第一篇：大學英語4翻譯課文及課后答案,期末考試復習題完形填空15選10翻譯十五選十選詞填空Unit 10（模版）

Unit 10

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Do you view work as a burden or an opportunity? Are you the kind of person who looks for ways to save your energy or the kind that finds spending your energy satisfying? Why do people like to complain about work? Find the answers to question like these in the following essay.WHY PEOPLE WORK

Leonard R.Sayles

Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.We're all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life--the goods and services that make possible our modern civilization.But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.Historically, work has been associated with slavery and sin and punishment.And in our own day we are used to hearing the traditional complaints: “I can't wait for my vacation,” “I wish I could stay home today,” “My boss treats me poorly,” “I've got too much work to do and not enough time to do it.” Against this background, it may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the individual's happiness and sense of personal achievement.Work is more than a necessity for most human beings;it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential.Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed its healing effect.A good many patients who feel depressed in clinics gain renewed self-confidence when gainfully employed and lose some, if not all, of their most acute symptoms.Increasingly, institutions dealing with mental health problems are establishing workshops wherein those too sick to get a job in “outside” industry can work, while every effort is exerted to arrange “real” jobs for those well enough to work outside.And the reverse is true, too.For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health.Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself?” question, even though there may be no financial cares.Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they don't have their jobs to go to, and must fend for themselves.It has been observed that unemployment, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless.But why? Why should work be such a significant source of human satisfaction? A good share of the answer rests in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the job, by the activity of accomplishing.Pride in Accomplishment

The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished, of being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind, with his will.Each of us wants to feel he or she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities.It is easiest to see this in the craftsman who lovingly shapes some cheap material into an object that may be either useful or beautiful or both.You can see the carpenter or bricklayer stand aside and admire the product of his personal skill.But even where there is no obvious end product that is solely attributable to one person's skill, researchers have found that employees find pride in accomplishment.Our own research in hospitals suggests that even the houskeeping and laundry staffs take pride in the fact that in their own ways they are helping to cure sick people--and thus accomplishing good deal.We're often misled by the complaints surrounding difficult work;deep down most people regard their won capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality.Complaining is just part of working.After all, how else do you know who you are, except as you can demonstrate the ability of your mind to control you limbs ad hands and words? You are, in significant measure, what you can do.Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible.Just the opposite.It is energy expenditure that is satisfying.Just watch an employee who must deal with countless other people because his or her job is at some central point in a communications network: a salesman at a busy counter, a stock broker on the phone, a customer representative.They will tell you how much skill and experience it takes to answer countless questions and handle various kinds of personalities every hour of the day.Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization.But work is more than accomplishment and pride in being able to command the job, because except for a few craftsmen and artists most work takes place “out in the world,” with an through other people.Esprit de corps

Perhasps an example will make the point:

I remember viewing a half dozen me in a chair factory whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.While there were ten or twelve of these “teams” that worked together, one in particular was known for its perfect coordination and lightning-like efforts.The men knew they were good.They would work spurts for twenty or thirty minutes before taking a break--to show themselves, bystanders and other groups what it was to be superbly skilled and self-controlled, to be the best in the factory.When I talked with them, each expressed enormous pride in being a part of the fastest, best team.And this sense of belonging to an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of work.One further word about work group satisfactions.Unlike many other aspects of life, relationships among people at work tend to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional.This is not to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and less regular relationships in the community.And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one another so that the “rough edges” are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another each day.Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university.The same pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is derived from being part of a larger collectivity.Working for a company that is thought of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with both status and self-confidence.They assume, usually with good reason, that others regard them more highly, even envy them, and that they are more competent than the average because of this association with a “winner,” a prestigious institution.We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, and we seek ways of asserting our membership so that others will know and can recognize our good fortune.New Words

第二篇：大學英語4翻譯課文及課后答案,期末考試復習題完形填空15選10翻譯十五選十選詞填空翻譯

Unit1翻譯

1)我們接到通知，財政部長將于次日接見我們。

We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day.2)我覺得很奇怪，他似乎不記得自己的生日。

I thought it odd that he didn't seem to remember his own birthday.3)學期論文最遲應在下星期二交來，可是至今大部分學生卻幾無進展。

Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far.4)看到學生人數不斷減少，校長心里很難受。(pain)It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking.5)在那個國家一般用現金付賬，但支票變得普遍起來了，不久會代替現金作為人們結賬的一種方式。

Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts.6)該公司聲稱，這條河流的污染不是它造成的。

The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.Unit2翻譯

1)比爾已是個成熟的小伙子，不再依賴父母替他做主。Bill is a mature young man who is no longer dependent on his parents for decisions.2)這個地區有大量肉類供應，但新鮮果蔬奇缺。There are abundant supplies of meat in this region, but fresh fruit and vegetables are scarce.3)工程師們依靠工人們的智慧發明了一種新的生產方法，使生產率得以提高。

Drawing on the wisdom of the workers, the engineers invented a new production method that led to increased productivity.4)他花了許多時間準備數學考試，因此當他獲知自己只得了個B時感到有點失望。

He spent a lot of time preparing for his math exam.Hence he was somewhat disappointed to learn that he got only a B.5)我們有充裕的時間從從容容吃頓午飯。

We have ample time for a leisurely lunch.6)地方政府不得不動用儲備糧并采取其他緊急措施，以渡過糧食危機。

The local government had to draw on its grain reserves and take other emergency measures so as to pull through the food crisis.Unit3翻譯

1)蕭伯納在他一個劇本的前言中提出這樣的看法：今天人們比在中世紀時更加迷信。

In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances the idea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages.2)丈夫死后，她只好獨自挑起撫養五個孩子的經濟重擔。After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financial burden of raising five children by herself.3)證明或駁斥某個論點的最好辦法之一是從親身經歷中舉出例子。

One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience.4)亨特說貝蒂老是夸大他的缺點，這話很可能會引起一場爭吵。

Hunt's statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults may well lead to a quarrel.5)我當時對她絕對信任，無論她告訴我什么，我都會相信。I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story she told me.6)一家人聚攏來討論經濟問題時，父親一開頭就說，每月存點錢是絕對必要的，遇到緊急情況，我們可以依靠積蓄。When the family gathered to discuss matters of finance, Father started off by saying that it was absolutely necessary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could fall back on our savings.Unit4翻譯

有時，倒霉的事兒似乎會到處跟隨著你。就舉不久前我所遭遇到的事為例吧。一天我開車去附近一座城市出差，在一個十字路口，見到紅燈亮起我便將車停了下來。可是，突然一輛黑色的別克車從后面向我的車子撞過來。我受了點傷。萬分忿怒之下我咒罵著下了車，可卻發現那車的女駕駛員像是被撞得不省人事了，她那坐在車后的小孩也受傷了。我只好在口袋中摸找手機報了警。幾分鐘后一輛警車開來，急忙將女士和小孩送往醫院。而我卻被告知要待在原處。事實上，盡管我對這事毫無責任，我在兩小時后方得以離開現場。回到家，精神力氣好像一點兒都沒有了。至于出差的事么，我只好取消了。為此，我的工作也受到很大損失。至今，我仍搞不明白這車禍到底是怎么回事。Sometimes bad luck seems to follow you everywhere.Take, for instance, what happened to me not long ago.One day I drove to a nearby city on business.At a junction I pulled the car to a halt as the red light was on;however, a black Buick suddenly collided into my car from behind.I was slightly injured.Wild with anger I cursed and got out only to find that the woman driver of the other car appeared to have been knocked unconscious and her young child, who was sitting in the rear of the car, was hurt, too.I had to fumble in my pockets for my mobile phone and call the police.In a few minutes a police car came and rushed the lady and her child to hospital.I was, however, asked to stay where I was.In fact, I didn't leave the scene until two hours later although I was not to blame at all.By the time I got home all my energy seemed to have deserted me.As to the business trip, I had to cancel it.As a result, my work suffered enormously.Up to now, I still can't make sense of the accident.Unit5翻譯

1)我確信這項所謂(so-called)明智的決定，與期望相反，會帶來極其嚴重的后果。

I am convinced that, contrary to expectations, the so-called informed decision will bring very grave consequences.2)誠然，他曾欺騙你，但他已經承認自己做錯了，并道了歉。所以你不應該老是以懷疑的態度對待他。

It's true he once deceived you, but he has admitted he has done wrong and apologized.So you shouldn't always treat him with suspicion.3)他在這個問題公開進行辯論之前就已表明了自己的立場。He had taken a stand on the issue before it was openly debated.4)在調查過程中，他們發現了種種形式的政治腐敗，并揭露了許多貪官污吏(corrupt officials)。

In the course of their investigation, they discovered various forms of political corruption and exposed a number of corrupt officials.5)瑪麗的兩難處境是：把真相告訴老板從而失信于她的同事，還是讓老板蒙在鼓里從而辜負他的信任。Mary's dilemma was whether to betray her colleagues by telling her boss the truth or to betray his trust by keeping him in the dark about it.6)首先，是什么使你認為這項規劃會促進改革?其次，你怎么知道這些改革會讓全縣得到好處? Now, in the first place, what has made you think(led you to think)this program will promote reforms, and in the second, how do you know these reforms will benefit the whole county?

Unit6翻譯

1)那位衛生部副部長一再強調把中西醫結合起來是多么重要。

The vice minister of health has emphasized time and again how important it is to integrate traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine.2)熱天很難保藏食品，使之保持新鮮與食用安全。很自然，許多人覺得在夏季還是不上飯店為好。

In hot weather it is rather difficult to preserve food and keep it fresh and safe to eat.Naturally, many people prefer not to eat in restaurants during the summer months.

After days of inquiry the police finally tied up the murder with the case of the recent escape from prison.5)我想勸說他們采納我們的計劃，首先因為這一計劃所需資金較少，其次，不會造成環境污染。

I want to persuade them to adopt our plan, because, in the first place, it calls for less funds and, in the second place, it will not cause environmental pollution.6)父親用繩子把芹菜(celery)扎在一起，放在河里浸了浸，然后拿到菜場去賣。

Father bound the celery together with a rope and dipped it in the stream for a while before he took it to the market for sale.Unit7翻譯

1)法庭的判決引起史密斯先生的朋友們的氣憤，他們相信他是無辜的。The court's judgment aroused anger among Mr.Smith's friends, who believed that he was innocent.2)當我們經過那家價格昂貴的餐館時，父親催我們快走，他說在這樣高檔的(fancy)地方用餐是大大超過我們的經濟能力的。

As we passed the expensive restaurant, father hurried us along saying that it was well beyond our means to have dinner at such a fancy place.3)老師在評價一篇文章并給它打分(grade vt.)時，可能是根據總的印象而不是根據仔細的分析(analysis)。A teacher may evaluate and grade an essay on the basis of his general impression rather than on a detailed analysis.4)小狗(puppy)將我的一張畫搞壞了，我真想對它發火，可它那十分可愛(cute)的樣子使我不禁笑著把它從地上抱了起來。(be inclined to, ruin)I was inclined to get angry at the puppy for ruining my painting but he was so cute that I could not help but laugh and pick him up.5)愛德華(Edward)常常喜愛在那間可以眺望大海的房間里朗誦詩歌。

Edward was in the habit of reciting poems in the room overlooking the sea.6)安東尼(Anthony)徹夜未眠，因為他對于是否得插手此事舉棋不定。

Anthony stayed up all night because he just could not make up his mind whether or not to take a hand in the matter.Unit8翻譯 1)有朝一日人們不需要離開城市去尋求寧靜。當我們撤到地下居所時，現在由城市占據的地面便可讓位于公園和荒野，供人們休閑娛樂。

Someday people need not get away from the city to find peace and quiet.When we withdraw into underground dwellings, the surface ground now occupied by cities can be turned over to park and to wilderness for recreation.2)請你注意并非所有的學生都愿意出席畢業典禮(graduation ceremony)，所以學校才要求凡是想領取畢業證書(diploma)的畢業生(graduating students)都得出席。

Not all of the students, mind you, are willing to attend the graduation ceremony so the school has to require that all graduating students attend the ceremony if they want to receive a diploma.3)對于婦女在社會中的地位問題，我們的許多看法來自封建時代(feudal times),與今天的社會是格格不入的(not relevant)。

Many of the ideas we have about the role of women in society are derived from feudal times and are not relevant in today's society.4)如今人們的流動性比以往任何時候都大，這也許就是為什么移動電話十分普及的原因。

People today are more mobile than ever before;perhaps this is why mobile phones have become so common.5)幾乎每個孩子都曾夢想去太空旅游，體會一下在失重(gravity-free)環境下生活是什么樣子。(virtually)Virtually every child has dreamed of traveling in space and experiencing what it would be like to live in a gravity-free environment.6)我們學校鼓勵學生獨立思考(do independent thinking),不要受老師觀點的束縛。(restrict)Students of our school are encouraged to do independent thinking and not to be restricted by the teacher's points of view.Unit9翻譯

幾年前我父母把我帶到美國時，那里的一切對我來說都十分陌生。進入一所美國中學后不久，我就感到極其孤獨寂寞，因為我英語能力（competence）的欠缺造成了我與新同學之間的隔閡。父母親弄清楚我為什么情緒那么低落后，他們鼓勵我提高自己的英語水平，鼓勵我通過廣泛閱讀豐富自己的詞匯。此后我花了許多時間閱讀英語書籍與雜志。好的推理作品總會使我著迷，但最吸引我的是關于杰出的科學家的故事。我記得阿伯特·愛因斯坦給我留下了很深的印象，他的思想深刻地改變了人類關于空間、時間、物質和能量的基本概念。亞里士多德（Aristotle）寫了四百本左右關于各種學科的著作，這真使我大為驚異。斯蒂芬· 霍金身體傷殘而且不能說話，但他對科學卻作出了杰出貢獻。這真是奇跡啊！偉大的科學家的光輝業績促使我下決心把一生獻給科學事業。

When my parents took me to America several years ago, everything there felt very alien to me.Soon after I attended an American high school, I felt desperately lonely because my lack of competence in English formed a barrier separating my new schoolmates and myself.When my parents found out why I was in such low spirits, they encouraged me to improve myself in English and enrich my vocabulary by reading extensively.From then on I spent many hours reading English books and magazines.I was always intrigued by good mysteries, but what fascinated me most was stories of outstanding scientists.I remember I was greatly impressed by Albert Einstein whose ideas profoundly changed mankind's basic concepts of space, time, matter and energy.And I found it amazing that Aristotle had written about 400 books on a variety of subjects.Stephen Hawking is physically disabled and unable to speak;nevertheless, he has made a notable contribution to science.What a miracle!Brilliant deeds of the great scientists led / prompted me to make up my mind to dedicate my life to the pursuit of science.Unit10翻譯

1)關鍵證人的缺席有可能削弱對被告的指控力度|(weaken the case against)。

The absence of the crucial witness was likely to weaken the case against the defendant.2)為了幫我們準備好參加辯論，教練要我們經常注意與我們自己的論點相悖的論點。(reverse)To prepare us for the debate, the coach wanted us to be always aware of arguments that are quite the reverse of ours.3)尤其是, 人們指望你表現出能激勵和領導一班人的潛力。Above all you are expected to demonstrate a potential to motivate and lead the team.4)醫生往往為自己能夠醫治好病人罕見的疾病而自豪。A doctor often prides himself on the ability to cure his patient of a rare disease.5)如果不按時將書歸還圖書館或到期前不續借，就得按規定罰款。

If books are not returned to the library on time or not renewed before they are due, a fine must be paid in accordance with the regulations.6)總的來說，很少有人不抱怨自己的工作的，然而一旦他們沒有機會工作了又會不高興。

On the whole, few people do not complain about their jobs.On the other hand, they would be very unhappy if they got no chance to work.

第三篇：大學英語4翻譯課文及課后答案,期末考試復習題完形填空15選10翻譯十五選十選詞填空Unit 6

Unit 6

“Don't ever mark in a book!” Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised.But Mortimer Adler disagrees.He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself.HOW TO MARK A BOOK

Mortimer J.Adler

You know you have to read “between the lines” to get the most out of anything.I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading.I want to persuade you to “write between the lines.” Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours.Librarians(or your friends)who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should.If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them.There are two ways in which one can own a book.The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture.But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession.Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.An illustration may make the point clear.You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own.But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream.I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers--unread, untouched.(This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.)The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought.(This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.)The third has a few books or many--every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.(This man owns books.)

Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not.I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of “Paradise Lost” than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt!I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue.Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body.And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue.If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author.Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake.(And I don't mean merely conscious;I mean wide awake.)In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written.The marked book is usually the thought-through book.Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had,or the thoughts the author expressed.Let me develop these three points.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active.you can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read.Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, “Gone with the Wind,” doesn't require the most active kind of reading.The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost.But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable.You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the crooning of Mr.Vallee.You have to reach for them.That you cannot do while you're asleep.If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know that you read actively.The most famous active reader of great books I know is President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago.He also has the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know.He invariably read with pencil, and sometimes, when he picks up a book and pencil in the evening, he finds himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he calls “ caviar factories” on the margins.When that happens, he puts the book down.He knows he's too tired to read, and he's just wasting time.But, you may ask, why is writing necessary? Well, the physical act of writing, with your own hand, brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory.To set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind, is to preserve those reactions and sharpen those questions.You can pick up the book the following week or year, and there are all your points of agreement, disagreement, doubt and inquiry.It's like resuming an interrupted conversation with the advantage of being able to pick up where you left off.And that is exactly what reading a book should be: a conversation between you and the author.Presumably he knows more about the subject than you do;naturally you'll have the proper humility as you approach him.But don't let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end.Understanding is a two-way operation;learning doesn't consist in being an empty receptacle.The learner has to question himself and question the teacher.He even has to argue with the teacher, once he understands what the teacher is saying.And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences, or agreements of opinion, with the author.There are all kinds of devices for marking a book intelligently and fruitfully.Here's the way I do it:

1.Underlining: of major points, of important or forceful statements.2.Vertical lines at the margin: to emphasize a statement already underlined.3.Star, asterisk, or other doo-dad at the margin: to be used sparingly, to emphasize the ten or twenty most important statements in the book.4.Numbers in the margin: to indicate the sequence of points the author makes in developing a single argument.5.Number of other pages in the margin: to indicate where else in the book the author made points relevant to the point marked;to tie up the ideas in a book, which, though they may be separated by many pages, belong together.6.Circling of key words or phrases.7.Writing in the margin, or at the top or bottom of the page, for the sake of: recording questions(and perhaps answers)which a passage raise in your mind;reducing a complicated discussion to a simple statement;recording the sequence of major points right through the book.I use the end-papers at the back of the book to make a personal index of the author's points in the order of their appearance.The front end-papers are, to me, the most important.Some people reserve them for a fancy bookplate, I reserve them for fancy thinking.After I have finished reading the book and making my personal index on the back end-papers, I turn to the front and try to outline the book, not page by page, or point by point(I've already done that at the back), but as an integrated structure, with a basic unity and an order of parts.This outline is, to me, the measure of my understanding of the work.

第四篇：新編大學英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

新編大學英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

課內閱讀參考譯文及課后習題答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？

聽了一個有趣的故事會發笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會使一個故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2

我是第一次辨識出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學生議論和探討幽默。這些學生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3

為什么聽我講完一個笑話后，班上有些學生會笑得前仰后合，而其他學生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預報一樣呢？顯然，有些人對幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發現有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點有趣的事卻要費好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住。”有些人比別人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數學之類的才能一樣。一個真正風趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個笑話，就會從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會上也往往是人們注意的焦點。這么說是有道理的。

甚至有些動物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時候就常常戲弄外祖母，當外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當。”

典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節），隨后便是妙語（即一個出人意料或令人驚訝的結尾）。如果這個妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個笑話便會很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強效果。6

我們可以對幽默這種娛樂形式，進行分析，從而發現究竟是什么使一個有趣的故事或笑話令人發笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默。

“滑稽劇”是最明顯的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀的每個講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆。”這個笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個高雅的女人。這個笑話并沒有因為經常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個經典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因為大家對這個笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。

中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談論諸如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關個人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉村的小舞臺上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統的幽默形式。

“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發笑。我特別喜歡的一個例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當火車慢慢停下來時，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位說道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧。”我們知道上了年紀的人往往耳背，因此會把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。

著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業？”那位年輕的學生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聰的另一幅經典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道。”這位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個傻瓜。” 這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因為它們貼近現實生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。

雙關語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發音相似的詞或同一個詞的不同意思。有些批評家認為雙關語是最低級的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點。雙關語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉彎問題常使用雙關語做鋪墊、制造故事情節，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時我聽到了下面這個謎語。一個人問：“什么東西整個兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報紙。”如果你知道在英語中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12

DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關”）是雙關語的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個意思往往很不相同，一個比較恰當，另一個往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個關于一位中學教師和校長因看見學生在學校操場上接吻而感到擔心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對學生們說；“我和校長已經決定停止在學校操場上接吻。”聽到笑聲，她意識到她沒有把意思表達清楚，于是補充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發生接吻這樣的事了。”當然，這個解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。

一些專業的幽默家認為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數幽默家缺乏創造性。的確，現在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認為這不是幽默的過錯。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會繼續生存下去，只因為每天都有有趣的事情發生。一些有幽默感的人會看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining

B.entertainment

C.entertained

D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable

B.recognized

C.recognition

3)A.tempting

B.temptation

C.tempt

4)A.reasoned

B.reasoning

C.reasonable

D.reason

5)A.analyzed

B.analytical

C.analyst

D.analysis 6)A.valuable

B.valuation

C.valued/values

D.values

7)A.humorist

B.humor

C.humorous

D.humorless

8)A.understandable

B.understanding

C.understand

D.misunderstood

2.1)a sense of responsibility

2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority

4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm

6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame

8)a sense of helplessness

9)a sense of direction

10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3)diverse arguments

4)I asked my boss for clarification

5)sensitive to light

6)Mutual encouragement

7)made fun of him

8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention

10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure

2)involved

3)end

4)behavior

5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually

8)first

9)response

10)question

11)attempt

12)voice

13)directly

14)followed

15)trouble Unit 2 便箋的力量

我當體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業導報》工作，當時我很少收到體育迷的來信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來信把我吸引住了。2

打開來信，我看到了下面的話：“關于老虎隊的述評很不錯，再接再厲。”簽名的是體育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當時我只是一個十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫一英寸文字，稿酬總計達15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書桌的抽屜里，后來它的邊角都卷起來了。每當我懷疑自己不是當作家的料時，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會樹起信心來。3

后來，我逐漸對堂有所了解，知道給各行各業的人寫快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養成的習慣。他告訴我說：“當我使別人充滿信心時，我也感覺好極了。”

因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報社，都來自于曾經得到過他激勵（文字）的人們。

多年來，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關心別人，常寫一些鼓舞人心的話語，因為我覺得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個慣于冷漠、無動于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和安慰。我們都時不時地需要鼓勵，大家知道幾行贊揚的話會改變一個人的一天，甚至一生。

那么，這些激勵人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫，是因為他們太看重人們的看法。他們擔心會被誤解，怕別人覺得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫也要花時間，遠不如打電話方便。7

當然打電話的缺點是：說過的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫下的字可以反復閱讀，細細品味并珍藏起來。8

盡管寫便箋會多花一些時間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時準備寫字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個職業生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫封信，內容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表揚的話，或一段感謝語。他不僅寫給朋友和同事，還寫給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來收到他熱情的贊揚信，感到很驚訝。

那些通常做作的公司高層經理們，其領導作風只能被形容為強硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開始學習寫便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫便箋鼓勵同事當作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞。“我只不過匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說道。“每天最重要的一段時間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘。” 10

“太多的時候，”他發表自己的看法說，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時候，我們會以為，我并沒有說過什么批評的話，為什么非得去說好話呢？我們忘了，人類需要正面的肯定或鼓勵——事實上，我們靠這個取得進步，獲得成功！” 11

怎樣才能寫出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。12

１）真誠(sincere)。沒人要聽虛假的贊美。

２）簡短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達出你的意思，你很可能過火了，寫得太長。14

３）具體(specific)。贊揚一位業務伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統含糊；告訴他“關于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語中的。

４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長久地感受這種生氣和熱情。

當你非得到處找寫信用品時，寫出來的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達的思想。17

那么，你周圍又有誰值得你寫便箋表示感謝或鼓勵呢？一位鄰居？為你服務的那位圖書館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫生？你不必富有詩意。如果你需要一個寫的理由，就找一個生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個特殊事件的周年紀念日、生日或者節日。例如，過去的25年里，我總是為遠方的朋友每年準備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節的氛圍，就一年來所取得的成功與得到的好運特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。18

不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級的表達法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點也沒關系，記住，夢想的實現往往孕育于期望之中。

今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機前來完成幾封我早就該寫的信。我不知道這些信會不會使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對我自己確實如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A

Column B

The compound words created through

day

throughout up

man

upbeat, uplift draw

eared

drawback teen

ready

teenage hand

conscious

handout, handwritten birth

back

birthday, birthstone chair

distance

chairman rag

beat

rag-eared ever

lift

ever-ready over

age

overdue, overage

long

due

long-distance, long-eared self

stone

self-conscious mile

out

mileage, milestone type

wishing

typewriter, typewritten well

writer/written

well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1)long-distance

2)upbeat

3)ever-ready

4)overdue

5)typewriter

6)milestone

7)handwritten

8)uplifted

9)self-conscious

10)rag-eared 11)birthday

12)throughout

13)drawbacks

14)chairman

15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued

v.interest

B.intrigue

n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining

v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B.strain

n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3)A.savor

n.taste;flavor

B.savored

v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure

v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B.treasure

n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited

v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit

n.trust;faith 6)A.boost

n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost

v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note

n.a short, usually informal, letter

B.noted

v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed

v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B.sign

n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled

v.come to a certain amount

B.total

n.the whole amount

10)A.stuffed

v.fill something with a substance

B.stuff

n.substance or material

11)A.count

n.the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count

v.be important

12)A.last

v.manage to remain in the same situation

B.last

n.the remaining part of something

13)A.complimented

v.express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment

n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood

n.a large number or amount

B.flooding

v.arrive in large numbers

15)A.contact

n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact

v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives

2)strategy

3)annual

4)deserve

5)spontaneous

6)sincere

7)investments

8)enterprise

9)follow up

10)characterized 11)lingered

12)acknowledged

4.column: 1)D

2)A

3)B

4)C

tough: 1)D

2)B

3)E

4)F

5)C

6)A 5.1)A.complementary

B.complimentary

C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery

B.stationary

C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist

B.typewriter

C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar

B.vague

C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad

B.pat

C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own

B.owed

C.owes

D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given

2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched

2)clever

3)solution

4)wasted

5)tolerate

6)hidden

7)dumb

8)subject

9)noise

10)extra

11)purchased

12)replaced 13)appreciation

14)hurried

15)warrant

16)strange

Unit 3 從文化角度看性別角色

在過去的幾十年里，已經無數次地證實了這樣一個事實：構成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結果。在成長的過程中，每個孩子學會了細微的行為舉止，數量之多數以百計，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學到的。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規矩, 女有女的標準。另一些跟性別有關的具體舉止是無意識地或間接地學會的，因為文化為女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目標以及成人的榜樣各不相同。2

例如，最近對美國公立學校的一項研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據研究人員反映，這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的，但它確實存在，并每年都在影響著數百萬計學生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發現，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請男生回答問題的次數遠比女生多。這對學習過程有著巨大的影響，因為總的來說，那些積極的課堂活動參與者對學習更加樂觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實上，在20世紀60年代末期，當美國東北部多所最好的女子學院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學生們都發現男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來，在法學院和醫學院的課堂上也發現了類似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。

賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時候會按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學課時，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學“實驗”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動手操作是早期教育的一個重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學習經歷，這會影響到她們今后的整個人生。

美國教師中一個具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長數學和自然科學，這些學科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現。結果美國的男孩們確實在閱讀上出了問題，而在數學方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預言自我應驗的一個例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國，讀書學習都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當。

在教育過程中對女孩和男孩的不同態度始于家庭。例如，有一項研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠，這時男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵去發展求知欲和動手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時有用的；對女孩灌輸的結果是：對自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對自己的優良品格和循規蹈矩的服從精神加以認可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常常可以看到女孩們更依賴教師，更注重作業的形式和整潔而非內容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨立自主以及分析能力和創造能力的提高。教育過程占據了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時間，社會則通過這一過程加強了它固有的價值觀，并按其傳統的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。Vocabulary

1.1)genetic

2)assign

3)noticeably

4)approved

5)Bias

6)deprived

7)constituted

8)participation

9)unintentional

10)postgraduate

2.conscious – unconscious

positive – negative

encourage – discourage

superior – inferior

directly – indirectly

biased – fair

sexist –

nonsexist

limited – unlimited

dependent – independent

appropriately – inappropriately

3.1)C

2)D

3)A

4)E

5)B

6)C

7)F

8)B 4.1)turn out

2)carry over

3)calling on

4)put away

5)fallen behind

6)take over Unit 4 關于創造力的培養——鼓勵孩子思考

教育界和商業界的專家們說, 具有創造性是通向光明前程的關鍵。本文將介紹一下學校和家長如何才能鼓勵孩子發展這一至關重要的能力。

如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會有遮護膠帶這種用品

了。現在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當時就職于“明尼蘇達制造和礦業公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質，黏性很強，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時間改進了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓：現在該公司鼓勵員工抽出15%的工作時間專門用來開動腦筋搞創新。

現在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認為，對待孩子也應仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學校。他們認為，如果我們教育孩子進行創造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會中更好地發揮作用。

受益于創造性的不只限于音樂和藝術領域。能取得成功的學生和成人都是那些會尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。

創造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個人智力高并不意味著他必然能創造性地發揮才智。創造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點子，而這些點子有助于解決某方面的問題。

遺憾的是，學校還沒有想到要促使學生發揮創造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分數，強調閱讀、寫作和數學能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對創造性的培養。其結果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學的知識，卻不知道如何靈活地應用知識。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會用它來解決數學應用題。

然而，在有些學校里，教育者們正逐漸認識到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發學生創造性的新的教學方法。一些教師把基礎知識和要求學生發揮想象力的活動結合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學生哥倫布何時發現了新大陸，他們可能讓學生思考如果哥倫布首先到達的不是加勒比地區而是紐約，情況會是如何。要回答這一問題，學生必須應用自己掌握的關于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區的知識。教師們認為即便學生的回答會很可笑，也毫無關系，這也許是通向創造性的重要一步。專家認為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵孩子，同時對他們的想法和新點子表示贊賞。專家認為必須創造一個可以自由發揮創造力的氛圍，一個尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會荒誕想法的環境。

在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵孩子發揮創造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會帶來的各種后果。家長還應鼓勵孩子大聲談論他們正在做的事情。思維能力和語言能力是緊密相關的。大聲地談論有助于提高語言能力和思維能力。

具有幽默感對于開發孩子的創造力也非常重要。當家長表現出幽默時，孩子們就看到了最地道的創造性。從本質上看，幽默跨越了常規界限，打破了固有模式。要創造往往也得如此。

給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應讓孩子自己做主支配時間或金錢；當他們作出錯誤的決定時，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關系。因為富有創造力的人有很強的動力，使他們能夠從混亂中創造秩序。這是他們的一個最重要的特點。Vocabulary

1.1)confused, confusion

2)intelligence, intelligent

3)humorous, humor

4)strategy, strategic

5)motivated, motivation

6)combination, combined

7)creation, creative

8)pursuit, pursuing

9)multiplication, multiply

10)employ, employment

2.1)perfected

2)approaching

3)value

4)functions

5)approach

6)perfect

7)honor

8)function

9)honor

10)value 3.1)dismiss

2)consequences

3)promoting

4)applies

5)vital

6)scorned

7)conventional

8)original

4.1)consciously

2)innovative

3)unconsciously

4)determines

5)Imagination 6)aware

7)control

8)created

9)extension

10)technique

11)vulnerable

12)unfolding

13)joyful

14)gain

15)Apply Unit 6 風險與你

在說不定的某個時候，我們大家都曾充當過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險也并非我們唯一會遇上的危險。現代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對我們生命的威脅，對我們平和心境的威脅，對我們家人的威脅，對我們未來的威脅。從而產生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時會不會遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無休止地增加。2

對生活中風險的擔憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通常可以求助于醫生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當涉及到其它形式的風險時，事情就要困難得多，因為對許多風險來說，情況并不那么簡單。

風險幾乎總是一個可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側面被撞，結果你被困在車里，又因安全帶裝置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內安一個保險氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當你在高速公路上開車時，保險氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導致了本來絕不會發生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 4

上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風險——常常是潛在的重大風險——與我們的每個業余愛好、所做的每項工作、所吃的每種食物有關，換句話說，與所進行的任何活動有關。但我們又不能，也不該因危險存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰戰兢兢的神經癥患者。有些活動是比其它活動更危險。關鍵在于要讓自己了解相應的風險，然后相機行事。5

例如，兩車相撞時，大車總的說來要比小車安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是這樣：在一起嚴重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環境帶來了更大的風險！）。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時候值得為降低風險增加花費呢？例如，避免風險最保險的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時死亡或受傷的風險降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？

在我們尚不知所涉及的風險程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風險程度呢？有些人似乎認為答案只不過是一個簡單的數字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險得多嗎？未必。事實是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業。我們評估一種風險時，所需要的有關數字是一個比率或分數。該分數的分子告訴我們在某個特定時期由于從事某種特定活動而喪生或受傷的人數；其分母告訴我們在這一時期從事這種活動的總人數。這樣，所有的風險程度都是由比率或分數表示，其大小介于0（無風險）到1（完全風險）之間。7

通過把所有風險都簡化為這種比率或分數，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風險，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關活動的風險就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動中死亡的人數除以參與該活動的總人數，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風險是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠比采礦要多，其實后者的風險是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠對毫不相干的活動或情形的危險性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對冒險，你就會選擇風險比率較小的活動。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會對高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。

我們一旦明白了風險是永遠無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對安全的事，我們也就會明白問題的關鍵不是要徹底避免風險，而是要理智地管理風險。風險管理需要兩大要素：常識以及與我們可能要承擔的風險的性質和程度相關的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 機器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character

2)end up

3)Rarely

4)casual

5)risky

6)all manner of

7)inform

8)sensible

9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of

2)all manner of

3)feed on

4)reduce…to

5)end up

6)associated with

7)focus on

8)turned to

9)participate in

10)involved in

第五篇：21世紀大學實用英語綜合教程(第二冊)課文翻譯及課后習題答案unit 1

21世紀大學實用英語綜合教程(第二冊)課文翻譯及課后習題答案unit 1.txt男人應該感謝20多歲陪在自己身邊的女人。因為20歲是男人人生的最低谷，沒錢，沒事業；而20歲，卻是女人一生中最燦爛的季節。只要鋤頭舞得好，哪有墻角挖不到？Unit 1

誤會

佚名

他頭發蓬亂，衣著骯臟，口袋里只有35美分。在馬里蘭州的巴爾的摩，他登上一輛公共汽車并徑直走向了洗手間。他想如果他躲在洗手間里，便可以不付錢就乘車去紐約。但是坐在公共汽車后面的一位乘客看見了他。她拍了拍她前面那位乘客的肩膀說：“洗手間里有個流浪漢。告訴公共汽車司機。”那位乘客輕輕地拍了一下坐在他前面的人，說道：“告訴公共汽車司機，洗手間里有個流浪漢。

這口信通過一個又一個的乘客傳到了公共汽車的前邊。但在這一過程的某個環節，口信變了。當它傳到公共汽車司機那兒時，已經不是“洗手間里有個流浪漢”，而是“洗手間里有顆炸彈”。司機馬上在公路邊停下車來并用無線電通知了警察。當警察到達時，他們讓乘客下車并且遠離汽車。然后他們關閉了那條公路。那很快就造成了15英里長的交通堵塞。警察在警犬的幫助下，在公共汽車上搜查了兩個小時。當然，他們沒有發現什么炸彈。

兩個發音相似的英語單詞給一個想從洛杉磯飛往加利福尼亞州奧克蘭的人也造成了麻煩。他的問題始于洛杉磯機場。他以為聽到廣播中宣布了他的航班，所以他走向登機門，出示了機票并登上了飛機。起飛20分鐘后，這人開始擔心起來。奧克蘭在洛杉磯的北邊，但是飛機似乎正在向西飛，而當他向窗外望去時，他所能看到的全是大海。“這架飛機是去奧克蘭嗎?”他問航班服務員。航班服務員倒抽了一口冷氣，“不，”她說。“我們去奧克蘭——新西蘭的奧克蘭。”

因為有這么多英文單詞發音相似，講英語者之間的誤會并不罕見。并非所有的誤會都會導致公路關閉或乘客飛錯大陸。大多數誤會遠沒有這么嚴重。每天講英語的人會相互問這樣的問題:“你是說七十還是十七?”“你是說你能來還是不能來?”發音相似的單詞對把英語作為第二語言的人來說，特別容易讓人混淆。

一天早晨，一位生活在美國的韓國婦女到上班地點時，她的老板問她：“你拿到盤子了嗎?” “沒有??”她回答說，心里卻在納悶，不知道他到底是什么意思。她在辦公室工作。老板為什么問她盤子的事呢？一整天她都對老板的怪問題感到納悶，但又不好意思開口問他。到了5點，當她準備回家時，她的老板說:“明天請準時上班。你今天早晨遲到了15分鐘” “對不起，”她說。“我的車發動不起來，而且??” 突然她停止了講話并開始微笑起來。她這時才明白老板并沒有問她“你拿到盤子了嗎？”他問的是“你是不是起來晚了？”

Auckland 和Oakland。“一個盤子”和“起晚”。當發音相似的單詞引起誤會時，也許最好的處理方式就是一笑了之并從錯誤中吸取教訓。當然，有時候很難笑得出來。那個沒到Oakland卻去了Auckland的人是不會想笑的。但即使是那場誤會，最終的結局也還不錯。那家航空公司支付了那人在新西蘭的旅館住房和用餐的費用，還支付了他飛回加利福尼亞的費用。“ 哦，還好，”那人后來說，“我一直就想要看看新西蘭的。”

答案

1.passengers2.immediately3.similar4.wonder

5.continent

6.traffic7.misunderstandings 8.embarrassed9.flights

10.common

11.serious12.searched

1.got on2.head for3.tapped on the shoulder

4.pull over5.resulted in6.feel like7.By the time

8.turn out all right 9.in the end10.instead of

1.By the time I got home, I was too tired to do anything active.2.The two girls look too similar for people outside the family to tell them apart from each other.3.What in the world does mm stand for? The abbreviations that people use on the BBS are too confusing for me to understand.4.Because of TV, most people have become too lazy to make the effort to go to the cinema.5.Anne made a serious mistake yesterday because the test gave her too little time to decide on the correct choice.8

1.until I have really learnt the basics of the language.2.until the end of the book

3.until they have finished their speeches

4.until my teacher explained them in class with several examples

5.until I saw Sam Ward leave the building

6.until he got on a city bus

1.Because of the heavy snow, the passengers had to wait at the airport until midnight when the snow stopped.2.Twenty minutes after the train started, the two boys found that they had got on a train heading for Hangzhou instead of their hometown, Suzhoul.3.Similar-sounding English words often result in misunderstandings among English-speaking people.4.The driver heard an unusual sound from the car engine, so he pulled over immediately to check, but it turned out all right in the end.5.Mr.Lee felt very embarrassed when he realized that he had made a very common mistake among speakers of English as a second language.6.Mary felt like learning English and hoped she could learn it quickly, but soon found it was too difficult for her to learn in a short period of time.10

1.giving us heat and light

2.ranging in age from 4 to 16

3.Being invited to speak here

4.your encouraging words

5.sitting between Mary and Tom

6.leaving today’s work for Tomorrow

7.playing in the playground

8.taking a break

9.leaving me alone

10.taking mechanical things apart

英語之奧秘凱利