第一篇：2011機(jī)械工程復(fù)試

復(fù)試實(shí)驗(yàn)題

實(shí)驗(yàn)綜合能力(30分)

一、1、電阻應(yīng)變式測力計(jì)與壓電式測力計(jì)原理（5分）

2、切削力來源（5分）

3、影響切削力因素（5分）

二、實(shí)驗(yàn)求一階系統(tǒng)的傳遞函數(shù)。試舉例說明如何求，說明實(shí)驗(yàn)原理，儀器，需要測量的參數(shù)。（15分）

面試考題:1’綜合素質(zhì)考察：簡短自我介紹，是否黨員，本科學(xué)校是否是211，班級(jí)排名，考

研準(zhǔn)備了多長時(shí)間。

2’英語組：抽簽一小段外語，讀出并翻譯；外語自我介紹，老師會(huì)問你問題（個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)：若自我介紹的好，則問的問題較簡單，否則則有可能問你專業(yè)方面的問題并且用英語

回答，這個(gè)一般不會(huì)回答）。

3’畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)組：是否參加科技活動(dòng)，創(chuàng)新競賽等，畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)情況。

4’專業(yè)素質(zhì)考察：抽三題回答兩個(gè)。比如：鼠籠式交流電機(jī)原理，熱處理四把火，鋼的熱處理一般經(jīng)過的三個(gè)步驟，插補(bǔ)原理，數(shù)控機(jī)床組成及作用，周期頻譜特點(diǎn)，壓電傳

感器原理，數(shù)控編程的幾種方法，總之范圍很廣，但個(gè)人感覺工程材料，測試，數(shù)控方面的題目較多。（個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn);這個(gè)與運(yùn)氣有關(guān)，但常見的原理要知道，抽題時(shí)個(gè)人感覺抽上面的一

些比較容易回答，面試也就是這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)能拉開點(diǎn)分，但是整個(gè)復(fù)試筆試?yán)肿畲蟆＃?/p>

第二篇：天津大學(xué)機(jī)械工程考研復(fù)試經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享

天津大學(xué)機(jī)械工程考研復(fù)試經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享

面試：

第一部分：綜合素質(zhì)。問你大學(xué)都干什么了，主要是看你的禮貌舉止和大學(xué)經(jīng)歷。

第二部分：科研能力。問你關(guān)于課程設(shè)計(jì)、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、有關(guān)機(jī)械創(chuàng)新的競賽或項(xiàng)目的問題。時(shí)間很短。

第三部分：專業(yè)知識(shí)。抽三道專業(yè)課的題回答兩道，面非常廣。我估計(jì)大部分題目來源于課后習(xí)題。

第四部分：抽一個(gè)英語短片，讀一下然后翻譯。我的不短片術(shù)語太多，不好翻譯。然后自我介紹，問幾個(gè)問題。問的東西很簡單，不用太擔(dān)心。

注意事項(xiàng)：面試一定要自然，不要緊張，面對(duì)導(dǎo)師們的問題如實(shí)回答。自己的優(yōu)勢無論導(dǎo)師問不問都找機(jī)會(huì)說出來，比如在介紹大學(xué)生活中，自我介紹中透露出來。（第一部分）

3面試時(shí)遇到不會(huì)的問題也要面帶微笑，可以請(qǐng)求提示，別傻在那

4第三部分面試抽題時(shí)，如果實(shí)在回答不了，就答與該題相關(guān)的你所知道的內(nèi)容。也就是題目的次重點(diǎn)。這一部分比較關(guān)鍵，看大家抽題的運(yùn)氣了。

5準(zhǔn)備好畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容給導(dǎo)師。記住一定要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。注意回答問題時(shí)聲音一定要洪亮，因?yàn)橥饷姹容^吵。筆試時(shí)注意動(dòng)作要快、準(zhǔn)，時(shí)間特別緊。我選了機(jī)制、控制原理、CAD/CAM，（我覺得機(jī)制、控制原理應(yīng)該是必選的，因?yàn)閷?shí)驗(yàn)這兩門必考）。據(jù)說，CAD/CAM比現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法簡單。（機(jī)制、控制原理、CAD/CAM這三門一起90分鐘，實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰y試也是筆試的內(nèi)容，另外的30分鐘）

8復(fù)試很重要的，表現(xiàn)的好，不僅可以讓你選到好導(dǎo)師，而且可以讓你的排名大幅上升。祝大家取得好成績！

天津大學(xué)機(jī)械考研復(fù)試參考資料http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=12519441881&

第三篇：深圳大學(xué)機(jī)械工程考研復(fù)試真題(面試)

深圳大學(xué)機(jī)械工程考研復(fù)試真題（面試）

面試：

你是偏電的還是機(jī)械的。電的

有沒有學(xué)過自控。學(xué)一些過。自動(dòng)控制的分析方法（具體怎么問忘記了）。不過答案就是時(shí)域分析 頻域分析根軌跡分析這幾個(gè)吧。

然后問本科的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。圍繞著畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)問和答

接著是專業(yè)英語。讓我用英語介紹電工學(xué)。不好意思，老師我不會(huì)。但是如果是翻譯一些芯片用戶手冊還是可以看一點(diǎn)的。好吧，那你用英語介紹下你今天怎么來的。（本人英語不是一般的爛。結(jié)果大家自己想象吧）

最后是個(gè)時(shí)事問題。馬航事件看法（有另外個(gè)同學(xué)是問關(guān)于文章出軌的看法。看來老師很潮啊）

基本差不多這樣。。

復(fù)試面試個(gè)人覺得拉不開差距。或者比重不是很大，一半一半吧。

拉分主要在初試。復(fù)試的專業(yè)筆試。面試差距不到10分（說多不多，說少不少吧。）另外今年2個(gè)倒數(shù)1 2名的，就是一個(gè)剛剛過線，一個(gè)過線10幾分。成功逆襲。。今年學(xué)碩競爭比較小，2個(gè)有復(fù)試資格的沒來報(bào)道，專碩和控制刷的人多些。

本文摘自鴻知深大考研網(wǎng)

第四篇：2013武漢理工大學(xué)物流學(xué)院機(jī)械工程復(fù)試的題目和個(gè)人的建議

2013武漢理工大學(xué)物流學(xué)院機(jī)械工程復(fù)試

復(fù)試的題型：

英語筆試：完形填空、閱讀理解（4篇六級(jí)的題目，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)：沒有英語聽力）、六選

五、翻譯

英語面試：簡單自我介紹、抽取一個(gè)話題，小組討論，說出見解（我抽取的話題是Everyone is responsible for our country）

專業(yè)筆試：填空（任選12空，每空一分）、選擇題（任選6個(gè)，每題一分）、問答題（任選4題，每題8分）、計(jì)算題(任選5題，每題10分)

專業(yè)面試：一般會(huì)問到畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和專業(yè)的有關(guān)知識(shí)，面對(duì)老師時(shí)不要害怕 其實(shí)復(fù)試完你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，復(fù)試的內(nèi)容與復(fù)試的通知有很大的差別。就拿英語筆試來說，是不考聽力的。英語面試其實(shí)一點(diǎn)也不恐怖，只要開口說就行，也不用管老師聽懂沒有。不過英語面試表現(xiàn)不好，也沒有關(guān)系，它的比重很小。最大的比重是專業(yè)筆試。雖然大綱上給的范圍很廣（還包括物流方面的知識(shí)），有很多的同學(xué)在準(zhǔn)備復(fù)試的時(shí)候感到很茫然，不知道怎么準(zhǔn)備，給你個(gè)建議，好好復(fù)習(xí)一下專業(yè)課，因?yàn)榭荚囈话阕⒅乜疾榈氖菍I(yè)知識(shí)。至于物流方面不會(huì)怎么考查。我選做的5個(gè)大題分別是：液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)（額定功率與泄漏量的計(jì)算）、結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)（桁架桿內(nèi)力的計(jì)算）、自由度的計(jì)算（局部自由度，復(fù)合鉸鏈、虛約束的判斷）、齒輪傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算、齒輪齒數(shù)，分度圓，基圓，齒頂圓參數(shù)的計(jì)算，此外還有滑輪倍率的計(jì)算。

我個(gè)人建議你在復(fù)試前，見一下你的導(dǎo)師，并向他打聽一下專業(yè)課考試的大致范圍，他會(huì)給你點(diǎn)幾個(gè)大題（我就說問了一下我的導(dǎo)師，結(jié)果點(diǎn)到的題目都考到了）。

一般說來，你初試的成績大致就決定了你的復(fù)試排名，但也不乏會(huì)有個(gè)別的變動(dòng)。今年的趨勢是專碩競爭的很激烈，學(xué)碩基本不刷。但不知道下一屆是什么情況，要根據(jù)趨勢去看吧！

復(fù)試時(shí)心態(tài)尤為重要，我贈(zèng)你8個(gè)字，也是我復(fù)試時(shí)的心得：

鎮(zhèn)定自諾、泰然處之

祝你復(fù)試順利！

第五篇：機(jī)械工程英語翻譯

Unit1

1、What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table.Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans.合金與純金屬的區(qū)別是什么？純金屬是在元素周期表中占據(jù)特定位置的元素。例如電線中的銅和制造烹飪箔及飲料罐的鋁。

Alloys contain more than one metallic element.Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy.Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium;and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel.合金包含不止一種金屬元素。合金的性質(zhì)能通過改變其中存在的元素而改變。金屬合金的例子有：不銹鋼是一種鐵、鎳、鉻的合金，以及金飾品通常含有金鎳合金。

2、Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio.為什么要使用金屬和合金？許多金屬和合金具有高密度，因此被用在需要較高質(zhì)量體積比的場合。

Some metal alloys,such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy.Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable.某些金屬合金，例如鋁基合金，其密度低，可用于航空航天以節(jié)約燃料。許多合金還具有高斷裂韌性，這意味著它們能經(jīng)得起沖擊并且是耐用的。

3、The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties.In metals, the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms, and are free to travel everywhere.Since electrons conduct heat and electricity, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires.金屬的原子連結(jié)對(duì)它們的特性也有影響。在金屬內(nèi)部，原子的外層階電子由所有原子共享并能到處自由移動(dòng)。由于電子能導(dǎo)熱和導(dǎo)電，所以用金屬可以制造好的烹飪鍋和電線。

It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal.No photons pass through.因?yàn)檫@些階電子吸收到達(dá)金屬的光子，所以透過金屬不可能看得見。沒有光子能通過金屬.4、Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.陶瓷和玻璃的特性高熔點(diǎn)、低密度、高強(qiáng)度、高剛度、高硬度、高耐磨性和抗腐蝕性是陶瓷和玻璃的一些有用特性。

Many ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators.Some ceramics have special properties: some ceramics are magnetic materials;some are piezoelectric materials;and a few special ceramics are superconductors at very low temperatures.Ceramics and glasses have one major drawback: they are brittle.許多陶瓷都是電和熱的良絕緣體。某些陶瓷還具有一些特殊性能：有些是磁性材料，有些是壓電材料，還有些特殊陶瓷在極低溫度下是超導(dǎo)體。陶瓷和玻璃都有一個(gè)主要的缺點(diǎn)：它們?nèi)菀灼扑椤?/p>

5、An optical fiber contains three layers: a core made of highly pure glass with a high refractive index for the light to travel, a middle layer of glass with a lower refractive index known as the cladding which protects the core glass from scratches and other surface imperfections, and an out polymer jacket to protect the fiber from damage.光導(dǎo)纖維有三層：核心由高折射指數(shù)高純光傳輸玻璃制成，中間層為低折射指數(shù)玻璃，是保護(hù)核心玻璃表面不被擦傷和完整性不被破壞的所謂覆層，外層是聚合物護(hù)套，用于保護(hù)光導(dǎo)纖維不受損。

In order for the core glass to have a higher refractive index than the cladding, the core glass is doped with a small, controlled amount of an impurity, or dopant, which causes light to travel slower, but does not absorb the light.為了使核心玻璃有比覆層大的折射指數(shù)，在其中摻入微小的、可控?cái)?shù)量的能減緩光速而不會(huì)吸收光線的雜質(zhì)或攙雜劑。

Because the refractive index of the core glass is greater than that of the cladding, light traveling in the core glass will remain in the core glass due to total internal reflection as long as the light strikes the core/cladding interface at an angle greater than the critical angle.由于核心玻璃的折射指數(shù)比覆層大，只要在全內(nèi)反射過程中光線照射核心/覆層分界面的角度比臨界角大，在核心玻璃中傳送的光線將仍保留在核心玻璃中。The total internal reflection phenomenon, as well as the high purity of the core glass, enables light to travel long distances with little loss of intensity.全內(nèi)反射現(xiàn)象與核心玻璃的高純度一樣，使光線幾乎無強(qiáng)度損耗傳遞長距離成為可能。Unit7

1、The importance of machining processes can be emphasised by the fact that every product we use in our daily life has undergone this process either directly or indirectly.機(jī)加工過程的重要性可通過日常生活使用的每件產(chǎn)品都直接或間接經(jīng)歷這一過程的事實(shí)來強(qiáng)調(diào)。(1)In USA, more than $100 billions are spent annually on machining and related operations.(2)A large majority(above 80%)of all the machine tools used in the manufacturing industry have undergone metal cutting.(3)An estimate showed that about 10 to 15% of all the metal produced in USA was converted into chips.(1)在美國，每年花在機(jī)加工及其相關(guān)作業(yè)上的費(fèi)用都多于千億美元

(2)用于制造業(yè)的全部機(jī)床中的大多數(shù)(多于80%)都經(jīng)歷過金屬切削。(3)有估計(jì)顯示美國生產(chǎn)的所有金屬中約10到15%轉(zhuǎn)變成了切屑。

2、Chip Formation 切屑的形成

Metal cutting process is a very complex process.Fig.7.2 shows the basic material removal operation schematically.金屬切削過程是一個(gè)很復(fù)雜的過程。圖7.2用圖的形式顯示了基本材料去除作業(yè)。The metal in front of the tool rake face gets immediately compressed, first elastically and then plastically.This zone is traditionally called shear zone in view of fact that the material in the final form would be removed by shear from the parent metal.在刀具前傾面前的金屬直接受到壓縮，首先彈性變形然后塑性變形?？紤]到最終形狀中的材料是通過剪切從母體金屬去除的，此區(qū)域傳統(tǒng)上稱為剪切區(qū)。The actual separation of the metal starts as a yielding or fracture, depending upon the cutting conditions, starting from the cutting tool tip.Then the deformed metal(called chip)flows over the tool(rake)face.金屬的實(shí)際分離始于屈服或斷裂(視切削條件而定)，從切削刀尖開始。然后變形金屬(稱為切屑)流過刀具(前傾)面。

If the friction between the tool rake face and the underside of the chip(deformed material)is considerable, then the chip gets further deformed, which is termed as secondary deformation.The chip after sliding over the tool rake face is lifted away from the tool, and the resultant curvature of the chip is termed as chip curl.如果刀具前傾面與切屑(變形金屬)底面之間的摩擦相當(dāng)大，那么切屑進(jìn)一步變形，這也叫做二次變形?；^刀具前傾面的切屑被提升離開刀具，切屑彎曲的結(jié)果被稱為切屑卷。

3、Discontinuous Chip.The segmented chip separates into short pieces, which may or may not adhere to each other.Severe distortion of the metal occurs adjacent to the face, resulting in a crack that runs ahead of the tool.間斷切屑：分段的切屑分散成小碎片，既可能相互附著也可能不相互附著。在靠近切削面處發(fā)生金屬的劇烈變形，導(dǎo)致在運(yùn)動(dòng)刀具前方金屬層產(chǎn)生裂縫。Eventually, the shear stress across the chip becomes equal to the shear strength of the material, resulting in fracture and separation.With this type of chip, there is little relative movement of the chip along the tool face, Fig.7.3a.最后，橫過切屑的剪切應(yīng)力與材料的剪切強(qiáng)度相等，造成斷裂和分離。生成這類切屑時(shí)，切屑沿刀具面幾乎沒有相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，見圖7.3a。

4、Cutting Fluids 切削液

The functions of cutting fluids(which are often erroneously called coolants)are: ? To cool the tool and workpiece ? To reduce the friction ? To protect the work against rusting ? To improve the surface finish ? To prevent the formation of built-up edge ? To wash away the chips from the cutting zone 切削液(經(jīng)常誤稱為冷卻液)的功能如下：

? 冷卻刀具和工件 ? 減少摩擦 ? 保護(hù)工件不生銹 ? 改善表面光潔度

? 防止切屑瘤的形成 ? 從切削區(qū)沖掉切屑

However, the prime function of a cutting fluid in a metal cutting operation is to control the total heat.This can be done by dissipating the heat generated as well as reducing it.The mechanisms by which a cutting fluid performs these functions are: cooling action and lubricating action.然而，在金屬切削作業(yè)中切削液的主要功能是控制總熱量。這可通過既散發(fā)又減少所產(chǎn)生的熱量來達(dá)到。切削液實(shí)現(xiàn)這些功能的機(jī)理是：冷卻作用和潤滑作用

5、Lubricating action.The best improvement in cutting performance can be achieved by the lubricating action since this reduces the heat generated, thus reducing the energy input to the metal cutting operation.潤滑作用：切削作業(yè)的最大改善可通過潤滑作用來達(dá)到，由于它減少了熱量的產(chǎn)生因而減少了金屬切削作業(yè)的能量輸入。

However, if the cutting fluid is to be effective, it must reach the chip tool interface.But it is not easy to visualize how it is accomplished in the case of a continuous turning with a single point turning tool, specially when the chip-tool contact pressure is as high as 70 MPa.可是，如果要使切削液起作用就必須讓它到達(dá)切屑刀具接觸界面。但如何在采用單尖刀具連續(xù)車削的場合尤其是切屑-刀具接觸壓力高達(dá)70MPa時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)并非易事。

Merchant thought that minute asperities existed at the chip-tool interface and the fluid was drawn into the interface by the capillary action of the interlocking network of these surface asperities.Merchant認(rèn)為：在切屑與刀具接觸界面上存在微小的粗粒，切削液通過這些表面的微小粗粒組成連鎖的網(wǎng)絡(luò)的毛細(xì)管被吸入到切屑與刀具的接觸界面上。

第八單元

1、Grinding is a manufacturing process that involves the removal of metal by employing a rotating abrasive wheel.The latter simulates a milling cutter with an extremely large number of miniature cutting edges.磨削是通過采用旋轉(zhuǎn)磨輪去除金屬的制造工藝。磨輪用非常大量的微型切削刃模仿銑刀進(jìn)行切削。

Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish.Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines.一般而言，磨削被認(rèn)為是一種通常用于獲得高尺寸精度和較好表面光潔度的精加工作業(yè)。磨削通過采用被稱為磨床的特殊機(jī)床能在平面、圓柱面甚至內(nèi)表面上進(jìn)行。

Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground, e.g., cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines.顯然，磨床根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的不同有所區(qū)別，使用何種形式的磨床主要取決于被磨削表面的幾何形狀和物理性質(zhì)。例如，圓柱面在外圓磨床上磨削。

2、Internal grinding.Internal grinding is employed for grinding relatively short holes, as shown in Fig.8.3.The workpiece is held in a chuck or a special fixture.Both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate during the operation and feed is applied in the longitudinal direction.內(nèi)表面磨削：內(nèi)表面磨削用于相對(duì)較短的孔，如圖8.3所示。工件安裝在卡盤或特殊夾具上。作業(yè)時(shí)砂輪和工件都回轉(zhuǎn)并且采用縱向進(jìn)給。

Any desired depth of cut can be obtained by the cross feed of the grinding wheel.A variation from this type is planetary internal grinding, which is recommended for heavy workpieces that cannot be held in chucks.通過砂輪的橫向進(jìn)給能得到任意所需的切削深度。這種方法的一個(gè)變體是行星式內(nèi)表面磨削，當(dāng)工件較重不能用卡盤固定時(shí)推薦使用。

In that case, the grinding wheel not only spins around its own axis but also rotates around the centerline of the hole that is being ground.在這種情況下，砂輪不但繞自身軸線回轉(zhuǎn)，同時(shí)還繞被磨削孔的中心線旋轉(zhuǎn)。

3、Grinding Wheels 砂輪

Grinding wheels are composed of abrasive grains having similar size and a binder.The actual grinding process is performed by the abrasive grains.Pores between the grains within the binder enable the grains to act as separate single-point cutting tools.砂輪由具有相近尺寸的磨料顆粒和粘合劑組成。實(shí)際磨削作業(yè)由磨粒完成。在粘合劑中磨粒之間的孔隙使磨粒能象獨(dú)立的單刃切削刀具一樣工作。These pores also provide space for the generated chips, thus preventing the wheel from clogging.In addition, pores assist the easy flow of coolants to enable efficient and prompt removal of the heat generated during the grinding process.這些孔隙同時(shí)還為產(chǎn)生的切屑提供空間以防砂輪堵塞。另外孔隙幫助冷卻液容易流動(dòng)，從而使在磨削作業(yè)中產(chǎn)生的熱量能有效而迅速地散發(fā)。

Grinding wheels are identified based on their shape and size, kind of abrasive, grain size, binder, grade(hardness), and structure.砂輪根據(jù)它們的形狀和尺寸、磨料的類型、磨粒的大小、粘合劑、等級(jí)(硬度)和結(jié)構(gòu)組織來分類

4、The grade of the bond.The grade of the bond is actually an indication of the resistance of the bond to pulling off the abrasive grains from the grinding wheel.Generally, wheels having hard grades are used for grinding soft materials and vice versa.粘結(jié)體的等級(jí)：粘結(jié)體的等級(jí)實(shí)際上是其抵抗將磨粒從砂輪上拉脫的指標(biāo)。一般而言，具有較硬等級(jí)的砂輪用于磨削較軟材料，反之亦然。

If a hard-grade wheel were to be used for grinding a hard material, the dull grains would not be pulled off from the bond quickly enough, thus impeding the self-dressing process of the surface of the wheel and finally resulting in clogging of the wheel and burns on the ground surface.如果較硬等級(jí)的砂輪用于磨削較硬材料，磨鈍的磨粒將不能足夠快地脫離粘結(jié)體，這會(huì)妨礙砂輪表面的自修復(fù)，最終導(dǎo)致砂輪的堵塞并在被磨表面留下灼斑。In fact, the cutting properties of all grinding wheels must be restored periodically by dressing with a cemented carbide roller or a diamond tool to give the wheel the exact desired shape and remove all worn abrasive grains.實(shí)際上，所有砂輪的磨削性能都必須定期地通過使用硬質(zhì)合金滾輪或金剛石修整器修整而被恢復(fù)，以求很準(zhǔn)確地把砂輪加工成要求的形狀，并去除已磨鈍的磨粒。第十一單元

1、The Lathe and Its Construction 車床及其結(jié)構(gòu)

A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution and flat edges.車床是主要用于生成旋轉(zhuǎn)表面和平整邊緣的機(jī)床。

Based on their purpose, construction, number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted, and degree of automation, lathes-or, more accurately, lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follows: 根據(jù)它們的使用目的、結(jié)構(gòu)、能同時(shí)被安裝刀具的數(shù)量和自動(dòng)化的程度，車床—或更確切地說是車床類的機(jī)床，可以被分成以下幾類：

(1)Engine lathes(2)Toolroom lathes(3)Turret lathes(4)Vertical turning and boring mills(5)Automatic lathes(6)Special-purpose lathes(1)普通車床(2)萬能車床(3)轉(zhuǎn)塔車床(4)立式車床(5)自動(dòng)車床(6)特殊車床

2、The carriage.The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and/or cross feeds.It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the head stock and tail stock while being guided by the V-shaped guide ways of the bed.大拖板：大拖板的主要功能是安裝刀具和產(chǎn)生縱向和/或橫向進(jìn)給。它實(shí)際上是一由車床床身V形導(dǎo)軌引導(dǎo)的、能在車床床身主軸箱和尾架之間滑動(dòng)的H形滑塊。

The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw.大拖板能手動(dòng)或者通過溜板箱和光桿(進(jìn)給桿)或絲桿(引導(dǎo)螺桿)機(jī)動(dòng)。

3、Turning tools.Turning tools can be either finishing or rough turning tools.Rough turning tools have small nose radii and are employed when deep cuts are made.車削刀具：車削刀具可以是精車刀具或粗車刀具。粗車刀具刀尖半徑較小，用于深切削。

On the other hand, finishing tools have larger nose radii and are used for obtaining the final required dimensions with good surface finish by making slight depths of cut.Rough turning tools can be right-hand or left-hand types, depending upon the direction of feed.They can have straight,bent, or offset shanks.而精車刀具刀尖半徑較大，用于通過微量進(jìn)刀深度來獲得具有較好表面光潔度的最終所需尺寸。粗車刀具按其進(jìn)給方向可以是右手型的或是左手型的。它們可以有直的、彎的或偏置的刀桿。

4、Cylindrical turning.Cylindrical turning is the simplest and the most common of all lathe operations.A single full turn of the workpiece generates a circle whose center falls on the lathe axis;this motion is then reproduced numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion of the tool.圓柱面車削：圓柱面車削是所有車床操作中最簡單也是最普通的。工件旋轉(zhuǎn)一整圈產(chǎn)生一個(gè)圓心落在車床主軸上的圓；由于刀具的軸向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)這種動(dòng)作重復(fù)許多次。

The resulting machining marks are, therefore, a helix having a very small pitch, which is equal to the feed.Consequently, the machined surface is always cylindrical.所以，由此產(chǎn)生的機(jī)加工痕跡是一條具有很小節(jié)距的螺旋線，該節(jié)距等于進(jìn)給。因此機(jī)加工表面始終是圓柱形的。

The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the compound rest, either manually or automatically, whereas the depth of cut is controlled by the cross slide.軸向進(jìn)給通過大拖板或復(fù)式刀架手動(dòng)或自動(dòng)提供，然而切削深度則由橫向滑板控制。

In roughing cuts, it is recommended that large depths of cuts(up to 0.25in.or 6mm, depending upon the workpiece material)and smaller feeds would be used.On the other hand, very fine feeds, smaller depths of cut(less than 0.05in, or 0.4mm), and high cutting speeds are preferred for finishing cuts.粗車中，推薦使用較大切削深度(根據(jù)工件材料可達(dá)0.25英寸或6毫米)和較小進(jìn)給。另一方面，精車則最好采用很小的進(jìn)給、較小的切削深度(小于0.05英寸或0.4毫米)和較高的切削速度。第十二單元

1、Drilling and Drills 鉆削和鉆頭

Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a work piece by forcing a tool, which rotates around its axis, against the work piece.鉆削就是通過迫使繞自身軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)的切削刀具進(jìn)入工件而在其上生成通孔或盲孔。

Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of the required hole.In practice, two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employed.因此，從旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線開始的切削范圍等于所需孔的半徑。實(shí)際上，使用的是兩條圍繞相同軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)的對(duì)稱切削刃。

2、Each of the cutting edges of a milling cutter acts as an individual single-point cutter when it engages with the workpiece metal.Therefore, each of those cutting edges has appropriate rake and relief angles.在銑刀切削工件金屬時(shí)，銑刀的每條切削刃都象一單獨(dú)的單刃刀具一樣作用。所以每條切削刃都適當(dāng)?shù)那昂蠼恰?/p>

Since only a few of the cutting edges are engaged with the workpiece at a time, heavy cuts can be taken without adversely affecting the tool life.In fact, the permissible cutting speeds and feeds for milling are three to four times higher than those for turning or drilling.由于同一時(shí)間只有部分切削刃切削工件，因此可以在對(duì)刀具壽命沒有不利影響的情況下承擔(dān)重型切削。事實(shí)上，銑削允許的切削速度和進(jìn)給比車削或鉆削高三到四倍。

Moreover, the quality of the surfaces machined by milling is generally superior to the quality of surfaces machined by turning, shaping, or drilling.此外，由銑削加工的表面質(zhì)量通常優(yōu)于車削、刨削或鉆削加工的表面質(zhì)量。A wide variety of milling cutters is available in industry.This, together with the fact that a milling machine is a very versatile machine tool, makes the milling machine the backbone of a machining workshop.工業(yè)上可采用的銑刀類型眾多。連同銑床是極通用機(jī)床的事實(shí)，使得銑床成為機(jī)加工車間的支柱。第十四單元

1、Dimensioning 標(biāo)注尺寸

The design of a machine includes many factors other than those of determining the loads and stresses and selecting the proper materials.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)除了計(jì)算載荷和應(yīng)力、選擇合適的材料外，還包括許多其它因素。Before construction or manufacture can begin, it is necessary to have complete assembly and detail drawings to convey all necessary information to the shop men.The designer frequently is called upon to check the drawings before they are sent to the shop.Much experience and familiarity with manufacturing processes are needed before one can become conversant with all phases of production drawings.在建造或制造開始前，完成裝配圖和零件圖以把必要信息傳達(dá)給車間工人是必須的。在送往車間前設(shè)計(jì)者常常被召集來檢查圖紙。而在精通生產(chǎn)圖紙的所有情況之前，需要有許多經(jīng)驗(yàn)并熟悉制造工藝。

2、The development of production processes for large-volume manufacture at low cost has been largely dependent upon interchangeability of component parts.Thus the designer must determine both the proper tolerances for the individual parts, and the correct amount of clearance or interference to permit assembly with the mating parts.大規(guī)模低成本制造生產(chǎn)工藝的發(fā)展很大程度取決于組成零件的互換性。因此設(shè)計(jì)者必須確定單個(gè)零件的合適公差以及配合零件裝配允許的正確間隙或過盈量。The manner of placing tolerances on drawings depends somewhat on the kind of product or type of manufacturing process.If the tolerance on a dimension is not specifically stated, the drawing should contain a blanket note which gives the value of the tolerance for such dimensions.在圖紙上標(biāo)注公差的方法相當(dāng)程度上依賴于產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì)或制造工藝的類型。如果尺寸公差沒有特別注明，圖紙應(yīng)該包含一個(gè)給出這些尺寸公差值的普遍適用注釋。

However, some companies do not use blanket notes on the supposition that if each dimension is considered individually, wider tolerances than those called for in the note could probably be specified.In any event it is very important that a drawing be free from ambiguities and be subject only to a single interpretation.然而有些公司不采用普遍適用注釋，假定每個(gè)尺寸是單獨(dú)被考慮的，可能會(huì)規(guī)定出比注釋中要求的更寬的公差。在任何情況下圖紙不模棱兩可并只服從于單一的解釋是十分重要的。

3、There should be no more dimensions than are absolutely necessary, and no feature should be located by more than one dimension in any direction.除絕對(duì)需要的尺寸外，不應(yīng)該有更多的尺寸；而在任意方向上，只能在一個(gè)尺寸上標(biāo)注特性要求。

It may be necessary occasionally to give an auxiliary dimension for reference, possibly for inspection.When this is so, the dimension should be enclosed in a bracket and marked for reference.Such dimensions are not governed by general tolerances.偶爾也可能為了檢查而必須給出供參考的輔助尺寸。在這種情況下，尺寸應(yīng)該用括號(hào)括起來，以便參考。這樣的尺寸不受通用公差控制。Unit15

1、Ultrasonic machining,elecron-beam machining,plasma-jet machining ,and laser machining are all examples of these new processes.Another modern process is chemical etching ,which,unlike the others,was developed primarily for producing complex integral shapes in soft materials,namely ,aluminum alloys ,for the aircraft industry.1超聲加工，電子束加工，等離子射流加工，激光加工等就是特種加工工藝的代表。另一種現(xiàn)代加工方法是化學(xué)蝕刻法，與其他方法不同，它原來是為用軟材料即鋁合金、為飛機(jī)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)形狀復(fù)雜的整體零件而開發(fā)的。

2、The term electrical maching may be applied to a group of processes that employ an electric current or discharge to remove material.Removal of material though an electric current or discharge eliminates the inefficient conversion of electrical power to mechanical power characteristic of conventional machining and metal-deformation processes電加工這一術(shù)語適用于使用電流或放電以去除材料的一組加工方法。雖然電流或放電消除了電能的效率，消除了傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械加工和金屬變形過程中的電功率的低效率的轉(zhuǎn)換

The elimination of the mechanical stage also overcomes one difficulty inherent in conventional machining ,namely ,the increase in tool forces and tool wear encountered when machining the harder metals and alloys used in modern engineering practice 在機(jī)械加工階段也克服了傳統(tǒng)加工方法存在的困難，即，在現(xiàn)代工程實(shí)踐中加工較難的金屬和合金時(shí)切削力和道具磨損的增加。

3、The erosive action of electric sparks has long been known.Two recent discoveries,however,have made spark-cutting practical.A DC spark causes greater erosion of the electrode connected to the positive pole of the power supply——very important，if tool wear is to be minimized and the work erosion rate maximized.The second important discovery is that the rate of erosion by the spark is greatly increased if it is made to take place in a liquid rather than air.It must be noted that if a spark is permitted to last to long ,it will degenerate into a stationary arc which is not suitable for machining.電火花的侵蝕作用早已公知的。然而，最近的兩項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)是電火花加工能實(shí)際使用。直流電火花使在與電源正極相連的電極處產(chǎn)生較大的蝕除，如果要使刀具磨損最小而使工件蝕除率最大的話，這一點(diǎn)是非常重要的。第二個(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是如果電火花的蝕除發(fā)生在液體而不是空氣中那么它的蝕除率會(huì)大大提高。必須指出的是,如果一個(gè)火花被允許長時(shí)間持續(xù),它將退化為一個(gè)不適合用于加工的穩(wěn)定電弧。V unit16

1、laser beam machining(LBM)utilises the energy from the coherent light beams called laser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).The basic principle utilised in LBM is that under proper conditions light energy of a particular frequency is used to stimulate the electrons in an atom to emit additional light with exactly the same characteristics of the original light source.激光加工利用稱為激光的相干光束的能量(光受激輻射放大器)。激光加工的基本原理是在一定條件下采用特定頻率的光激發(fā)原子中的電子，是其發(fā)射特征與原光源完全相同的光 Part2 第一單元

1、The modern digital computer is an electronic machine that can perform mathematical and logical calculations and data processing functions in accordance with a predetermined program of instructions.The computer itself is referred to as hardware, whereas the various programs are referred to as software.現(xiàn)在數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)是一部能夠根據(jù)預(yù)定的程序來完成數(shù)字和邏輯運(yùn)算以及數(shù)據(jù)處理功能的電子設(shè)備，計(jì)算機(jī)本身稱為硬件，而各種各樣的程序稱為軟件。In a network,all computers are connected and communicated with each other according to some kinds of enacted regulations or agreement ,which are called the “network protocols “.the main function of network protocols is realizing the orderly transmission or acceptance of information.The most common protocol which is being used is Transport Control Protocol /Internet Protocol(TCP/IP).Among many system models illustrating network protocols in the world ,the ISO/OSI network model enacted by International Standardization Organization has divided the whole system into seven layers ,each layer has its own name and function respectively.在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中所有的計(jì)算機(jī)都根據(jù)一些準(zhǔn)則和協(xié)議進(jìn)行連接和通信，規(guī)則和協(xié)議稱為網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議。網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議的主要功能是實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的有序傳遞或接受。最常用的協(xié)議是傳輸控制協(xié)議/互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議（TCP / IP）。在世界上許多系統(tǒng)模型，說明網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議由國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織制定的ISO / OSI網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型將整個(gè)系統(tǒng)分為七層,每一層分別有自己的名稱和功能

2、the widest area network in the world is Internet.it is one kind of wide area virtual networks,which uses TCP/IP protocol and interconnects more than tens of million computers around the world into a gigantic network system互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是世界上最寬廣的區(qū)域網(wǎng)，它是一種大范圍的虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)，利用TCP / IP協(xié)議，使世界各地?cái)?shù)以百萬的電腦變成一個(gè)龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)。

Each computer of internet has its sole address in the world ,thus its application can overcome the limitation of continents,countries and areas ,and make up a virtual space in which every person can receive the latest news and enjoy the fastest service even when he is in the most remote area of the world.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的每臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)都有唯一的地址，因此它的應(yīng)用可以克服大陸、國家和地區(qū),的限制，并組成一個(gè)虛擬的空間。每個(gè)人都可以獲得的最新消息和享受最快的服務(wù)即使他是在世界最偏遠(yuǎn)的地區(qū)。today more and more computers and devices are connected with internet system,more and more service and information can be offered by the utlization of internet,and it has become an important base for information super highway structure plan in many countries one of fastest growing +課本99頁藍(lán)體字

今天,越來越多的電腦和設(shè)備被互聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)連接，越來越多的服務(wù)和信息被互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的使用所提供，在許多國家信息高速公路結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)劃已成為一項(xiàng)重要的基礎(chǔ)研究?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展最快的領(lǐng)域之一是萬維網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中，各種信息，如文本、圖像、聲音和許多其他多媒體文件，可以通過超文本鏈接功能共同觀看和導(dǎo)航。with the rapid development of information and electronics technology ,internet is developing by an incredibly speed and it has become an indispensable component of human‘s civilization隨著信息和電子技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)以一個(gè)令人難以置信的速度發(fā)展，它已成為人類文明的不可或缺的組成部分。unit11課本173頁