第一篇：三十九級(jí)階梯 讀后感(英文版)

Impressions of Book of The Thirty-nine Steps As we all know, the Thirty-nine Steps is the most famous novel of John Buchan, and typical suspense novel in the literary history.What's more, it's one of 100 typical suspense novels chosen by the Institute of American Reasoning Writers, ranking 22 in the list.Also, it's in the list of 1000 must-read novels before death chosen by The Guardian.Actually, John Buchan is one of Hitchcock's most favourite writers.On the first looking into the Thirty-nine Steps, he said,“I reckon it could be turned into a great film from the first time I read John Buchan's the Thirty-nine Steps.” However, I'm merely familiar with its book title.At the first sight, I'm curious about what “the Thirty-nine Steps” means, where it is and where it goes.It's a very interesting title.These words first appear in Chapter 4, “'(Thirty-nine steps)' was the phrase;and at its last time of use it ran—'(Thirty-nine steps, I counted them—high tide 10：17 p.m.)'.” According to my calculation, “the thirty-nine steps” appear 9 times in total.Most part come out in Chapter 9, which focuses on how the hero, Richard Hannay figured out the code “the thirty-nine steps”.Obviously, it's a clue, which Scudder left to his fellows to find out the secret place of Black Stone where they hung out, where they were going to leave Britain, though he kept the name to himself.Therefore how to find out the code is of great importance to achieve the final success.Speak of the hero, Richard Hannay is the one who wants to adventure and has a head for things like chess and puzzles.In fact, he did a bit at it himself once as intelligence officer at Delagoa Bay during the Boer War.He is a mining engineer back to London from South Africa.But I have been wondering why the writer didn't tell his job until Hannay met Sir Harry.Apparently, Hannay was so fed up with the life in London before Scudder came to him, and he was just about to settled to clear out and get back to the African grasslands.So when Scudder came up to him for help, he didn't refuse immediately.At first, Hannay was more interested in his own adventures than in his high politics.After Scudder was killed, he turned into a quick-witted man to carry on Scudder's work.Hannay began showing his insight from the moment.At that night, Hannay arrived home and found Scudder stuck to the floor by a long

knife.He felt very sick and was succeeded by a fit of the horrors.Under such a condition, he could calm down and eventually think things out in the next a few hours.At this point, it's easy to show his intellect and capacity of handling with tough situations in this difficult trap.He kept his head and arranged his schedule in the next three weeks.It proves that Hannay is a very strong person in mind and hardly shaken in belief.In order to get rid of those two sets of people would be looking for him—Black Stone, Scudder's enemies to put him out of existence, and the police, who would want him for Scudder's murder, he should keep hiding before he could venture to approach the powers that be.As a result, he pretended as a milkman, a Scotsman, a Colonial and free trader, a roadman and a man called Ainslie(maybe a thief).Although his get-ups are not perfect, he has a wonderful way to make it.That is a saying that an old scout in Rhodesia once told him that the secret of playing a part was to think yourself into it.He said,“If you are playing a part, ou should never keep it up unless you could manage to convince yourself that you were it.” It haunted Hannay from time to time and really helped him a lot.When he acted as a roadman, he shut off all other thoughts and switched them onto the roadmending with this saying in mind.And his get-up was good enough for the dreaded Surveyor and the Black Stone.Another scene is when Hannay kept watch on the house called Trafalgar Lodge at the head of the thirty-nine steps and his owner of course.It gave a strong point to convince himself with his judgement.Though Mr.Buchan describes Hannay as a quick-minded, intelligent and kind-hearted man who is eager to take risks, he doesn't embody him to be such a perfect man.Actually, Hannay also made some mistakes but they were turned out to be good things.For example, in Chapter 3 he did play tricks on those two sets of people successfully but he changed the plan to steal the car of the Black Stone.As a result, the big green car became the safest clue to him whether he left it and took to his feet or not.As he tried to get to the leafy cover of the valley in order not to on a bare road he was at the airplane's mercy, he ran slap into the hedge preventing a crash with a coming car.Thus he met Sir Harry, a local Liberal Candidate, who gave Hannay a hand when in a mess.Furthermore, Sir Harry introduced Hannay to his godfather, Sir Walter Bullivant, the Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office, after Hannay took him into his confidence.Consequently, Hannay could get in touch with

the Government people before the conspiracy happened.It's no doubt that Hannay made a wrong decision on the run.However, it seems that goddess was always on his side.Probably because all people believe in that the evil will not triumph over the virtuous.Of course, Hannay could not be able to succeed in accomplishing his work without the help of those kind-hearted people—a couple of a herd's cottage, an innkeeper, Sir Harry and the roadman Alexander Turnbull.For the sake of being far ahead of any pursuit, Hannay kept going for some hours since he had tasted food when he came to the herd's cottage, set in a corner beside a waterfall.The couple welcomed him for a night's lodging and offered a large meal but refused any payment.As for Sir Harry, I have just mentioned it above.Hannay ran into the innkeeper on a bridge of the plateau and pitched him a lovely story which completely fitted in with this adventure of literary innkeeper's appetite.Hence the innkeeper provided Hannay with anything he could.With his help, Hannay had enough time to do his search for the code in Scudder's notebook and eventually found out that the whole story was in the notes,which was not the same as what Scudder told him.Meanwhile Hannay moved with those two sets of people through the innkeeper.I think the innkeeper absolutely played a key role in the story.He earned some time for Hannay to rest and got his ideas into shape.It laid a good foundation for the battle of wits and courage with the Black Stone.On his way to the shepherds after saying goodbye to Sir Harry, Hannay found the roadman in a tiny bit of road, beside a heap of stones.Hannay made believe that he was the roadman to take on his job for a bit instead of Turnbull.In this way, Hannay got rid of the Black Stone.However, Hannay exchanged his coat and collar with Turnbull's, including the most important thing—Scudder's notebook.Unluckily, Hannay was subject to the boss of the Black Stone—an old man “could blink his eyes like a hawk”.With great difficulties, Hannay escaped from the enemy's headquarters.And when Hannay came back to Turnbull, he was in for a bit of Malaria and could not frame a coherent answer.Actually, Turnbull could neglect Hannay and occupy his things, even take him to the police.But he didn't.To my surprise, he carefully took care of Hannay and never bothered him with a question.And he never even sought his name and gave back all Hannay's stuff.More surprisingly, he grew positively rude and shy and red when Hannay pressed him to accept five pounds for his lodging.“He was a true friend in need, that old roadman.” It's how Hannay thinks of the

roadman Alexander Turnbull.Although these people all did Hannay a favor when he was in a mess, it's my belief that he liked and trusted Turnbull most.In his opinion, the couple is kind;the innkeeper is young, but he was the man for Hannay's money;Sir Harry is a good fellow, and Hannay is frank in turn as well;as for the roadman, “There never was a more independent being.” Another indispensable character is the boss of Black Stone—an old man with a young voice and eyes that blinked like a hawk.As a matter of fact, throughout the story he went only out twice.“His face was round and shiny, like Mr.Pickwick's, big glasses were stuck on the end of his nose, and the top of his head was as bright and bare as a glass bottle.” His debut is so remarkable as a bald archeologist and there is something about the eye of him, so keen and knowledgeable, that Hannay could not find a word, just simply staring at him and stuttering when he faced with the old man.Even like Scudder, such a sharp, restless and brave person, who was mortally anxious about winning through with his job but didn't care a rush for his life, “he described very particularly somebody that he never referred to without shiver” when he put Hannay wise about the conspiracy.On the point, I pick out that the old man is the one big brain in the whole story, and he could not hardly correctly size up a man.Apart from his wits and insights, he is quite good at disguises as well.Perhaps his get-ups are better than any other.The second time he came onto the story was as an old gentleman named Appleton—a retired stockbroker, owing the house called Trafalgar Lodge at the head of the thirty-nine steps.When Hannay kept a lookout over the house, he wasn't feeling very confident.“The man might be the bald archeologist of that horrible highland farm, or he might not.He was exactly the kind of satisfied old bird you will find in every suburb and every holiday place.If you wanted a type of the perfectly harmless person you would probably pitch on that.” “I rubbed my eyes and asked myself if I was not the most foolish man on earth.Mystery and darkness had hung about the men who hunted me over the Scotch highlands in airplane and motorcar, and especially about that damned old man.” “They all went into the house, and left me feeling a precious idiot.I had been barking up the wrong tree this time.These men might be acting;but if they were, where was their audience? 4

They didn't know I was sitting thirty yards off in the bushes.It was simply impossible to believe that these three fellows were anything but what the seemed—three ordinary, game-playing, wealthy Englishmen, boring, if you like, but completely innocent.” From Hannay's words, these showed up his successful get-up.Or maybe he is always easy and well-prepared for the things coming.Barring absolute certainties like fingerprints, mere physical traits were very little use for identification if the hiding man really knew his business.The only thing that mattered was “atmosphere”.If a man could get into perfectly different surroundings from those in which he had been first observed, and—this is the important part—really play up to these surroundings and behave as if he had never been out of them, he would puzzle the clevest detectives on earth.I suppose that it might be the big secret of all the famous criminals.Despite the fact that he is intelligent and possesses his soul all the time, there are a scene that he didn't convince himself as usual.That is, Hannay walked straight into his headquarters unconsciously due to the police's tracking.He was very sure that Hannay was the man he wanted to vanish forever at the beginning, even though he had never seen him before.But as the reflection darted across his mind Hannay saw a slender chance.Hannay tried his best to be a thief named Ainslie.After sounding Hannay several times, he was badly puzzled.He put Hannay in the storage room and he himself went outside to look for the confirmation.Apparently, he is cautious and exact in everything.Nevertheless, there's another side of him.At the end of the story, Hannay and he were facing out, both trying to win the last game.Hannay prevented the three men from going to town, and the old man fought Hannay so as to let his partner leave.At that time, he was looking at Hannay with blazing eyes.“'He is safe,' he cried.'You cannot follow in time...He is gone...He has triumphed...The Black Stone has triumphed.' There was more in those eyes than any common triumph.They had blinked like a bird of prey, and now the flamed with a hawk's pride.A white fanatic heat burned in them, and I realized for the first time the terrible thing I had been up against.” And then Hannay kept the old man with the chains placed on his wrists.As to the old man, he didn't care about himself.He's more concerned about the Black Stone's victory.Certainly this old man is more than a spy;in his foul way he

had been a patriot.As known to all, the consequence of suspense novels has never let readers down.As a result, Hannay and his fellows crushed the plot and made everything in their hands.Hannay joined the New Army and, owing to his Matabele experience, got a captain's commission straight off.Throughout the whole story, honestly I prostrate myself before John Buchan's skill at characterization.With obvious drama and no climax in every chapter or whatever, the author simply describes the characters in such a smooth way.Moreover, he is dedicated to the portrayal of a person with regard to distinguishing psychological or physical features.

第二篇：日本電影《刑法三十九條》讀后感

《刑法第三十九條》觀后感

心神喪失人的行為，不罰。心神耗弱人的行為，得減輕其刑。這是日本電影《刑法第三十九條》里的第一句話；而這部電影的故事講的便是一個(gè)人假裝精神病以逃脫法律制裁來(lái)表達(dá)其對(duì)39條刑法的質(zhì)疑和證明法律的漏洞所在。

一部用來(lái)保護(hù)人權(quán)的法律會(huì)不會(huì)倒頭來(lái)侵害其他人的人權(quán)；當(dāng)我們用刑法保護(hù)了精神病人的人權(quán)時(shí)，誰(shuí)來(lái)保護(hù)那些被精神病人誤傷的人的人權(quán)？如果一個(gè)國(guó)家的刑法不能為這個(gè)社會(huì)提供有力的安全保障，人為的將某種人的行為排除在刑法視野之外，怎能說(shuō)這種刑法是科學(xué)的呢？為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)本部電影里主人公長(zhǎng)達(dá)多年的準(zhǔn)備策劃和學(xué)習(xí)模仿精神病人，就是因?yàn)榉稍诿鎸?duì)那些被精神病人傷害或殺害的人時(shí)，只是簡(jiǎn)單的以一份精神病人鑒定書(shū)來(lái)得出犯罪人無(wú)罪的結(jié)論，本部電影中更是以僅僅六個(gè)月的治療時(shí)間便釋放了殺害主人公妹妹的精神病人讓其過(guò)正常人的生活。這樣的事情無(wú)論是發(fā)生在哪一個(gè)被害者的家庭，恐怕都會(huì)不愿意善罷甘休的吧。同樣的，在電影《一級(jí)恐懼》里，犯罪人也是借助精神病來(lái)裝無(wú)辜，以逃過(guò)刑罰；精神病是唯一一個(gè)無(wú)法用科學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)來(lái)證明的病例。盡管法律上現(xiàn)在大部分認(rèn)為患精神病者犯案是不該被判刑而應(yīng)該送專門(mén)病院醫(yī)治的，但是那些罪過(guò)到底該由誰(shuí)來(lái)承擔(dān)呢？盡管在一個(gè)人體的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)人格還是靈魂中，或許僅僅有一個(gè)是有罪的，但是這并不是這個(gè)人可以躲過(guò)法律懲罰的理由，總該有一個(gè)人來(lái)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。如果總是會(huì)出現(xiàn)正常人假裝精神病人來(lái)逃脫刑罰，那么到了那一天又該如何制定相應(yīng)的法律制度呢？

但是事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)在世界上大部分國(guó)家都是會(huì)保護(hù)精神病人的，法律保護(hù)人和人權(quán)，法律保護(hù)人與人之間的平等權(quán)，而精神病人本身就是疾病的受害者，那些在法律規(guī)定中不用負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的行為都是有明文規(guī)定在發(fā)病時(shí)、不能辨認(rèn)或者不能控制自己行為時(shí)所為的，如果法律以正常人的角度來(lái)直接定罪的話，對(duì)無(wú)意識(shí)犯罪的精神病人來(lái)說(shuō)，是很不公平的。

在我們國(guó)家，刑法第十八條有明文規(guī)定：精神病人在不能辨認(rèn)或者不能控制自己行為的時(shí)候造成危害結(jié)果，經(jīng)法定程序確認(rèn)的，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)責(zé)令他的家屬或者監(jiān)護(hù)人嚴(yán)加看管和醫(yī)療；在必要的時(shí)候，由政府強(qiáng)制醫(yī)療。正確適用該條規(guī)定應(yīng)具備三個(gè)條件，缺一不可，首先是經(jīng)法定程序鑒定確認(rèn)，第二，精神病人犯罪時(shí)必須是正處于發(fā)病時(shí)，第三，完全喪失辨認(rèn)或者自控行為能力的精神病人犯罪。第二款規(guī)定：間歇性精神病人在精神正常的時(shí)候犯罪應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。第三款規(guī)定：尚未完全喪失辨認(rèn)或者控制自己行為能力的精神病人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是可以從輕或者減輕處罰。此處是“可以”而不是“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，意味著可以從輕或減輕處罰是應(yīng)具備前提條件的。司法實(shí)踐中，應(yīng)結(jié)合參照刑法

第61條的規(guī)定：“應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)犯罪事實(shí)、犯罪的性質(zhì)、情節(jié)和對(duì)于社會(huì)的危害程度，結(jié)合本法的有關(guān)規(guī)定判定。”人民法院才能決定是否從輕還是減輕處罰。我國(guó)有這樣制定的基礎(chǔ)就是，按我國(guó)刑法，犯罪的構(gòu)成要件之一就是行為人有責(zé)任能力，因此，如果行為人有精神病，則無(wú)責(zé)任能力，也就不構(gòu)成犯罪了。從法律角度以及從人權(quán)角度出發(fā)，刑法的規(guī)定是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的，這也是對(duì)精神病人的一種保護(hù)。而且法律中有明文規(guī)定是在犯病期間才會(huì)不用負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。但是，第一，是不是精神鑒定就一定是準(zhǔn)確可靠的呢，會(huì)不會(huì)有人利用這個(gè)來(lái)尋求保護(hù)或是包庇犯罪嫌疑人。第二，對(duì)精神病人“在必要的時(shí)候，由政府強(qiáng)制醫(yī)療”的規(guī)定過(guò)于原則，缺乏可操作性，在實(shí)踐中是有一系列問(wèn)題的。第三，對(duì)于間歇性精神病人，在司法實(shí)踐中難以把握的是對(duì)間歇性精神病人發(fā)病時(shí)犯罪的處罰，應(yīng)適用完全喪失辨

認(rèn)或自控行為能力的精神病人犯罪還是適用部分桑豪斯辨認(rèn)或自控行為能力精神病人犯罪的刑法處罰條款，刑法總則并未明文規(guī)定，目前也尚無(wú)具體司法解釋。第四，對(duì)于尚未完全喪失辨認(rèn)或者控制自己行為能力的精神病人犯罪的，處罰時(shí)對(duì)于犯罪人的喪失辨認(rèn)或自控行為能力的程度大小是難以把握的。這些都是目前需要研究解決的問(wèn)題。

個(gè)人以為，對(duì)于精神病人犯罪，應(yīng)該有著明確肯定的刑法規(guī)定，畢竟犯罪的精神病人即證明其對(duì)社會(huì)秩序和他人人身是有著一定的危害性的。除不能辨認(rèn)或者不能控制自己行為時(shí)造成危害結(jié)果并有法定程序鑒定確認(rèn)的，可以不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任以外，其他的均應(yīng)該負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。但是，在這里，應(yīng)該對(duì)那些不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的精神病者有著嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定，即有嚴(yán)格保障的看管和醫(yī)療；另外就是對(duì)受害者及其家庭應(yīng)給與足夠的補(bǔ)償，盡最大程度的努力來(lái)保障不再使精神病者有出外害人的事件出現(xiàn)。我國(guó)法律對(duì)于精神病人的第十八條的規(guī)定是合理的，但是應(yīng)注意司法實(shí)踐中的諸多細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題，給精神病人和受害者足夠的法律保護(hù)。

第三篇：《精英的階梯》讀后感（本站推薦）

《精英的階梯》讀后感

《精英的階梯》是美國(guó)波士頓薩福克大學(xué)歷史系助理教授薛涌出版的關(guān)于對(duì)美國(guó)教育考察的一本書(shū)。

全書(shū)分為六部分。一是變遷中的美國(guó)教育；二是近觀哈佛；三是在在美國(guó)養(yǎng)孩子；四是體育與精英教育；五是美國(guó)的教育與社會(huì)；六是從美國(guó)看中國(guó)教育。

以下幾點(diǎn)是影響我比較深的：

首先，作者說(shuō)，當(dāng)領(lǐng)袖，是要把握大方向，更需要?jiǎng)?wù)虛。

務(wù)虛的學(xué)生，利用大學(xué)時(shí)期發(fā)現(xiàn)自己，認(rèn)識(shí)世界，反省人類最重要的價(jià)值，懂得如何去探求、創(chuàng)造。

人文教育教你如何思考、如何分析、如何閱讀、如何進(jìn)行有說(shuō)服力的論述。專注于大的理念，就不被一些瑣碎的細(xì)節(jié)所支配。

這些也是商業(yè)活動(dòng)中需要的。在商業(yè)活動(dòng)中，每天的信息瞬息萬(wàn)變，懂得如何尊重他人，如何用語(yǔ)言與人建立良好的溝通關(guān)系，如何了解客戶的所需，如何提出有創(chuàng)造性價(jià)值的方案，這些都是人文教育所教會(huì)的。

公司需要專業(yè)技術(shù)人員，但更需要能綜合思考不同問(wèn)題并提出具體解決方案的人，所以公司首腦更喜歡人文學(xué)科出身的人。由此可見(jiàn)，人文學(xué)科培養(yǎng)的分析深度、創(chuàng)造力，比商學(xué)院教的東西更可靠。其次，美國(guó)的精英教育通過(guò)體育培養(yǎng)的人格，是統(tǒng)治者的人格。美國(guó)人讓孩子打球，是教育孩子如何融入群體，通過(guò)自己對(duì)群體的貢

獻(xiàn)和犧牲來(lái)贏得尊重。這樣培養(yǎng)的是領(lǐng)袖才能，和同伴的紐帶、對(duì)集體的忠誠(chéng)、對(duì)對(duì)手的尊重、公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、維護(hù)榮譽(yù)和基本道德品性。美國(guó)人教育培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的是領(lǐng)袖，而我們亞裔培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的是高級(jí)的被統(tǒng)治者——技術(shù)人員。亞裔孩子整天關(guān)在屋子里埋頭學(xué)習(xí)，在別人眼里是很自私的，因?yàn)樗麄兠撾x群體，只顧自己的功名成績(jī)，不關(guān)心政治時(shí)事，雖然成績(jī)優(yōu)異，但是缺乏創(chuàng)造力，缺乏與人溝通技巧，更缺乏體育所培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的合作、犧牲、為集體奉獻(xiàn)的精神。亞裔總是給人對(duì)政治冷漠，對(duì)社會(huì)責(zé)任淡薄的態(tài)度。所以在政治上表現(xiàn)不佳。

再者，美國(guó)的精英教育是用體育來(lái)培養(yǎng)精英，這來(lái)源于古希臘的教育觀念。

古希臘人認(rèn)為，刻苦的體育訓(xùn)練，可以培養(yǎng)公民堅(jiān)忍不拔的品格和忍受巨大痛苦的能力，同時(shí)也鍛造了強(qiáng)健的身體。

美國(guó)大學(xué)一貫重視體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，尤其是美國(guó)橄欖球。

美國(guó)的總統(tǒng)、政治評(píng)論員都評(píng)球，常常從政治說(shuō)到球，又從球說(shuō)到政治，你要想懂得生活的基本原則，最簡(jiǎn)單的途徑就是打球。比如，怎么與同伴合作，怎么對(duì)付對(duì)手，怎么對(duì)待失敗，怎么在挫折和逆境中奮起，無(wú)論是輸贏都不能喪失的集體榮譽(yù)感等等，這些在球場(chǎng)上都可以學(xué)會(huì)。甚至連商業(yè)大款都愛(ài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。如果你不運(yùn)動(dòng)，就難以有共同語(yǔ)言與人交流。

還有作者提到了美國(guó)人從小把孩子推到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中鍛煉。一是自己打工，一是做義工。前者培養(yǎng)孩子對(duì)自己的責(zé)任，后者培養(yǎng)孩子對(duì)社會(huì)的責(zé)任。即使是中高產(chǎn)階級(jí)的孩子也要打工掙零花錢(qián)，這無(wú)形中形成了孩子的價(jià)值觀，培養(yǎng)了孩子從小獨(dú)立的習(xí)慣。讓孩子懂得創(chuàng)業(yè)的艱辛，怎樣在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中獲勝。“事業(yè)”開(kāi)始早，當(dāng)然在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中就先聲奪人。從小打工也讓孩子懂得為社會(huì)做貢獻(xiàn)，知道社會(huì)的需要什么，才懂得以后創(chuàng)造什么。大學(xué)畢業(yè)后就能明確自己的位置，不會(huì)有“懷才不遇”的心態(tài)，不會(huì)高不成低不就。美國(guó)的精英就是這樣培養(yǎng)的。最后，作者在“你能富嗎？”這一章節(jié)中提到：“沒(méi)有任何東西能夠比‘美國(guó)夢(mèng)’更能界定美國(guó)：不管出身多么卑微，只要努力、誠(chéng)實(shí)、節(jié)儉，任何人都能夠出任投地，獲得權(quán)力及影響，甚至成為美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。”這表明了美國(guó)人有著正確的價(jià)值觀，他們相信真理與智慧，從小通過(guò)自己努力創(chuàng)造、為社會(huì)做貢獻(xiàn)來(lái)獲得財(cái)富。這樣的人，才能領(lǐng)導(dǎo)世界，把世界變得更美好。

第四篇：《成長(zhǎng)的階梯》讀后感

《成長(zhǎng)的階梯》讀后感

《成長(zhǎng)的階梯》讀后感

《成長(zhǎng)的階梯》的作者是胡誼，是研究心理學(xué)的。他很有氣魄，把一個(gè)教師成為專家教師所遇的所有問(wèn)題一網(wǎng)打盡。最閃光的地方，還是他從心理學(xué)的角度去解讀學(xué)生、教師以及師生的關(guān)系，并因此延伸出很多科學(xué)的方法和技巧。人的心理是世界上最復(fù)雜最難以把握的，所以教育人是世界最困難的事。可是總有教育理論家唱高調(diào)為難老師。本書(shū)卻顯得格外寬容：教師不是神仙，學(xué)生不是太子。他承認(rèn)教師能力的有限，也坦誠(chéng)說(shuō)有些學(xué)生實(shí)在是令人“厭惡”。

因?yàn)樯钊胙芯苛藢W(xué)生的心理，就提高課堂效率，本書(shū)就有許多經(jīng)濟(jì)適用的

方法。一般認(rèn)為課堂效率和老師是否精心設(shè)計(jì)有很大關(guān)系，但很少人關(guān)注使用心理學(xué)的知識(shí)來(lái)提高效率。輕松、歡悅而有效率的課堂，有時(shí)還真需要書(shū)中的小手段：圖畫(huà)、聲音、語(yǔ)速、眼神的改變，手勢(shì)、表情、站姿、與學(xué)生距離的改變，這些都對(duì)學(xué)生的心理有很微妙的影響。再有，用眼光掃視全班，引起注意，把手放在學(xué)生的肩上，來(lái)滿足學(xué)生愛(ài)與尊重的需要。方法很多，不少經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的老師常用，對(duì)我而言，還是很新鮮的，以后一定要自覺(jué)使用。試想，精心的設(shè)計(jì)再加上巧妙的心理戰(zhàn)術(shù)，何愁一堂課不像一葉輕舟那樣歡快自如呢？就和學(xué)生溝通而言，溝通是一門(mén)藝術(shù)而不是技術(shù)。常用的方法是“蘿卜加大棒”。蘿卜的吃法很有講究，一定要遵循“及時(shí)，準(zhǔn)備，真誠(chéng)”的原則，大棒的施法也要遵循“一致，因人而異，一事一議”原則。再如你與一個(gè)令你討厭的犯了錯(cuò)誤死不認(rèn)賬的學(xué)生，可以面帶微笑，暗示一切都在你的掌控中。這些小方法雖不

起眼，但“拔出膿來(lái)就是好膏藥”，本書(shū)類似的靈丹妙法俯拾皆是。

因?yàn)閷?duì)教師的心理作了深入全面的研究，相信很多人看了心里會(huì)有一絲溫暖。書(shū)中詳細(xì)地分析了教師壓力產(chǎn)生的原因和對(duì)策，尤其是談到的許多降壓的妙招，真是一劑劑良藥。

讓人心里覺(jué)得熨帖的還有本書(shū)對(duì)師生關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)也很寬容。它認(rèn)為一個(gè)教師管理學(xué)生，民主型、自由型、權(quán)威型、理智型，各有千秋。因?yàn)楦鞣N心理性格的學(xué)生所需求的教師不一樣。它還認(rèn)為學(xué)生的認(rèn)知有“場(chǎng)獨(dú)立”和“場(chǎng)依存”的不同，對(duì)教師授課風(fēng)格要求亦有差異。所以，再優(yōu)秀的教師也有不喜愛(ài)自己的學(xué)生存在，老師不必苛求自己，追求所謂的完美。

總之，《成長(zhǎng)的階梯》是一本很適用的心理學(xué)著作，教師應(yīng)多使用心理學(xué)知識(shí)教育管理學(xué)生并保護(hù)自己的身心健康。“成長(zhǎng)的階梯”設(shè)喻比較形象，但給人感覺(jué)爬梯子的人很淘神費(fèi)力的，姿態(tài)

也不從容。想這樣比方：教育是一條痛苦并快樂(lè)的河流，不見(jiàn)其發(fā)端，不見(jiàn)其終極，但在這條河流上泛舟的人，應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)欣賞岸邊的花草，享受和風(fēng)，多一份輕松、自適。

第五篇：英文資料級(jí)翻譯

Buyers always ask how much of an earnest money deposit is required.Typically, there is no set requirement.In California, contracts must contain consideration to be valid, but that amount can be as little as one dollar.Laws in your state may be different.Bear in mind, however, that the amount of your earnest money deposit depends primarily on your marketplace and local custom.What is an Earnest Money Deposit?

It's a good faith deposit but not to be confused with a down payment.When buyers execute a purchase contract, the contract specifies how much money the buyer is initially putting up to secure the contract, to show “good faith,” and how much money all together will be deposited as a down payment.The balance is generally financed as a mortgage or a combination of mortgages.An earnest money deposit says to the seller: “Yes, I am serious enough about buying your house that I'm willing to put my money where my mouth is.”

So, How Much is Enough?

Because there is no set amount, it varies from market to market and across the country.Where I work in California, deposits are generally 1 to 3 percent of the sales price.Buyers here do not often put down more than 3% since most sign a liquidated damages clause that limits the seller to 3% of the purchase price as damages in the event of a default.But it's not unusual for a buyer purchasing a $300,000 home to put down $1,000, especially if the buyer is obtaining 100% financing.In those scenarios, the deposit is most often refunded to the buyer and subsequently used as a credit toward closing costs because the financing makes up the entire purchase price.If it's a seller's market, with many buyers fighting over limited inventory, it makes logical sense for the buyer to put down a much larger earnest money deposit to entice the seller to accept the offer.In buyer's markets, a larger earnest money deposit might entice a seller to accept a much lower purchase price.So you see, it all depends.Be Careful to Whom You Give Your Earnest Money Deposit

A reader from New Brunswick, Canada, Sylvie Schriver, claims she lost her $2,500 earnest money deposit by handing it over to an individual who professed to be a real estate broker.She says the broker stole a brokerage's logo and business supplies to make it appear that he was legitimate;however, he vanished when Sylvie called to ask questions about her mortgage.When she reported the crook to the police, she then discovered that others had filed complaints.Sadly, at that point, Sylvie's money was gone.? Never give an earnest money deposit to the seller.Make the deposit payable to a reputable third party such as a well known real estate brokerage, legal firm, escrow company or title company.? Verify that the third party will deposit the funds into a separately maintained trust account.? Obtain a receipt.? It is not advisable to authorize a release of your earnest money(or a pass-through)until your transaction closes.?

Is Your Earnest Money Deposit Refundable Upon Cancellation?

First, read your contract.Laws vary from state to state.In California, standard

C.A.R.purchase contracts allow for the return of the earnest money deposit to the buyer within a specified time period, by default 17 days, should the buyer elect to cancel the transaction.If, at that point, the seller refused to return the deposit without cause, the seller could end up paying a $1,000 civil penalty to the buyer.Upon cancellation, the sellers and buyers are asked to sign mutual release instructions.If an agreement cannot be reached, the party holding the earnest money deposit will continue to hold it until an agreement is reached.If no agreement has been reached after a few years, escrow companies then send the parties a certified letter asking for mutual instructions.The letter says if nobody responds within a certain time period, then escrow will return the money to the buyer.If the seller contests the action then, after 3 years, escrow will send the money to the state of California, presumably to help balance our budget deficit.In a thesaurus, a synonym for earnest is sincere.When purchasing real property, the buyer offers a sum of deposited money to be held to indicate their sincerity and intent to go through with the purchase process.The amount offered usually correlates somewhat with the purchase price of the real property, however this can vary by locality and custom.The amount of earnest money is also normally a negotiable item.The seller does not have to accept the initial amount offered by the prospective buyer.Sellers can require an increase in earnest money deposited for various reasons:

?

?

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? Buyer has requested extended period to closing Buyer is offering zero or very low down payment Seller has increased interest or other offers on the property Buyer just offered too little money in the first place

In some cases, sellers may set a minimum earnest money amount in the listing advertisement.New homebuilders may also have certain minimum up-front deposit requirements.Most states have very strict rules regarding the handling of, and accounting for, earnest money deposits.The money is usually held in an escrow company account,title company account, buyers' broker trust account, or sellers' broker trust account.It is always the buyer's money in a transaction that goes through to closing.On the settlement statement it is used to offset the buyers' costs in the transaction.The disposition of earnest money in a dispute and failed transaction is also spelled out in state law and real estate regulations.In many real estate contracts the buyer and seller agree to mediate before going to court and taking further legal action.Mediation usually results in agreement by the parties as to how to distribute earnest money in the failed deal.In many cases just avoiding the cost of mediation will result in an agreement between the parties.In all cases, real estate agents and brokers should place the highest priority on the handling of client funds.Case in Point

A buyer's $1,000 was deposited into escrow two years ago.Unknown to the seller or real estate agent, a week before closing escrow, the buyer decided to buy another property and entered escrow at a different title company.A few days before she was scheduled to close on the first property, the buyer completed her final walk-through and declared there were water stains on the ceiling.There was no evidence of water stains on the ceiling.But that didn't stop the buyer from canceling the escrow.The sellers believe the buyer has forfeited her deposit.The buyer believes it should be returned.Two years later, the money is still sitting in escrow.買(mǎi)家總是問(wèn)如何一大部分 保證金存款 是必需的。通常情況下，沒(méi)有設(shè)置的要求。在加州，合同必須考慮到有效遏制，但金額可低至一美元。在你的國(guó)家法律可能會(huì)有所不同。要記住的，但是，你的存款金額保證金，主要取決于對(duì)市場(chǎng)和當(dāng)?shù)氐牧?xí)俗。

什么是定金存款？

這是一個(gè)很好的信用保證金支付，但不被混淆了下來(lái)。當(dāng)執(zhí)行一個(gè)買(mǎi)家 購(gòu)買(mǎi)合同，合同規(guī)定多少錢(qián)，買(mǎi)主是最初張貼，以確保合同，以示“誠(chéng)意”，并一起多少錢(qián)將存入款項(xiàng)作為定金。結(jié)余資金一般是作為抵押權(quán)或抵押貸款組合。保證金存款的向賣(mài)方說(shuō)： “是的，我是認(rèn)真的房子不夠買(mǎi)你的，我很愿意把我的錢(qián)用在我的嘴。”

那么，怎樣才算足夠？

因?yàn)闆](méi)有金額時(shí)，它從市場(chǎng)到市場(chǎng)的變化和全國(guó)各地。凡我在加州的工作，存款一般為1至3銷(xiāo)售價(jià)格的百分比。買(mǎi)家在這里放下不經(jīng)常超過(guò)3％，因?yàn)榇蟛糠趾炇鹨环葸`約金條款，賣(mài)方賠償限額為3％的購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)格在一個(gè)默認(rèn)事件。但它不是尋常的30萬(wàn)美元購(gòu)買(mǎi)一回家放下1,000元，尤其是如果買(mǎi)方是獲得100％的融資買(mǎi)家。在這些情況下，存款是最常見(jiàn)的退還給買(mǎi)受人，其后為信貸用于對(duì)關(guān)閉的融資成本，因?yàn)閺浹a(bǔ)了整個(gè)購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)格。

如果它是一個(gè)賣(mài)方的市場(chǎng)，不少購(gòu)房者在有限的庫(kù)存戰(zhàn)斗，它使邏輯意義，以便買(mǎi)方放下一個(gè)更大的保證金存款，以吸引賣(mài)方接受這項(xiàng)提議。在買(mǎi)方市場(chǎng)，一個(gè)更大的保證金存款可能誘使賣(mài)方接受更低的購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)格。所以你看，這一切都取決于。

要小心那些你給你的定金存款

來(lái)自加拿大新不倫瑞克，西爾維施賴弗，讀者說(shuō)她失去交給它交給一個(gè)人誰(shuí)自稱是一位房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人她二千五美元保證金存款。她說(shuō)，經(jīng)紀(jì)人偷了經(jīng)紀(jì)的標(biāo)識(shí)和商務(wù)用品，使之出現(xiàn)，他是合法的，但是，當(dāng)他消失西爾維打電話來(lái)詢問(wèn)她的抵押貸款的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)她向警方報(bào)告了騙子，然后，她發(fā)現(xiàn)，其他人提出的投訴。可悲的是，在這一點(diǎn)上，西爾維的錢(qián)不見(jiàn)了。

永不放棄的保證金存入賣(mài)方。

? 使存款支付，如著名的房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)，律師事務(wù)所，一家或標(biāo)題公司以有信譽(yù)的第三方。

? 驗(yàn)證第三方將分別維持存入信托帳戶的資金。

? 取得收據(jù)。

? 這是不可取的授權(quán)發(fā)布你的保證金（或傳遞），直到你的交易完成。? 是你的定金后取消定金退還？

首先，請(qǐng)閱讀您的合同。法有所不同的州。在加州，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的汽車(chē)采購(gòu)合同允許的定金退還押金在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)給買(mǎi)方，默認(rèn)情況下17天，買(mǎi)方應(yīng)選擇取消交易。如果在這一點(diǎn)上，賣(mài)方拒絕退還押金無(wú)故，賣(mài)方可能為此付出1000美元的民事罰款給買(mǎi)方。

取消后，賣(mài)方和買(mǎi)方都被要求簽署相互解除指令。如果協(xié)議無(wú)法達(dá)成，黨持有保證金存款將繼續(xù)持有它，直到達(dá)成協(xié)議。如果達(dá)不成協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成了幾年后，托管公司然后發(fā)送各方相互認(rèn)證的請(qǐng)示信。信中說(shuō)，如果沒(méi)有人響應(yīng)在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)，然后將錢(qián)還給托管給買(mǎi)方。如果賣(mài)方比賽的動(dòng)作，然后，3年后，代管將派錢(qián)給美國(guó)加利福尼亞州，可能是為了幫助平衡我們的財(cái)政預(yù)算赤字。

個(gè)別國(guó)家的法律法規(guī)和房地產(chǎn)管理的定金在房地產(chǎn)交易中使用。在房地產(chǎn)交易涉及應(yīng)符合其國(guó)家的有關(guān)，特別是在與一個(gè)失敗的交易糾紛的定金處理，熟悉所有的規(guī)則。

在詞庫(kù)，熱切的同義詞是真誠(chéng)的。當(dāng)購(gòu)買(mǎi)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)，買(mǎi)方提供了資金存入將于表明其誠(chéng)意和意圖去與購(gòu)買(mǎi)過(guò)程中，通過(guò)總和。通常所提供的金額有點(diǎn)相關(guān)的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)格，但是這可以通過(guò)不同地點(diǎn)和習(xí)俗。保證金數(shù)額的，通常也可轉(zhuǎn)讓的項(xiàng)目。賣(mài)方不必接受初始金額，準(zhǔn)買(mǎi)家提供。賣(mài)家可以要求在增加保證金存放各種原因：

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? 買(mǎi)方要求延長(zhǎng)期限結(jié)束 買(mǎi)方提供零或非常低首付 賣(mài)方已增加了對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)的權(quán)益或其他優(yōu)惠 買(mǎi)方剛才提出的在第一時(shí)間太少錢(qián)

在某些情況下，賣(mài)家可能會(huì)在上市設(shè)置廣告的最低保證金金額。新的住宅建筑商可能也有一定的最低預(yù)付訂金的要求。

大多數(shù)國(guó)家有非常嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則關(guān)于處理，以及，保證金存款的核算。這筆錢(qián)一般在每年的托管公司帳戶，公司帳戶所有權(quán)，買(mǎi)方經(jīng)紀(jì)人信托帳戶，或賣(mài)方經(jīng)紀(jì)人信任帳戶。它始終是買(mǎi)方的交易中，通過(guò)對(duì)截止去賺錢(qián)。在結(jié)算說(shuō)明它是用來(lái)抵消交易的買(mǎi)家的成本。

對(duì)保證金的糾紛和失敗的交易性格還闡述了國(guó)家法律和房地產(chǎn)法規(guī)。在許多房地產(chǎn)合同的買(mǎi)方和賣(mài)方同意調(diào)解，才去法院，并采取進(jìn)一步的法律行動(dòng)。調(diào)解通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致各方就如何分布在失敗的交易保證金是一致的。在短短避免了許多案件調(diào)解成本將導(dǎo)致雙方之間的協(xié)議。在所有情況下，房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人和經(jīng)紀(jì)人應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)客戶資金的最優(yōu)先處理。

案例分析

買(mǎi)家的1,000元存入代管是在兩年前。未知向賣(mài)方或地產(chǎn)代理，收盤(pán)前一個(gè)星期代管，買(mǎi)方?jīng)Q定購(gòu)買(mǎi)另外，進(jìn)入公司代管的財(cái)產(chǎn)在不同的標(biāo)題。第一個(gè)屬

性的前幾天，她原定的結(jié)束，買(mǎi)方完成了她最后的步行通過(guò)了天花板上的水漬，并宣布那里。有證據(jù)證明不設(shè)上限的水漬。但是，這并沒(méi)有阻止從代管買(mǎi)方取消。賣(mài)方認(rèn)為，買(mǎi)方喪失了她的存款。買(mǎi)方認(rèn)為，它應(yīng)該被返回。兩年后，錢(qián)還是坐在代管。