第一篇：英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)試題與答案

英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試題目

1.Do you think man lives in harmony with nature now?

No, the relationship between man and nature is not as harmonies as before.With the development of our economy, our environment has become more and more serious while this issue affects people’s work study and daily life.Human develop economy at the expense of nature, therefore, severe environmental deterioration like soil erosion, droughts and green house take place frequently.It seems like that we fall into a vicious circle, which makes our life becoming worse.2.Can you give some examples to show environmental problems which are the consequences of man’ activities? According to you, what can we do to solve or to prevent the problems you have just mentioned?

Nowadays, the relationship between man and nature is not as harmonies as before.Man’s unreasonable activities cause series of environmental problems, like green house, soil erosion, droughts etc.In my view, we shouldn’t develop our economy at the expense of nature.And we should be aware that natural resources are not inexhaustible.Therefore, we must take some active actions to protect our environment.We’d better plan more trees, reduce waste, limit pollution pour and strengthen cyclic utilization.In a word, we should take as little as possible from nation and put back into it as much as we can.3.How has technology made our life easier? Could you give some examples?

Through technology, mankind has united the globe in a continuous civilization that is capable of living standards and life expectancy never before experienced.Take the Internet for example.Surfing on the Internet can expand our horizon and add to our knowledge.Almost everything that you are interested in can be found on the Internet easily.The development of the email and net-chatting make it more convenient to get in touch with our friends, making the earth a small village.What’s more, it also brings a revolution in business because the restrict of the region is less and less important and the efficiency is improved a lot.4.Is the advance of technology always a good thing? How should we avoid its negative points? No.In a strict sense, technology is a double-edged sword, which can be used equally for good or evil.Through technology, mankind has united the globe in a continuous civilization that is capable of living standards and life expectancy never before experienced.But on the other hand, technology has hidden a big security risk, like weapons of mass destruction, Identity theft.In my view, effective measures should be taken to avoid its negative points.First, we should bring the theory of “correct use technology” into countries, set technology management rules and conduct education activities.Second, it is essential that law and regulations be worked out and enforced by the government.Only by the co-efforts of the whole society could technology work reasonable and bring benefit to people’s well-beings.5.There are millions of students graduating from university every year.Most of them may go to work right afterwards, while others may delay their employment plan to further their education such as being engaged in postgraduate programs.In your opinion, which of the following choice is more rational—“work first and then postgraduate education, or vice versa?”

In my opinion, I think work first and then postgraduate education is more rational.In this way, one person can come into contact with varies kinds of work and gain a lot of practical experiences, broaden his horizon and have a general impression of knowledge that mentioned in books.After that, when he review or learn knowledge points that refers to what he had experienced, it will be easier for him to full awareness contents of books.Besides, it’s also a good chance to learn new ways to do his work better.Generally speaking, I think it’s a better way to combine theory with practice, and benefit one’s growing best.6.Nowadays finding a job is not easy, which involves such factors as job hunters’ experience, ability, diploma, personality and so on.As for the ability and diploma, which do you think plays the more important role in securing a job?

There is not doubt that ability and diploma are all take the more important place.Although many Chinese people advocate that diploma is the best evidence of a talent, I insisted that only a person have real ability and learning, can he accomplish his tasks successfully and serve our motherland worthily.I order to get a better diploma, many people sit at his desk studying day and night, but don’t pay attention to the improvement of personnel ability like work ability, communication ability, organization ability etc.Then this had very the multi-high-grades but low ability person.7.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “Literature can teach you a lot about real life.”

Sure, I am agreeing that literature can teach us a lot of our real life.Literature, contains varies kinds of form like poetry、novel、play、essay etc.It’s the reaction of social life in a certain era.As a reader, the function of literature is to convey inner ideas feelings and imagines of writer.And literature has drawn its materials from real life.We experience the drama when we read the literature, and share different kinds of from all over the world.Then, we connect it with our real life, and express more feelings.Therefore, we learn a lot of our real life from it.8.Describe a book, a story or a movie you like most and its influence on your life.“The Notebook” is my favorite movie.In this movie, the elder Noah is battling with his pain and suffering to a woman who has fallen victim to an illness and tries his best to help her remember.When she does, it is one of the best moments in the film;as melodramatic as all of it is, we come to the movies to be swept away into another time and place, and that's where “The Notebook” gets it right.The movie is so simple and yet so honest about love that I couldn't help but get swept up in the whole melodrama of it all.It makes me start to discover and to feel the love besides me.

第二篇：英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)試題

2.假設(shè)你是一名求職者，請(qǐng)用英語(yǔ)作一個(gè)不少于100字的自我介紹，內(nèi)容包括：為什么應(yīng)聘該職位，個(gè)人的學(xué)習(xí)、工作經(jīng)歷，獲獎(jiǎng)情況，興趣愛(ài)好等。(總計(jì)30分，內(nèi)容20分，語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)10分）

3.Speech(總計(jì)30分，內(nèi)容20分，語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)10分）

Lady gaga a role model?

口語(yǔ)試題第三題題目如下

（第二題和第三題題目可以提前告訴學(xué)生）

Book 2 Unit 4

We know that nowadays it is common for people to be a volunteer and devote their time and effort in some activities.Why do some people do it?

Book 2 Unit 7

What are the advantages of economic development?

Book 3 Unit 1

Who do you think is the real hero? What qualities can you learn from him/her? Book 3 Unit 2

How do you communicate with your parents?

Book 3Unit 4

Will you go to study abroad? Why? /Why not?

第一題暫時(shí)沒(méi)有哈，親們……

第三篇：試題與答案

什么叫“樣品的唯一性標(biāo)識(shí)”？

答：保證樣品在任何時(shí)候都不會(huì)發(fā)生混淆的識(shí)別措施。樣品的唯一性標(biāo)識(shí)通常用代碼或數(shù)字組成。樣品的狀態(tài)標(biāo)識(shí)通常用顏色或顯著的標(biāo)志標(biāo)識(shí)。

“審核”與“評(píng)審”有什么區(qū)別？各由誰(shuí)執(zhí)行？為什么說(shuō)堅(jiān)持每年進(jìn)行“審核”與“評(píng)審”非常重要？ 答：1．“審核”的目的是檢查質(zhì)量體系運(yùn)行的符合性和有效性。執(zhí)行人是與被審核領(lǐng)域無(wú)直接責(zé)任關(guān)系的審核員。對(duì)檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，審核員應(yīng)對(duì)問(wèn)題的行為者所采取糾正或預(yù)防措施的實(shí)施跟蹤實(shí)現(xiàn)。

2、“評(píng)審”的目的是檢查質(zhì)量體系運(yùn)行的有效性和適應(yīng)性。執(zhí)行人通常是最高管理者。最高管理者應(yīng)對(duì)存在的問(wèn)題及時(shí)調(diào)整質(zhì)量體系。

3．質(zhì)量體系經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)周期（一年）的運(yùn)行，通過(guò)周期性質(zhì)量計(jì)劃的實(shí)施和質(zhì)量活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展，會(huì)暴露出

質(zhì)量體系運(yùn)行中的許多問(wèn)題。因此每年堅(jiān)持安排至少一次的審核與評(píng)審會(huì)為提高和改進(jìn)質(zhì)量管理提供很多的素材。

什么叫“驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)”？實(shí)驗(yàn)室在什么情況下需要進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)？

答：1．驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)是利用實(shí)驗(yàn)室間比對(duì)來(lái)確定實(shí)驗(yàn)室的檢測(cè)和測(cè)量能力。目的是在檢測(cè)類(lèi)型、檢測(cè)能力和檢測(cè)水平相當(dāng)?shù)膶?shí)驗(yàn)室之間開(kāi)展的反映檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)偏差的一種方法。

2．實(shí)驗(yàn)室應(yīng)在每4年中對(duì)所有檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目有計(jì)劃地安排一次驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)。

什么叫“期間檢查”？它與周期檢定有什么不同？

答：1．期間檢查是指儀器設(shè)備在二次校準(zhǔn)之間對(duì)其穩(wěn)定性或保持校準(zhǔn)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行的一種核查，目的和作用在于防止儀器設(shè)備出現(xiàn)量值失準(zhǔn)以及可以縮短失準(zhǔn)后的追溯時(shí)間。

2．周期檢定是根據(jù)檢定規(guī)程或?qū)嶒?yàn)室自己的要求實(shí)施的定點(diǎn)、定時(shí)間、定方法的一種例行檢查，其目的在于給儀器設(shè)備賦值或驗(yàn)證儀器設(shè)備的量值準(zhǔn)確性。

對(duì)“監(jiān)督員”和“內(nèi)審員”的任職各有什么要求？他們的職責(zé)各是什么？

答：1．監(jiān)督員的任職要求有三：第一，熟悉校準(zhǔn)或檢驗(yàn)方法及程序；第二，了解校準(zhǔn)或檢驗(yàn)?zāi)康?；第三，懂得結(jié)果評(píng)審。

2．內(nèi)審員的任職要求有二：第一，經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn)：第二，有資格。

3．監(jiān)督員的職責(zé)是對(duì)校準(zhǔn)或檢測(cè)活動(dòng)的過(guò)程監(jiān)督，對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題應(yīng)采取糾正措施。內(nèi)審員的職責(zé)是參加審核與自己無(wú)直接責(zé)任關(guān)系領(lǐng)域里的質(zhì)量活動(dòng)。對(duì)審核中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，內(nèi)審員有責(zé)任對(duì)問(wèn)題的行

為者所采取糾正或預(yù)防措施的實(shí)施跟蹤實(shí)現(xiàn)。

試說(shuō)出影響測(cè)量不確定度的因素是什么？

答：1．人員影響因素；2．環(huán)境影響因素；3．儀器設(shè)備技術(shù)能力的影響因素；4．樣品不均勻性影響因素；

5．樣品的制備影響因素；6．測(cè)量方法的影響因素；7．儀器設(shè)備校準(zhǔn)或檢定質(zhì)量的影響因素。

簡(jiǎn)述質(zhì)量體系文件的層次和作用。

答：1．質(zhì)量手冊(cè)：是闡明一個(gè)組織的質(zhì)量方針并描述其質(zhì)量體系的文件，是實(shí)驗(yàn)室的綱領(lǐng)性文件。

2．程序文件：為進(jìn)行某項(xiàng)質(zhì)量活動(dòng)所規(guī)定的途徑，是質(zhì)量手冊(cè)的支持性文件。

3．作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書(shū)：開(kāi)展技術(shù)活動(dòng)的操作文件。

4．質(zhì)量記錄：為證明滿(mǎn)足質(zhì)量要求的程度或?yàn)橘|(zhì)量體系的要素運(yùn)行的有效性提供客觀(guān)證據(jù)。質(zhì)量記錄是程序文件和作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書(shū)的支持性文件。

5．質(zhì)量計(jì)劃：針對(duì)特定的項(xiàng)目，規(guī)定專(zhuān)門(mén)的質(zhì)量措施、資源和活動(dòng)順序的文件。質(zhì)量計(jì)劃是質(zhì)量手冊(cè)和程序文件的支持性文件。

第四篇：中國(guó)政法大學(xué) 法律英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)試題及答案整理

1.To discuss the differences between the civil law system and the common law system.(P4)There are many differences between civil law system and common law system.Ⅰ The original places are different.The civil law system originated in ancient Rome, and the common law system originated in England.起源地不同，民法起源于古羅馬，普通法起源于英格蘭

Ⅱ The main traditional source of the common law is cases, while the main traditional source of the civil law is legislation.Thus there are many codes in civil law countries instead of unwritten laws in common law system.普通法的主要傳統(tǒng)淵源是案例法，民法的主要傳統(tǒng)淵源是成文法。因此民法國(guó)家用許多成文法典取代普通法國(guó)家的不成文法

Ⅲ The civil law system pays more attention to substantive law;the common law system pays more attention to procedural rules.民法法系更多關(guān)注實(shí)體法，普通法更關(guān)注程序規(guī)則

Ⅳ The classification of law is different.The civil law is separated into public law and private law, the common law is separated into common law and equity.法的分類(lèi)不同，民法法系分為公法和私法，普通法法系分為普通法和衡平法

Ⅴ The role of judges and professors is another difference.Since theory and doctrines is important in legal education of civil law system, professor plays the important role to expose laws to students.In the contrary, case-law is the main source of common law, thus the judges has the discretion to make laws while trialing cases.法官和學(xué)者的作用不同，因?yàn)槔碚摵蛯W(xué)說(shuō)在民法法系中的重要性，學(xué)者在教授學(xué)生法律時(shí)十分重要。相反的，案例法是普通法法系的主要淵源，因此法官在審理案件時(shí)有造法的自由裁量權(quán)

Ⅵ The civil procedure: Adversary system(對(duì)抗式訴訟)of common law system needs the parties to show the case the jury or the judges.And the judges need to be neutral and impartial.Inquisitorial system（糾問(wèn)式訴訟）in civil law countries give the judges the power to investigate the case during the trail and also can ask the parties and the witnesses.民事訴訟程序：普通法法系的對(duì)抗式需要雙方把案件展示給法官或陪審團(tuán)。法官應(yīng)該中立和公正。民法法系的糾問(wèn)式訴訟給予法官在審理過(guò)程中調(diào)查案件的權(quán)力，也可以訊問(wèn)雙方當(dāng)事人和證人。

To discuss the main features of the American court system(P17-19)There are fifty-two court systems in the U.S.----each of the fifty states has its own system of courts, one for the District of Columbia and a federal system.They are independent systems of court.美國(guó)存在52個(gè)法院系統(tǒng)，每一個(gè)州都有自己的法院系統(tǒng)，還有一個(gè)是哥倫比亞特區(qū)的和一個(gè)聯(lián)邦法院系統(tǒng)。它們都是獨(dú)立的法院系統(tǒng)。

In the state court systems, court structures and court nomenclature vary from state to state.But all the state court systems exhibit a hierarchical structure, in which the decisions of lower courts may be taken for review to a higher court.Typically a state system will include several tiers of court：

在州法院系統(tǒng)中，法院的結(jié)構(gòu)和名稱(chēng)各不相同。但所有的州法院系統(tǒng)都是一種層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，低級(jí)法院的判決可能被高級(jí)法院所推翻，但型的州法院系統(tǒng)通常包括以下幾個(gè)層級(jí)： 1)Trial courts of inferior jurisdiction 2)trial courts of general jurisdiction 3)appellate courts 下級(jí)管轄權(quán)的初審法院 普遍管轄權(quán)的初審法院 上訴法院

The trial courts of inferior jurisdiction hear civil suits involving relatively small amounts of money and minor violations of the criminal law.While the trial courts of general jurisdiction can hear all kinds of cases, without monetary or subject matter limitation.下級(jí)管轄權(quán)的初審法院審理標(biāo)的額相對(duì)小的民事案件和輕微的刑事違法案件。普遍管轄權(quán)的初審法院審理各種類(lèi)型的案件，沒(méi)有數(shù)額或標(biāo)的的限制。Every case should first be heard at the trial court.Then the party who loses at the trial court stage has a right to appeal case to the appellate court.Every state has its court of last resort, the appellate court which makes the final decision(subject to occasional review on ―federal questions‖ by the Supreme Court of the United States)of what the law is and should be.Most states have created intermediate appellate courts, empowered to finally dispose of the bulk of appellate cases.每個(gè)案件都應(yīng)該先在初審法院審理，輸?shù)舻囊环接袡?quán)將案件上訴到上訴法院，每個(gè)州都有它的終審法院，受理上訴的法院會(huì)作出最終的裁決（受制于美國(guó)最高法院作出的關(guān)于聯(lián)邦問(wèn)題的臨時(shí)性的判決對(duì)法律的解釋?zhuān)┐蠖鄶?shù)州都有中級(jí)上訴法院，有權(quán)最終處理大多數(shù)經(jīng)上訴法院審理的案子。

The structure of the federal judicial system is similar to what is found in the various states.There are three levels of courts:(1)U.S.district courts(trial courts of general jurisdiction)and various courts of limited jurisdiction

(2)U.S.courts of appeals(intermediate courts of appeals), and(3)the United States Supreme Court.Not like the other courts in federal judicial systems which are created by congress, the Supreme Court is created by Constitution.There are a few specialized federal courts(e.g., the claims courts or the tax court)which operate like District court in their specialized jurisdiction.聯(lián)邦法院的結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)似于各州的結(jié)構(gòu)，分為三層：

有普遍管轄權(quán)的聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院，和有各種有限管轄權(quán)的法院 聯(lián)邦上訴法院（中級(jí)上訴法院）和

美國(guó)最高法院。不像聯(lián)邦司法系統(tǒng)的由國(guó)會(huì)產(chǎn)生的其他法院，最高法院由憲法產(chǎn)生。還有一些聯(lián)邦專(zhuān)門(mén)法院，比如索賠法院和稅務(wù)法院，運(yùn)作類(lèi)似于聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院，只是擁有專(zhuān)門(mén)管轄權(quán)。

3.To discuss the main features of the American court system There are fifty-two court systems in the U.S.each state has its own system of courts, one for the District of Columbia and a federal system.In the state court systems, court structures vary from state to state.But they all exhibit a hierarchical structure;decisions of lower courts may be reviewed by higher courts.A state system includes:

1)Trial courts of inferior jurisdiction 2)trial courts of general jurisdiction 3)appellate courts The trial courts of inferior jurisdiction hear civil litigations involving small amounts of money and minor violations of the criminal law.While the trial courts of general jurisdiction can hear all kinds of cases.Every case should first be heard at the trial court.Then it can be appealed to the appellate court.Every state has its court of last resort.The structure of the federal system is similar.There are three levels of courts:

(1)U.S.district courts(2)U.S.courts of appeals

(3)the United States Supreme Court.Not like the other courts in federal systems which are created by congress, the Supreme Court is created by Constitution.There are a few specialized federal courts

翻譯：請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)述美國(guó)法庭系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)

美國(guó)的52個(gè)州都有其自己的法院系統(tǒng)。州與州之間法院結(jié)構(gòu)和法院的名稱(chēng)也各不相同，但是所有州的法院體制都表現(xiàn)出所謂的層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是一種組織方式的不同——低一級(jí)法院做出的判決可以在更高一級(jí)審判組織重新審查。學(xué)生閱讀的案例書(shū)中90%或者更多的州法院案例是上訴案件的判決，但是所有這些上訴案件在到達(dá)州最高法院之前都經(jīng)過(guò)了初審階段，也許還經(jīng)過(guò)中級(jí)上訴法院階段。

1具有有限管轄權(quán)的初審法院2具有普遍管轄權(quán)的初審法院3上訴法院

每個(gè)州都有自己的初級(jí)或低級(jí)法院，它的管轄權(quán)限定在涉及小數(shù)額金錢(qián)爭(zhēng)議的民事訴訟案件，和輕微的刑事案件。具有普遍管轄權(quán)的法院可以審判所有案件。

每個(gè)案子必須先有初審法院進(jìn)行審理，然后可以上訴到上訴法院，每個(gè)州都 有自己的終審法院 聯(lián)邦法院系統(tǒng)很相似，法院受理的大部分案件可以歸入一下三種案件：（1）聯(lián)邦地方法院（2）聯(lián)邦上訴法院（3）聯(lián)邦最高法院。最高法院是唯一的一個(gè)依聯(lián)邦憲法直接設(shè)置的法院

另一個(gè)版本：

There are fifty-two court systems in the U.S.----each of the fifty states has its own system of courts, one for the District of Columbia and a federal system.They are independent systems of court.In the state court systems, court structures and court nomenclature vary from state to state.But all the state court systems exhibit a hierarchical structure, in which the decisions of lower courts may be taken for review to a higher court.Typically a state system will include several tiers of court：

1)Trial courts of inferior jurisdiction 2)trial courts of general jurisdiction 3)appellate courts The trial courts of inferior jurisdiction hear civil suits involving relatively small amounts of money and minor violations of the criminal law.While the trial courts of general jurisdiction can hear all kinds of cases, without monetary or subject matter limitation.Every case should first be heard at the trial court.Then the party who loses at the trial court stage has a right to appeal case to the appellate court.Every state has its court of last resort, the appellate court which makes the final decision(subject to occasional review on ―federal questions‖ by the Supreme Court of the United States)of what the law is and should be.Most states have created intermediate appellate courts, empowered to finally dispose of the bulk of appellate cases.The structure of the federal judicial system is similar to what is found in the various states.There are three levels of courts:(1)U.S.district courts(trial courts of general jurisdiction)and various courts of limited jurisdiction

(2)U.S.courts of appeals(intermediate courts of appeals), and(3)the United States Supreme Court.Not like the other courts in federal judicial systems which are created by congress, the Supreme Court is created by Constitution.There are a few specialized federal courts(e.g., the claims courts or the tax court)which operate like District court in their specialized jurisdiction.4.To discuss the significance of jurisdiction.First, it can enable the participants to institute a legal proceeding in a specific way.Next, it makes justice understand the whole case easily.It is convenient for the parties take part in the litigation.Finally, save legal resources and smooth the legal proceedings.請(qǐng)討論一下管轄權(quán)的重要性。

首先，它可以使參與者以獨(dú)特的方式提起訴訟

其次，它可以使法院更容易的了解整個(gè)案件。為公民進(jìn)行訴訟提供方便

最后，節(jié)省法律資源并且有助于法律程序的流暢化。另一個(gè)版本：

First, defining jurisdiction, and make it simple will help agencies, organizations and citizens to institute legal proceedings to the judicial authorities which have jurisdiction over it, in order to protect the public interests and legitimate rights and interests of the citizens.Next, most ordinary cases will be placed under the primary jurisdiction of the judiciary, it is not only easy for the judiciary to spot investigation to verify the case , conduct legal education, but also to facilitate the participants to take part in the proceedings and the people to hear the case.Finally, this can save manpower, money and time, and smooth the conduct of legal proceedings to protect the procedural rights of participants in the proceedings.5)Please explain a part of the Constitution that impresses you the most.What impress me most is the Constitution includes many significant principles.For example: checks and balances.The government structure is established by Articles Ⅰ through Ⅶ of the Constitution.The document outlines the three main branches , the legislative branch is embodied in the bicameral Congress，the United State Congress which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate ,In addition, it establishes limits on federal and state legislative power;the executive branch is headed by president who is elected by all the qualified Americans;the judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court.This genius institutional design prevents one of the three branches from acquiring dominance over the other.These structural and procedural safeguards help the government rule fairly and justly.令我印象最深刻的是美國(guó)憲法中包含很多重要的憲法原則，例如制約與平衡原則。

美國(guó)憲法的第一條至第七條規(guī)定了政府的結(jié)構(gòu)組織，條文概括了關(guān)于政府職能的三個(gè)分支，立法權(quán)歸屬于兩院制國(guó)會(huì),國(guó)會(huì)分為參議院和下議院，行政大權(quán)由總統(tǒng)為首的內(nèi)閣掌握，總統(tǒng)由全美人民投票選舉，司法權(quán)則歸屬于以聯(lián)邦最高法院為首的各級(jí)法院。這種天才的制度設(shè)計(jì)防止權(quán)力過(guò)分集中。這些制度上和程序上的保障使得政府的統(tǒng)治更加公平和正義。

6.To discuss the significance of case Marbury vs.Madison.P47-59 Marbury vs.Madison is a landmark case in United States law.It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under the Constitution.In this case, Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court could not grant relief to the plaintiff Marbury because it did not has the jurisdiction of the case.This satisfied the immediate concerns of the Republicans and sidestepped the controversy, but the great significance of the case lay in the Court‘s assumption to itself of the final authority to determine if the Judiciary Act or any other act of Congress was constitutional.Thus the opinion ceded the immediate issue while profoundly enhancing the Court‘s authority.So the case was the first strong pronouncement of the principle of judicial review, which is the power of the Court to examine legislation and other acts of Congress and to decide their constitutionality.The doctrine also embraces the power of the Court to explain the meaning of the various sections of the Constitution as they apply to particular case brought before the Court.The principle of judicial review has great influence in United States, it has been a nature and necessary part of United States government structure.Over the years, a serious of Court decisions has affected a change in the way many Constitution clauses are interpreted, without amendment to the actual text of the Constitution.And if the actions of Congress or federal agencies are challenged as to the constitutionality, it is the court system that ultimately decides whether or not they are allowable under the Constitution.The case and judicial review also enhance the Court‘s authority and assert the power of the judiciary under the principle of checks and balances.The other branches such as the legislative bodies and executive offices and levels of government have not always been happy with this, but by now the principle is firmly established and asserted, even the President could not challenge it.In a word, the case established the principle of judicial review which has been a permanent and indispensable feature of United States constitutional system.So the constitutional scholars, by consensus, regard the case as the most important case the Supreme Court ever has decided.馬伯里訴麥迪遜案，是美國(guó)法律歷史上具有里程碑意義的案件。它奠定了美國(guó)憲法中司法審查的先例。

本案中，首席大法官馬歇爾裁定聯(lián)邦最高法院不能判原告馬伯里勝訴，因?yàn)樗痪哂写税傅乃痉ü茌牂?quán)。判決解決了了共和黨的燃眉之急，避開(kāi)了爭(zhēng)議，但爭(zhēng)議是它最大的意義在于法庭假定自己擁有審查立法或者國(guó)會(huì)的舉動(dòng)違憲與否的權(quán)力。這種評(píng)價(jià)在擱置爭(zhēng)議的同時(shí)極大的提升了法院的權(quán)威。

所以這個(gè)案件第一次確立了司法審查原則，賦予了最高法院向最高行政當(dāng)局和國(guó)家立法機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行違憲審查的權(quán)力。此項(xiàng)原則同時(shí)也賦予了最高法院的憲法最終解釋權(quán)。

司法審查原則的確立在美國(guó)具有非凡的意義，它成為美國(guó)政府組織結(jié)構(gòu)中理所當(dāng)然且必須存在的的組成部分。這么多年來(lái)，最高法院的判決已經(jīng)改變了很多憲法條文的解釋?zhuān)瑓s沒(méi)有對(duì)原文進(jìn)行修正。當(dāng)國(guó)會(huì)或者行政當(dāng)局的行為面臨違憲質(zhì)疑的時(shí)候，是法院系統(tǒng)擁有最終的判決權(quán)。

這個(gè)案件以及司法審查原則同時(shí)也提升了最高法的權(quán)威，進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)了制衡原則中的司法權(quán)。立法和行政對(duì)此并不滿(mǎn)意，但是現(xiàn)在，這項(xiàng)制度已經(jīng)建立起來(lái)，并且連總統(tǒng)也不能挑戰(zhàn)它。

總之一句話(huà)，這個(gè)案件確立了美國(guó)憲法制度中不可或缺的司法審查制度。所以憲法學(xué)者，一致認(rèn)為此案件是美國(guó)歷史上最重要的案件。

7.The main differences between substantive law and procedural law.(P99-P101)實(shí)體法與程序法的區(qū)別

Procedural law are said to define the form and method by which legal rights are enforced.While substantive law are said to define the legal rights themselves.Thus, procedure is often referred to as ―adjective law“，because procedural rules function to secure the objectives of substantive law.程序法一般規(guī)定權(quán)利實(shí)現(xiàn)的形式和方法，實(shí)體法則規(guī)定權(quán)利內(nèi)容本身，因此，程序法經(jīng)常被稱(chēng)作“法律程序法”，因?yàn)槌绦蚍ǖ墓δ茉谟诒Ｕ蠈?shí)體法中的權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)。The differences are as follows:兩者區(qū)別

They contain different rules and substances.Substantive law provides for the rules about duties or rights.While procedural law sets rules about form or method.For example, in the area of tort law, substantive tort rules govern how the injured person‘s damages should be measured.In contrast, the law of procedural establishes the method to begin a lawsuit and the degree of detail with which the plaintiff must describe the ―claim‖.Also, it also provide for the rules of evidence.它們包含了不同的規(guī)則和內(nèi)容。實(shí)體法提供了有關(guān)權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)則。而程序法規(guī)定了實(shí)現(xiàn)權(quán)利和履行義務(wù)的方法。例如，在侵權(quán)法領(lǐng)域，侵權(quán)責(zé)任法（實(shí)體法）規(guī)定了損害賠償?shù)挠?jì)算方法，相反，程序法確立了訴訟程序以及被告陳述“訴求“時(shí)所應(yīng)具備的細(xì)節(jié)程度，同時(shí)，它還規(guī)定了有關(guān)證據(jù)規(guī)則。

Statutes of frauds reflect both procedural policy and substantive policy.They are often designed to avoid the difficulties that one party asserts the existence of an oral contract and the other party denies its existence.However, instead of this procedural purpose, statutes of frauds are sometimes supported by a ―cautionary‖ policy.This policy is a substantive one because it focus on behavior outside the context of litigation rather than problems that oral contracts would cause in the litigation process.反欺詐法反映了實(shí)體決策和程序決策的不同。反欺詐法中制度設(shè)計(jì)的初衷在于解決這種困難：雙方當(dāng)事人約定口頭合同，但另一方反悔否認(rèn)此合同的存在。然而，反欺詐法,有時(shí)是由一個(gè)警示性政策而不是基于程序性目的。該策略是實(shí)體法上的，因?yàn)樗鼘?zhuān)注于訴訟背景下的外在行為，而不是口頭合同在訴訟過(guò)程中所能引發(fā)的問(wèn)題。

8.Whether the death penalty should be abolished in America.(P66-P68)在美國(guó)死刑是否應(yīng)當(dāng)被廢除？

These are the reasons why the death penalty should be abolished:Capital punishment is a flawed machine.Evidence proves that the criminal justice system(CJS)is riddled with errors, corrupt officials, and flawed practices, yet this system is still permitted to execute people.The fact so many individuals have been exonerated from death row, including twelve in 2003 alone, should be a red flag that the system needs overhauled.The moral argument: In many instances the moral argument with regard to capital punishment is centered on the ―eye for an eye,‖ or ―life for a life‖ philosophy.This argument advocates for the death penalty as morally just punishment for capital offenses.However, the real moral question should be whether anyone is qualified to say who should live and who should die.Taking another person‘s life via a criminal act, or via capital punishment is wrong.In most cases, offenders who have been sentenced to death have taken a life.Yet, isn‘t it ironic that a society, which supposedly values human life so much that it will take the life of a murderer, will subscribe to a criminal justice system that can potentially execute innocent people? The expense: Housing inmates on death row is much more expensive than housing inmates in a maximum security facility.This statement is true.The pre-trial and trial costs of death penalty cases are much greater than non-capital cases.Also, the cost of appeals and retrials for death penalty cases is astronomical.Instead of spending billions of dollars nationwide to condemn criminals to death, the money saved by sentencing prisoners to life without parole should be spent on crime prevention programs and education, rehabilitation, and putting back into the economy.為什么應(yīng)當(dāng)廢除死刑有這樣幾個(gè)理由：死刑是一個(gè)有缺陷的機(jī)制。證據(jù)表明，刑事司法系統(tǒng)（CJS）充斥著錯(cuò)誤、貪官污吏和有缺陷的做法，但這個(gè)系統(tǒng)是仍然被授權(quán)作為執(zhí)行死刑的機(jī)構(gòu)。事實(shí)上，許多死囚被宣布無(wú)罪，僅在2003年就包括12例，這警示我們?cè)撓到y(tǒng)需要大修。從道德的角度來(lái)說(shuō)：在許多情況下，關(guān)于死刑的道德?tīng)?zhēng)論集中在―以眼還眼‖，或―以命抵命‖的經(jīng)營(yíng)理念。這個(gè)論點(diǎn)主張死刑的道義上的公正地懲罰死罪。然而，真正的道德問(wèn)題應(yīng)該是是否有人有資格說(shuō)應(yīng)由誰(shuí)生誰(shuí)死。以另一個(gè)人的生命通過(guò)一種犯罪行為，或者通過(guò)死刑是錯(cuò)誤的。在大多數(shù)情況下，已被判處死刑的罪犯被保留了生命。然而，具有諷刺意味的是，一個(gè)理應(yīng)重視人的生命社會(huì)，卻剝奪一個(gè)殺人犯的生命，而這個(gè)刑事司法系統(tǒng)有可能對(duì)無(wú)辜的人執(zhí)行死刑？就費(fèi)用而言：死囚監(jiān)獄需要比囚犯監(jiān)獄最為更昂貴的安全設(shè)施。這種說(shuō)法是真實(shí)的。預(yù)審和審判死刑案件的成本遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于非死刑案件。此外，死刑案件的上訴和再審的成本是天文數(shù)字。省下來(lái)的錢(qián)應(yīng)該花在預(yù)防犯罪方案和教育，重塑，回到發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，而不是花費(fèi)數(shù)十億美元在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)譴責(zé)罪犯死刑，判處終身監(jiān)禁的囚犯。

9.To discuss the importance of Miranda warning(P62)Miranda warning is a warning that is required to be given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody before they are interrogated to inform them about their constitutional rights.It includes the right toremain silent;being clearly informed of that anything the person says will be used against that person in court;the right to consult with an attorney and to have that attorney present during questioning, if he or she is indigent, an attorney will be provided at no cost to represent her or him.Miranda warning gurantees the constitutional rights citizens have during the criminal investigating process.Those rights are mainly from the fifth and sixth amendments.Miranda warning also means the confession made by the suspects cannot be used as the evidence in court to make a sentence.Therefore, this warning restrains the police from using illegal methods through undue process to investigate the crime and to get confession from suspects.米蘭達(dá)警告：在刑事犯罪嫌疑人被詢(xún)問(wèn)之前，警察將其羈押時(shí)應(yīng)該告訴他們的憲法權(quán)利。內(nèi)容包括：有權(quán)保持沉默；但其說(shuō)的每一句話(huà)都將作為呈堂證供；有權(quán)咨詢(xún)律師，包括在其被詢(xún)問(wèn)的過(guò)程中律師也可以在場(chǎng)。如果嫌疑人沒(méi)有錢(qián)請(qǐng)律師，也會(huì)為他免費(fèi)請(qǐng)代理律師。

米蘭達(dá)警告保證了公民在刑事犯罪調(diào)查過(guò)程中的憲法權(quán)利，主要是憲法修正案五和修正案六中的權(quán)利。米蘭達(dá)警告同時(shí)也意味著嫌疑人的供述不能作為法庭審判的依據(jù)。

因此，米蘭達(dá)警告限制了警察用非法的訴訟程序去調(diào)查犯罪以及從嫌疑人出得到供述。

10.To discuss the function of voir dire（P89）

The voir dire is the process used to select a jury.The prospective jurors are questioned about their backgrounds and potential biases before being chosen to sit on a jury.The function is to select a jury acceptable to both sides.Jurors are excluded by one or two methods: preemptory challenge and the challenge for cause.Jurors are excluded who 1)have already formed an opinion about the guilt or innocence of the accused;2)are related to any of the parties or legal actors in the case;

3)are physically or mentally impaired to the extent that the impairment will interfere with their decision-making process or 4)are otherwise considered to be incapable of remaining impartial until the case is presented.There are no limits to the number challenges for cause that either side may employ.Actually one of the unspoken purposes of the voir dire for the attorneys to get a feel for the personalities and likely views of the people on the jury panel.陪審團(tuán)資格審查程序是用來(lái)選擇一個(gè)合格的陪審團(tuán)。

在被選擇成為一個(gè)真正的陪審團(tuán)成員之前，準(zhǔn)陪審員們被詢(xún)問(wèn)關(guān)于他們的背景和潛在的偏見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題。陪審團(tuán)資格審查程序的功能是選擇一個(gè)可以被雙方當(dāng)事人接受的陪審團(tuán)。排除不符合條件的準(zhǔn)陪審員是通過(guò)一個(gè)或者兩個(gè)辦法，即無(wú)因回避和有因回避。被排除的陪審員是以下幾種人：（1）已經(jīng)形成一個(gè)關(guān)于控告是否有罪或者無(wú)罪的觀(guān)點(diǎn)的人（2）和本案中任何一方當(dāng)事人有關(guān)系或者法律問(wèn)題參與者有關(guān)系的（3）曾經(jīng)在生理上和精神上受到過(guò)傷害的人，從某種程度上而言，這種傷害會(huì)干預(yù)到他們的決策過(guò)程（4從其他方面而言，是那些被認(rèn)為不能保持公正直到案件被呈報(bào)的人。

這里沒(méi)有限制對(duì)于任何一方可能被雇傭的有因回避的數(shù)量。

事實(shí)上，陪審團(tuán)資格審查程序不言而喻的目的之一是對(duì)于律師來(lái)說(shuō)可以得到一種對(duì)于他們的人格和可能的觀(guān)點(diǎn)被采納而且出現(xiàn)在陪審團(tuán)成員的名單中的滿(mǎn)足感。

11.on what do you think it is proper for the appellate courts to focus?(p19)(你認(rèn)為上訴法院應(yīng)該如何合理行使權(quán)力?)

The exercise of appellate jurisdiction is to review the action of the lower judicial tribunals of the state.Actually,the scope of judicial review which the court exercises in such cases is relatively narrow;it does not retry the case on the merits,and it does not substitute its idea of justice for those of the trial court;what it does is to review the record of the proceedings to determine whether or not the lower court committed error on its procedure or in applying the substantive law to the facts of the case.(行使上訴管轄權(quán)的法院職責(zé)即接收下級(jí)州司法審判機(jī)關(guān)的上訴。事實(shí)上，這些法院在上訴案件上的司法審查權(quán)限是相對(duì)狹窄的。它不對(duì)上訴案件的事實(shí)曲直進(jìn)行重審，也并不完全推翻一審法院做出的審判意見(jiàn)；它要所的是檢查一審法院的審判記錄來(lái)判定是否下級(jí)法院有在程序和具體案件事實(shí)的法律適用上存在錯(cuò)誤。)In my view,it is proper to restrict the functions of appellate court in the law applying and procedure aspects,instead of consuming another period of time to retry the case,which leads to a waste of judicial resources and failure to give its full attention to the novel and socially important controversies.This funtion may also better protect the appellate review right of each individual involved in the case.(在我看來(lái)，應(yīng)該限制上訴法院在法律適用和程序等方面的權(quán)限，而非耗費(fèi)時(shí)間進(jìn)行重新審理，這樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致司法資源的浪費(fèi)而忽視新的真正重要的社會(huì)矛盾。上訴法院的這種功能也將更有利于重新審查案件中每個(gè)個(gè)體的權(quán)利。)

12.What‘s the differences between the torts and crimes?（P62）

(侵權(quán)與犯罪的差異何如？)As we all kown,important distinctions exist between civil and criminal laws.[Civil violations(civil wrongs)are often referred to as torts.] Here is a list of the main differences between crimes and torts:(眾所周知，民法和刑法之間存在著十分顯著的差異。民法上的過(guò)錯(cuò)一般就指向侵權(quán)。以下是犯罪與侵權(quán)之間一些差別：)Ⅰ Nature A crime is considered to be a wrong against all of society,whereas a tort is considered to be a private matter between the parties directly involved.（1、本質(zhì)上的差異

犯罪指一種有違社會(huì)整體利益違法行為，而侵權(quán)則是發(fā)生在直接相關(guān)的當(dāng)事人之間的一種私法上的違法行為。)

Ⅱ The persons who actually prosecute the case.A specially designated state prosecutor/federal official directs the proceedings when crimes are involved,However,in tort action the individual against whom the wrong has been committed generally hire an attorney to process the claim（2、提起訴訟的主體上的差異 一旦有犯罪行為產(chǎn)生，特殊授權(quán)的檢察機(jī)關(guān)或者聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)將提起公訴；而在侵權(quán)行為中，過(guò)錯(cuò)方的相對(duì)方個(gè)體（即受害人）通常聘請(qǐng)一名律師進(jìn)行訴訟。)

Ⅲ Punishments

One who commits a crime may be required to provide some forms of monetary restitution, additional punishments are also available, including fines, jail sentences, removal from public office and even execution.Excepting fines,the above remedies are not available in tort law,tort restitution relies primarily on monetary compensation.（3、法律責(zé)任的差異

實(shí)施犯罪的人將可能被判要支付一定形式的金錢(qián)賠償，并且同時(shí)需要接受包括罰金、監(jiān)禁、解除公職甚至剝奪生命等懲罰。

而在侵權(quán)法上，除了罰金之外，以上的所有救濟(jì)方式都不適用。侵權(quán)法中的救濟(jì)主要依靠金錢(qián)賠償。)

Ⅳ Civil damages categorized in three types Compensation paid in civil courts is called damages.There are general, special, and punitive damages.General damages---compensate for any specific and demonstrable harm that has been caused.Special damages---compensate for conscious pain and suffering.Punitive/exemplary damages---the behavior of the actor was the result of an intentional disregard for the safety or well-being of others.In many cases a person‘s behavior may bring about both criminal and tort liability.(For example, any time an individual has been intentionally and physically harmed by another, the state may prosecute and punish, and the injured individual may also sue to recover civil damages.)（4、民事?lián)p害賠償在分類(lèi)上具有特殊性，分為三種類(lèi)型

民事法庭中所判的補(bǔ)償稱(chēng)為損害賠償，分為一般損害賠償、特殊損害賠償以及懲罰性損害賠償。一般損害賠償指對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的任何特定和可證的損害的補(bǔ)償；特殊損害賠償指對(duì)精神痛苦的補(bǔ)償；而懲罰性賠償適用于行為人故意漠視他人安全或健康而產(chǎn)生的損害行為。

在很多案例中，行為人的行為可能同時(shí)引發(fā)刑事責(zé)任和侵權(quán)責(zé)任。譬如：一旦一個(gè)人遭受到行為人故意的身體侵害，聯(lián)邦就可能予以公訴并進(jìn)行刑事處罰，同時(shí)，受害者也可以訴諸法院來(lái)請(qǐng)求加害人承擔(dān)民事上的損害賠償。）

13.To discuss the process of the creation of case law（by）

(談一下判例法的形成過(guò)程)The decisions of judges, or of other officials empowered by the constitution or laws of a political entity to hear and decide controversies, create case law.As the name ―case law‖ suggests, a particular decision, or a collection of particular decisions, generate rules of general application, namely case law.It is a policy of the common law system that past judicial decisions are formally and generally binding for the disposition of similar present controversies before the decisions are overruled by higher courts.(法官的判決，或者其他某一政治實(shí)體的憲法或法律授權(quán)審理和決定爭(zhēng)議的官員所做的決定，創(chuàng)設(shè)了判例法。就像“判例法”這一名稱(chēng)所表示的，一個(gè)特定的判決或特定判決的總匯產(chǎn)生了法律——即普通適用的原則。

普通法系的規(guī)則就在于，已經(jīng)生效的司法裁決在被上級(jí)法院推翻之前對(duì)現(xiàn)有的相似爭(zhēng)議的解決有正式和普遍的約束力。)

14.To discuss the differences between the binding precedents and persuasive precedents(by)(談?wù)撘幌戮哂屑s束力的判例和不具有約束力的判例的區(qū)別)

Binding precedent is the precedent that a court must follow(it is law).All prior judicial decisions in a specific court's jurisdiction heard at that court's level or higher are considered to be binding precedent.In contrast, persuasive precedent is precedent that a court need not follow(it is not law, but as the name suggests, may be persuasive because it suggests a line of reasoning and can be made use of as sources of guidance and justification).All prior judicial decisions outside of that court's jurisdiction or from a lower court are considered to be persuasive only.(具有約束力的判例是法院必須遵守的（它是法律）。在特定法院管轄區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的所有同級(jí)或上級(jí)法院先前的司法裁判都是有約束力的判例。

與之相反，不具有約束力的判例指法院不用遵守的判例（它不是法律，但是如它的名字暗示的，或許有說(shuō)服力，因?yàn)樗峁┝撕侠硇缘臏?zhǔn)線(xiàn)，也能作為公平導(dǎo)向的源頭）。所有法院管轄區(qū)之外的先前的司法裁判或者低級(jí)法院的裁判都只能作為不具有約束力的判例。)

15.Do you think it is reasonable to have a dual court system in America?

(你認(rèn)為美國(guó)的雙重法律系統(tǒng)合理嗎？)The dual court system is the distinction of state and federal courts that make up the judicial branch of the government.The federal court includes the district courts of the United States, courts of appeals of the United States and the supreme court of the United States.Among them, the judgment of the Supreme Court is binding.The state court includes trial court of inferior jurisdiction, trial court of general jurisdiction and appellate court.The appellate serve to review the decisions of trial courts for errors of law.The reason why it has the dual system is that new states joining the union were assured of limited federal intervention into local affairs.It meets the need for the state to retain significant legislative authority and judicial autonomy separate from federal control.Because the system is too complex, the efficiency of the it may be slightly inefficiency.However, the pursuit of justice is really fair value, not efficiency.（雙重法律制度是指州法院和聯(lián)邦法院組成了政府的法律分支。聯(lián)邦法院包括聯(lián)邦最高法院、聯(lián)邦上訴法院、和聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院,其中聯(lián)邦最高法院的判決對(duì)全國(guó)一切法院皆有約束力。州法院系統(tǒng)包括低級(jí)管轄權(quán)的初審法院，有普通管轄權(quán)的初審法院和上訴法院。上訴法院是為了復(fù)審初審法院是否有判決的錯(cuò)誤。

擁有此體系的原因在于保證新加入的聯(lián)邦的州對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厥聞?wù)擁有有限的介入。它既滿(mǎn)足了給予州獨(dú)立于聯(lián)邦的審判權(quán)，又滿(mǎn)足了對(duì)其權(quán)限的限制。

由于此系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性，美國(guó)司法體系的效率在制度設(shè)計(jì)上是略顯低下的，但司法追求的優(yōu)先價(jià)值確實(shí)是公正，而不是效率。)To discuss the differences roles of judge and attorneys in court（by）

（法官和律師在法庭上的區(qū)別？）

Although powers of judges and rights of attorneys are different in different legal system, judge and attorneys play very different roles in court.First of all, judges have authority to decide questions of law and fact in civil law system and only question of law in common law system.Attorneys only have right to show their evidence to convince judges of their opinions, but can‘t decide cases at last.Second, the status is different.Judges have educational background, judicatory experiences and power to decide cases finally.So judges are more respectable and get more honor in court.Attorneys are legal practitioner, only can advise judge and jury how to decide cases.So they are inferior to judges in court.（第一，法官有權(quán)決定法律問(wèn)題，但僅僅是在普通法系中，而律師只有權(quán)出示證據(jù)去說(shuō)服法卻無(wú)權(quán)決定案例。第二，法官有教育背景，司法經(jīng)驗(yàn)和最終決定權(quán)，所以法官在法庭上得到更多尊重，而律師是法律的參與者，只能建議法官判案，所以在法庭上相對(duì)低一等。）

17.To discuss whether it is reasonable to choose common people as jurors？（試論選擇普通民眾作為陪審員是否合理）

It is reasonable to choose common people as jurors.With the participation of common people, the trial will become more impartial, because it‘s more difficult to bribe the jurors than the judges.We can avoid the professional prejudice of the judges in the trial, which is formed in the long-term adjudication.It also reflects the democratization in the judicial area.In addition, there are good practices in the western counties.（選擇普通民眾作為陪審員是合理的。普通民眾的參與能讓審判更合理，原因在于賄賂陪審員要難于賄賂法官。陪審員能避免法官在長(zhǎng)期審判中形成的職業(yè)偏見(jiàn)，同時(shí)也能反應(yīng)司法領(lǐng)域的民主化。另外，在西方國(guó)家，此項(xiàng)制度得到了很好的實(shí)踐。）

18.Please discuss the meaning of the right of judicial review of the court?（試論述法院司法審查權(quán)的意義。）

The ability of the courts to interpret the Constitution was decided early in the history of the United States，in the 1803 case of Marbury v.Madison.It is the power of the court to examine legislation and other acts of congress and to decide their constitutionality.Without judicial review the Constitution would be nothing but a piece of paper.The Constitution states that it is the supreme law of the land.There has to be an authority to decide whether a particular law is constitutional or unconstitutional.If not, then the legislative branch would be free to pass any law without regard to its constitutionality.Judicial authority has always included the power to interpret laws.The Constitution gives the Judicial branch power over all cases arising under the Constitution.The courts must be able to interpret both the Constitution and laws and to determine whether one prohibits the other.checks and balances 權(quán)力制衡

protection to human rights 人權(quán)保護(hù)

（法院對(duì)憲法的解釋權(quán)源于1803年發(fā)生在美國(guó)的馬伯里訴麥迪遜案。司法審查權(quán)是對(duì)立法以及立法機(jī)關(guān)的行為進(jìn)行審查以決定其是否違憲的權(quán)力。

沒(méi)有司法審查權(quán)，憲法將是一紙空文。憲法本身強(qiáng)調(diào)其為國(guó)家的最高法律，那就必須要有一種權(quán)力來(lái)決定法律是否違憲來(lái)維護(hù)憲法的權(quán)威性。否則，立法機(jī)關(guān)將在不考慮合憲性的前提下任意通過(guò)法律。司法機(jī)關(guān)一直以來(lái)?yè)碛薪忉尫傻臋?quán)力。憲法授權(quán)司法機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)有關(guān)憲法案件的審查權(quán)。法院必須能夠解釋?xiě)椃ê头梢约霸诙咧g做出選擇解決憲法和法律的沖突。）

To discuss the differences between motive and intent(by p60-61)討論動(dòng)機(jī)與犯罪目的的不同

Motive and intent have completely different legal meanings.Ⅰ Motive is defined as the cause or reason that moves the will and induces action.It represents the stimulus for behavior.Intent relates to the state of mind at the time of the commission of the unlawful act.The motive may be regarded as the reason why a person commit a crime but does not necessarily represent an individual‘s mental design or resolve to actually commit the act.Ⅱ the state is not required to prove the defendant‘s motive for behavior and the failure on the part of the state to establish the why dose not necessarily mean the jury will vote for acquittal.And with the exception of strict liability offenses, failure to establish an unlawful intent must result in acquittal.Ⅲ the motive may help to establish a justifiable reason for the otherwise illegal behavior.For example, if one establishes that the motive for the killing was self-defense or an attempt to prevent the killer from killing another, an acquittal will result.And a good motive does not necessarily absolve the actor of criminal.動(dòng)機(jī)和犯罪目的是完全不同的法律概念。

Ⅰ動(dòng)機(jī)被定義為移動(dòng)的意志和誘導(dǎo)行動(dòng)的原因或理由。它代表了刺激的行為。犯罪目的涉及到的心理狀態(tài)，是當(dāng)時(shí)從事非法行為的原因，一個(gè)人犯罪，但并不代表一個(gè)人的心理設(shè)計(jì)或解決實(shí)際承諾的行為可能會(huì)被視為動(dòng)機(jī)。Ⅱ被告的行為動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài)不須被舉證，并且缺乏有效要件也并不一定意味著陪審團(tuán)認(rèn)定無(wú)罪釋放。除嚴(yán)格法律責(zé)任罪行以外，如果沒(méi)有一個(gè)非法的目的，必然導(dǎo)致無(wú)罪釋放。

Ⅲ 動(dòng)機(jī)可能有助于提供定罪的一個(gè)正當(dāng)理由，否則就是違法違規(guī)行為。例如，如果一個(gè)成立的殺人動(dòng)機(jī)，是出于自衛(wèi)或試圖阻止殺人而殺死另一個(gè)，那么他將被無(wú)罪釋放。而且一個(gè)良好的動(dòng)機(jī)并不必然免除刑事處罰。

20.To discuss the difference between information, complaint and indictment.Information: An accusation for some criminal offense, in the nature of an indictment, but which is prepared and signed by the prosecuting attorney instead of a grand jury.Information:對(duì)一些刑事犯罪的提出的控告，在性質(zhì)上是一種公訴書(shū)，但它是由檢察官準(zhǔn)備和簽名的，而不是由大陪審團(tuán)。

Complaint: In the civil lawsuit, it‘s a legal document in which the plaintiff gives the facts and reasons for the suit;

In a criminal action, it‘s a written accusation that a felony, misdemeanor, or ordinance violation has been committed and probable cause exists that the person is guilty of the offense.Complaint:在民事訴訟中，它是一個(gè)在訴訟案件中用于原告闡述事實(shí)和原因的法律文件。

在刑事訴訟中，它是一個(gè)書(shū)面指控，包括所犯了的重罪、輕罪或者違反法令以及被認(rèn)為有罪的充分理由。Indictment: A formal accusation ,―true bill‖, presented by a grand jury which charges a person with a crime.Indictment:一種正式的控告，“真正的法案”，由大陪審團(tuán)提交的控告有罪的人的。

Difference: Compared with information, complaint is often associated with misdemeanor criminal charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process.2.Both information and complaint are presented by prosecutors, who file a charging document directly with the court, while indictment must be made by grand jury.區(qū)別：

1、相比于information，complaint經(jīng)常與由檢察官提起的而不是大陪審團(tuán)程序提起的輕罪指控相聯(lián)系。

2、information和complaint都是由直接向法庭提交指控文件的檢察官提起的，而indictment必須由大陪審團(tuán)做出。

21.To discuss the difference between verdict , judgment and sentencing（by）

First of all, verdict is used to solve substantive issues, judgment can solve both substantive and procedural isses.second，in one case, there is only one judgment , but maybe many verdicts, besides, judgment can only be prepared in written, however, as for verdict, written and oral formalities are both ok.if t

he accused is found guilty, the sentencing stage follows.首先，裁判是用來(lái)解決實(shí)體問(wèn)題，判決既可以解決實(shí)體問(wèn)題也可以解決程序問(wèn)題。其次，在一個(gè)案例里面，只有一個(gè)判決，但是可以有多個(gè)裁判。除此之外，判決只在文書(shū)中被準(zhǔn)備，然而，作為裁判，在文書(shū)和口頭中均可以。如果被指控的證明是犯罪，將會(huì)被判為緩刑，22.to explain the difference between the proof by preponderance of evidence and proof beyond a reasonable doubt

(by)Belief，based on all of the evidence presented, that it is more likely than not，that the individual committed a crime in preponderance of evidence, and variation of this standard is used in some jurisdictions for preliminary hearing bindover and issuance of information.As for proof beyond a reasonable doubt，belief，considering all of the evidence presented，that individual is so clearly guilty as to eliminate any reasonable doubt.And it can be used for conviction for crime.信念，基于所有的被呈現(xiàn)的證據(jù)面前，更像是不存在一般，實(shí)施了犯罪的個(gè)人在證據(jù)上有數(shù)量上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，并且各種這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被用在首次司法管轄權(quán)的效力和信息保險(xiǎn)中。

作為排除合理懷疑的證據(jù)v，信念，被認(rèn)為是所有的被呈現(xiàn)的證據(jù)，那就是這個(gè)人是如此的被清晰地證明有罪以至于排除了任何懷疑。并且這可以用來(lái)對(duì)犯罪的確認(rèn)/

23、Please discuss the main characteristics of adversary system.（書(shū)P101）

請(qǐng)討論下對(duì)抗制的主要特征

23.To discuss the main characteristics of adversary system

1.requires the parties to begin the lawsuit, define the issues, develop proof in support of their positions, present that proof to a court.需要雙方進(jìn)入訴訟階段，明確問(wèn)題，尋找證據(jù)來(lái)支持自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，向法庭呈交證據(jù)

2.the parties try to present their evidence in the best possible light and the opponent‘s evidence in the worst possible light.雙方要盡力的闡明對(duì)自己有力的證據(jù)，反駁對(duì)方的證據(jù)

3.this system assumes that parties will develop and present their cases more efficiently than a public agent with no interest in the outcome.這個(gè)制度的假設(shè)條件是雙方對(duì)于自己的案子可以比對(duì)案子結(jié)果沒(méi)有興趣的代理人會(huì)處理的更高效

4.lawyers act as advocates for the parties.律師所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧菗碜o(hù)雙方的當(dāng)事人

5.it also assumes that the financial resources available to each side are relatively equal.它的另一個(gè)假設(shè)條件是雙方的財(cái)政資源是相對(duì)平等的

6.the judge‘s role is reactive.He play a limited, nonintrusive role in the investigation and litigation.法官的作用是被動(dòng)的。他在調(diào)查、起訴階段所扮演的是有限的、不具有侵犯性的角色。

Defect:缺點(diǎn) 7.but the parties may tend to mislead the judge 但是當(dāng)事人可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)法官

8.different lawyers have different competence.、不同的律師有不同的能力

Under the adversary system, the case moves forward only in response to the demands of parties.The opposing parties frame the factual issues, seek out possible evidence, choose that evidence they will present, and advance the interpretation of the law that is most favorable to their side.The decision-makers, the judge and the jury, are neutral, passive participants.They have no responsibility to go out and develop a case.Instead, they sit back and largely work with what they are given.In other words, this process requires the parties to begin the lawsuit, define the issues, develop proof in support of their respective positions, and present that proof to a court.So , under the adversary system, the parties try to present their own evidence in the best possible light and the opponent‘s evidence in the worst possible light.Under the adversary system, lawyers ordinarily act as advocates for the parties.Traditionally, the judge‘s role in the adversary system is reactive, he just plays a relatively limited, nonintrusive role in the investigation and presentation of the litigation.24、Please discuss a lawyer’s work before actually filing a complaint（書(shū)P108）

請(qǐng)討論下律師在提起訴訟之前所應(yīng)該做的準(zhǔn)備工作

The ―client,‖ when he first comes to a lawyer, does not have a case;he has a problem.The lawyer‘s first task is to ascertain ―the facts.‖ This task is crucial, and it is not as easy as it sounds, even in uncomplicated situations.Clients are no less-sometimes they are more – prone to misunderstanding, misimpression, and faulty recollection as the next person.Sometimes clients lie, and even when they aim at the truth, they often miss – for all of the reasons encountered in non-legal contexts.當(dāng)“委托人”第一次接觸律師時(shí)帶來(lái)的并不是一個(gè)案例而是一個(gè)“問(wèn)題”，律師的首要任務(wù)即是確認(rèn)“事實(shí)”——這項(xiàng)任務(wù)事關(guān)重要，即使在簡(jiǎn)單的案件中它也并非如聽(tīng)起來(lái)般容易。委托人有時(shí)可能會(huì)誤解，留下錯(cuò)誤印象或者是回憶錯(cuò)誤。委托人還可能撒謊，甚至他們想說(shuō)出真相時(shí)也經(jīng)常會(huì)漏掉一些事實(shí)——基于通常能夠理解的原因。

Next, you will need to determine if these facts state a claim under the applicable law.In many instances, the existence of a legal violation(if the facts alleged are proved)will be clear.然后你會(huì)需要決定這些事實(shí)所陳述的賠償要求是否在適當(dāng)?shù)姆煞秶鷥?nèi)。在許多案例中，違法的存在（如果提供的事實(shí)被證實(shí)）會(huì)更清楚。

At last, if you are satisfied that the facts your client alleges can be proved, and that they make out a legal violation ,you will now have to determine in what court you will ―bring your action.‖

最后，如果你很滿(mǎn)意，你的當(dāng)事人提出的主張能夠被證明，并且這些事實(shí)證明違背了法律，那么你現(xiàn)在要決定向哪個(gè)法院提出訴訟請(qǐng)求。

25.How to prove the existence of false imprisonment?

The tort of false imprisonment involves cases in which the plaintiff has allegedly been unlawfully confined by the defendant.For false imprisonment to be proven these elements must be present: 1.intent to confine a person within a certain area;2.actual confinement;3.awareness of plaintiff of the confinement or injury to plaintiff due to confinement;4.prevention of exit or no sale exit possible by plaintiff.Of course the elements as in all legal descriptions must be clarified.What, for example, is a legal exit or what constitutes confinement.所謂非法監(jiān)禁侵權(quán)行為，是指在案件中，原告宣稱(chēng)曾被被告以非法手段監(jiān)禁。要證明非法拘禁的侵權(quán)行為確實(shí)發(fā)生過(guò)，原告需證明一些要件：

1.被告有將被拘禁人禁錮在某一確定地點(diǎn)的故意；

2.被告實(shí)際實(shí)施了拘禁行為；

3.原告知道自己被監(jiān)禁或因監(jiān)禁而受到傷害；

4.禁止原告離開(kāi)拘禁場(chǎng)所或?qū)υ鎭?lái)說(shuō)無(wú)安全出口。

當(dāng)然這些要素在法律上的描述必須十分清晰，比如說(shuō)，什么是安全的逃跑可能或者構(gòu)成監(jiān)禁要素是什么？ 26.what is the trespass?What is the basis for such tort? How to prove it?

Trespass, the most familiar of the property torts,prohibits the unauthorized entry of a person or thing onto the property of another.(1).Property interests are such that failure to remove something from the land can be considered a trespass;(2).Threspass can even be remaining on another‘s land after a privilege expires;(3).Causing another to enter plaintiff‘s land may also be held a trespass.非法侵入是最為人熟知的侵犯財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的方式，指禁止人或物未經(jīng)授權(quán)侵犯他人土地。(1).沒(méi)有從別人的財(cái)產(chǎn)上除去妨害也是一種非法侵入。(2).非法侵入還可以發(fā)生在當(dāng)限期屆滿(mǎn)時(shí)仍停留在他人領(lǐng)地上。(3).教唆他人進(jìn)入原告的土地同樣是非法侵入。

What is the basis for such tort? The right to exclusive possession of the land is the basis for this tort.對(duì)土地的排他財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)是這種侵權(quán)法的基礎(chǔ)

How to prove it? A prima facie case of trespass must include an act, coupled with the intent to cause entry by the defendant, and an invasion of the plaintiff‘s land.In other words, the person must have intended to enter another‘s land.Damages are not required to be proven for intentional trespass.Only when the entry onto another‘s land is negligent is there any requirement for showing actual damages.一個(gè)被初步證明的非法入侵案件必須包括行為、被告人侵入的故意、以及對(duì)原告土地的侵入。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，一個(gè)人必須有侵入他人土地的故意。

故意非法侵入無(wú)須證明有損害。只有在過(guò)失進(jìn)入他人土地（此時(shí)已為過(guò)失侵權(quán)）的時(shí)候才要求出示實(shí)際損害的證明。

The intent to cause entry does not mean that the defendant must have knowledge that the land he or she enters belongs to another but only that he or she intends the act that would effect an entry.故意侵入并不意味著被告必須知道他進(jìn)入的是他人的土地，而只要求他計(jì)劃了導(dǎo)致侵入的行為。

27)What is a contract? What are the sources of contract law in America? A contract is a promise between two or more persons involving the exchange of some goods or service.Some of the basic elements of a contract include: an offer and an acceptance;‘capacity,‘ or being of legal age and sound competence;‘ mutual assent,‘ or agreement on the terms of a contract;and ?consideration‘ or compensation for goods or services rendered.The element that distinguishes a contract from an informal agreement is that it is legally binding: the law provides a remedy in the event that the promise is no fulfilled.By law, certain types of contracts must be writing, but oral contracts are valid in many situations.An oral contract may be held to exist even in the absence of agreement as to all its terms.The sources conclude: The Statute of Frauds，The Uniform Commercial Code(UCC),The Restatement of Contracts。

合同是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人之間的涉及某些商品或服務(wù)的交易達(dá)成的協(xié)議。合同的基本要素包括：要約和承諾；“行為能力“，即達(dá)到法定年齡，或具有完全行為能力；“合意”，即對(duì)合同的條款達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)；“對(duì)價(jià)”即對(duì)提供貨品或服務(wù)支付對(duì)應(yīng)的價(jià)款或利益。

區(qū)分合同與非正式的協(xié)議的要點(diǎn)在于：合同是具有法律約束力的，在合同行為中承諾沒(méi)有得到履行的情況下法律規(guī)定了一定的救濟(jì)措施。根據(jù)法律規(guī)定，某些類(lèi)型的合同必須用書(shū)面形式，但在許多情況下，口頭合同是有效的。即使在沒(méi)有對(duì)所有條款達(dá)成協(xié)議的情況下，口頭合同也是可以存在的。美國(guó)合同法的淵源包括：反欺詐法，統(tǒng)一商法典，合同重述。

28)How do you define consideration? Why is it so important to the American contract law? Consideration is a party receives some kind of benefit in return for his promise, it may consist of money, goods, or a promise to do or not to do something.Consideration is one of statutory requirements to make a contract to be enforceable, or to be valid and legally binding.other requirements are: capacity, mutual assent.When the mutual assent of legally capable parties –which includes an offer and an acceptance, accompanied by consideration—to a specific exchange or set of promise occur, a valid contract has been formed.對(duì)價(jià)是指當(dāng)事人一方在獲得某種利益時(shí)，必須給付對(duì)方相應(yīng)的代價(jià)。這種代價(jià)可能是支付金錢(qián)、商品，或者是承諾為或者不為某件事。在美國(guó)合同法中，合同是否具有對(duì)價(jià)要素影響合同的效力，對(duì)價(jià)是是合同具有法律約束力的法定要件之一，其他要件還包括：行為能力、合意。當(dāng)具有法律行為能力的當(dāng)事人雙方達(dá)成合意:包括要約和承諾，伴隨著對(duì)特定交易或者承諾形成的對(duì)價(jià)，一個(gè)有效的合同就形成了。

第五篇：英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)話(huà)題和答案

1.Which one do you prefer, on-line education or traditional education? Online education panders to people’s liking for flexibility and fun.First , through online education ,we don’t have to travel long distances to have a class.Instead we could stay at home and devote the traveling time to study.Second, thanks to the internet, there is a sea of courses covering different fields for us to choose from.Finally, online education gives us more flexibility.We can study at our own pace.If meeting with something we don’t understand, we could go over the information and learn again.2.Which one do you prefer? live alone or with roomates? I prefer living with roommates.I think living in a dormitory is a great experience in life.Firstly, by living under the same roof, we can learn to be considerate towards others, share interests and views and develop lifelong friendship.Furthermore, living in a dormitory is far more convenient owing to the proximity to the teaching building and other facilities, which saves us a lot of time.Finally , living in a dormitory is quite safe, especially for the girls.Living in the dormitory will be an unforgettable memory.3.What do you think are the characteristics of a good teacher? I think a teacher should be responsible.Being a good teacher cann’t let his students make mistakes and ignore them.On the one hand, teachers need to be patient to students when students ask questions even too much.On the other hand, teachers should be resourceful so that can give help to students who need and even if they cann’t help students by person.4.Every one has some goals, describe one of your goals。

one of my goals is to travel around the world.Since i was a child, i have been very curious about the outside world, so i want to get to know it by experiencing it myself.And travelling is witnout doubt a good choice.But in fact, I need to study hard so I can enjoy tomorrow.5.Do you agree or disagree: people should always tell the truth? I think it depends.Generally , people should be honest and genuine.Only when we are frank ,can we make real friends and be successful in the end.However, sometimes white lies are necessary.For example, doctors can choose not to tell the patients the truth in order to give them courage and hope to fight with disease.6.how do you usually spend your holidays? What’s your plan for the coming winter holiday? First, I usually finish my tasks first.And I will do anything I like.For example, reading some books I interested, watching some tv programs or movies.But this winter holiday I will change my usual plans.I want to take a travel around my hometown—Xiamen with my friends.7.is writing better than calling ? give your reasons? I think writing is better than calling.Because writing in hand can express our feelings better.Especially sometime we cann’t say something by our mouth personally.Via letters, we can show our love and respect more well.8.which do you prefer : single-sex class or co-educational class? I think single-sex school may be more pure.Professor’s courses may well suit for girls.There will be so many differences between girls and boys’ interests.In co-educational schools, boys are more likely to speak out their ideas, and the courses are designed much suitable for boy.If possible, I hope to read single-sex school, so I more likely to be elegant and powerful women.9.which should be emphasized in education: knowledge or creativity ? Who do you admire most? why? Creativity is very important.Creativity is the key to a brighter future, say education and business experts.Now schools and parents are eager to encourage this vital skill in children.they want children to do something ,such as class experiments, to build up their sense of creativity.10.who do you admire most? Why? I admire the singers and band the most.Because they have to go on tours around the world, trying to please all their fans even though they've barely got any sleep or hasn't eaten meal yet.It takes a great amount of energy to sing and dance continuously.Some of them worked so hard that they ended up fainting, skipping their concerts, or staying in the hospital.Even so, they still continue to tour around, perform, and going on interviews for the sake of their fans.11.Long-term contact and first impression, which do you think can help you best to know a person? why? I think long-term contact can help me best to know a person.Because we can’t know a person well from the first impression.everyone of us can behave well as long as we intend to.Through long-term contact,we can know everything about the person with which we are getting along.It is very important for us to know the person around us through long-term contact 12.What do you miss most in your home? 13.Describe the most important object to you? As for me, My computer is the most important object to me.I am major in computering technology and science in the university.and I am interested in computer,At present I need computer to study ,I need computer to amuse and in the future I need computer to work with.So I can not live without my computer.14.Novel, maganize or poem, which one do you prefer? 15.Which do you cherish more, your friend or your friendship with a good friend or your romantic relationship? Obviously, a friend is easy to make, but a lover is kind of hard to seek for.Since relationships between friends might be not that close compared to romantic relationships, I will probably take it serious and cherish this sweet relationship.Also, I believe that my friends will support me and our relationship won’t be tense and freezing because of this.As the Chinese saying goes, once you got a boyfriend or a girlfriend, you may leave your friends out of your mind.I partly agree this, and when I fall in love , especially at the very beginning , I think I will cherish it more than fiendship.16 What factors would you consider first if you were to find a job(even a part-time job)?

I will first consider whether this company and the offered position is high potential.I think high potential is a quality that is vital for the company’s future development and its personnel’s self improvement.Every one need a room to promote and realize one’s self-value.Another factor I concern is –its location.I’d like to work and live in big cities because big cities offer so many opportunities and a higher salary while small cities can’t.whom do you usually turn to when in trouble, your parents or your friends?

They know me better than anyone else and their vision is wide, their thoughts are mature.They can give me better suggestion.Parents are people love us most and will never be unwilling or too busy to listen to me and give me a hand.However ,friends may be busy with study or can’t figure out my situation clearly.What’s more, always asking them for help perhaps will make them become inpatient.18 nature or nurture: which plays a more important role in a person’s success, biological factors or environmental factors? I do think the environmental factors are vital for one’s success.There are so many things we have to learn on this earth.You probably have some nature talent but if the environment doestn’t provide you the platform to show and make the most use of it, it means nothing.Environment can have a very strong impact on a person through out the life.Live with A level students, we will be influenced to learn better.1 percent talent and 99 percent hard working.We can be easily affected.19 how do you get along with your roommates? What do you do when conflicts with your roommates come in the way?(interpersonal relationships)Bring them homemade food.Having meals and going shopping together clean the dorm regularly.I’ll firstly let myself calm down and figure out whether it’s my fault or her fault.If it’s my fault ,I will break the freezing atmosphere and say sorry.If it’s her fault, I will understand her.20 what are your hobbies ? what do you think of some students who spend far too much more time on their hobbies than on their schoolwork? 21 a lot of young people like fast food.What is your attitude to the phenomenon? I really don’t agree to take fast food so frequently, because there are ways too much oil, meat and fewer vegetables in it.I m worried about its nutrition.It’s an unbalance way of eating.I love McDonald’s and KFC as well but I understand that they are fairly unhealthy.Sometime I do go to eat there if I have a very strong feeling of having it.But in most time, I will persuade myself just stop here, stop at thinking of it.22 would you like to further your education abroad, if it were possible? Give your reasons.I really want to study abroad in the future, in fact ,I’m preparing for TOFFL now.the first reason is that the education in western country have a pretty high quality and the facility and resources in university is abundant.Second resond is that I would like to take this chance to have a close look at western country and culture, and broaden my horizon.Another reason is that I can learn to be independent and do all stuffs by myself.23describe your life at college with your parents.what aspects about college life do you like the best ? More free to study by myself, more spare time I can arrange in order to focus on my interest.And now I have to take my responsibility for my study , descisions and life style