第一篇：立場文件-丹麥

丹麥立場文件

代表:何濤

國家:丹麥王國

委員會：聯合國糧食及農業組織（FAO）

議題：關注世界糧食安全

近年來糧食危機的陰影籠罩著全球，影響全球經濟發展的格局和態勢。世界糧食安全問題凸顯復雜性、艱巨性和長期性等特點。主要原因包括：一是全球氣溫轉暖，極端天氣頻現，干旱和洪水等自然災害增加，土地沙漠化加劇導致耕地減少，直接影響了世界各國糧食產量的提高，造成了世界糧食出口的大幅減少；二是糧食的高消耗問題日益突出，一些國家為了應對石油危機帶來的影響，把大量糧食轉化為生物燃料等新的能源；三是二戰后全球人口快速增長，特別是發展中國家由于人口眾多，耕地減少，環境惡化使得糧食安全情況日趨嚴峻；四是在國際投機基金不斷通過操控國際油價和糧價來擴大自己的市場影響力，不斷通過抬高糧食價格從中漁利。種種因素影響導致國際糧價波動和糧食危機持續發生使得全球饑餓人口數量有增無減。

丹麥1948年4月加入歐洲經濟合作組織，1973年加入歐洲共同體，履行歐盟共同農業政策共同應對糧食危機。面對新的糧食危機丹麥積極落實歐盟委員會決議，包括調整有關農業補貼的比例以及投入更多的土地到糧食生產中以增加糧食的供應，同時響應歐盟委員會給予一些國家人道主義幫助。大力支持2012年度歐盟委員會對塞內加爾以及非洲撒哈拉地區國家的人道主義援助，包括向塞內加爾增加援助72億非郎（約1,440萬美元），向非洲增加援助9500萬歐元，以應對那里的糧食危機。

丹麥認為，破解世界糧食安全危機的難題根本上應從農業角度加大供給和開發，同時依靠國際協調與合作。據此，丹麥提出以下幾點建議：

一、以FAO為中心，組織一個關于農作物收成、消費和庫存等全方位透明的數據庫，提高對價格上漲的反應速度；

二、營造一個健康的國際農產品貿易秩序，創建一個糧價協調聯動的國際機制。

三、提高耕地使用率，耕地閑置的發展中國家需要營造有吸引力的農業投資環境，引進外力，共同開發。

四、增加世界糧食產量，加強國際合作，依靠先進農業科學技術非洲等地大有作為；丹麥希望加強聯合國、國際金融組織、各國政府、私營企業和非政府組織之間的協調，爭取達成協議推動振興非洲地區的糧食生產。

糧食是國家戰略物資和國家公共物品，保障持續穩定的糧食供給，是每一個主權國家政府義不容辭的責任。丹麥將致力于推動在糧食和農業領域的國際合作以解決威脅世界的糧食安全問題。一如既往地支持聯合國做出的各項有利于世界糧食安全的決議，在維護好國內糧食安全的前提下積極參與對發展中國家的援助。履行好發達國家的國際責任。

第二篇：立場文件

立場文件 新中國成立以來，我們國家發生了巨大變化，特別是改革開放，極大地調動了人們的積極性和創造性，開創了國家經濟、政治、文化、社會全面發展的嶄新局面，綜合國力大幅提升，人民生活顯著改善，城鄉面貌日新月異，國際地位不斷提高。我們走的中國特色社會主義道路，是一條富民強國、振興中華的康莊大道。

在我們這樣一個有著十幾億人口的大國進行現代化建設，是人類歷史上前所未有的壯舉。我們已經取得了偉大的成就，但前面的路還很長。在前進的道路上既有機遇也有挑戰。我們堅信，只要堅定不移地走中國特色社會主義道路，堅持改革開放，就一定能夠把中國建設成為富強民主文明和諧的社會主義現代化國家。我們對中國的未來充滿希望，我們偉大祖國的前程無限光明！

能源是支持人類文明進步的物質基礎，也是現代社會發展須臾不可或缺的基本條件。近年來，綠色發展在全球蓬勃興起。其核心是減少對能源資源的過度消耗，追求經濟、社會、生態全面協調可持續發展。為此，世界各國進行了積極探索，中國也做出了不懈努力。我們積極調整經濟結構，加大節能減排力度；加大政策扶持，加快清潔能源發展；加快傳統產業改造，提高能源利用效率；倡導低碳生活方式，推行綠色消費。我們面臨的困難很多，付出的代價很大，但我們毫不動搖。

為了減少能源資源問題帶來的困擾和不平等，世界各國應當進一步行動起來，共同做出更大努力。第一，要把節能增效放在首位，推動建立節約型生產方式、生活方式和消費模式，通過采用先進科技提高能效，建設低投入、高產出、低消耗、少排放、能循環、可持續的國民經濟體系。第二，要大力發展可再生能源和清潔能源。各國應加強政策扶持，擴大應用規模，逐步降低成本，越來越多地替代化石能源。第三，要積極推動能源科技革命。政府應當加大投入，推進能源科技創新的工程示范和產業化。發達國家應當在保護知識產權的前提下，向發展中國家和不發達國家提供、轉移技術。第四，要有效保障能源安全。可考慮在Ｇ２０框架下，本著互利共贏的原則，建立一個包括能源供應國、消費國、中轉國在內的全球能源市場治理機制。要通過協商對話，制定公正、合理、有約束力的國際規則，構建能源市場的預測預警、價格協調、金融監督、安全應急等多邊協調機制，使全球能源市場更加安全、穩定、可持續。

中國一貫尊重西亞北非地區國家和人民的自主選擇，支持其依靠資源稟賦和優勢發展本國經濟。中國將繼續同世界各國人民一道，加強國際合作，推動可持續創新，致力于發展未來能源，共同建設一個綠色和可持續發展的新世界。

第三篇：立場文件11-05-04

Delegates:

School: College of Foreign Language.Country: The United Kingdom Committee: ECOSOC Topic: Ocean Protection.Ocean protection has become a world focus, for it has close relationship to many other important issues.On one hand, the high seas are parts of country.Each of us thinks highly of them.We will take a good use of them and protect them well.On the other hand, the ocean is the property of the whole human.As the water flowing, the pollution of ocean will affect many countries.So the UK government has created the world's largest marine reserve around the Chagos Islands.As UK Foreign Secretary David Miliband commented: “Its creation is a major step forward for protecting the oceans, not just around BIOT [British Indian Ocean Territory] itself, but also throughout the world.This measure is a further demonstration of how the UK takes its international environmental responsibilities seriously.”

The UK government has long paid attention to the problem of ocean protection.In 2010, One year ago, the UK government established the Chagos Marine Reserve in the Indian Ocean, marking an historic victory for global ocean conservation.And more than 275,000 people from at least 200 countries and territories joined the call from the Chagos Environment Network, Pew’s joint initiative with eight leading conservation and scientific organizations, to protect the Chagos before it is too late.For now, the UK goverment has been accomplished to ensure that these islands and their surrounding waters will be protected for future generations.These efforts include initiating scientific and conservation projects to restore native vegetation on the islands, ending all legal fishing in the surrounding waters, and launching conservation training for Chagossians.UK is with no exception as together with all the other nations in the whole world faced with the problem of oceanic pollution as well as the over exploitation problem, and is facing it ,for generations.The optimistic achievement from UK so far is also pretty encouraging.In 2010, the UK government established the Chagos Marine Reserve in the Indian Ocean, which makes such a historic victory for global ocean conservation.This measure is a further demonstration of how the UK takes its international environmental responsibilities seriously." And also, according to a survey of Marine Conservation Society, the numbers of sharks, sea purses, stingrays, whales and seals have already been sharply reduced in the seas around UK.The UK government is always making effort in many aspects to provide better treatment to protect ocean.For instance, UK put forward the new bill on ocean protection, Marine and Coastal Access Act, in 2009, which also marked the UK's marine species and their habitats would be more comprehensive protection.UK would like to utilize the power of international legislation to standardize ocean exploitation.For now, the UK government has been accomplished to ensure that these islands and their surrounding waters will be protected for future generations.These efforts include initiating scientific and conservation projects to restore native vegetation on the islands, ending all legal fishing in the surrounding waters, and launching conservation training for Chagossians.UK would like to utilize the chance of cooperating with international countries.Meanwhile, UK would like to establish a new marine management institution, to strengthen the construction of marine protection laws and regulations.UK affirms its great intention of cooperating with other countries to promote this project.UK is firmly convinced that the ocean should be protected before it is too late.海洋保護已成為世界的焦點，因為它有著密切的關系，許多其他重要問題。一方面，公海是全國各地。我們每個人都認為他們的高度評價。我們將采取一系列用好，保護好。另一方面，海洋是整個人類的財產。由于水流，海洋污染將影響許多國家。因此，英國政府已經創造了世界上最大的查戈斯群島周圍的海洋保護區。正如英國外交大臣米利班德說：“它的建立是保護海洋的重要一步，不僅是圍繞畢奧[英屬印度洋領地]本身，而且在整個世界里，這種措施是英國如何采取進一步論證。其國際環境認真負責。“

英國政府長期以來一直重視對海洋的保護問題。2010年，一年前，英國政府設立了印度洋查戈斯群島海洋保護區，標志著一個全球海洋保護的歷史性勝利。超過275,000名來自至少200個國家和地區的人加入從查戈斯環境網絡，皮尤與八大的保護和科研機構聯合倡議，呼吁保護查戈斯，以免為時過晚。目前，英國政府已經完成，以確保這些島嶼及其周圍海域將成為未來幾代人的保護。這些努力包括科學和保護項目的啟動，恢復原生植被的島嶼，終止于附近水域捕魚的所有法律，并開展節能方面的查戈斯培訓。

英國是沒有例外，連同所有與海洋污染，以及過度開采問題，面臨的問題，其他國家和整個世界面臨的世代。從英國樂觀的成就至今也相當令人鼓舞。2010年，英國政府在印度洋建立，這使得這樣一個全球海洋保護的歷史性勝利的查戈斯群島海洋保護區。這項措施是如何在英國的國際環境需要進一步論證認真負責。“還有，根據對海洋環境保護協會的調查，鯊魚，海皮包，黃貂魚，鯨魚和海豹的數量已經急劇減少圍繞英國海域。英國政府總是做了多方面努力提供更好的治療，以保護海洋。例如，英國提出了關于海洋保護，新的法案海洋和海岸使用法，在2009年，這也標志著英國的海洋物種及其棲息地的保護將更加全面。

英國想利用國際立法的權力，規范海洋開發。目前，英國政府已經完成，以確保這些島嶼及其周圍海域將成為未來幾代人的保護。這些努力包括科學和保護項目的啟動，恢復原生植被的島嶼，終止于附近水域捕魚的所有法律，并開展節能方面的查戈斯培訓。英國希望利用與國際各國合作的機會。與此同時，英國將要建立一個新的海洋管理機構，加強對海洋保護的法律法規建設。英國確認其與其他國家合作，以促進該項目的大的意向。英國堅信，海洋應該受到保護，以免為時過晚。

第四篇：新西蘭立場文件

學校：青島第十六中學 國家：新西蘭

委員會：中文常規委員會 議題：農業補貼 代表：黑俊銘 張笑恬

由于農業的特殊性，農業補貼是一個國家保護糧食安全、支持農業發展、維持農產品價格穩定、保障農民收入最主要，最常用的政策工具。但另一方面，巨額的農業補貼誤導了資源配置，導致資源從更有生產力的用途流向農業生產、增加了農產品的世界供應從而壓低了世界價格、嚴重背離了自由貿易的基本原則。更重要的是，由于發展中國家的農業部門通常比在出口、就業方面往往比發達國家占更大的比重，無疑發展中國家為農業補貼負擔了更多的農業補貼成本，并且深受其害。

新西蘭因生產效率低和資金缺乏而深受歐美國家出口補貼之苦，強烈要求糾正在農產品貿易上的扭曲現象。新西蘭總理約翰·基2012年9月7日發表言論表示，全球各國的農業補貼浪費了數千億美元資金，在全球財政危機的背景下，巨額農業補貼難以負擔。約翰·基說，根據新西蘭的自身經驗，我們知道削減補貼不是易事。但補貼削減措施出臺后，農民很快便通過削減成本、提高生產率，根據市場需求做出了調整。相關舉措最終使新西蘭在農業及葡萄酒領域擁有了全球最高的生產率。約翰·基在符拉迪沃斯托克舉行的亞太經合組織（ＡＰＥＣ）峰會一個商業論壇上指出，目前日本、美國、歐盟均面臨著削減財政赤字，控制公共債務的巨大挑戰，當前規模的補貼難以負擔，且不可持續。據了解，新西蘭上世紀８０年代已經廢除了農業補貼。新西蘭是世界上少數幾個依靠農業立國并進入發達國家行列的國家。依靠優越的自然條件、科技創新以及制度改革等，形成了主導產業清晰、自然環保、科技領先、質量安全、低成本、高效率、競爭力強的由大企業和行業協會領銜的規模化、一體化現代農業，成為發達國家中對農業沒有進行直接補貼但國際競爭力很強的外向型農業典范。

在國際上面，新西蘭已加入凱恩斯集團，凱恩斯集團由15個國家組成的一個非正式聯合體，于1986年成立于澳大利亞凱恩斯。在烏拉圭回合多變貿易談判中，凱恩斯集團是一個堅強的聯合體，它要求撤消貿易壁壘并穩定削減影響農業貿易的補貼。這些國家有澳大利亞、阿根廷、巴西、智利、哥倫比亞、匈牙利、印度尼西亞、馬來西亞、菲律賓、新西蘭、泰國、烏拉圭、斐濟和加拿大等14個國家，其農產品出口占世界出口量的25%，但是這些國家都沒有對其農產品給予補貼。1999年11月29日，該集團決定吸收3個美洲國家為其成員，這三個國家是玻利維亞、哥斯達黎加和危地馬拉。在關貿總協定烏拉圭回合農產品貿易談判中，該集團發揮了舉足輕重的作用。其原因有二：一是在推動農產品貿易自由化方面與美國的立場相近；一是在考慮實施農產品貿易自由化的過渡辦法和期限上與發展中國家的觀點相近。前者是由于凱恩斯集團在農產品出口上有著巨大的利益，因此積極主張以交通燈方案制約國內農業支持措施；同意把非關稅壁壘轉變成關稅措施；同意按一定的公式削減農產品關稅等。后者是由于凱恩斯集團的絕大多數成員為發展中國家。凱恩斯集團成員國從1986年以來多次舉行會議，要求取消農產品出口補貼。美國主張逐步取消補貼，10年以后全部取消。歐洲共同體認為可以采取一些措施改變這種政策，但是不可能全部取消補貼。

在這么長時間取消農業補貼的行動中，新西蘭認識到，要盡快解決農業補貼問題，我們還需處理以下幾個方面：

1、世界上仍有許多國家困擾農業補貼這項政策，我們應繼續拉攏這些保持中立和飽受農業補貼困擾的國家，擴大取消農業稅這份力量在世界上的影響力。

2、與支持農業補貼的國家繼續進行談判，表面農業補貼的缺點與對發展中國家造成的不利影響，保證盡快的取消農業補貼。

3、加強國際合作機制，由聯合國牽頭協調各國解決農業補貼問題，找出解決此問題的關鍵，正確的聯合各個國家，保證各個聯合國家的利益。

長期以來，歐洲共同體成員國與美國對農產品出口實行補貼政策，這種貿易保護主義的作法在國際市場上造成供過于求的混亂狀況，使其它沒有能力給予補貼的農產品出口國，尤其是發展中國家，在國際市場上失去競爭能力，經濟上蒙受嚴重損失。所以新西蘭再次呼吁各個國家反對農業補貼，關注發展中國家因農業補貼而承受發展上的損失，以建立國際合作機制來解決農業補貼問題，促進世界人道主義事業的蓬勃發展。

第五篇：mun立場文件

Committee: Model United Nations Conference

Topic:Education for Sustainable Development

Country:Portugal

Delegate:Li Han

Education is the key to promoting the sustainable development and improve peoples ability to solve the problem of environment and development.It is a major force for sustainable development change, and for improving peoples ability to transform social ideals into reality.Education not only provides the scientific and technical skills, but also provide motivation, validation, and social support to pursue and apply to these skills.Everyone has equal right to education.However, on a global scale, current education exists many problems:education popularity is not enough, education gender imbalance, uneven distribution of education resources, education infrastructure is not perfect.In the long term, citizen quality is reduced and population quality gap caused the gap between rich and poor is widening , which will go against three pillars of sustainable development environment, social and economic problems.As a member of the committee, the Portuguese has always attached great importance to the sustainable development of education,improving the national education system.Since the United Nations put forward the concept of sustainable development, Portugal has held consultations on the Sustainable Development Goals.The government of Portugal spends 5.8% of the national GDP on education every year, and implements 12-year compulsory education.Public schools are free from primary to secondary school, and there are plenty of public and private universities.For the average level of education in European countries, 21.9% of the population aged 25-64 is below secondary school age.Portugal, however, more than doubled the figure, to 50.2%.In recent years, a number of relevant ACTS have been adopted, such as Principles and Tools for the Establishment of a Higher Education Region in Europe, On the Development and Quality of higher education, on the Financing of higher education, and on the Assessment of Higher education.For uneven distribution of education resources:

for the developed countries:

Country should increase the training of teachers:education workers, and teachers of basic education and secondary education should be through the higher education course to obtain the appropriate qualifications;the University provides educational training for middle school teachers;.Encourage talents to the backward area scattered.Accelerate setting up resources to rural configuration of incentive mechanism.Guiding elements such as capital, technology, talent and management to the rural gathered themselves together, and encourage college graduates to work in the countryside, Mobilizing talents in science and technology, education, health, culture and other fields to go to the countryside.Encourage more college students and the outstanding teachers to teach at education backward place, providing them with more favorable terms.Promote distance education.For developing countries:

the root cause of uneven distribution of resources lies in unbalanced development.Therefore, to achieve balanced education, the development gap between regions should be narrowed first.Portugal believes that all countries should speed up urbanization and new rural construction, and increase support for rural areas and other backward areas.We should increase support and security for poor areas, build a new countryside, cancel agricultural tax, exempt tuition and miscellaneous fees, establish a new rural cooperative medical care system, a rural minimum living allowance system and a new rural social endowment insurance system, etc.The government could introduce measures to provide student loans to students and increase financial assistance to students from poor families in ordinary universities.To conflict and war, the international crisis, since the outbreak of the 2010 crisis, Portugal is in financial difficulties and school enrolment is falling all the way.It took several years to rectify the situation before it returned to normal.Thus it can be seen that the political and economic environment a country is in and the peace or turbulence of the international community have a direct impact on the education of a country.Portugal called for :

Oppose hegemonism and power politics and respect the right of all countries and peoples to live and develop in their own way.To ease the economic and political crisis, the capitalist countries should moderate macroeconomic regulation and control to avoid overproduction.Raise the consumption capacity of producers, raise the national minimum wage standard, improve and implement the minimum wage system.Socialist countries should strengthen and improve all policies to support and benefit agriculture and strive to increase the income of grain farmers.Substantially increase direct subsidies for grain production, comprehensive direct subsidies for agricultural supplies, subsidies for superior seed varieties, and subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools.Increase the range of wages and incomes of enterprise employees.Uphold the basic principle of opposing willful use or threat of force in dealing with international issues.Increase national defense input in building up the armed forces so that the armed forces of all countries can truly act as a strong backing to protect national interests.Safeguard national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity.For gender equality:

promote equality between men and women.Strengthen the training of female thought and political education to make it clear that women have the political rights.There should be women in the election.Stipulate legal marriage time to reduce early marriage early childbearing.Portugal calls for countries to actively participate in the UN womens agencys activities in conformity with the charter of the United Nations and give financial support.For education infrastructure:

Raise funds through various channels, tap internal potential, save expenditure and open up a wide range of sources of fund.Take the initiative to contact key enterprises, social organizations, well-known people, mobilize them to actively support the cause of education in backward areas.Give play to the regulatory role of the competent educational authorities, integrate educational resources and strive to combine the strong with the weak.The school implements the first-person responsibility system for safety, and implements the safety work responsibility system at different levels.The school should strengthen the safety education of teachers and students and improve their safety consciousness and self-protection ability.Increase central and local government spending to build power, road and gas networks and other infrastructure in poor areas and improve basic public services.To sum up, Portugal actively supports the activities of the United Nations relating to education for sustainable development and the efforts of individual countries for sustainable development, and will carry out bilateral and multilateral exchanges and cooperation with member States in particular.Portugal is confident of the early realization of education for sustainable development, and believes that inclusive and equitable education and lifelong learning will one day be available to citizens all over the world.