪孽;Love and Its Derangement愛與愛的錯(cuò)亂;Dreaming America夢(mèng)想的美國(guó)

劇本：The Sweet Enemy甜蜜的敵人;Sunday Dinner星期天會(huì)餐;Ontological Proof of My Existence我存在的本體論證明;Miracle Play奇跡劇

論文集：The Edge of Impossibility:Tragic Forms in Literature不可能的邊緣：文學(xué)的悲劇形式;New Heaven,New Earth:Visionary Experience in Literature新天堂，新人間：文學(xué)中的幻想經(jīng)驗(yàn)

111、Sam Shepard薩姆?謝潑德1943-劇本：Cowboys牛仔;The Rock Garden巖石花園;Cowboys #2牛仔第二號(hào);Chicago芝加哥;Operation Sidewinder響尾蛇行動(dòng);Meloddrama情節(jié)劇

112、Sylvia Plath西爾維亞?普拉斯1932-1963(confessional school自白派)詩(shī)集：The Colossus巨人集;Ariel阿里爾集(Daddy;Lady Lazarus拉扎勒斯夫人);The Uncollected Poems雜詩(shī)集;Crossing the Water涉水;Winter Trees 小說(shuō)：The Bell Jar鐘形玻璃罩（自傳體小說(shuō)）名詩(shī)：Death & Co死亡公司

113、Philip Roth菲力普?羅斯1933-短篇小說(shuō)集：Goodbey,Columbus再見，哥倫布 Letting Go放手;When She Was Good當(dāng)她是好女人的時(shí)候;Portnoy’s Complaint波特諾伊的怨訴The Breast乳房;The Professor of Desire欲望教授;Our Gang我們這一幫;The Great American Novel偉大的美國(guó)小說(shuō);My Life as a Man我作為男人的一生;The Ghost Writer代人捉刀的作家;Zukerman Unbound解放了的朱克曼 評(píng)論集：Reading Myself and Others評(píng)論自我與他人

114、Le Roi Jones勒羅依?瓊斯1934-詩(shī)集：The Dead Lecturer已故的講師;Black Magic黑色魔術(shù)(Incident事件)劇本：Dutchman;The Slave;The Motion of History歷史的運(yùn)動(dòng)

115、Marrie Winn瑪麗?溫1936-The Fireside Book of Children’s Songs爐邊兒歌集;The Paygroup Book兒童游戲大全The Fisherman Who Needed a Knife;The Thief Cather;The Baby Reader幼兒讀物;The Plug-in Drug插入電源的毒品;Children Without Children沒有童年的兒童

116、Thomas Pynchon托馬斯?品欽1937-(后現(xiàn)代主義)Geography of a Horse Dreamer馬塞夢(mèng)測(cè)者的地理;Angel City天使城;The Tooth of Crime罪惡的牙齒;Family家庭(Curse of the Starving Class饑餓階級(jí)的詛咒;Buried Child被埋葬的孩子;True West真正的西部);Fool for Love情癡;A Lie of the Mind心靈的謊言;Paris/Texas德州的巴黎 117、Alice Walker沃克1944-長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)：TheThird Life of Grange Copeland格蘭治科普蘭的第三次生活;Meridian梅麗迪安;The Color Purple紫色 名文：The Civil Rights Movement:What Good Was It? 短篇小說(shuō)集：In Love and Trouble相愛與苦惱;You Can’t Keep a Good Woman Down好女人永不屈服 散文集：In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens

詩(shī)集：Once有一次;Revolutionary Petunias革命的牽牛花 傳記：Langston Hughes 上頁(yè)

第三篇：英美概況總結(jié)

英國(guó)概況 英格蘭面積最大 蘇格蘭，愛丁堡為首府

威爾士，加的夫，Cardiff為首府 北愛爾蘭，貝爾法斯特Belfast為首府

倫敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保羅大教堂st paul’s cathedral在這里。威斯敏斯特westminster，倫敦市的一個(gè)行政區(qū)，也叫西敏寺，這里有議會(huì)houses of parliament，包含大鐘樓big ben，白廳whitehall即英國(guó)政府，白金漢宮buckingham palace即英國(guó)皇宮，還有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宮。

The great charter in 1215,1215年大憲章，亦稱the great charter or Magna Charta,確保一些平民的政治權(quán)利與自由，保障教會(huì)不受國(guó)王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制國(guó)王及王室官員的行為。

議會(huì)雛形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺開會(huì)，就是最早的議會(huì)，后來(lái)發(fā)展了House of Lords上議院，House of Commons下議院。

玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和英國(guó)宗教改革：

Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都鐸（duduo）打了玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，都鐸勝利，終成五代都鐸王朝。

亨利八世進(jìn)行宗教改革，想切斷英國(guó)教會(huì)與羅馬教皇的關(guān)系，使英國(guó)教會(huì)獨(dú)立起來(lái)。宗教改革的真正進(jìn)行是在亨利八世的兒子愛德華時(shí)期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊麗莎白一世時(shí)期，伊麗莎白為女王統(tǒng)治英國(guó)，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，從此英國(guó)都是信奉新教。

文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng) The English Renaissance 文藝復(fù)興是中世紀(jì)到現(xiàn)代的過(guò)渡時(shí)期，從1350-1650，有300年，從意大利發(fā)起，達(dá)芬奇等人為代表。在這段時(shí)期，羅馬教會(huì)經(jīng)歷新教改革，人文主義興起，海外探索（大航海時(shí)代？）。英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn) The Civil Wars 是國(guó)王和議會(huì)間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，Norttingham King Charles和議會(huì)開戰(zhàn)，國(guó)王軍是Cavaliers(騎士)，議會(huì)軍是Roundheads(圓顱黨)，因?yàn)樗麄兌贪l(fā)。查爾斯戰(zhàn)敗，克倫威爾Cromwell稱王。英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱清教徒革命，因?yàn)閲?guó)王的反對(duì)者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)顛覆了英國(guó)的封建制度，甚至動(dòng)搖了歐洲的封建制度，被認(rèn)為是世界現(xiàn)代史的開端。王朝復(fù)辟 The Restoration 克倫威爾死后，兒子Richard 繼位，但是統(tǒng)治失敗，議會(huì)選擇讓上代國(guó)王流放法國(guó)的兒子King Charles 二世回歸。光榮革命 The Glorious Revolution 奧蘭治王室（William of Orange橘子？英國(guó)的名字真搞笑），用一場(chǎng)不流血的政變奪了王室的權(quán)，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)權(quán)利法案，英國(guó)“光榮革命”后鞏固資產(chǎn)階級(jí)與封建貴族聯(lián)合專政、確立君主立憲政體的憲法性文件之一。君主立憲由此開始。輝格黨和托利黨（Whigs and Tories）

兩黨名稱來(lái)自光榮革命，輝格黨就是后來(lái)的Liberal party，托利黨是Conservative party

憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)Chartist Movement 由于對(duì)改革法案《Reform Act》和新貧困法《New Poor Law》的不滿，工人組織了倫敦工人聯(lián)盟London Working Men’s Association，起草了人民憲章《People’s Charter》，想讓議會(huì)通過(guò)但是失敗，憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)是第一次全國(guó)性的工人運(yùn)動(dòng)。工會(huì)和工黨 Trade Unions and Labor Party 工人意識(shí)到聯(lián)合的重要性，于是工會(huì)出現(xiàn)，Grand National Consolidated Trade Union成立，是全國(guó)的大公會(huì)，后來(lái)Trade Union Congress 開始。殖民擴(kuò)張Colonial Expansion 自1583年開始，英國(guó)在新大陸Newfoundland開始殖民統(tǒng)治，1900日不落帝國(guó)形成，“on which the sun never set” 君主政體

英國(guó)是君主立憲制 constitutional monarchy, 元首head of state is king or queen。Head of the commonwealth 是女王，現(xiàn)在是伊麗莎白二世。議會(huì)組成

House of lords 上議院 house of commons 下議院 下議院最有權(quán)力 政黨：工黨Labor Party 和Conservative Party保守黨，政黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人是總理

Tony Blair是有史以來(lái)最年輕的工黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，總理。

樞密院 the Privy Council，是國(guó)家執(zhí)行力機(jī)構(gòu)，chief source of executive power in the state,可追溯到King’s Council 司法特點(diǎn)：no single legal system, no complete code,法律的來(lái)源包括：statutes法令，大量的common law，equity law衡平法，european community law。二戰(zhàn)后英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展

50s-60s穩(wěn)定發(fā)展階段，70s經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條，80s經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)：撒切爾夫人Mrs.Thatcher當(dāng)選總理，推行中期財(cái)政計(jì)劃Medium-term Financial Strategy

國(guó)教established chruches：在英國(guó)church of england，在蘇格蘭church of scotland 非國(guó)教 unestablished churches：英國(guó)圣公會(huì)anglican chruches，自由教free churches，天主教roman catholic church

*************************************************************************** 美國(guó)概況

國(guó)旗：13條狀紅白相間，代表original的13個(gè)州，50顆星，代表50個(gè)州

1492年，哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸，Christopher Columbus.獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)the war of independence 1774年，第一屆大陸國(guó)會(huì)continental congress在費(fèi)城philadelphia召開，呼吁抵制英國(guó)貨

1775年，lexington（列克星敦）和concord（康科德）打仗獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開始。同年，第二屆大陸會(huì)議在費(fèi)城召開，喬治?華盛頓為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人 1776年，湯瑪斯?杰佛遜起草獨(dú)立宣言

1783年，巴黎條約簽署treaty of paris，英國(guó)承認(rèn)美國(guó)獨(dú)立。1812年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，the war of 1812 美國(guó)和英國(guó)間的最后一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，對(duì)美國(guó)影響很深，人們意識(shí)到強(qiáng)大的政府的重要性，加強(qiáng)了統(tǒng)一感和愛國(guó)感 美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)the civil war 1861-1865，打了四年，北方勝利，北方為聯(lián)邦軍union army，南方為邦聯(lián)軍confederate army。

林肯有名的葛底斯堡演說(shuō)gettysburg address“that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”

1865年，第13修正案終結(jié)了奴隸制。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展

鍍金時(shí)代gilded age，借自馬克吐溫的書名，指內(nèi)戰(zhàn)到20世紀(jì)初，工業(yè)發(fā)展

亨利福特henry ford大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)汽車，萊特兄弟wright brothers設(shè)計(jì)第一架飛機(jī)升天，都在這個(gè)時(shí)候

1920s的大蕭條與新政the great depression and the new deal 1929年，大蕭條開始，持續(xù)4年

羅斯福新政，F(xiàn)ranklin D Roosevelt, the new deal 美國(guó)與二戰(zhàn)

1941年，珍珠港被襲擊，美國(guó)正式參戰(zhàn)，核心國(guó)axis powers 北大西洋公約組織the founding of NATO 1949年，北大西洋條約簽署，North Atlantic Treaty,任何對(duì)締約國(guó)的攻擊視為對(duì)所有締約國(guó)的攻擊。條約的生效標(biāo)志著美國(guó)在蘇聯(lián)周圍建立軍事聯(lián)盟的開端。蘇聯(lián)采取了類似的行動(dòng)，建立了德國(guó)民主共和國(guó)set up the German Democratic Republic.至此，冷戰(zhàn)全面開始。1950s民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)the civil rights movement 羅莎?帕克Rosa Parks,一位黑人女性，阿拉巴馬，她拒絕給白人讓座，被捕。馬丁路德金開始領(lǐng)導(dǎo)黑人抵制。1956年，最高法院宣布阿拉巴馬州的segregation laws unconstitutional。

越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)the vietnam war1950-1975(打了25年，有夠長(zhǎng)的)為了實(shí)施對(duì)共產(chǎn)主義的牽制政策，the policy of containment of communism,美國(guó)與越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，結(jié)果這是美國(guó)有史以來(lái)最長(zhǎng)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。1973年美國(guó)和北越南north vietnam簽署停火協(xié)議，cease-fire agreement。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，越南當(dāng)時(shí)像朝鮮般南北分裂，南方是社會(huì)主義的，北方是當(dāng)時(shí)的統(tǒng)治階級(jí)，南方想要解放全國(guó)，統(tǒng)一南北。美國(guó)橫插一腳，支持北方，搞了25年，最終還是南方的社會(huì)主義勝利，統(tǒng)一了全國(guó)。西貢Saigon是原來(lái)的首都，后來(lái)改名為胡志明市Ho Chi Minh City。

因?yàn)樵侥蠎?zhàn)爭(zhēng)，美國(guó)國(guó)力下降，社會(huì)分歧，形象下降。

水門事件（Watergate scandal，或譯水門丑聞）是美國(guó)歷史上最不光彩的政治丑聞之一，其對(duì)美國(guó)本國(guó)歷史以及整個(gè)國(guó)際新聞界都有著長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的影響，在1972年的總統(tǒng)大選中，為了取得民主黨內(nèi)部競(jìng)選策略的情報(bào)，1972年6月17日，以美國(guó)共和黨尼克松Nixon競(jìng)選班子的首席安全問題顧問詹姆斯?麥科德（James W.McCord, Jr.）為首的5人闖入位于華盛頓水門大廈的民主黨全國(guó)委員會(huì)辦公室，在安裝竊聽器并偷拍有關(guān)文件時(shí)，當(dāng)場(chǎng)被捕。由于此事，尼克松于1974年8月8日宣布將于次日辭職，從而成為美國(guó)歷史上首位辭職的總統(tǒng)。中美關(guān)系

1972年，Nixon總統(tǒng)訪華，簽署上海公報(bào)Shanghai Communique。1979年，中美建交。美國(guó)憲法起草于1789年，世界上最早的成文憲法。共有7個(gè)articles。Articla I，the Legislative Article立法

只有國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)立法，two-chamber system，包括senate參議院，house of representatives眾議院。參議院100人，每個(gè)州來(lái)兩人，眾議院基于每個(gè)州的人口比例設(shè)立席位。Article II，Executive Article執(zhí)法 總統(tǒng)任期4年

Article III，Judicial Article 司法

Supreme Court是國(guó)家的最高法院，以下是聯(lián)邦法院federal court，最高法院和聯(lián)邦法院的法官是總統(tǒng)任命，法官是終身職位。唯有最高法院有權(quán)解釋憲法。

三權(quán)分立checks and balances 立法，執(zhí)法，司法三權(quán)分立，legislative，executive，judicial，國(guó)會(huì)可立法，總統(tǒng)可否決，國(guó)會(huì)可通過(guò)三分之二選票再次通過(guò)，總統(tǒng)不可否決，但最高法院可以判定它違反憲法而否決它。憲法修正案provisions for amendment 前十條憲法修正案稱為bill of rights權(quán)利和自由法案

*************************************************************************** 加拿大概況

首都：渥太華Ottawa, 最大省：魁北克Quebec 第一大城市：多倫多，2：蒙特利爾，3：溫哥華，4：渥太華 世界最大漁業(yè)出口國(guó) 國(guó)家元首：伊麗莎白二世

總督：履行女王職務(wù)governor general，實(shí)際政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人：總理prime minister 立法：議會(huì)立法parliament，議會(huì)由兩部分組成senate（總督任命）和house of commons（根據(jù)人口），和美國(guó)類似，法律要兩院通過(guò)，最后總督簽字。

政黨：自由黨liberal party和保守黨progressive conservative party

澳大利亞概況： 首都：堪培拉Canberra 第一大城：悉尼，2：墨爾本 世界最大羊毛出口國(guó) 國(guó)家元首：英女王，和加拿大一樣有總督和總理，聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家 政黨：工黨（最大黨）australian labour party和自由黨liberal party，和英國(guó)不同，澳大利亞有成文憲法

議會(huì)參照英國(guó)，上議院senate（the upper house）和下議院house of representatives（the lower house）

新西蘭概況

首都：惠靈頓Wellington 第一大城：奧克蘭Auckland 世界最大羔羊肉，羊肉和奶制品出口國(guó)，稱為the world’s biggest farm 國(guó)家元首：英女王 政體：議會(huì)制君主立憲制

愛爾蘭概況（注意不是北愛爾蘭哦，不是英國(guó)的一部分呢）首都：都柏林dublin 國(guó)家元首：注意了是總統(tǒng)

第四篇：2013工作概況總結(jié)

2013工作概況總結(jié)

安全第一、預(yù)防為主是安全生產(chǎn)的方針，也是電力企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中永恒的主題，回顧2013個(gè)人工作情況，在公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)統(tǒng)一部署和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，在本人的努力下，分別在安全生產(chǎn)、技術(shù)、管理、職工安全培訓(xùn)、執(zhí)行上級(jí)各種安全生產(chǎn)法規(guī)的理解貫徹上做了一些有益的工作，現(xiàn)將相關(guān)情況總結(jié)如下：

一、政治思想方面

按上級(jí)黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的部署，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)十八大和三中全會(huì)的相關(guān)精神，并依照市政府崗位職責(zé)“回頭看”安全生產(chǎn)工作和大檢查“回頭看”的文件精神，組織本科室認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)與貫徹，以身作則，開展各種活動(dòng)，總結(jié)思想狀況，找出工作中存在不足和差距，團(tuán)結(jié)一致向前看，堅(jiān)定工作方法和信心，力爭(zhēng)開展好安全生產(chǎn)工作新局面，認(rèn)真貫徹執(zhí)行黨和國(guó)家安全生產(chǎn)方針、政策和法規(guī)，配合領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，經(jīng)常深入生產(chǎn)一線，把安全生產(chǎn)各項(xiàng)工作落實(shí)到每一個(gè)工作崗位和個(gè)人，確保廣大員工在電力生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的安全與健康。

二、本職工作方面

按照崗位職能，認(rèn)真組織和貫徹安全生產(chǎn)方面的各種工作，主要從安全工程技術(shù)、法規(guī)、職工安全教育、安全管理的事故預(yù)防“3E”對(duì)策入手，全面發(fā)揮三大支柱的作用，推行供電公司的對(duì)事故隱患、事故苗頭進(jìn)行有效整治，實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)防事故的目的，組織全科人員不斷完善安全管理規(guī)程規(guī)范，編制供電公司安全管理資料、五種匯編、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)救援預(yù)案的各項(xiàng)工作的展開，實(shí)施、指導(dǎo)預(yù)案的準(zhǔn)備、啟動(dòng)、救援、恢復(fù)等各階段工作，同時(shí)結(jié)合供電公司實(shí)際狀況，逐步開展“安全生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化達(dá)標(biāo)”工作。

認(rèn)真組織好“安全生產(chǎn)月”活動(dòng)各項(xiàng)工作，主要內(nèi)容涵蓋于：巨幅宣傳標(biāo)語(yǔ)、規(guī)程制度競(jìng)賽、消防演練、線路作業(yè)事故處理現(xiàn)場(chǎng)救援、安全錄像宣教，收到了良好的效果，并將情況按要求總結(jié)專題上報(bào)桂東電力。

堅(jiān)持安全生產(chǎn)“四查”工作，即查安全思想狀況、查規(guī)程制度的執(zhí)行、查管理過(guò)程中薄弱環(huán)節(jié)、查設(shè)備缺陷與隱患，代公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)組織一月一次現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全檢查，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)文明生產(chǎn)，完成月工作計(jì)劃情況考核，對(duì)查處的各種隱患依照南網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，下發(fā)整改通報(bào)。

對(duì)發(fā)生各種電力生產(chǎn)事故、事件，按照“調(diào)規(guī)”要求，堅(jiān)持“四不放過(guò)”之原則，協(xié)助、協(xié)調(diào)政府部門做好相關(guān)調(diào)查工作事宜，匯集各種數(shù)據(jù)、資料、撰寫事故報(bào)告，指導(dǎo)各專責(zé)填寫填報(bào)各種報(bào)表，受到各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)好評(píng)。

協(xié)助公司和上級(jí)部門做好安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)管工作，利用安全生產(chǎn)例會(huì)的機(jī)會(huì)，根據(jù)供電公司安全生產(chǎn)傾向性問題，共提出70多條有關(guān)典型安全生產(chǎn)問題，得到各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)高度重視，并監(jiān)督其整改和落實(shí)。

協(xié)助領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)主要設(shè)備、線路在發(fā)生事故時(shí)，深入現(xiàn)場(chǎng)指導(dǎo)各安全措施的落實(shí)與實(shí)施，參加現(xiàn)場(chǎng)搶修、搶險(xiǎn)工作，并經(jīng)常提出建議性意見，得到廣大員工的好評(píng)。根據(jù)公司工會(huì)關(guān)于在單位與班組開展“安康杯”活動(dòng)的精神，親自制定班組現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理的各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化記錄本與檔案資料，推動(dòng)“安康杯”活動(dòng)開展得既扎扎實(shí)實(shí)，又轟轟烈烈，由于工作到位，各種記錄本均在桂東電力所屬各單位班組使用并推廣。

三、安全教育培訓(xùn)方面

為全面提高全員安全技術(shù)和安全素養(yǎng)，堅(jiān)持各種培訓(xùn)制度，本人多次擔(dān)任各種培訓(xùn)班主課老師，其中有桂東電力舉辦的班組長(zhǎng)安全培訓(xùn)班兩期，共有學(xué)員170多人次，本人利用深入淺出，結(jié)合本公司各種案例，解讀《電力安全工作規(guī)程》、《兩票工程技術(shù)》、《班組長(zhǎng)工作技能》、《安全生產(chǎn)管理工作入門》等課程，得到學(xué)員一致好評(píng)。

桂東電力舉辦“高壓電工作業(yè)取證”培訓(xùn)班，受上級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和政府的委托，本人擔(dān)任安全教育、作業(yè)規(guī)范、安全防范、個(gè)人安全工器具正確使用等方面的培訓(xùn)，共有130多名學(xué)員參加學(xué)習(xí)，并取得高壓電工合格上崗證，為達(dá)到桂東電力生產(chǎn)入網(wǎng)作業(yè)100%持證上崗做了一些有益的工作。

受公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)委派前往廣西水利電業(yè)集團(tuán)授課，近千名學(xué)員聆聽本人授課，并將上課內(nèi)容制成DVD碟，作為典型教材在全廣西發(fā)行并予以播放，得到有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的首肯。

四、其他方面

在做好本職工作的同時(shí)，經(jīng)常到市、縣級(jí)政府協(xié)調(diào)輸電沿線存在的防護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)清障的各種工作，大凡棘手問題，本人都能主動(dòng)到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，或利用手機(jī)對(duì)話等形式，多次解決一些有 爭(zhēng)議的工作協(xié)調(diào)問題，公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和兩供電所也多次邀請(qǐng)本人前往處理一些較復(fù)雜的工作事宜。

經(jīng)常利用印發(fā)宣傳資料、紅頭文件等形式處理輸電沿線存在的諸多問題，受到各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和員工好評(píng)。

為了搞好輸電沿線安全與保衛(wèi)工作，本人代公司提議和起草“要求市人民政府下發(fā)建設(shè)輸電沿線設(shè)施保護(hù)區(qū)綠色通道”文件，為營(yíng)造桂東電網(wǎng)安全和諧的供電氛圍，做了一些有益促成和相關(guān)工作，目前，市政府經(jīng)過(guò)充分討論和論證，已頒發(fā)“賀州市人民政府辦公室關(guān)于印發(fā)賀州市電力建設(shè)綠色通道實(shí)施頒發(fā)的通知”文件，是繼賀州市電力設(shè)施保護(hù)通告下發(fā)后的又一個(gè)新法規(guī)，使電力企業(yè)在今后的電力建設(shè)申請(qǐng)工作、保護(hù)區(qū)域的違章清障等有一部完整的地方性電力法規(guī)。

本人在有限的工作時(shí)段上做了一些自己應(yīng)做的工作，但隨著年紀(jì)的增大，工作似乎力不從心，在一些工作上缺乏朝氣，深入生產(chǎn)一線指導(dǎo)工作的機(jī)會(huì)有所減少，為了桂東電網(wǎng)做大做強(qiáng)，我一定倍加努力工作，在有限的時(shí)間做出更多、更好、更大的貢獻(xiàn)，要發(fā)揚(yáng)成績(jī)，糾正不足，以利再戰(zhàn)。

第五篇：房產(chǎn)測(cè)量總結(jié)

房產(chǎn)測(cè)量總結(jié)

1、房產(chǎn)測(cè)量是指采集和表述房屋和房屋用地的有關(guān)信息，為房產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權(quán)、產(chǎn)籍管理、房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)利用、交易、征收稅費(fèi)，以及為城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃建設(shè)提供數(shù)據(jù)和資料。其運(yùn)用測(cè)繪技術(shù)和手段，按照國(guó)家有關(guān)的法律法規(guī)，執(zhí)行國(guó)家房產(chǎn)測(cè)量規(guī)范和有關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)定。

2、房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪是一種政策性很強(qiáng)的專業(yè)測(cè)繪，通常也稱為法定測(cè)繪。

3、房產(chǎn)測(cè)量技術(shù)流程： ①測(cè)量工程項(xiàng)目受理

②簽定合同（一般由測(cè)繪大隊(duì)等政府部門組織委托測(cè)繪，事前需要申請(qǐng)）③外業(yè)實(shí)地測(cè)量

④內(nèi)業(yè)電腦繪圖，面積分?jǐn)傆?jì)算 ⑤質(zhì)量檢查、驗(yàn)收、收費(fèi)

⑥向客戶提交成果及技術(shù)報(bào)告、入檔 圖示如下：

4、房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪與普通測(cè)繪的區(qū)別： ①房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪工作分為兩大項(xiàng)：

⑴建立房產(chǎn)測(cè)量平面控制網(wǎng)和測(cè)繪房產(chǎn)分幅平面圖。（基礎(chǔ)測(cè)繪）(2)測(cè)繪房產(chǎn)分丘、分戶平面圖及相關(guān)圖、表、冊(cè)、簿、數(shù)據(jù)等。（項(xiàng)目測(cè)繪）②主要區(qū)別：

⑴比例尺的確定不同:房產(chǎn)分幅圖規(guī)定為1：500或1：1000；分丘、分戶圖不規(guī)定比例尺，而是根據(jù)實(shí)際情況確定。

(2)測(cè)繪內(nèi)容上的區(qū)別:房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪不僅確定地物相關(guān)的位置，而且包括與其權(quán)屬有關(guān)的要素。

(3)測(cè)繪成果效力不同:房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪成果經(jīng)房產(chǎn)管理部門登記、入檔后，即具有法律效力，不得隨意修改。

(4)測(cè)繪成果產(chǎn)品不同:房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪成果形式有圖、表、冊(cè)、簿、數(shù)據(jù)等。(5)精度要求不同:界址點(diǎn)精度及房屋面積測(cè)量的精度要求高。(6)修測(cè)、補(bǔ)測(cè)、變更測(cè)量及時(shí):保證房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪成果的現(xiàn)勢(shì)性(7)房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪人員既懂測(cè)繪、更懂房地產(chǎn)

5、房產(chǎn)測(cè)量的目的和任務(wù)：

房產(chǎn)測(cè)量的目的和任務(wù)就是采集和表述房屋以及房屋用地的有關(guān)信息，為房地產(chǎn)管理，尤其是為房屋的產(chǎn)權(quán)、產(chǎn)籍管理提供準(zhǔn)確可靠的成果資料。同時(shí)也為房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)、征收稅費(fèi)、城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃建設(shè)以及市政工程等提供數(shù)據(jù)和資料。

6、房產(chǎn)測(cè)量的基本內(nèi)容：

房產(chǎn)測(cè)量的基本內(nèi)容包括以下七個(gè)方面：房產(chǎn)平面控制測(cè)量，房產(chǎn)調(diào)查，房產(chǎn)要素測(cè)量，房產(chǎn)圖繪制、房產(chǎn)面積測(cè)算、變更測(cè)量、成果資料的檢查與驗(yàn)收。

7、房產(chǎn)測(cè)量的成果：

①房產(chǎn)簿冊(cè)，包括：房產(chǎn)調(diào)查表；房屋用地調(diào)查表；有關(guān)產(chǎn)權(quán)狀況的調(diào)查資料；證明及協(xié)議文件。

②房產(chǎn)數(shù)據(jù)集，包括：房產(chǎn)平面控制點(diǎn)成果；界址點(diǎn)成果；房角點(diǎn)成果；高程點(diǎn)成果；面積測(cè)算成果。③房產(chǎn)圖集，包括：房產(chǎn)分幅平面圖；房產(chǎn)分丘平面圖；房屋分層分戶圖；房產(chǎn)證附圖；房屋測(cè)量草圖；房屋用地測(cè)量草圖。

8、房產(chǎn)測(cè)量的基本精度要求: ①房產(chǎn)測(cè)量的精度指標(biāo)與限差；

②房產(chǎn)平面控制測(cè)量的基本精度要求；

③房產(chǎn)分幅平面圖與房產(chǎn)要素測(cè)量的精度； ④房產(chǎn)界址點(diǎn)、房角點(diǎn)的精度。

9、房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪應(yīng)遵循的法律、法規(guī)、管理辦法有哪些？

《中華人民共和國(guó)測(cè)繪法》、《房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪管理辦法》、《山東省實(shí)施〈房產(chǎn)測(cè)量管理辦法〉細(xì)則》（省建設(shè)廳、省國(guó)土資源廳聯(lián)合印發(fā)）、《房產(chǎn)測(cè)量規(guī)范》（2000版國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。

10、房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪的特點(diǎn)：測(cè)圖比例尺大；測(cè)繪內(nèi)容較多；房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪成果具有法律效力；精度要求高；修測(cè)、補(bǔ)測(cè)及時(shí)。

11、房產(chǎn)平面控制測(cè)量的目的和作用: ①目的：是建立一個(gè)高精度的、有一定密度的、能長(zhǎng)期保存使用的、穩(wěn)定的房產(chǎn)平面控制網(wǎng)。為整個(gè)房產(chǎn)測(cè)量工作 提供一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的控制框架和定位基準(zhǔn)，并控制誤差的累積。②作用：⑴為房產(chǎn)圖的測(cè)繪提供測(cè)圖控制和起算數(shù)據(jù)。

⑵為房產(chǎn)測(cè)繪的變更與修測(cè)提供起算數(shù)據(jù)。

12、房產(chǎn)平面控制網(wǎng)的布設(shè)原則與基本要求：

①布設(shè)原則：“從整體到局部、從高級(jí)到低級(jí)、分級(jí)布設(shè)的原則，也可越級(jí)布網(wǎng)”。②基本要求：

⑴要求控制點(diǎn)間有較高的相對(duì)精度

⑵要求房產(chǎn)平面控制點(diǎn)有相當(dāng)?shù)姆植济芏?/p>

⑶要求能長(zhǎng)期保存使用，房產(chǎn)平面控制網(wǎng)點(diǎn)都應(yīng)該埋設(shè)永久性固定標(biāo)志。⑷要求房產(chǎn)平面控制網(wǎng)點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)能保持較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的穩(wěn)定，不要經(jīng)常變化。

13、房地產(chǎn)平面控制網(wǎng)布設(shè)的一般過(guò)程：

①了解控制測(cè)量的目的和收集資料 ；②確定布網(wǎng)方案；③編寫技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書；④造標(biāo)埋石；⑤外業(yè)觀測(cè)；⑥內(nèi)業(yè)計(jì)算；⑦編寫技術(shù)總結(jié)。

14、房產(chǎn)平面控制測(cè)量的主要方法：導(dǎo)線測(cè)量、GPS定位測(cè)量、三邊測(cè)量和三角測(cè)量。

15、房地產(chǎn)調(diào)查的意義與內(nèi)容： ①意義：⑴房地產(chǎn)調(diào)查是房地產(chǎn)測(cè)繪的重要工作之一，通過(guò)實(shí)地的詳細(xì)調(diào)查，獲得房屋及

其用地情況的真實(shí)可靠的第一手資料。

(2)房地產(chǎn)測(cè)量中一項(xiàng)工作量很大的基礎(chǔ)工作。調(diào)查內(nèi)容很多，一般分為房屋調(diào)查

與房屋用地調(diào)查，其中包括每個(gè)權(quán)屬單元的位置、權(quán)界、權(quán)屬、數(shù)量和利用狀

況等基本情況，以及地理名稱和行政境界等。

②內(nèi)容：⑴房地產(chǎn)坐落調(diào)查；(2)房屋用地權(quán)屬界即丘界的調(diào)查；(3)房地產(chǎn)權(quán)屬狀況調(diào)查；

(4)房產(chǎn)權(quán)界狀況調(diào)查；(5)房屋狀況調(diào)查；(6)地理名稱和行政境界調(diào)查。

16、房地產(chǎn)調(diào)查的方法：

①初始測(cè)量調(diào)查：初始測(cè)量的調(diào)查資料來(lái)源有二。②變更測(cè)量調(diào)查：變更測(cè)量的調(diào)查采用“先閱后查”的辦法進(jìn)行。

17、房屋用地單元的劃分與編號(hào)：

①丘與丘號(hào)：丘是指地表上一塊有界空間的地塊。一個(gè)地塊只屬一個(gè)產(chǎn)權(quán)單元的稱“獨(dú)立丘”，一個(gè)地塊屬于幾個(gè)產(chǎn)權(quán)單元的稱“組合丘”。

②丘的劃分：有固定界標(biāo)的按固定界標(biāo)劃分，沒有固定界標(biāo)的按自然界線劃分。

③丘的編號(hào)：丘的編號(hào)按市、市轄區(qū)（縣）、房產(chǎn)區(qū)、房產(chǎn)分區(qū)、丘五級(jí)編號(hào)。

18、房產(chǎn)區(qū)與房產(chǎn)分區(qū): ①房產(chǎn)區(qū)：房產(chǎn)區(qū)應(yīng)在市轄區(qū)或縣（旗）或縣級(jí)市的范圍內(nèi)統(tǒng)一編號(hào)，避免重號(hào)，保證代碼的唯一性。

②房產(chǎn)分區(qū)：房產(chǎn)分區(qū)以房產(chǎn)區(qū)為單元?jiǎng)澐郑砂醋匀唤缇€，依街坊或依居民點(diǎn)，或依大的機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位劃分，房產(chǎn)分區(qū)也應(yīng)構(gòu)成連續(xù)成片的幾何圖形。

19、房屋調(diào)查的內(nèi)容：

①房屋坐落的調(diào)查； ⑴房屋坐落是指房屋所在街道的名稱和門牌號(hào)。②房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)人、產(chǎn)權(quán)性質(zhì)、產(chǎn)別和權(quán)源的調(diào)查；

⑴房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)人是指房屋所有權(quán)人的姓名，若是單位或部門所有，產(chǎn)權(quán)人是單位或部門的全稱。

(2)房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)性質(zhì)是指按照我國(guó)社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)三種基本所有制的形式，對(duì)房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)人占有的房屋進(jìn)行所有制分類。即：全民所有制房屋所有權(quán)、集體所有制房屋所有權(quán)、私人房屋所有權(quán)。

③⑴房屋層數(shù)是指房屋自然層次的總層數(shù)。

[計(jì)算房屋層數(shù)，一般從房屋室外地坪以上的樓層 起算，對(duì)于按自然地形起伏變化豎向設(shè)計(jì)建造的 房屋，從首層室外地坪以上起算。](2)層次是本權(quán)屬單元的房屋在該幢樓房中的第幾 層。

⑶房屋的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)是指根據(jù)房屋的梁、柱、墻等 主要承重構(gòu)件的建筑材料劃分的類別。

⑷建成年份是指實(shí)際竣工年份。拆除翻建的，應(yīng)

以翻建竣工年份為準(zhǔn)。④房屋用途、占地面積、建筑面積的調(diào)查;⑴房屋用途是指房屋的目前實(shí)際用途。房屋用途分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按《房產(chǎn)測(cè)量規(guī)范》附錄A中的A6執(zhí)行。

(2)是指該棟房屋在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)中相關(guān)主管部門批準(zhǔn)的定位紅線內(nèi)的面積，它是城市規(guī)劃及產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)籍管理中確定房屋是否合法的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)。應(yīng)從房屋批件資料中收集獲得。

⑶房屋的建筑面積是指該房屋在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)中相關(guān)主管部門批準(zhǔn)修建的房屋建筑面積，其值根據(jù)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)資料估算得出，調(diào)查時(shí)從房屋批建資料中收集。

⑤墻體歸屬，產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛和他項(xiàng)權(quán)利記錄；

⑴墻體歸屬主要是指墻體投影面積的產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬。墻體歸屬以權(quán)屬單元為單位調(diào)查。墻體的歸屬根據(jù)具體情況可劃分為自有墻、共有墻和借墻三種。

(2)他項(xiàng)權(quán)利指房屋所有權(quán)上設(shè)置有其他的權(quán)利。種類有典權(quán)、抵押權(quán)等。⑥填寫房屋調(diào)查示意表并繪制房屋權(quán)界示意圖； 20、房產(chǎn)要素測(cè)量： ①界址測(cè)量：⑴界址點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)的測(cè)量 ；(2)丘界線測(cè)量；

界址測(cè)量是指對(duì)界址點(diǎn)和界址線所進(jìn)行的測(cè)量，最主要就是測(cè)定出界址點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)。②境界測(cè)量

③房屋及其附屬設(shè)施測(cè)量：⑴房屋的測(cè)量（房屋按外墻勒腳以上墻角為準(zhǔn)，依水平投影進(jìn)行測(cè)量。）；(2)房屋附屬設(shè)施的測(cè)量；⑶房角點(diǎn)測(cè)量（房角點(diǎn)的測(cè)量，指對(duì)建筑物角點(diǎn)測(cè)量，與界址點(diǎn)的測(cè)量相同，房角點(diǎn)的類別代碼為4）⑷獨(dú)立地物測(cè)量（對(duì)于獨(dú)立地物的測(cè)量，應(yīng)根據(jù)地物的幾何圖形測(cè)定出定位點(diǎn)的位置）。

④陸地交通、水域測(cè)量：⑴鐵路、道路、橋梁的測(cè)繪；(2)水域的測(cè)繪。

21、房產(chǎn)界址點(diǎn)：簡(jiǎn)稱界址點(diǎn)或拐點(diǎn)，即是房屋用地界線的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)處設(shè)置的界樁點(diǎn)。

22、界址點(diǎn)精度：《房產(chǎn)測(cè)量規(guī)范》中規(guī)定，房產(chǎn)界址點(diǎn)的精度分三級(jí)，各級(jí)界址點(diǎn)相對(duì)于鄰近控制點(diǎn)的點(diǎn)位誤差和間距超過(guò)50cm的相鄰界址點(diǎn)間的間距誤差不超過(guò)表1的規(guī)定。

23、界址點(diǎn)的埋設(shè)及標(biāo)志種類：

界址點(diǎn)的位置，應(yīng)在權(quán)屬調(diào)查確定界址線的同時(shí)通過(guò)規(guī)定的法定程序標(biāo)定。所有界址點(diǎn)均應(yīng)埋設(shè)標(biāo)志，并記載標(biāo)石類型和方位。

24、界址點(diǎn)的編號(hào)：

界址點(diǎn)的編號(hào)是以高斯-克呂格的整公里格網(wǎng)為編號(hào)區(qū)，每個(gè)編號(hào)區(qū)的代碼以該公里格網(wǎng)西南角的橫縱坐標(biāo)公里值表示。點(diǎn)的編號(hào)在一個(gè)編號(hào)區(qū)內(nèi)從1至99999連續(xù)順編。

點(diǎn)的完整編號(hào)由編號(hào)區(qū)代碼、點(diǎn)的類別代碼、點(diǎn)的編號(hào)三部分組成，編號(hào)形式如下： ××××××××× × ×××××

編號(hào)區(qū)代碼（9位）點(diǎn)的類別代碼（1位）點(diǎn)的編號(hào)（5位）例：375384662 3 00028 點(diǎn)的完整編號(hào)為***

25、界址點(diǎn)、建筑物角點(diǎn)的測(cè)量方法：界址點(diǎn)測(cè)量應(yīng)從鄰近基本控制點(diǎn)或高級(jí)界址點(diǎn)起算，以極坐標(biāo)法、支導(dǎo)線法或正交法等野外解析法測(cè)定，也可在全野外數(shù)據(jù)采集時(shí)和其他房地產(chǎn)要素同時(shí)測(cè)定。

26、房產(chǎn)要素測(cè)量方法：

房產(chǎn)要素測(cè)量的方法主要包括野外解析法測(cè)量、航空攝影測(cè)量、全野外數(shù)據(jù)采集法測(cè)量。① 野外解析法測(cè)量：

野外解析法測(cè)量指利用極坐標(biāo)法、正交法或線交會(huì)法等方法，在野外對(duì)房產(chǎn)要素進(jìn)行采集，畫好草圖，內(nèi)業(yè)通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)處理編輯成圖。

但不論使用何種方法，必須要保證所測(cè)各點(diǎn)相對(duì)于房產(chǎn)平面控制點(diǎn)的點(diǎn)位中誤差不超過(guò)±0.05m，最大限差為±0.10m。

② 航空攝影測(cè)量

航空攝影測(cè)量指借助精密立體測(cè)圖儀、解析測(cè)圖儀、精密立體坐標(biāo)量測(cè)儀等儀器，在室內(nèi)對(duì)房產(chǎn)要素進(jìn)行測(cè)繪，然后拿原圖到野外進(jìn)行地物要素的補(bǔ)調(diào)或補(bǔ)測(cè)，最后得到符合規(guī)范的房產(chǎn)圖而進(jìn)行的測(cè)量。

③全野外數(shù)據(jù)采集

全野外數(shù)據(jù)采集指利用全站儀、半站儀、電子平板、電子記簿等設(shè)備在野外進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)采集，5通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕編輯，得到數(shù)字圖形。觀測(cè)時(shí)，水平角和豎直角讀至1′，測(cè)距讀至1mm；最大距離一般不超過(guò)200m，施測(cè)困難地區(qū)可以適當(dāng)放寬，但對(duì)超過(guò)100m時(shí)，水平角讀至0.1′。

野外作業(yè)過(guò)程中應(yīng)繪制測(cè)量草圖，草圖上的點(diǎn)號(hào)和輸入記錄的點(diǎn)號(hào)應(yīng)一一對(duì)應(yīng)。

27、房產(chǎn)測(cè)量是采集和表述房屋和房屋用地有關(guān)信息的一門技術(shù)。

①采集：是指采用測(cè)繪科學(xué)技術(shù)，按照房產(chǎn)管理的要求和需要，對(duì)房屋和房屋用地的有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行調(diào)查和測(cè)量。

②表述：是指對(duì)房屋和房屋用地的幾何、地理、物理特性，用數(shù)字、文字符號(hào)、影像進(jìn)行描述，供產(chǎn)權(quán)人和有關(guān)人士使用。

③ 房屋和房屋用地：房屋必須占用土地，房屋和房屋用地習(xí)慣稱房地產(chǎn)。房屋和土地是不可移動(dòng)、價(jià)值巨大的、經(jīng)久耐用的個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)和社會(huì)財(cái)產(chǎn)。

28、房屋：

①房屋：是指具有承重柱（墻），有上蓋及維護(hù)墻（柱）體，以鋼、鋼筋混凝土或鋼筋混凝土、磚、石、木等材料建造的供人們生產(chǎn)（經(jīng)營(yíng)）、生活或儲(chǔ)存貨物的建筑物。

②包括：主體房屋、房屋附屬設(shè)施和房屋圍護(hù)物。

④ 構(gòu)成房屋的條件：應(yīng)具有上蓋；應(yīng)有圍護(hù)物； 結(jié)構(gòu)牢固，屬永久性的建筑物； 層高在

2.20m或2.20m以上；可作為人民生產(chǎn)或生活的場(chǎng)所。

⑤ 屋的分類：房屋的分類有很多種，概括起來(lái)有以下幾種。⑴按房屋單位的使用性質(zhì)分類；

⑵按房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)分類；⑶按房屋層數(shù)分類；⑷其他分類。⑥ 房屋的用途：一般分為設(shè)計(jì)用途和實(shí)際用途。

29、主體房屋：包括一般房屋、架空房屋、窯洞、地下室等建筑物；房屋附屬設(shè)施包括廊（有柱走廊、檐廊、挑廊、門廊、架空通廊）、陽(yáng)臺(tái)（封閉陽(yáng)臺(tái)、不封閉陽(yáng)臺(tái)）、門（門、門斗門墩、門頂）、室外樓梯、臺(tái)階等；房屋圍護(hù)物包括圍墻、柵欄、籬笆、鐵絲網(wǎng)等。

30、房屋用地：是指房屋占地和生產(chǎn)生活所用土地的總稱。包括房屋占地面積、院落面積，還包括房屋附屬設(shè)施和房屋圍護(hù)物所占的面積。

31、房產(chǎn)面積測(cè)繪名詞：

①房屋面積測(cè)繪：房屋各層水平投影面積的測(cè)量與計(jì)算。

②房屋的建筑面積：房屋外墻（柱）勒腳以上各層的外圍水平投影面積，包括陽(yáng)臺(tái)、挑廊、地下室、室外樓梯等，且具備有有上蓋，結(jié)構(gòu)牢固，層高在2.20米以上（含2.20米，以下同）的永久性建筑。

③房屋的套內(nèi)建筑面積（由以下三部分組成）：

⑴套內(nèi)使用面積：為套內(nèi)房屋使用空間的凈面積，按水平投影面積計(jì)算。一般根據(jù)內(nèi)墻面之間的水平距離計(jì)算，內(nèi)墻面的裝飾厚度應(yīng)計(jì)入使用面積。

(2)套內(nèi)墻體面積：套內(nèi)使用空間周圍的維護(hù)或承重墻體，有共用墻及非共用墻兩種。套之間的分隔墻：套與公共建筑之間的分隔墻以及外墻（包括山墻）均為共用墻，共用墻墻體水平投影面積一半計(jì)入套內(nèi)墻體面積。

⑶陽(yáng)臺(tái)建筑面積：按陽(yáng)臺(tái)底板水平投影面積計(jì)算，封閉的全部計(jì)算建筑面積，不封閉的計(jì)算一半建筑面積，沒有頂蓋的陽(yáng)臺(tái)不計(jì)算建筑面積。

④房屋的共有建筑面積（由兩部分組成）61）本幢樓內(nèi)共有的電梯井、管道井、樓梯間、垃圾道、變電室、設(shè)備間、公共門廳、過(guò)道、地下室、值班警衛(wèi)室等；以及為整幢服務(wù)的公共用房和管理用房的建筑面積；

（2）套（單元）與公共建筑之間的分隔墻，以及外墻（包括山墻）墻體水平投影面積一半的建筑面積。

⑤房屋的產(chǎn)權(quán)面積：產(chǎn)權(quán)人依法擁有房屋所有權(quán)的房屋建筑面積。

⑥建筑預(yù)測(cè)面積：據(jù)經(jīng)市政府行政主管部門核準(zhǔn)的建筑施工圖所進(jìn)行的房屋建筑面積測(cè)繪計(jì)算，出具的建筑面積為預(yù)售面積。

⑦ 建筑竣工面積 ：竣工房屋的現(xiàn)狀和經(jīng)市政府行政主管部門核準(zhǔn)的建筑施工圖所進(jìn)行的房屋建筑面積測(cè)繪計(jì)算，出具的建筑面積為竣工面積。

32、《實(shí)施細(xì)則》有關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)：

①幢：幢是指一座獨(dú)立的，包括不同結(jié)構(gòu)和不同層次的房屋。②房產(chǎn)：房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)的簡(jiǎn)稱。

33、房屋建筑面積測(cè)算規(guī)則：

①計(jì)算建筑面積的房屋原則上應(yīng)具備的條件：應(yīng)具有上蓋；應(yīng)有圍護(hù)物； 結(jié)構(gòu)牢固，屬永久性的建筑物； 層高在2.20m或2.20m以上；可作為人民生產(chǎn)或生活的場(chǎng)所；具有明確的歸屬；建筑物的構(gòu)成具有合法性。

②計(jì)算全部建筑面積的范圍：

a.永久性結(jié)構(gòu)的單層房屋，按一層計(jì)算建筑面積；多層房屋按各層建筑面積的總和計(jì)算。b．房屋內(nèi)的夾層、插層、技術(shù)層、及其梯間、電梯間等其高度在2．20m以上部位計(jì)算建筑面積。

c．穿過(guò)房屋的通道，房屋內(nèi)的門廳、大廳，均按一層計(jì)算面積。門廳、大廳內(nèi)的回廊部分，層高在2．20m以上的，按其水平投影計(jì)算面積。

d．樓梯間、電梯(觀光梯)井、提物井、垃圾道、管道井等均按房屋自然層計(jì)算。

e．房屋天面上，屬永久性建筑，層高在2．20m以上的樓梯間、水箱間、電梯機(jī)房及斜面結(jié)構(gòu)屋頂高度在2．20m以上的部位，按其外圍水平投影面積計(jì)算。

f.挑樓，全封閉的陽(yáng)臺(tái)按其外圍水平投影面積計(jì)算。

g．屬永久性結(jié)構(gòu)有上蓋的室外樓梯，按各層水平投影面積計(jì)算。

h.與房屋相連的有柱走廊，兩房屋間有上蓋和柱的走廊，均按其柱外圍水平投影面積計(jì)算。i．房屋間永久性的封閉的架空通廊，按外圍水平投影面積計(jì)算。

j．地下室、半地下室及其相應(yīng)出入口，層高在2．20m以上，按其外墻(不包括采光井、防潮層及保護(hù)墻)外圍水平面積計(jì)算。

k．有柱或有圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的門廊、門斗，按其柱或圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的外圍水平投影面積計(jì)算。

1．玻璃幕墻等作為房屋外墻的，按其外圍水平投影面積計(jì)算。

m.屬永久性建筑有柱的車棚、貨棚等按其柱外圍水平投影面積計(jì)算。n．依坡地建筑的房屋，利用吊腳做架空層，有圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的,按其高度在2.20m以上部位的外圍水平面積計(jì)算。

o．有伸縮縫的房屋，若其與室內(nèi)相通的，伸縮縫面積計(jì)算建筑面積。③計(jì)算一半建筑面積的范圍： a．與房屋相連有上蓋無(wú)柱的走廊、檐廊，按其圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)外圍水平投影面積的一半計(jì)算。b．獨(dú)立柱、單排柱的門廊、車棚、貨棚等屬永久性建筑的，按其上蓋水平投影面積的一半計(jì)算。

c．未封閉的陽(yáng)臺(tái)、挑廊，按其圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)外圍水平投影面積的一半計(jì)算。7d．無(wú)頂蓋的室外樓梯按各層水平投影面積的一半計(jì)算。

e．有頂蓋不封閉的永久性的架空通廊，按外圍水平投影面積的一半計(jì)算。④不計(jì)算房屋面積的范圍：

a．層高小于2.20m以下的夾層、插層、技術(shù)層和層高小于2．20m的地下室和半地下室等。b．突出房屋墻面的構(gòu)件、配件、裝飾柱、裝飾性的玻璃幕墻、垛、勒腳、臺(tái)階、無(wú)柱雨篷等。

c．房屋之間無(wú)上蓋的架空通廊。

d．房屋的天面、挑臺(tái)、天面上的花園、泳池。

e．建筑物內(nèi)的操作平臺(tái)、上料平臺(tái)及利用建筑物的空間安置箱、罐的平臺(tái)。f.騎樓、騎街樓的底層用作道路街巷通行的部分。

s．利用引橋、高架路、高架橋、路面作為頂蓋建造的房屋。h．活動(dòng)房屋、臨時(shí)房屋、簡(jiǎn)易房屋。

i．獨(dú)立煙囪、亭、塔、罐、池、地下人防干、支線。j．與房屋室內(nèi)不相通的房屋間伸縮縫。

34、面積測(cè)算的方法與精度：

①坐標(biāo)解析法：坐標(biāo)解析法是根據(jù)房屋用地界址點(diǎn)或丘邊界點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)計(jì)算房屋用地面積或丘的面積，也包括利用房角點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)計(jì)算房屋面積的方法。

②實(shí)地量距法：實(shí)地量距法是在實(shí)地使用儀器如全站儀、測(cè)距儀或卷尺丈量圖形的邊長(zhǎng)計(jì)算出圖形的面積。實(shí)地量距法是目前房地產(chǎn)測(cè)量中最普遍的面積測(cè)算方法。

③圖解法。

35、房屋共有建筑面積的分?jǐn)偅?/p>

①房屋的共有建筑面積（由兩部分組成）：具體見

31、④。②共有面積的分?jǐn)傇瓌t：

（1）產(chǎn)權(quán)各方有合法權(quán)屬分割文件或協(xié)議的，按文件或協(xié)議規(guī)定執(zhí)行分?jǐn)偂?2)無(wú)產(chǎn)權(quán)分割文件或協(xié)議的，或產(chǎn)權(quán)分割文件、協(xié)議不合法的，可按相關(guān)房屋的建筑面積按比例進(jìn)行分?jǐn)偂?/p>

共有建筑面積分?jǐn)傄源睘閱挝贿M(jìn)行，分?jǐn)偟墓灿薪ㄖ娣e為本幢內(nèi)的共有建筑面積。共有建筑面積按比例分?jǐn)偟挠?jì)算公式：δSi = K×Si

? 上式中 K＝∑δSi/∑Si ? 式中：

? K—共有建筑面積分?jǐn)傁禂?shù)；

? Si—各產(chǎn)權(quán)單元自有建筑面積，m2 ? δSi—各產(chǎn)權(quán)單元應(yīng)分?jǐn)偟姆謹(jǐn)偯娣e，m2 ? ∑δSi—需要分?jǐn)偟姆謹(jǐn)偯娣e總和，即共有建筑面積，m2 ? ∑Si—參加分?jǐn)偟母鳟a(chǎn)權(quán)單元自有建筑面積總和，m236、37、房產(chǎn)圖的分類： 按房產(chǎn)管理需要，分為房產(chǎn)分幅平面圖、房產(chǎn)分丘平面圖和房產(chǎn)分戶平面圖。

38、房產(chǎn)圖的作用： ①房產(chǎn)分幅圖的作用

房產(chǎn)分幅圖是全面反映房屋及其用地的位置和權(quán)屬等狀況的基本圖。是測(cè)繪分丘圖和分戶圖的基礎(chǔ)資料。房產(chǎn)分幅圖以幅繪制。

② 房產(chǎn)分丘圖的作用

房產(chǎn)分丘圖是分幅圖的局部圖，是反映本丘內(nèi)所有范圍及其用地情況、權(quán)界位置、界址點(diǎn)、房角點(diǎn)；房屋建筑面積、用地面積、四至關(guān)系、權(quán)利狀態(tài)等各項(xiàng)房地產(chǎn)要素，是繪制房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)證附圖的基本圖。房產(chǎn)分丘圖以丘為單位繪制。

③ 房產(chǎn)分戶圖的作用

房產(chǎn)分戶圖是在分丘圖基礎(chǔ)上繪制的細(xì)部圖，以一戶產(chǎn)權(quán)人為單位，表示房屋權(quán)屬范圍的細(xì)部圖，以明確異產(chǎn)毗連房屋的權(quán)利界線供核發(fā)房屋所有權(quán)證的附圖使用。

④ 房產(chǎn)測(cè)量草圖的作用

39、房產(chǎn)圖測(cè)繪內(nèi)容

①房產(chǎn)分幅圖測(cè)繪內(nèi)容與要求

測(cè)量對(duì)象：控制點(diǎn)；線；房屋；房屋附屬設(shè)施；圍護(hù)物；房產(chǎn)要素和房產(chǎn)編號(hào)；地形要素；地理名稱注記。

②房產(chǎn)分丘圖測(cè)繪內(nèi)容與要求

分丘圖上除表示分幅圖的內(nèi)容外，還應(yīng)表示房屋權(quán)界線、界址點(diǎn)點(diǎn)號(hào)、窯洞使用范圍、挑廊、陽(yáng)臺(tái)、建成年份、用地面積、建筑面積、墻體歸屬和四至關(guān)系等各項(xiàng)房地產(chǎn)要素。③房產(chǎn)分戶圖測(cè)繪內(nèi)容和要求

分戶圖表示的內(nèi)容包括房屋權(quán)界線、四面墻體和歸屬和樓梯、走道等部位以及門牌號(hào)、所在層次、戶號(hào)、室號(hào)、房屋建筑面積和房屋邊長(zhǎng)等。

④房產(chǎn)分幅圖測(cè)量草圖的內(nèi)容和要求

40、房產(chǎn)圖的成圖方法：平板儀測(cè)量成圖；編繪法成圖；數(shù)字成圖。

41、房屋變更測(cè)量是指房屋發(fā)生買賣、交換、繼承、分析（割）、新建、改建、擴(kuò)建、重建、拆除、改制等涉及權(quán)界調(diào)整和面積增減變化而進(jìn)行的更新測(cè)量。

42、房產(chǎn)變更測(cè)量的內(nèi)容: ①現(xiàn)狀變更測(cè)量?jī)?nèi)容

⑴房屋的新建、拆遷、改建、擴(kuò)建、房屋建筑結(jié)構(gòu)、層次的變化；(2)房屋的損壞與滅失，包括全部拆除或部分拆除、倒塌和燒毀；

（3）圍墻、柵欄、籬笆、鐵絲網(wǎng)等圍護(hù)物以及房屋附屬設(shè)施的變化；

（4）道路、廣場(chǎng)、河流的拓寬，改造，河、湖、溝渠、水塘等邊界的變化；（5）地名、門牌號(hào)的更改；

（6）房屋及其用地分類面積增減變化。②權(quán)屬變更測(cè)量?jī)?nèi)容

（1）服務(wù)買賣、交換、繼承、分割、贈(zèng)與、兼并等引起的權(quán)屬的轉(zhuǎn)移；（2）土地使用權(quán)的調(diào)整，包括合并、分割、塌沒和截彎取直；（3）征撥、出讓、轉(zhuǎn)讓土地而引起的土地權(quán)屬界線的變化；（4）他項(xiàng)權(quán)利范圍的變化和注銷。

43、房產(chǎn)變更測(cè)量的方法: ①現(xiàn)狀變更的方法

根據(jù)房地產(chǎn)變更范圍的大小和房地產(chǎn)平面圖上現(xiàn)有平面控制點(diǎn)的分布情況，采用不同的測(cè)量方法。

②權(quán)屬變更測(cè)量的方法