第一篇：在職碩士：中國政法大學2014MBA第二批復試通知（寫寫幫推薦）

中公教育·給人改變未來的力量

在職碩士：中國政法大學2014MBA第二批復試通知

北京人事考試網：

在職碩士：

根據中國政法大學本年度招生計劃安排以及錄取情況，預計還有部分調劑指標，本周六(3月29日)將舉行復試，補充錄取。

周六的考試共分兩個環節：

上午8：00-9：00 簽到、審核資料、繳費

上午9：30-11：30筆試

下午13：30-15：30面試

復試簽到地點：北京市海淀區西土城路25號中國政法大學學院路校區綜合科研樓B6大廳

面試須知

一、面試申請方式

1、登陸中國政法大學MBA教育中心首頁左側“在線報名-MBA報名”填寫面試申請資料，并提交至3月29日面試批次。

2、登陸研招網填寫中國政法大學調劑志愿，面試名單將以研招網已申請名單為準。

二、預面試資格要求：

1、申請我校2014年秋季MBA招生調劑的考生2、2014年調劑預面試申請者分數：外語≥41分(限英語、俄語、日語、德語、法語、西班牙語)，綜合≥82分，總成績≥160分。

3、MPA和MPACC考生可參加MBA調劑，需要注意的是考生需要滿足本科畢業滿三年，專科畢業滿五年的報考要求，如不符合要求，一經發現，中國政法大學MBA教育中心將取消錄取資格。

三、預面試時間：

2014年3月29日(星期六)13：30—15：30，13：00開始簽到，面試候考區另行通知。

四、面試流程：

1、考生向工作人員提交面試資料：

(1)2014年MBA國家聯考成績單(網上查詢成績截圖也可以);

(2)最后學歷、學位證書原件;復印件1份;

(3)身份證或護照、軍官證等有效證件原件;復印件1份;

(4)面試申請表3份(需在中國政法大學MBA教育中心網站首頁考生服務界面注冊填寫后生成打印，網址為：http://mbaoa.cupl.edu.cn/apply/login)。

北京人事考試網

中公教育·給人改變未來的力量

2、工作人員預審資料，資格審查;

3、按考生領取的號碼分組，5人一組;

4、考生按現場提示到指定地點侯試，聽從現場工作人員的引領;

5、按順序分小組參加面試，每組3位專家，1位秘書;

五、面試主要內容：

面試分自我介紹和小組發言兩部分。主要內容如下：

1、自我介紹：每人時間2分鐘。請考生簡明介紹自己的學習工作經歷、個人興趣特長，重點考察考生的創新能力、自控能力和承壓能力，初步判斷考生進一步培養的潛力。

2、無領導小組討論：每小組20分鐘左右。每組派一名代表抽取一題，根據題目要求進行現場無領導小組討論。無領導小組討論題的內容為社會熱點話題，企業管理問題等。筆試須知

一、筆試內容

復試筆試包括外語聽力測試、政治筆試兩部分。

1、外語聽力考試：總分為100分，成績計入復試成績。

(1)考試時間：2014年3月29日上午9：30—10：00

(2)考試地點：中國政法大學研究生院(具體分布見現場安排)

(3)考試形式：閉卷，選擇題和填空題。

2、政治筆試：考試時間90分鐘，滿分100分，60分及格，不及格者，不能被錄取，總分計入復試成績。

(1)筆試時間：2014年3月29日上午10：00-11：30

(2)筆試地點：中國政法大學研究生院(具體分布見現場安排)

(3)筆試形式和范圍：

A.政治筆試形式：閉卷主觀題(簡答和論述)。

B.政治筆試參考范圍：

(1)2013-2014時事熱點問題。

(2)中國共產黨第十八次全國代表大會報告。

(3)2014全國兩會政府工作報告(點擊下載：2014兩會報告)

二、復試注意事項

所有參加復試的考生須在3月28日17：00之前在MBA考生入口中(網址：

http://mbaoa.cupl.edu.cn/apply/login)下載《中國政法大學2014年秋季MBA考生復試申請書》PDF版本并打印并簽字，在復試報到時提交，我校將以收到《復試申請書》為考生最后參加復試的重要依據。

復試申請書中的報考類型和擬讀班級一經提交不再修改，請考生慎重選擇。

3月29日上午報到時需提交的材料：

中公教育·給人改變未來的力量

? 復試申請書(一份)，個人簽名有效。

? 準考證復印件(一份)

? 《教育部學歷證書電子注冊備案表》或者《中國高等教育學歷認證報告》復印件 繳納復試費用：人民幣100元整。

三、復試體檢

體檢將另行安排

調劑考生被我校錄取后必須到中國研究生招生信息網(http://yz.chsi.com.cn/)完成調劑確認。研招網操作步驟參考附件一以及研招網具體通知。本通知將以教育部關于2014年全國碩士研究生錄取工作的最新精神為準，如有變動，另行通知。

MBA教育中心咨詢電話 ：010-58908587/89/36

中國政法大學MBA教育中心

2014-3-25

附件一：

中國政法大學工商管理碩士(MBA)調劑操作流程

1、登陸研招網：考生憑網報時注冊的用戶名和密碼登錄“中國研究生招生信息網

http://yz.chsi.com.cn”的網上調劑系統。

2、查詢：考生在登錄調劑系統后可查詢中國政法大學工商管理碩士(MBA)專業的缺額信息。

3、報名：通過調劑系統選擇中國政法大學工商管理碩士(MBA)專業，填報調劑志愿。

4、中國政法大學MBA中心對申請的考生在調劑系統內發放復試資格，考生點擊確認參加復試。

5、待錄取：考生在復試結束后，如果符合錄取條件，將收到中國政法大學發送的“待錄取通知”;考生必須在8小時內答復是否接受待錄取，否則我校可隨時取消“待錄取”資格。一旦考生同意“待錄取”，在未征得我校允許的情況下，不能再接受其它單位“待錄取”。

更多在職碩士考試信息，歡迎訪問北京人事考試網

2015年1月MBA MPA MPAcc課程簡章

MBA MPA MPAc備考交流群：245631407

文章來源：中公教育北京分校

第二篇：MBA第二批復試安排流程

MBA第二批復試安排流程

復試工作是碩士研究生招生考試的重要組成部分，是保證生源質量的基礎環節。為促進工商管理碩士（MBA）招生復試工作規范化和制度化，加快MBA招生制度改革，完善拔尖創新人才的培養選拔機制，根據上級文件精神和學校《北京化工大學2013年碩士研究生招生復試工作方案》的要求，按照“按需招生、德智體全面衡量、擇優錄取、寧缺毋濫”的原則，北京化工大學MBA教育中心特制定本辦法。

一、復試資格與調劑事項

1、復試資格

一志愿考生進入國家線有復試資格；調劑考生進入國家線，且在“全國碩士生招生調劑服務系統”（以下簡稱調劑系統）中申請調劑MBA專業，MBA教育中心招生工作小組將根據具體情況從中國研招網調劑系統中擇優挑選符合條件的考生參加復試。

2、所有考生必須按時參加復試，不參加復試者視同自動放棄。未經復試的考生一律不予錄取。參加復試考生的名單以我校研究生網站上公布的結果為準。

二、復試程序與方式

（一）復試報到審查與考生會議

1、復試報到時間：2013年4月18日（周四）上午7：50；

復試報到地點：經濟管理學院（化纖樓）2072、復試資格審查：考生在復試時須攜帶如下材料進行復試資格審查，資格審查合格方可進入復試。

（1）復試通知書（我校研究生院網站下載，調劑考生可以無復試通知書）；

（2）初試準考證；

（3）本人身份證件原件及一份復印件（身份證正、反面需復印在同一頁面上）；

（4）學歷證書原件及一份復印件；由檔案所在單位人事部門提供的在校歷年學習成績表復印件，并需加蓋檔案所在單位人事部門公章；

（5）北京化工大學碩士研究生復試成績表（研究生院網站下載）。

其中，(3)、(4)、(5)所要求提交的復印件紙型為A4紙，復印件均留存在MBA教育中心。凡提交的報考信息需與本人實際相符合。凡是不符者，一經發現，立即取消錄取資格。

3、考生會議：4月18日上午筆試結束后召開考生會議，地點化纖樓508。介紹學校政策與專業、研究方向，具體包括我校學制和學習年限、學位論文答辯方式等研究生教育培養相關政策；本學院各專業的研究方向和指導教師的基本信息。

4、復試費：參加復試的考生交納復試費100元。

（二）復試筆試安排

1、復試筆試科目考試時間為兩小時。

2、考生憑初試準考證和本人有效身份證件（限“居民身份證”、“軍官證”、“文職干部證”、“軍校學員證”）參加考試。考生須遵守《考場規則》。

3、復試筆試科目：政治理論

考試時間：2013年4月18日10:00—12：00

考試地點：化纖樓508（復試報到時查詢考場安排）

（三）復試面試安排

面試時間：2013年4月18日13:30—15:30

面試形式：①復試面試采取無領導小組討論形式②每組考生8—10人③每組面試時間30—40分鐘④所有考生依次用英文進行自我介紹，之后圍繞一個實際案例自由發言，最后小組商定選擇一人進行案例的分析總結，向評委老師匯報案例的處理方案。⑤評委老師根據各位考生的綜合表現獨立打分。⑥復試成績不合格者，不予錄取。

（四）復試結果公示

公示時間：2013年4月19日15:00前；請考生到化纖樓二層經管學院研究生櫥窗查看，并到化纖樓201領取《體檢表》。

（五）體檢安排

復試合格考生須參加體檢，特殊情況不能參加統一體檢的考生，須經校研究生招生辦公室認可，到指定的三級甲等以上醫院體檢。體檢標準由校醫院依據《普通高等學校招生體檢工作指導意見》執行，體檢結論由校醫院確定，體檢異議由校醫院負責解釋。無故不參加體檢和體檢不合格的考生，一律不予錄取。

體檢時間：待定；體檢地點：北京化工大學校醫院

注意：早晨體檢空腹、帶一寸照片和體檢費60元。

（六）領取調檔函

所有人事檔案不在北京化工大學的非委培考生需辦理調檔手續，擬錄取考生憑《體檢收據單》，到化纖樓201室領取調檔函。

（七）其他注意事項

①非委培的考生憑《人事檔案調檔通知書》(即調檔函)到工作單位提取人事檔案，按時寄送北京化工大學。②按學校研招辦規定時間前寄出《人事檔案》，人事檔案不能按時寄交的考生按自動放棄錄取資格處理。③委托培養考生在復試結束后自行在研究生院網站下載合同書，填寫委托培養協議書、由委培單位簽字并加蓋公章后在規定時間盡快寄到(送到)研究生招生辦公室，簽訂委培合同。

三、復試成績計算方法和使用

1、復試成績為筆試成績（200分）和面試成績（300分）之和。復試成績不合格者，不予錄取。

2、入學總成績為初試（折合成500分）與復試成績的加和，根據總成績綜合排隊后確定擬錄取名單。

3、相同分數情況下，第一志愿考生優先錄取。

4、體檢不作量化計入總成績，但體檢結果不合格者不予錄取。

四、其他

1、本辦法報北京化工大學研究生招生辦公室備案。

2、本意見適用于北京化工大學MBA教育中心2013年MBA招生復試工作。

3、其他未說明的問題由MBA教育中心解釋。

第三篇：2013年中國政法大學考研復試通知

關于政大考研2013學年研究生考試第二期復試培訓通知

政大考研2013學年的各位學員們：

大家好！

首先在這里給大家致以熱烈的祝賀，經過2013年一月份初試的激烈較量，我們的學員們都有一份滿意收獲滿載而歸。但是我們的戰爭還沒有結束，萬里長征就剩下最后一步了，相信大家都很期待這最后的升華蛻變。

我們2013學年的部分學員已經歸隊，開始了2013年研究生考試復試的準備工作，剩余的學員也要積極行動起來，因為我們政大考研2013學年的復試培訓課程第一期已經結束開始了，現將第二期復試培訓相關事項通知如下：

一、復試培訓時間地點

復試培訓時間：2013年4月5日-2013年中國政法大學考研復試開始

復試培訓地點：中國政法大學北門政法大廈303

報名聯系電話：010-82228987，***

二、復試培訓報名方式

VIP高端保過班學員、金牌脫產班學員請于4月4日之前撥打報名電話，免費參加復試培訓相關課程。

其余短期班學員請于4月4日之前撥打報名聯系電話，辦理相關復試班事宜。

三、注意事項

政大考研接收的所有復式班培訓學員務必于4月4日之前，撥打報名電話，完成報名手續，截止4月4日之前沒有報名參加復試的學員，復試自己負責。

所有復式班培訓學員請務必于4月4日之前，撥打報名電話，完成報名手續。

政大考研·法通教育

二〇一三年三月二十七日

第四篇：中國政法大學在職碩士校考英語試題DA

英語試題 公共英語部分

Put the following passage into Chinese:

1、Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning.Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail.Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five.Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing.It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children with inner maturity.Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage over their less-pressured peers.對早期教育的批評引用了關于4歲兒童是否應準備接受正規教育的研究報告。教育工作者發現，年齡較大的幼兒更容易在他們的學業中取得成功，而年齡較小的幼兒更容易失敗。幼兒園的孩子在快到五歲時面臨的生理、心理、社交和智力發展，似乎并不順利。此外，快到六歲的孩子上幼兒園時往往會獲得更好的成績，并在學業上比那些剛滿五歲上幼兒園的孩子成績更好。天資聰慧、擁有語言表達技能與準備好上學并不一樣。人們很容易將如今大多數內心成熟兒童的表面上自信與精明混淆。事實上，有證據表明，過早教育會適得其反：那些由被父母要求在幼兒園進行應試教育學習的兒童缺乏創造力，對考試更加焦慮，并在幼兒園結束時，與那些未被要求進行應試教育學習的兒童相比，并不能在學習上保持其最初的優勢。

Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting.They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home.They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills.But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds.These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.許多心理學家和教育工作者對4歲兒童接受正規教育仍持懷疑態度。他們質疑豐富環境是否能顯著地改變貧窮家庭孩子的成長時間表。但并不否認托兒所、幼兒園的舒適環境、讓孩子自由玩耍、自由成長、提升社交能力的種種好處。但他們指出，過去孩子在小學一年級學習的知識現已在幼兒園進行學習，他們擔心越來越多的孩子被要求在4歲開始學習。這些心理學家和教育工作者認為，家長望子成龍心切，從而剝奪了孩子們的童年。

2、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ right is in the air.While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking.Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized.However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress—and is even encouraged.As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries.For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa—where U.S.tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people.World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it.Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking.But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.And cigarette price should be boosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.不吸煙者的權利問題，正在一個又一個國家里開始議論。至今多數國家很少或還沒有采取措施，有三十個左右的國家已經采取法律程序控制吸煙。另一些國家則已制訂旨在為不吸煙者凈化空氣或消減紙煙消費量的多種法律。

在某些發達國家中。紙煙的消費量已漸趨穩定。然而在許多發展中國家里，吸煙卻被視為經濟發展的一種標志——甚至受到鼓勵。隨著更多的煙草公司走上國際化的道路，它們在這些國家中尋找新的市場，爭取更多的吸煙者。

吸煙對人民健康有害。世界各國政府應該開展認真的反對吸煙運動。限制香煙廣告，每包香煙上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在諸如影劇院和餐館等某些公共場所吸煙，這些都是許多國家用以支持不吸煙者和控制吸煙最常用的辦法。同時，人們也正把注意力集中在另一項措施上。這項措施將使吸煙者越來越意識到自己的不良習慣并為此感到不安。應該做出巨大努力告訴青年人抽煙的危害性，特別是養成抽煙習慣的可怕后果。而且香煙價格應予提高。

從長遠觀點看，毫無疑問，如果能完全禁止吸煙，那么每個人的境況將得到很大的改善。但對于采取這種極端措施，人們尚無準備。

3、We are told the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen;that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs programme, Panorama.It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimations about societies.This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes.Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development.It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral.The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build.For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.我們被告知，大眾媒體是世界上已見到的最大的啟蒙機關;例如，在英國幾百萬人全景看到每個問題的時事節目。的確，在人類歷史上從來沒有這么多的人如此頻繁和如此多的接觸到的關于社會的許多通知。這種接觸可能是獲得某些重要的智力和想象力品質，寬度的判斷，多種可能的態度的感覺的出發點。然而，這種接觸本身并不帶來智力或想象力的發展。它只不過是位于采石場的石頭群，而且可以想象地去建造一座大教堂。大眾傳媒不能建造大教堂，他們展示石頭的方式并不總是促使他人建造。因為石頭是在一個自給自足的的世界中呈現的，在這個世界里，暗示著只是看著它們，稍微觀察它們之間各自有趣的差異點就足夠了。

Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to — or feel we should try to — make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals.But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media.The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy.It is within the grain of mass communications.The organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt.They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life.They will stress the ―stimulation‖ the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself;they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo(現狀).There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.無論作為公民或私人個人，生活確實充滿了我們必須（或者覺得我們應該努力）作出決定的問題。但是，無論是做決定的真正困難，還是它們對每個人的真實和煩人的挑戰，通常都不可以通過大眾媒體交流。建議真正的選擇，個人的決定，這是在大眾媒體中找到的不是簡單地是保持客戶滿意的商業愿望的產品。它在大眾傳播的谷物之內。機構的機構，不管其意圖是什么，無論他們的形式（國家，教會，志愿社團，政黨），都有既得利益確保公共船不會被猛烈搖晃，并將影響那些在大眾媒體中工作的人，他們將被毫不知情地引導到生產形式，盡管他們經歷了爭議和調查的動議，但不會突破皮膚，這樣的查詢可能真正傷害。當暴露問題時，他們傾向于移動，完全在民主社會所接受的陳詞濫調中，并且不會從根本上質疑這些陳詞濫調，也不會使他們對當代生活的特征產生令人不安的應用。他們將強調程序給出的“刺激”，但這很快就成為一個激動的問題，為了本身的興趣的興趣;他們將再次幫助接受現狀的現狀。這種趨勢有例外，但它們是不典型的。

The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press.Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving at judgment.Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the ―stimulation‖ they offer than for the fact that stimulation(repeated at regular intervals)may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to judgments carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses.Mass communications, then, do not ignore intellectual matters;they tend to castrate(使…喪失活力)them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.結果可以在一百個廣播和電視節目中看到，正如普通新聞中公眾問題的正常處理一樣。可以假定讀者或觀看者中的不同級別的背景，但是通常發生的是替代判斷的過程。這樣的程序對于它們提供的“刺激”顯然比對于刺激（以固定間隔重復）可能成為代替并且因此妨礙在心理和脈沖中仔細地到達和測試的判斷的事實而言更少。那么，大眾傳播，不要忽視智力問題;他們傾向于閹割（讓...喪失活力）他們，讓他們坐在壁爐邊，時尚而無用，家庭玩弄。

4、Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards.It enables people to express themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and influence others.With only a few tools--paper, a typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal computer, a writer can have an impact on the surrounding world.But most authors spend hundreds of hours perfecting their skills before they can sell any of their works.寫作，作為一個職業，能為個人提供一系列的獎勵。它使人們能夠表達自己，以及娛樂自己娛樂，通知和影響他人。只需要幾個工具they can be chosen from a toolbox and applied as necessary.A few other techniques you might find in a speechwriter's toolbox might be the use of imagery, anecdotes and alliteration.So next time you have to prepare a speech or presentation, try applying one or more of these techniques and see if you have what it takes to be a winning speechwriter.這些技巧就像工具一般，當你需要的時候，你只需從工具箱里選擇一件合適的就行。在演講稿撰寫者的工具箱中可能會發現的一些其他技術可能是使用圖像，軼事和諷刺。

所以，下一次你必須準備一個演講或演示文稿的時候，試著用上面提到的技巧，看看你是否能成為一個成功的演講稿撰寫人。

11、What makes an original contributor in science is often not only ability, but also something else, something apparently intangible, and not easily detected.This extra something lies deeply within the individual and needs to be nurtured and tested.一個人在科學上要有獨創的貢獻，往往并非單純的能力問題，而是還有一些別的因素，一些表面上觸摸不著的、難于覺察的東西。這些外加的東西深深寓于個人之中，需要培養并經受考驗。

Motivation is a personal trait that is primarily instilled by seniors such as teachers or parents.An important aspect in developing motivation is the setting of goals.A person probably has set long-range goals, or at this point more like dreams, such as winning the Nobel Prize.This is great as long as the individual is realistically working toward short-range goals also.These are the day-to-day accomplishments that really make working hard seem fun.動力是因人而異的，主要由長者逐漸灌輸，諸如教師或父母。培養動力的一個重要方面是確定目標。一個人可能已樹立起長遠的奮斗目標，這在當時看來還很不現實，比方說要獲得諾貝爾獎。其實這是很好的，只要他同時能現實地向短期的目標去努力，這些就是日常的成就，這些成就確實能使艱苦工作顯得饒有興趣。

Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline.I addition, a person’s ability to cope with frustration is also an important factor in one’s life career.Repeated failures at making experiments may be too much for many talented would-be scientists.The determination to continue, with the realization that everything worthwhile takes a great deal of patience, is an essential requirement.These factors, together with inherent dedication, will bring about the realization of one’s aspirations.Through all this it is not the triumph but the struggle that brings about the complete personal satisfaction in knowing that you as a scientist have given your all.要精通任何事情都需要極大的決心和自律精神。此外，一個人應付挫折的能力也是他畢生事業中起作用的一個重要因素。對于許多有天賦的想要成為科學家的人來說，在實驗過程中屢遭失敗，可能是非常難受的。認識到凡是值得去做的一切事情都需要極大的耐心并決心繼續做下去，這是必備的基本條件。這些因素，再加上固有的獻身精神，將會促使個人的強烈愿望得以實現。由于這一切并不是勝利，而是奮斗，你會產生一種只有你本人才能領略到的完全的滿足，因為你意識到作為一個科學工作者你已經獻出了你的一切。

12、I would compare reading to visiting friends — in the spiritual rather than physical sense.Opening the book is like getting into the door uninvited;and turning a few pages, we may find ourselves in his study.Besides, we can go visit him as frequently as we want and at any time we wish.If we fail to get the pith of his argument, we can just leave without saying “good-bye” or turn to someone else for help, and come back to challenge him.在我覺得讀書好比串門兒——“隱身”的串門兒。要參見欽佩的老師或拜謁有名的學者，不必事前打招呼求見，也不怕攪擾主人。翻開書面就闖進大門，翻過幾頁就升堂入室；而且可以經常去，時刻去，如果不得要領，還可以不辭而別，或者另找高明，和他對質。

We can get close to the host and listen to every word he has to say, no matter where he resides, at home or abroad, what a person he was or is, a contemporary or a man of the past, whatever field he specializes in, or whether he is talking about a serious subject of importance or simply chatting plus cracking jokes.-不問我們要拜見的主人住在國內國外，不問他屬于現代古代，不問他什么專業，不問他講正經大道理或聊天說笑，都可以挨近前去聽個足夠。

We can indulge ourselves in the anecdotes and amazing tales of the past, and appreciate the profound nouveau theories of our own age or hear sensational arguments meant to shock the world.In a nutshell, we can bang the door shut —closing the book that is —the minute we find anything disagreeable or distasteful, and leave forthwith.No one will blame us.This is the kind of freedom we can hardly expect other than from the books.我們可以傾聽前朝列代的遺聞逸事，也可以領教當代最奧妙的創新理論或有意驚人的故作高論。反正話不投機或言不入耳，不妨抽身退場，甚至砰一下推上大門——就是說，拍地合上書面——誰也不會嗔怪。這是書以外的世界里難得的自由！

13、The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century.Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts, with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture.They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation.In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness.People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland.The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground of the historical arena.At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer.這次到臺灣訪問交流，雖然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，訪了舊友，交了新知，大家走到一起，談論的一個重要話題就是中華民族在21世紀的強盛。雖然祖國大陸、臺灣的青年生活在不同的社會環境中，有著各自不同的生活經歷，但大家的內心都深深銘刻著中華文化優秀傳統的印記，都擁有著振興中華民族的共同理想。在世紀之交的偉大時代，我們的祖國正在走向繁榮富強，海峽兩岸人民也將加強交流，共同推進祖國統一大業的早日完成。世紀之交的寶貴機遇和巨大挑戰將青年推到了歷史的前臺。跨世紀的青年一代應該用什么樣的姿態迎接充滿希望的新世紀，這是我們必須回答的問題。

14、The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and non-material.Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight.A boat, a machine, a house—all these objects are part of the material culture.The non-material culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the non-material culture in choosing problems for study.It assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them.The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the non-material culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.任何社會的文化一般都被分為兩類：物質文化和非物質文化。物質文化包括具有高度、寬度和重量等物理屬性的人為現象。/船、機器和房屋――所有這些東西都被歸為物質文化的一部分。非物質文化則是人類所處環境的一部分，它影響著人類的行為卻缺乏上述的那些物質屬性，非物質文化是人作為社會一員所創立和獲得的價值觀、信仰、傳統觀念及一切其他習慣和思想。

當代社會學理論在選擇說要研究的問題時，往往側重于非物質文化。比如，社會學理論認為船、飛機、汽車等物品的重要性遠不如人們為制造這些東西——確切地說是為規定其使用方法而形成的傳統觀念的重要性。當代社會學所強調的是，不若是先有了能孕育物質文化的非物質文化，物質文化就無從產生。

15、As a scourge of the modern society, obesity has become the world’s biggest public-health issue today--the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war.Since the World Health Organization labeled obesity an “epidemic” in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and Fast.Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco? Possibly.In the rich world, sales of healthier foods are booming and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history.But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century’s dining to excess.And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds.That’s why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.作為現代社會的一個禍害，肥胖癥已成為當今世界上最大的公共衛生問題。肥胖是導致心臟病的主要原因，死于心臟病的人比死于艾滋病，瘧疾，戰爭的人更多。自從2000年世界衛生組織將肥胖癥定為一種流行病以來，肥胖癥會帶來可怕后果的報道鋪天蓋地。

公共衛生警告、媒體壓力，會說服人們減肥嗎，就像說服人們他們最終扔掉把煙草那樣？也許。在富裕的世界，健康食品的銷售蓬勃發展。新的數字表明，在過去一年中，美國人在記錄的歷史上第一次略微瘦了一些。但是，即使美國人減去了幾盎司，仍需要很多年來解決由半個世紀的過度用餐習慣引起的健康問題。而且，在世界上其他地方，人們還在變胖。這就是為什么現在醫生們已經達成共識，政府應該做些什么來阻止他們。

專業英語部分

Put the following paragraphs into Chinese:

1、Case law 判例法is built up out of precedents, and a precedent is a previous decision of a court which may, in certain circumstances, be binding on another court in deciding a similar case.This practice of following previous decisions is derived from custom, but it is a practice which is generally observed.Even in early times the itinerant judges adopted the doctrine of stare decisis, and this doctrine has been developed in modern times so that it means that a precedent binds, and must be followed in similar cases, subject to the powers to distinguish cases in certain circumstances.判例法是由一系列判例組合而成的。所謂判例，是先前的法庭所做的判決，在某些情況下，對另一法庭對類似案件所做的判決有約束力。遵循先前判決的實踐是從傳統中衍化出來的，但是這種實踐確實是被普遍遵循的。早期的巡回法官們就已經采取了遵循先例的原則，這種原則在現代日益發展為一種判例約束，在類似的案件中必須遵循，同時在特定情況下也有區分具體案例的權利。

2、The literal rule.According to this rule, the working of the Act must be construed according to its literal and grammatical meaning whatever the result may be.The same word must normally be construed throughout the Act in the same sense, and in the case of old statutes regard must be had to its contemporary meaning if there has been a change with the passage of time.文義規則。根據這一規則，一項法規的應用必須依照字面和語法的含義進行解釋，無論結果如何。對一項法規中同樣的詞語必須始終做同一解釋；對于適用舊法的案件，如果隨時間的推移已發生變化，則必須遵循當時的解釋。

3、In a very wide sense, the principle of legality – the ―rule of law‖法治 – refers to and requires not only a body of legal precepts but also supporting institutions, procedures, and values.The ―rule of law‖, according to an American Bar Association.Committee Report(published by International Commission of Jurists 1956), includes: ―1, That body of legal precepts governing, 2, those institutions vested with appropriate legal power, and 3, those legal procedures by which those precepts may be applied by those institutions – which together are designed to effect the protection of essential interests of individuals guaranteed by our society through limitations on the authority of the State.‖

在廣義上說，罪刑法定原則——“法治”——不僅指一系列的法規，更需要各種機構、程序和價值觀的支持。而“法治”，根據美國律師協會，委員會的報告（1956，國際律師會議出版）總結道“

1、法規本身起支配作用；

2、相關機構被賦予一定的法律權力；

3、用以實施相關法規的法律程序。他們共同的目的是通過限制國家權力影響社會對個人根本利益的保護。

4、The Code of Professional Responsibility 職業責任守則points the way to the aspiring and provides standards by which to judge the transgressor.Each lawyer must find within his own conscience the touchstone against which to test the extent to which his actions should rise above minimum standards, But in the last analysis it is the desire for the respect and confidence of the members of his profession and of the society which he serves that should provide to a lawyer the incentive for the highest possible degree of ethical conduct.The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate sanction.So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will continue to be a noble profession.This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of no compromise.職業責任守則規定了激勵的方法，同時也提供了處罰違規者的標準。每個律師都必須在內心的良知中找到試金石，以測試自己行為底線的邊界。但是，最新一項分析表明，律師所能做到的最高程度的道德行為，其動機來自于社會和同行的尊敬和信任。有可能失去這種尊敬和信任才是對一名律師的終極處罰。只要法律從業者被這些準則所指引，法律就始終會是一種高尚的職業，這就是它的偉大和力量所在，不允許任何妥協。

5、Crimes and Punishments犯罪與刑罰

Criminal justice is a vast, complex system.Briefly, it is that part of the legal system which, first of all, marks off certain behavior as wrong or “criminal”;second, takes steps to control or prevent that behavior by threats of punishment;and third, if prevention fails, tries to catch and to punish the wrongdoer.Familiar as the system is in some of its aspects, in others it is obscure and much misunderstood.犯罪與刑罰

刑事審判是一個龐大、復雜的系統。簡單地說，它是法律系統的一部分，首先，它界定出某種行為是錯誤的或是犯罪的；其次，它通過采取刑罰措施控制或防止不法行為；第三，如果預防措施失敗，刑事審判將試圖逮捕和懲罰違法犯罪者。在刑事審判的體系里，有一些方面是為人熟悉的，另一些方面則是模糊不清被誤解的。

To begin with, what is a crime? Every country has its own special list.The list is part of an elaborate statute which is usually called the penal code.The code describes conduct that is illegal and therefore criminal;it also sets out punishments.首先，什么是犯罪？每個國家都有自己獨特的目錄。這份目錄隸屬精心制定的一部法規——通常被稱為刑法典的一部分。刑法典描述什么樣的行為是非法的因而是犯罪的；刑法典也設定刑罰。

Some crimes are in the penal codes of every state: murder, manslaughter, robbery, burglary, rape, arson, and so on.Others are less universal.The Georgia code makes it a crime “to be a peeping Tom” or to invade a person's privacy with acts “of a similar nature.” The Georgia code also deals with the sale of obscene literature, shooting guns on Sunday, illegal use of credit cards and dozens of other offenses.每個國家的刑法典都包含的犯罪名錄包括：謀殺、過失殺人、搶劫、盜竊、強奸、縱火等。其他的一些犯罪名錄則不那么普遍。格魯吉亞刑法典將“偷窺”或者“侵犯他人隱私”等類似的行為設定為犯罪。格魯吉亞刑法典也處理販賣色情文學、禮拜日使用槍支、非法使用信用卡及其他許多違法行為。

The great, classic crimes are part of the social code, whatever their status in the legal code.The layman knows them as crimes.He has a rough working knowledge of what constitutes murder, even though he does not understand the law's technicalities and distinctions.Cold-blooded killing is murder, we know, although few of us can tell the difference between first-degree and second-degree murder, or what “malice” means, or what level of insanity excuses an act of killing.無論在法律法典中的地位如何，那些重要的、經典的犯罪都是社會法典的一部分。外行將這些行為稱之為犯罪，即使他不知道那些法律的法律術語和差別，他仍然能對什么是謀殺有粗淺的認識。盡管我們中的少數人能區分一級謀殺和二級謀殺的差別，并且了解什么是“惡意”或者什么程度的愚妄導致殺人，但是我們明白，冷血的殺戮即謀殺。

Punishment, too, is variable.It depends mostly on how serious the crime.Seriousness is not inherent in the criminal conduct;it is a social judgment.Legally speaking, serious crimes are called felonies;less serious crimes are called misdemeanors.The exact line between them is a matter of legal definition.In California, a felony is a crime which can be punished by death or by a year or more in prison;all others are misdemeanors, except for some petty acts(traffic violations, breaches of ordinances)which are called offenses.Offenses carry less of a punishment than crimes and have less of a stigma.A history of parking tickets is not a criminal record.刑罰也具有多變性。刑罰的多變性取決于犯罪的嚴重程度。嚴重性不是犯罪行為的內在屬性；它屬于一種社會的評判。從法律上說，嚴重犯罪被稱為重罪；不太嚴重的犯罪被稱為輕罪。它們之間確切的界限由法律來規定。在加尼福尼亞州，重罪可被判處死刑或者一年以上有期徒刑；除了一些細小的、被稱為違法的行為（如交通違法行為、其他違法行為）以外，其他的不法行為都被稱之為輕罪。違法行為承擔比犯罪輕的刑罰和罪名。收到停車罰單的記錄不屬于犯罪記錄。

6、Law Law, body of official rules and regulations, is generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members.The nature and functions of law have varied throughout history.In modern societies, some authorized body such as a legislature or a court makes the law.It is backed by the coercive power of the state, which enforces the law by means of appropriate penalties or remedies.法律，即正式規章和法則的主體，通常見于憲法、立法、司法意見等，法律通常被用于管理社會和制約其成員的行為。法律的屬性和功能的變化貫穿歷史。在現代社會，一些諸如立法機關或是法院之類的獲準授權機構負責制定法律。法律由國家強制力以適當的懲罰或補救措施得以保障實施。

Formal legal rules and actions are usually distinguished from other means of social control and guides for behavior such as morality, public opinion, and custom or tradition.Of course, a lawmaker may respond to public opinion or other pressures, and a formal law may prohibit what is morally unacceptable.正式的法律法規和法律行為通常和其他諸如道德、輿論、傳統習俗等一類的社會調控及行為導向準則區別開來。當然，立法者可以對公眾意見或其他壓力做出反應，而一部正式的法律則會明確禁止道德上不被接受的行為。

Law serves a variety of functions.Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society.Courts contribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a civilized fashion.Property and contract laws facilitate business activities and private planning.Laws limiting the powers of government help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible.Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change;for instance, at various times laws have been passed to inhibit social discrimination and to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.法律具有多種功能。法律打擊犯罪，例如，它幫助維持和平、有序、相對穩定的社會。法院通過解決文明風尚方面的糾紛為社會的穩定貢獻力量。財產與合同法為商業活動和個人規劃提供便利。法律限制政府的權力以幫助社會實現一定的自由度。法律也被用作社會變革機制，例如，不同時代決議通過的法律能夠抑制社會歧視，并提高個人在健康、教育、福利方面的生活質量。

Some experts believe the popular view of law overemphasizes its formal, coercive aspects.They point out that if a custom or norm is assured of judicial backing, it is, for practical purposes, law.On the other hand, a statute that is neither obeyed nor enforced is empty law.Social attitudes toward the formal law are a significant part of the law in process.The role of law in China and Japan, for example, is somewhat different from its role in Western nations.Respect for the processes of law is low, at least outside matters of business and industry.Tradition looms much larger in everyday life.Resort to legal resolution of a dispute is truly a last resort, with conciliation being the mechanism that is preferred for social control.一些專家認為，法律的流行觀點過分強調法律正式、強制性的方面。他們指出，如果一套風俗或標準以法律為司法后盾作保障，這是出于實用的目的。另一方面來看，一項既不被遵守又不被強制的法規屬于一紙空文。公眾對正式法律的社會態度在法律實施的過程中意義重大。法律在中國和日本扮演的角色與在西方國家扮演的角色有所不同。僅僅尊重法律的實施是低端的，至少在商業和工業領域外僅靠尊重實施是不夠的。傳統在日常生活中的影響力比法律大得多。與社會調控機制中被認為是首選的調解方式相比，訴諸法律的確是解決糾紛的最后之選。

Law is not completely a matter of human enactment;it also includes natural law.The best-known version of this view, that God's law is supreme, has had considerable influence in the United States and other Western societies.The civil rights movement, for example, was at least partially inspired by the belief in natural law.Such a belief seems implicit in the view that law should serve to promote human dignity, as for instance by the enforcement of equal rights for all.Muslim societies also embrace a kind of natural law, which is closely linked to the religion of Islam.法律并非完全由人制定；它也包括自然法則。這種觀點最有名的版本是“上帝的法律是至高無上的”，該觀點已在美國和其他西方社會產生相當大的影響。例如民權運動，至少有部分靈感出自對自然法則的信仰。民權運動的信念似乎隱含在“法律應有助于通過平等人權的強制執行來提升人的尊嚴”這樣的觀點中。連穆斯林社會也推崇的一種自然法則，亦與伊斯蘭宗教密切相關。

7、The US Constitution The US Constitution consists of seven articles and 27 amendments.The original seven articles took effect in 1789.The 27 amendments were added to the Constitution from 1791 to 1992.The first ten amendments were enacted in 1791;they are often called “the bill of rights.” It is very likely that more amendments will be added.美國憲法由7條正文和27篇修正案組成。最初的7條正文于1789年生效。27篇修正案于1791-1992年間陸續添加。前10篇修正案于1791年頒布，也就是通常所說的“權利法案”。修正案的數量可能仍會繼續增加。

People who don’t know anything about civil procedure or property law can recall the basic elements of the constitutional law: separation of powers;checks and balances;judicial review;due process and equal protection of law;freedom of speech, religion, and press.As the supreme law of the land, Constitutional Law texts are generally divided into two parts.The first part is about the allocation of powers.This entails two basic principles of American Constitution: separation of powers and division of powers.Both of the two principles function under one principle--checks and balances.The second part of the Constitution is on the specification of rights and liberties for the individuals.To realize the rights and liberties, the Framers were not only dependent on the allocation of powers, but also on another principle of the Constitution--limited government.即使對民事訴訟或者物權一無所知的人也可以想起憲法中的基本要素：三權分立、分權制衡、合憲性審查、程序正當和平等保護、言論自由、宗教信仰自由和出版自由。作為一國的最高法，憲法文本通常被分為兩部分。第一部分是關于權利配置的。美國憲法的兩個基本原則：三權分立和權利劃分。這兩種原則的功能是基于同一原則——分權制衡。憲法的第二部分細述了個人的權利和自由。為了實現自由和權利，立法者不能只依賴權力分配，還要依賴憲法的另一個重要原則——限制政府權力。

When you study Constitutional law, you should learn the sources that judges might rely upon to guide their constitutional interpretation(text of Constitution, intentions of framers, case precedent, policy consequences of alternative interpretations).Learn how judges are likely to weigh these various guides in various contexts.Understand historical trends and understand that judges are ultimately affected by the same economic and social forces as society as a whole.With a solid knowledge of these things, you will be able to make intelligent and potentially convincing arguments--and make reasonable predictions about the likelihood of your arguments being successful in an actual case involving the same issues.當你學習憲法時，你必須了解一些法官可能用來指引自己解釋憲法的材料（憲法文本、立法者意圖、判例、其他解釋的政策影響）。了解法官在各種不能的環境下可能如何權衡這些不同的指導性材料。理解歷史趨勢，并理解法官最終會受到整個社會同樣的經濟和社會力量的影響。基于這些扎實的知識，你就可能提出明智和令人信服的論點——進而當在具體案例中涉及到同一問題時，才能對你的觀點可能成立做出合理的預測。

8、Damages The amount of money which a plaintiff(the person suing)may be awarded in a lawsuit.There are many types of damages.Special damages are those which actually were caused by the injury and include medical and hospital bills, ambulance charges, loss of wages, property repair or replacement costs or loss of money due on a contract.損害賠償

損害賠償是指在一件訴訟案件中原告（起訴人）可能獲得的金額。損害賠償有很多種。特殊損害賠償是指那些由傷害造成的，包括醫療和住院費、救護車費、誤工費、財物維修和更換費用、或者由于合同造成的金錢損失。

The second basic area of damages are general damages, which are presumed to be a result of the other party's actions, but are subjective both in nature and determination of value of damages.These include pain and suffering, future problems and crippling effect of an injury, loss of ability to perform various acts, shortening of life span, mental anguish, loss of companionship, loss of reputation(in a libel suit, for example), humiliation from scars, loss of anticipated business and other harm.損害賠償的第二個基本領域是一般損害賠償，它假設由另一方的訴訟引起，但無論在賠償種類還是損害賠償金額的決定方面都是主觀的。這些包括疼痛和痛苦，未來的問題和受傷的嚴重影響，喪失某種行為能力的損失，壽命的縮短、精神痛苦、失去伴侶、名譽損失（如誹謗案件中）、屈辱性疤痕、預期業務損失及其它損失。

The third major form of damage is exemplary(or punitive)damages, which combines punishment and the setting of public example.Exemplary damages may be awarded when the defendant acted in a malicious, violent, oppressive, fraudulent, wanton or grossly reckless way in causing the special and general damages to the plaintiff.On occasion punitive damages can be greater than the actual damages, as, for example, in a sexual harassment case or fraudulent schemes.損害賠償的第三種主要形式是示范性（或曰懲罰性）賠償，它結合了懲罰和公眾示范效應。如果被告以惡意、暴力、強迫、欺詐、肆意或魯莽的方式給原告造成特別或一般損害，那么就有可能獲得損害性賠償。有時懲罰性賠償要高于所造成的實際損失，如性騷擾案或欺詐案。

Although often asked for, they are seldom awarded.Nominal damages are those given when the actual harm is minor and an award is warranted under the circumstances.The most famous case was when Winston Churchill was awarded a shilling(about 25 cents)against author Louis Adamic, who had written that the British Prime Minister had been drunk at a dinner at the White House.Liquidated damages are those pre-set by the parties in a contract to be awarded in case one party defaults as in breach of contract.雖然經常被要求，但是很少被給予，象征性賠償被用于當實際損害很小，對方又同意給予賠償的情況。最著名的案例是丘吉爾獲得了作家路易·亞當1先令（約75美分）的補償，這位作家曾描述了這位前英國首相在白宮進餐時醉酒的情境。違約賠償金是指雙方預先在合同中約定，以便一方違約時賠付。

9、The Code of Professional Responsibility 職業責任守則points the way to the aspiring and provides standards by which to judge the transgressor.Each lawyer must find within his own conscience the touchstone against which to test the extent to which his actions should rise above minimum standards, But in the last analysis it is the desire for the respect and confidence of the members of his profession and of the society which he serves that should provide to a lawyer the incentive for the highest possible degree of ethical conduct.The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate sanction.So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will continue to be a noble profession.This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of no compromise.職業責任守則規定了激勵的方法，同時也提供了處罰違規者的標準。每個律師都必須在內心的良知中找到試金石，以測試自己行為底線的邊界。但是，最新一項分析表明，律師所能做到的最高程度的道德行為，其動機來自于社會和同行的尊敬和信任。有可能失去這種尊敬和信任才是對一名律師的終極處罰。只要法律從業者被這些準則所指引，法律就始終會是一種高尚的職業，這就是它的偉大和力量所在，不允許任何妥協。

10、To begin with, the legal system has structure.The structure of a legal system consists of this kind: the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.Structure also means how the legislature is organized, what a president can(legally)do or not do, what procedures the police department follows, and so on.Another aspect of the legal system is its substance.By this it meant the actual rules, norms, and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先法律制度有其自身的結構。法律制度的結構包括：法院的數量及大小；它們的管轄范圍，法院間的上訴程序。制度也意味著立法機關是如何組織的,總統在法律范圍內能做什么或不能做什么,警察部門遵循什么程序,等等。法律制度的另外一層含義也可表示實質的法律法規。從這個層面上主要指實際的法律條款，規范以及人們的行為標準。

11、The law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties.In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法所關心的是實現所約定的義務。通常，契約責任是以自由同意為基礎的。這種同意表現為當事人明示的允諾或事實上由當事人通過行為而默示允諾。但在某些情況下盡管受約束的一方并未同意，法院仍會推定允諾之存在（往往稱為由法律推定的契約即準契約），以免有人不當得利。

12、Paragraph 1 of Article 153 of the Criminal Law is amended as: “Whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in Article 151, Article 152 and Article 347 herein shall, depending on the severity of the circumstances, be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:(1)If he/she smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged;(2)If the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged;

(3)If the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.” 刑法第153條1款修改為：走私本法第一百五十一條、第一百五十二條、第三百四十七條規定以外的貨物、物品的,根據情節輕重,分別依照下列規定處罰:

1、他走私貨物、物品逃避或回避應繳稅額數額較大或構成走私再次被給予行政處罰后一年內兩次打擊走私，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處

偷逃應繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私貨物、物品巨大或者有其他嚴重情節的，,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并處偷逃應繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金;

3、如果應付偷逃走私貨物、物品數額特別巨大或者有其他特別嚴重

情節的，應當處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑,并處偷逃應繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金或者沒收財產。

13、One article is added after Article 276 of the Criminal Law as Article 267(a): Whoever dodges labor remuneration payable to laborers by transferring property or escaping, or refuses to pay laborers although he/she has the capacity to make payment, if the amount is relatively large, and if he/she still refuses to pay after being so ordered by relevant government departments, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently or separately fined.If serious consequences are caused, he/she shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and be concurrently fined.Where an entity commits the crime prescribed in the preceding Paragraph, the entity shall be fined, and the persons directly in charge and other persons subject to direct liabilities shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Paragraph.Whoever commits the crime mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs but has not yet caused serious consequences may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment, provided that he/she, prior to public prosecution, pays labor remuneration to laborers and bear the corresponding compensation liabilities in accordance with the law." 文章276條后增加了一條，作為刑法第267條：

以轉移財產、逃匿等方法逃避支付勞動者的勞動報酬或者有能力支付而不支付勞動者的勞動報酬，數額較大，經政府有關部門責令支付仍不支付的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處罰金；造成嚴重后果的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處罰金。

單位犯前款罪的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員，依照前款的規定處罰。有前兩款行為，尚未造成嚴重后果，在提起公訴前支付勞動者的勞動報酬，并依法承擔相應賠償責任的，可以減輕或者免除處罰。

14、Private Law Private law involves the various relationships that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.The area is concerned with rules and principles pertaining to private ownership and use of property, contracts between individuals, family relationships, and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one person by another.Historically, government involvement was usually minimal.Private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law, such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.The relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.Public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.The private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups, associations, organizations, and special legal entities such as corporations.They compete with one another and with government for control of resources, wealth, power, and the communication of ideas and values.Special fields of law, such as labor law, facilitate and control this competition.Much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.The formerly purely private law of property and contracts, for example, is now overlaid with legislation, regulations, and judicial decisions reflecting the competition.The public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.Courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the U.S.Thus, manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.The mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.私法

私法涉及到人與人之間的各種關系，以及確定彼此之間權利和義務的規則。這個領域涉及私有財產所有及使用的原則、個人和家庭關系之間的契約、一方對另一方造成損害的強制賠償。從歷史上看，私法很少涉及到政府。作為道德和習俗的補充，私法也對私下的協議和交往起到指引和保障的作用，但這種情況下在法庭上并不必然具有強制力，比如在私人協會內部的非契約性的承諾和協議。

純粹私法的相對重要性在近代有所降低。公法主導了由政府控制的社會。民主社會逐漸呈現出公法、私法相結合的趨勢。私人領域包括個人和大量的團體、協會、組織和類似公司這種特殊法律實體。他們互相競爭，而且和政府爭奪控制資源、財富、權利，以及思想和價值觀溝通。法律的特殊領域，如勞動法，推動和控制著這種競爭。

許多類似的法律出現在商業和企業領域。例如，財產和合同以前是純粹的私法，現在取而代之的立法、法規以及司法判決都體現了競爭。針對稅收的公法對私人領域影響深遠。法院針對看似私人爭議所做的決定，尤其在美國，越來越被視為回應不斷變化的社會條件和價值觀的驅動力。因此，制造商都經歷過由于產品缺陷造成人身傷害的擴大責任。保險機制使得制造商能夠把這些費用分攤到普通大眾消費者身上。

15、Self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor’s imminent use of unlawful force.Such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant and the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.Where self-defense is asserted, expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant’s belief that she was in imminent danger.The interests in human dignity and privacy which the Fourth Amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.In the absence of a clear indication that in fact such evidence will be found, these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate search.Before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide, he must do everything in his power, consistent with his safety, to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.正當防衛是指當侵害已經出現，或者她有足夠理由認為有必要對即將發生的不法侵害進行防衛時，使用暴力對抗侵害是正當的。這種辯護既需要相信被告的陳述，同時存在的事實要能夠說服一個理性的人也相信。

當聲稱正當防衛時，受虐婦女綜合癥專家的證詞可以證明被告對即將發生危險的相信是否具有合理性。

第四修正案對人的尊嚴和隱私進行了保護，嚴禁任何僅憑偶然獲得的犯罪結果或證據侵犯他人。如果沒有明確的跡象表明這樣的證據一定會被找到，這些基本人權使得檢察官面臨如果不立即搜查，證據有可能湮沒的風險。當一個人在殺人罪的指控下能夠做出有效的正當防衛辯護之前，他必須盡其所能的在保證自己安全的同時，避免危險和殺人。

第五篇：政法大學在職法碩復試心得

政法大學在職法碩復試心得

自從得知進入法大的復試，心情就沒輕松過。為了復試能夠順利，我找遍了網上關于“政法大學在職法碩復試”的一切信息，只是幾乎沒有經驗可借鑒。那時候我就想，等這次復試回來，一定要把我參加法大復試的心得整理出來以對將來有所需要的人，特別是像我一樣的有所需求的人，留點參考。其實這真的很重要，只有經歷的人，才能明白它的意義。

在職法碩是所有的在職人員獲取法律碩士唯一的途徑，在每年七月份報名，報名后需要到現場確認。十月未全國聯考。聯考科目有英語、法律綜合兩科。政治在進入報考院校復試分數線時，復試時進行考核。法大今年的復試分數線是英語不低于50分，總分不低于200分，比10年總分降低10分。但畢竟是法大，招生簡章里早已聲明：不接受校外調劑。我的分數并不高，214分，因此心里懸而未決，甚至知道分數線以后到公布復試分數線期間，都不能確定進入復試。

說說復試的情況吧。有些記憶是永遠不可能忘掉的。我記得14號的早晨，很緊張，真的很緊張，也許是我太想能夠在政法大學接受教育，太看重法大的聲譽，太希望法大能夠與我的生命有交集，所以才那樣緊張。可事實上，我錯了，當我走進教室的時候，靜悄悄的，大家都在捧著政治書認真的做著準備的時候，我知道，他們跟我一樣，每一個走進法大的人，都曾經努力過，而此時都希望留下來。

因為是假期，研究生學院教學樓學生不多，只有四間教室供復試來用，分成四組，同時進行復試。我們都站在走廊里緊張的等候著，出來的同學簡單地跟大家匯報一句考了什么題目，然后說句祝福的話，就一個個離開了。基本上是一、二道政治題，另外一個綜合素質是跟工作興趣生活相關的話題。政治題目是法大指定的政治教材，不會出那本教材。說實在的，這樣的考題是之前我們所不清楚的，因為按照相關規定，英語的口語和法律也應該在考核范圍。但是法大事先沒有任何范圍，不會給考生任何信息，更不會劃題，但是真正考核的時候，卻也不像我們想像的那么難。我的一個朋友考的吉大，政治是開卷，綜合考的是一道民法一道刑法題目，事先學校給劃了二百道題目。我復試的時候序號排在66，分在第三組，我不知道這個序號是否是因為聯考成績排名的，老師都很平和，我記得她問我做了律師多久，將來的方向是什么，有什么愛好，喜歡什么方面的書，政治問我的是社會主義初期階段的總路線，最后又問了句知不知道三步走的內容，我還真的知道，出來以后還在想這不是初中的時候學過的嗎。

總結一下：

1、法大的復試是需要認真準備的，法大的老師很嚴謹，在政治理論的問題上很重視；

2、每一個參加復試的學生都一樣，沒有一個不緊張的，但是學生的素質真的都很不錯，我從后面教室的玻璃窗口觀察大家回答問題時，表情、手勢，一個個都不錯。

3、自信在所有的考試中都很重要，無論你的內心多么緊張，表面看起來應該是鎮靜的。

另外有一點，就是現在要求差額復試的，像人大等，都是采取這樣的形式，法大也應該是這樣的，但事實上，法大今年招生100人，學校公布參加復試人數是97人，實際復試的當天，大約有七八個學生沒來。我想這可能是法大今年總分比去年低了10分的原因，即使這樣，也應該不到招生的人數。不過有一點我得說明，就是關于非政法系統考生原則上錄取比例不能能超過招生比例的20%，而我們律師是在非政法系統的范圍的，因此，這也是我目前最擔心的問題。不過總的來說還是順利的，如果不存在這種情況的話，應該沒什么問題。

說了半天，也不知有沒有用處。我想，如果以后有一個人，跟我的想法相似，也走了同樣的路，看到這篇文章，將是有大用處的。