第一篇：《人類理解論》書評,英文版

Comment On “ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”Author Introduction

John Rock(1632.8.29 ~ 1704.10.28), British philosopher, founder of empiricism, and is the first comprehensive exposition of constitutional democracy thought, in philosophy and political areas have important influence.Representative works are:“ The Tolerance of Pagan Communication”“ Two Treatises of Government”“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”.Overview of Writings

“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” is a representative philosophical writings written by the British philosopher John Rock.This book was written up from 1671 ,not completed until 1687, published in 1690.“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” the writings in the history of western philosophy plays an important role in this book, Rock proposed and solves the central question is about the origins of human knowledge, reliability and range.Copyright of Writings

From the philosophical inheritance on look, Rock is Francis.Bacon and Thomas.Hobbes routes, namely knowledge originates from feeling, experience and not from what--“ talent”.Can say, Rock is the further development of the feeling of a typical British empiricist.Before Rock, the French philosopher Descartes proposed the so-called“ innate ideas”, i.e., the most basic human knowledge or concept is by feeling, experience, but the innate or natural things.While Rock in Philosophy(epistemology)is the starting point to refute the“ innate ideas” at the same time, give tit for tat proposed the name of Rock with the inseparable--tabula rasa.Whiteboard mean, humans do not have the feeling, experience before(for example, a newborn baby)state of mind is a blank sheet of paper, which does not have any writing, i.e.without any idea.Rock said that all human knowledge is based on experience, but in the final analysis is from the experience.Rock put forward the knowledge on the tabula rasa is directed to“ innate ideas” theory and the.The Rock cognitive demonstrates human knowledge derives from experience, and experience is the objective world role in sensory results.As Marx and Engels said,“ Hobbes took Bacon's theory system, but he is not more detailed argumentation

of Bacon on the concept and knowledge originated from the basic principles ofperceptual world”, then,“ Rock in his theory of the origins of human knowledge in the writings of Bacon and Hobbes, proves the principle”(Marx, Engels:“ the Holy Family”).In“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” in one book, Rock explores the knowledge and concept originated in the sensory experience of this basic principle of empiricism, he put the experience into two categories, namely the external experience and internal experience.Rock said the external experience refers to the objective things in the world to human sense organs as the effect of this experience, he called feeling, and his inner experience, “the Hearts of Activities”, he put this experience is called reflection.As he put the experience into two categories, Rock put the objective world, the essence of things is also divided into two categories, namely the first character and the second character.The first property refers to the objective things the wide ductility, shape, impenetrability, motion, static, volume and so on, he thinks this kind of nature is not to human perception for the transfer and the objective existence, is any changes in things are kept;and the second is the nature of things, the color sound, smell, taste and character, Rock felt that the second properties is subjective, i.e.not the thing itself inherent place, it is the subject of cognition through the senses are attached to the objective world things like, say, inevitably, if there is no eyes to see, so coal was not black, if there is no ears listen to the thunder, so there is no sound.Later the British philosopher Rock Berkeley is the use of second nature of the claim, stating that the first character is subjective rather than objective things inherent.Status of Writings

“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” first criticized the French philosopher Rene Descartes that knowledge on the origin of the so-called“ innate ideas” and the German philosopher Leibniz's so-called“ talent practice principle”, and put forward his famous whiteboard theory, namely the understanding is the sole source of experience.In this book Rock of philosophical views both for the French Encyclopedists enlightenment thinkers opens the way for later, Berkeley and Hume's experience on further pointed out the direction

第二篇：《人類理解論》書評,中文版

《人類理解論》簡評 作者簡介

約翰·洛克（1632.8.29~1704.10.28），英國哲學家、經驗主義的開創人，同時也是第一個全面闡述憲政民主思想的人，在哲學以及政治領域都有重要影響。代表著作主要有：《論寬容異教的通訊》《政府論兩篇》《人類理解論》《人類悟性論》等。著作概述

《人類理解論》一書是英國著名哲學家約翰.洛克的哲學代表著作。本書從1671年寫起，直到1687年才完成，在1690年出版。《人類理解論》這一著作在西方哲學史上起到承前啟后的作用，洛克在這部著作中所提出并要解決的中心問題是關于人類知識的起源、可靠性和范圍。著作要點

從哲學的繼承性上看，洛克走的是弗蘭西斯.培根和托馬斯.霍布斯的路線，即知識起源于感覺、經驗——而不是來自什么“天賦”。可以說，洛克是進一步發展了感覺主義的一個典型的英國經驗主義者。

在洛克之前，法國哲學家笛卡爾提出了所謂的“天賦觀念”，即人類最基本的知識或觀念并不借助于感覺、經驗，而是與生俱來的或天賦的東西。而洛克在哲學上（認識論上）的出發點就是在大力駁斥“天賦觀念”的同時，針鋒相對地提出了與洛克的名字分不開的——白板說。白板的意思是說，人類沒有感覺、經驗之前（譬如，初生的嬰兒）的心理狀態就像一張白紙一樣，上面并沒有任何字跡，即沒有任何觀念。洛克說人類的知識都是以經驗為基礎的，而且歸根到底都是從經驗中來的。洛克提出認識論上的白板說是針對“天賦觀念”論而發的。

洛克認知地論證了人類知識起源于經驗，而經驗就是客觀世界的事物作用于感官的結果。正如馬克思和恩格斯所說的，如果說“霍布斯把培根的學說系統化了，但他沒有更詳盡地論證培根關于知識和觀念起源于感性世界的基本原則”，那么，“洛克在他論人類知識的起源的著作中，論證了培根和霍布斯的原則”（馬克思、恩格斯：《神圣家族》）。

在《人類理解論》一書中，洛克探討了知識和觀念起源于感覺經驗這一經驗論的基本原則，他把經驗分為兩類，即外部經驗和內部經驗。洛克所說的外部經驗是指客觀世界的事物對人類的感覺器官發生作用的結果，他把這種經驗叫做感覺，而他所謂內部經驗，是“心靈的本身活動”，他把這種經驗叫做反省。

正如他把經驗分為兩類一樣，洛克把客觀世界的事物的本質也分為兩類，即第一性質和第二性質。第一性質是指客觀事物的廣延性、形狀、不可入性、運動、靜止、體積等等，他認為這類性質是不以人的知覺為轉移而客觀存在的，是在事物的任何變化下都會保存著的；而第二性質是指事物的顏色、聲音、氣味、口味等等而言的，洛克認為第二性質是主觀的、即不是事物本身所固有的，它好像是認識的主體通過感官附加到客觀世界事物上似的，這樣說來，勢必得出，如果沒有眼睛來看，那么煤就不是黑色的，如果沒有耳朵來聽，那么打雷也就沒有聲音了。后來的英國哲學家貝克萊正是利用洛克關于第二性質的說法，指出第一性質也是主觀的而不是客觀事物所固有的。著作地位

《人類理解論》首先批判了法國哲學家笛卡爾主張知識起源上的所謂“天賦觀念”以及德意志哲學家萊布尼茨的所謂“天賦實踐原則”，并且提出了他那個著名的白板論，即認識的唯一來源是經驗。洛克在本書中所闡述的哲學觀點既為法國百科全書派的啟蒙思想家開辟了道路，也為后來的貝克萊和休謨的經驗論深化指明了方向。

第三篇：老人與海(英文書評)

老人與海（The Old Man and the Sea）英文書評(book reviews)

這本書講了古巴(Cuba)的一個名叫圣地亞哥的老漁夫，獨自一個人出海打魚，在一無所獲(to achieve nothing)的84天之后釣到了一條無比巨大的馬林魚。這是老人從來沒見過也沒聽說過的比他的船還長兩英尺的一條大魚。魚的勁(vigor)非常大，拖(to drag)著小船漂流了整整兩天兩夜，老人在這兩天兩夜中經歷了從未經受的艱難考驗，終于把大魚刺(to stab)死，拴(to tie)在船頭(the bow)。然而這時卻遇上了鯊魚(a shark)，老人與鯊魚進行了殊死搏斗(put up a good fight)，結果大馬林魚被鯊魚吃光了，老人最后拖回只剩下一副光禿禿bald的魚骨架(a fish skeleton)和一身(all over the body)的傷。最后卻得到了人們的贊賞。

《老人與海》完全可能成為當代一部名副其實的經典作品。厄納斯特·海明威的這部短篇小說處理方法謹嚴(exact)、注意時間和地點的統一(unite)，行文(a style of writing)簡潔而內涵(intension)很深(deep)。另外，和極大多數巨著(a great work)一樣，海明威的這篇小說讀起來可有不止一層的意思。一方面，這是一個激動人心的帶有悲劇性(tragedy)的冒險故事。故事講到一個精神沮喪(depress)的老漁人，在他對職業的自豪感的支持之下，冒險遠航至墨西哥灣流并在那里釣住了一條該水域中從未見過的最大的馬林魚。故事接著說到他孤零零地、在因奮力叉住這條大魚而耗盡了力氣之后，被迫投入一場和一群海盜似的鯊魚的絕望的搏斗之中，結果是那些鯊魚只給他留下了獵獲物的一具骨架。另一方面，這又是一個寓言，它描述

(describe)了人所具有(possess)的不可征服(conquer)的精神力量——一個人如何從災難和實際失敗的環境中攫取精神上的勝利。再一方面，這是帶有宗教意義的一種隱喻(a metaphor)，作者不引人注目地給這一主題添加了基督教(Christian)的一些象征和比喻。一種注意寫實(writing or painting realistically)，有著動人的情節(plot)；另一種則側重(to lay special emphasis on)道德說教，充滿象征(badge)的意義。

Translation:(book reviews)

This book tells us a story about a Cuban old man.He went fishing at sea on his own.After more than eighty four days , he fished an extremely large fish.The old man hadn’t ever seen such a big fish that was two meters longer than his boat.The vigor of fish was sostrong that it dragged the boat drifting for two days.During the two days,the old man experienced the difficulties that he had never met with.Finally,he stabbed it and tied the fish on the bow.However,he came across a shark.Then,the old man put up a good fight with a shark.As a result, the fish was eaten by the shark.So,the old man carried a bald fish skeleton and being hurt all over the body to reach home.But in the end, he attained admiration by people.The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway's most immortal

works.The book may very well become one of the true classics of this generation.Certainly, Ernest Hemingway's short novel is processed exact , well united time and places and it’s style of writing is very deep.In addition, as the most great works, his novel contains not only one meaning.First of all,this is an exciting tragedy adventure story.Because I see a picture how an old man killed the large fish and fought a shark via his wisdom.Furthermore, it’s also a fable that describes a spirit strength------how a person achieved success from a bad envirnoment.Lastly, the story implied a religious metaphor as well.The author added some Christian symbols and figure of speech inconspicuously.So, in my opinion, this novel tells not only a moving plot,but also lays special emphasis on moral meanings that are full of the symbol of badge.The spirit that the old man possessed impressed me deeply.meaning

第四篇：傲慢與偏見 英文書評

When Pride Encounters Prejudice, Everything is Different

—the report of Pride and Prejudice

張文瑩 Nancy 外漢一班 0091114047

Ⅰ:

Jane Austen(16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817), one of the most famous novelists in Britain, was born in Hampshire.She lived in the villages throughout her life.Although there were 2 suitors, she never married.She finished her first novel when she was only 21 years old.This work’s name was First Impressions(After amending, it had a new name: Pride and Prejudice).Ⅱ:

Pride and Prejudice is a humorous story of love and marriage.Mr.Bennet was an English gentleman living in Hertfordshire with his wife.He had five daughters: the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia.Because of the law, after the death of Mr.Bennet, their house would be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met.This family's future happiness and security dependent on the 5 daughters’ marriages.One day, a rich gentleman Mr.Bingley came and rented a large house in this country.His sisters and his best friend Mr.Darcy came together.Love was soon in the air for one of the 5 sisters, while another had a prejudice against Mr.Darcy.Then they experienced many things, but at last, Mr.Bingley married the oldest sister Jane, and Elizabeth overcame the prejudice and married to Mr.Darcy.It’s a happy ending.Ⅲ：

Although Mr.Song said the book report should be objective，but I had to say this book touched my heart deeply.The women written by Jane Austen still live in our world.Some like Charlotte Lucas, they choose a marriage without love just for money and a stable life.Some like Lydia, they are so frivolous and foolish that they flatter themselves that they can do anything well.Some like Mary, they are not good-looking but think themselves are the best ones.They look down every man while they are eager for a man’s love in their hearts.Some like Jane, they are kind and beautiful, but they are also reserved and feminine。They don’t have courage to fight for the love of their own but wait here in vain.And there are also some girls like innocent Ms Darcy or like vainglorious and superficially clever Bingley sisters.Of course, some girls like Elizabeth, they are clever, gentle, open-minded, and they know their own hearts.They never give in even facing a difficult situation.1

They are good ladies who are worth loving and cherishing.Jane Austen’s wisdom always appeals to me, which makes me smile through the whole reading.In fact, the life of Jane Austen was unremarkable，she nearly didn’t leave the villages where she lived.Therefore, in her books, you can’t find any historical plots or any abstruse things making you feel bored.She just wrote some common people about their happiness, little trouble, sorrow and perplexity again and again by her keen observation and her outstanding ability of writing.Although those stories happened in the villages of Britain 200 years ago, they are vivid today.Maybe she was not really a great writer in the world, but she is the cleverest and cutest woman in my heart.However, reality is not the novel.It is always cruel.Jane Austen never married throughout her life, her best friend was her sister.She was such a clever and naughty girl, whose gentleness and beauty were ignored.It’s a pity that there was no one like Mr.Darcy to appreciate and love her.Jane Austen and Eileen Chang were very like.Their works had many things in common.For example, both of their works focused on the life which they were familiar with, and they both had the sharp observation.Although they liked to write some satires, Austen was gentler than Eileen Chang.In Pride and Prejudice, you can find some very interesting dialogues.Such as in the CHAPTER 1, Mrs.Bonnet said: “Mr.Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way? You take delight in vexing me.You have no compassion on my poor nerves.” “You mistake me, my dear.I have a high respect for your nerves.They are my old friends.I have heard you mention them with consideration these 20 years at least.” the Mr.Bennet answered with a forced smile.What sarcastic humor it contained!She successfully depicted Mrs.Bennet as a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper by few words.And the two of them left a deep and clear imprison on the readers.Love is the eternal theme of novels.Pride and Prejudice was no exception, but it not only talked about “love”, also mentioned “marriage”.The novels about love or marriage are countless in the world.So standing out among them is not an easy thing.Pride and Prejudice can be one of the masterpieces and be loved by thousands upon thousands people from different countries, which proves that it does have its special glamour.I mainly want to talk about Elizabeth’s 2 rejections.As readers or outsiders，we can easily reject anyone and don’t accept a marriage without love just for respecting our own hearts.But if you think it over and read the book again, you will find it needs great courage to reject a man who can support you a life without worrying about clothes and food.Rejecting her cousin Mr.Collins, an unpleasant person, seemed easy, however, her best friend Charlotte chose to marry him.This contrast shows very clearly that this rejection is difficult for a woman in those days.Maybe you can find some reasons to explain why Elizabeth did that to Mr.Collins, but I’m sure there is no reason to refuse Mr.Darcy’s marriage proposal.He was such a perfect gentleman!Elizabeth couldn’t inherit her father’s fortune, which meant she had to marry a rich man to support her and live a comfortable life.But faced with Mr.Darcy, she said “no” without any hesitation.When Darcy proposed to her by saying his sense of her inferiority-of its being a degradation-of the family obstacles which judgment had always opposed to inclination.Elizabeth said: “It is nature that obligation should be felt, and if I could feel gratitude, I would now thank you.But I cannot —I have never desired your good opinion, and you have certainly bestowed it most unwillingly.”

I like this self-respecting girl and look down upon those girls who give in just for fortune, fame, even some petty profits

In fact, I don’t like a happy ending.I think a tragedy is more attractive and can reach the deepest part of my heart while a comedy is read just for relaxation.But I am also moved by this story.Pride gave way to sincerity，prejudice was replaced by love.They lived a happy life together.We can image that they sat on the lakeside bench at twilight and talked about that green years when the pride met the prejudice。

第五篇：傲慢與偏見書評(英文)

The book review of Pride and Prejudice

管寧

Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.The story follows the main character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with issues of manners, upbringing, morality, education and marriage in the society of the landed gentry of early 19th-century England.After reading this book, I find that its name, Pride and Prejudice, is quite meaningful.Both the pride and prejudice are caused by money and social hierarchy.Jane reflected the reality of society by drawing the characters of specific person as well as the tongue they used when they speak.Some people think that only Mr.Darcy was proud and only Elizabeth had prejudice towards other else.But I hold the different opinion.When a wealthy young bachelor, Bingley, moving into Netherfield Park in the neighborhood of the Bennet family, he is soon well-received because of his income of 5000 a year and possibility of marrying one of the young girls in the town.It’s quite easy to see the whole society was chasing down money and fame.That is a good background that the writer successfully set, making the following things sound reasonable.The Bennets' cousin Mr Collins, a clergyman, was proud of his rich patroness, the noble Lady Catherine de Bourgh.After being refused by Elizabeth of the offer of marriage, Mr Collins soon recovered and promptly became engaged to Elizabeth's close friend who pointed out that Mr Collins is a good, respectful, well-employed man which is absolutely untrue.How eager was she to have financial security by marrying a, what to say, kind of rich and powerful husband.We wonder whether the society had real love.When Elizabeth went to visit her married girlfriend Charlotte and Mr Collins, she was to meet Mr.Darcy more frequently.Mr Darcy finds himself, again, attracted to Elizabeth and proposes to her.While talking to each other, Elizabeth charged him with pride, with destroying her sister's happiness, with his disgraceful treatment of Mr Wickham, and with having conducted himself in an ungentlemanly manner.All the reasons of her prejudice towards Darcy were shown in no other.However, after reading the letter sent to clear himself by Mr.Darcy, Elizabeth came to acknowledge the truth of Mr Darcy's assertions.Later, Elizabeth realized what a kind, amiable and considerate person Mr.Darcy was little by little.While facing the unreasonable order from Lady Catherine de Bourgh of never marrying her nephew, Elizabeth refused to low her head, believing that everyone had right to chase their own happiness.However, lady Catherine believed her to be too low born for her nephew, Mr Darcy, upon hearing this, realized that Elizabeth's opinion of him may have changed and again proposes.We are never too surprised to find that the elegant noble lady Catherine who represented the highest class of Britain was so arrogant under such a mammonish society.But the combination of Darcy and Elizabeth proved that after so many generations living in such a material society and being told forever marrying to money and fame, the true love from the heart

and soul has not perished from the earth.