第一篇：商英1102 十一月工作總結

商英1102 十一月工作總結

一 思想道德表現：、1請假 無 2曠到 無

3提交入黨申請書：敖巧林、樊楚云、胡蕾、胡潔、黃倩倩、汪霞、彭青、周亞麗、蔡聰聰、謝榮麗、陳娜、劉偉 4上黨校：陳娜、謝榮麗

5寢室受表揚：132寢室在第3、4、5、6、7受表揚 二 文體活動：

1“中國近代史”競賽：黃倩倩、周亞麗、余津晶、陳思、劉爽、李儀、劉秦、劉偉

2相聲小品大賽：李茗、余焱、鄭麗、李儀

3湖北師范學院“營銷實踐大賽”：王蘭芳、陳娜、敖巧林 4陽新掃墓：謝榮麗、周飄

5學習部“129征文”劉偉、陳娜、杜小芳、劉秦 6男生節節徽設計：劉爽、阮新月、陸宏偉 7手工藝品：周飄、劉爽、阮新月、陸宏偉 校團體輔導：（一次）劉爽、阮新月、（二次）樊容 9心理游園會：劉爽、阮新月 文明寢室節徽設計：陸宏偉、劉爽、阮新月 11 手語舞：阮新月 12 三字一話 鋼筆字（初賽）：杜小芳、李蒙、李茗、鄭莉、陳寧 普通話（初賽）：李儀、鄭莉（復賽）：李儀 毛筆字（初賽）：鄭莉 翻譯大賽：余焱、余津晶、敖巧林、鄭莉、樊楚云、劉爽、樊容、周飄、李儀、王蘭芳、劉秦、彭青、張璇、胡雨軒、陸宏偉、李歡、黃倩倩、胡倩文、錢雙燕、李婷婷、馬緩、李茗、謝榮麗、胡潔、周亞麗、陳娜、沈啦啦、劉曉君 14 十佳歌手：

選手： 袁丹 組織人：胡雨軒

2012年 12月3日 監委:蔡聰聰

第二篇：商英Q1031十一月團組織生活總結

商英Q1031十一月團組織生活總結——Hold住你的大學

大學豐富多彩，充滿了活力和生機，每個人都有不同的大學生活，抑或平凡，抑或濃墨重彩，抑或光環四射······在大學的校園里，我們欣賞著這美麗的風景，享受著我們身邊的人和事帶給我們的快樂。我們攜手走過這美好的大學時光，我們注定在這里相遇，注定要相識、相遇、相知，然后，再到永遠······

大學如一個萬花筒，放眼望去，一片花海，讓人眼花繚亂，作為大學生的我們，你真的hold住了嗎？既有學習又有玩樂和生活？

高中時，老師給我們畫了一副美好的藍圖，那就是我們的大學，我們向往的天堂。不過我們來了這天堂后，我們有沒有hold住啊？hold住你的學習和生活。

學習還是我們的任務，不要拋棄了。作為學生，我們還是要盡力完成我們的學業，這是為我們自己也是為了我們國家的發展。大學就是給我們提供繼續深造的機會的，所以我不要浪費，好好珍惜。

大學有很好的學習環境，有宏大的圖書館，有先進的教室，有優秀的教師，所以，我們的任務就是要hold住！

大學猶如一副山水畫，持筆人就是你自己，你想怎么過你的生活就掌握在你的手里。你可以把你的畫畫的美如仙境，也可以一筆敗筆讓它喪失了所有的價值。所以，下筆要慎重，每一筆

都要恰到好處，讓它美到及至，無與倫比。

不過，眼看我們美好的大學就過了一半了，回首過去的一年半，不知我們每個人過的怎樣。著眼未來，我們現在的任務就是武裝自己，為以后在社會上的發展儲備能量。

現在的我們或多或少的都對社會有了一定的了解，因為我們的大學也是半個小社會，我們大概也體驗到了吧！我們不僅要hold住我們的大學，更要hold住我們的將來。因為大學和將來有著密切的關聯。所以，我們現在有必要為我們的將來考慮一下了。

在豐富的娛樂生活之余，時適的時候多想想自己的將來，多為自己的將來籌劃一下。大學或許是我們人生的一個轉折點，所以我們要慎重對待，hold住我們的大學，那么我們的未來也有了希望。

大學，很多人也有迷茫的時期，關鍵是看我們的態度，要有一顆積極向上的心態來面對挫折。當對一個問題找不到答案時，最好的方法就是去圖書館，那里會有你想要的答案。

大學，其實也不是那么輕松的，每個人都要過好你自己。所以，大家千萬要hold住啊，hold住生活的方方面面！！

第三篇：商英演講稿

開場白

Good morning everyone，Thank you for giving me the opportunity to present you the latest model product.First let me introduce ourteam’ members 介紹人~~~Well I will not tell you what products we want to introduce，But I will play a video then you can guess what product we want to introduceOK?（視頻放完后，提問）The video is over ,according the video, can you get the answer about what product we want to introduce ?(答對)You can see the clothes swim in the water as the fish,that has proved our company ’ slatest model of washer HWF5300AW can make the clothes more supple and it ‘s always the best seller of this kind.（錯）It doesn’t matter,just have a try.Yeah Washing machine.More accurately，This is our latest model of the washer Haier Front –Load Washer.HWF5300AW and it ‘s always the best seller of this kind.As we all know , Washing machines play an important role in our daily life ,especially for the lazy.As for me,I hate washing clothes very much,so washing machine become a good helper for me.Moreover With the help of the washer , we do not spend too much time on washing ,and we can protect our hands from being hurt.In a word，washing machine is very useful.介紹主要的內容

This is a catalog.You can see that my presentation will be divided into six parts.Including Introduction，Why Haier，Energy star，Front-Load，Product Details，Technology.Next , I will explain to you one by one.OKLet’s begin.介紹產品

Firstly , let’s watch a video to know more about the latest model of washer HWF5300AW.Well , the video is over ,and I am sure you have a clear understanding of the product.Now let’s into the next phase.? Maybe you will ask Why Haier, well , on the one hand Haier is the number one laundry brand in the world..On the other

hand we are committed to providing customers with sensible options that empower them to live a modern and affordable lifestyle.however, Haier focuses on making the laundry experience better than ever before.That’s why Haier offers more options to meet individual laundry needs.? Do you know why the Haier Front –Load Washer HWF5300AW is called Energy Star ?

If you don’t know, never mind, let me tell you.Now please listen to me carefully ,there are five reasons

1.Energy Saver(At Haier , we are dedicated to meeting customer needs through practical innovation for a smarter life and a

better planet)

2.Eco-Friendly(Haier laundry systems are developed with the environment in mind.From water use energy saving

options，we look to reduce water cousumption and energy use，which cuts down on utility bills

3.Green Wash Cycle(Designed to save up to 80﹪ more energy over standard washers without sacrificing

cleaning performance)

4.Energy Star @ Qualified(Energy star qualified clothes washers use over 50﹪ less water and about 37

﹪ less energy than standard top-load washers.5.High Efficiency(HE)(HE detergents are formulate to create less suds and disperse quickly in the rinse

cycle，so they word best with the front load′s dynamic wash action.The 1300 RPM spin speed extracts more water than traditional washers and reduces time in the dryer.Next Front-Load is one of the features ofthe Haier Front –Load Washer HWF5300AW

Compared with others ,Front-Load High-Efficiency washers use less water and energy than traditional Top-Load models.Multiple settings make it so younever waste water or energy on smaller loads.And This is one of the keys for its1

popularity(這就是它這么受歡迎的關鍵之一)

? If you look at the screen behind me showing a picture of the HWF5300AW and the animation of the

functions , you will see that the washer is white and It ‘ s Width is 125 cm , it ‘ s length 132 cm , and it ‘ s depth is 174cm.OK, now let me move to the next point , the Product Detials（產品具體情況）

The corrosion（腐蝕，鐵銹）resistant（抵抗，防腐劑）stainless（不銹的）steel（鋼鐵）washtub（洗衣盆）uses a tumbling（滾筒）action that is gentler（溫和）on your clothes and requires far less water than traditional top-loading agitator（攪拌器）washers.An electronic touch sensitive（靈敏的）control pad makes for incredible（難以置信）ease（舒適）of use and style.Haier’s 5300 series Front-Load Washer is the end to your search for an efficient and eco-friendly washer.? Finally , I want to talk about the Technology of the Haier Front –Load Washer HWF5300AW

There are seven points of advantages in the Technology

1.More Options(Haier′s Front-load washer can handle any load from delicate to heavily-stained clothes.The washer is custom programmable for up to 10 combinations of cycles , settings , and options for easy access to your favorite wash programs.2.AutomaticTemperature control(Measures and releases the prefect proportion of hot and cold water

achieve the ideal temperature for any cycle you choose , from extra hot sanitizing wash to energy saving tap cold.3.Sanitary cycle(The internal water heater revs up to this extra hot wash for disinfecting items you

need as germ-free as possible.4.Easy touch controls(Selection are clearly displayed in LED indicator lights on a touch-sensitive

control pad

5.Stainless steel drums(A corrosion-resistant , stainless steel wash basket provides a durable

surface that won′t chip from dropped coins or keys and extra gentle on delicate fabrics.6.Suspension system(The counteractive force ofHaier ′s extra strong suspension design keeps heavy loads

balanced to prevent the wash drum from hitting the inside of unit.It works as a shock absorber , controls tension , and lessens vibration for a quieter wash.7.5 compartment dispenser(Choose from liquid or powder detergent for pre-wash and main , as well

as liquid bleach or liquid optimum wash.That is all.And I hope you can have a clearer picture of the new model---.Haier Front –Load Washer HWF5300AW I am also sure that you now share my enthusiasm for the product and hopefully you will be 100% behind this model.Thank you for your time and attention..

第四篇：商英信函范本

商務英語感謝信如何書寫？

感謝信是商務信函中經常出現的題材。商務交往中的應酬較多，受到了邀請，得到了對方熱情的款待，或得到了他人的幫助、推薦、介紹，這些情境都需要寫感謝信表達真誠的謝意。感謝信應注意一事一謝，篇幅要簡短，措辭要自然，語氣要誠懇。

寫感謝信的自我檢查注意點：

1．開頭：簡述寫此信的目的是為了感謝某事（如感謝熱心的款待、活動的精心組織或推薦起到了很關鍵的作用等）；

2．主要部分：特別指出由于對方的幫助，使自己所受到益處； 3．

結尾：表達希望繼續合作、保持聯絡的愿望或有機會報答對方的承諾等。

英語感謝信范文一(Salutation)

Despite our pressing need for delivery and a lot of troubles caused to your loading work, at the last minute the ____(product's name)has been dispatched successfully.We appreciate so much your intense devotion to work and the firm stance of bearing clients' interest in mind and will understand if you would ask for some compensation accordingly.We are very grateful for all you have done for us and would like to recommend you to other companies.(Complimentary Close)英語感謝信范文二

（稱謂）

我再次感謝您在此次法律糾紛中的支持和投入的精力。

我幾乎無法表達這次勝訴我有多高興。正如您所知，當時我的前途受到威脅。

我肯定會向我的熟人和朋友廣泛地推薦您。

（結尾敬辭）

(Salutation)

I wish to express my gratitude once again to you for your generous support and great effort exerted in this legal dispute.I could hardly express my joyfulness about the victory of the lawsuit, which you are quite aware of, otherwise, would have caused great danger to my future.I will certainly recommend you widely to my acquaintances and friends.(Complimentary Close)如何書寫一封英語邀請信？

邀請信可分為正式邀請信與非正式邀請信。通常應根據被邀請人的身份、親疏關系來決定邀請信的語氣和措辭。

寫邀請信的自我檢查注意點：

1．開頭：簡述將要舉辦的活動（如午餐會、晚宴、聚會、婚禮、生日慶祝，會議等）,點明舉辦此次活動的原由；

2．主要部分：邀請對方參加此次活動；詳細說明活動的時間、地點、程序，如還有重要人物出席，可在邀請信中提及； 3．

結尾：表達希望被邀請人屆時出席的愿望。

英語邀請信范文一

(Salutation)

Today we take as a special pleasure to have your company at our celebration for the opening of ____(place)branch shop.We hope that we could share this celebration with you and invite you to visit our shop to taste some delicious wine.You are warmly welcomed to visit us on ____(date), from ____(time A)to ____(time B).If your friends and acquaintances also take interest in our products, all of them are welcome.Looking forward to your visit.(Complimentary Close)英語邀請信范文二

(Salutation)

____(Date A)is my ____(figure)birthday, for which I would like to have a celebration and invite you and your wife to attend.Small cookies will be served on ____(date B)at ____(time A)and “real party” starts from ____(time)at restaurant ____.I would appreciate it if you could let me know of your decision before ____(date).(Complimentary Close)英語邀請信范文三

（稱謂）

節日的氛圍和令人愉悅的環境正適合專業人士聚會。我們十分重視如您一般的專業人士來訪。我們的合作公司——這次展示的舉辦者十分高興邀請您來參加于____（日期）____（時間）的聚會。

這個夜晚信息將非常豐富，您將經歷一次簡短的____（產品名稱）演示，然后品評試用，并由我們的客服小組講解全部的銷售支持。您來嗎？我們期待您能度過一個美好的晚上。

（結尾敬辭）(Salutation)

Festival moods and pleasant surroundings are just the best for professionals gathering.We always value so much a visit by professionals like you.The host for this show, our partner as well is very glad to have your company at the reception on ____(date)at ____(time).This night will be filled with an abundance of information.After watching a new-product, ____(product's name)presentation, you may have a trial taste and be briefed on the whole sales assistances by our Service Team.Will you be able to come? We look forward to spending a wonderful night with you.(Complimentary Close)

怎樣寫一封英語產品推介信？

推介信是產品推廣的一種方式，推介信分三類：直銷信、零售信和促銷信。郵遞是推介信傳統的投遞方式；傳真則費用低，效率高；隨著互聯網的迅速發展，電子郵件也被廣泛采用。

在寫英文推介信時除了注意英文語言語法方面的問題外，還應自我檢查以下幾點：

1． 開頭：引起閱件人注意； 2．

主要部分：喚起閱件人的興趣；指出所推銷的產品或服務；介紹產品或服務的優點；展示能使閱件人信服的推薦材料、媒體報導或資質證明等；

3．結尾：提供其他信息；指明進一步的聯系的方式；利用附言重復重要內容。

英語產品推介信范文一

范文摘要：圣誕節來臨之際向客戶推薦產品。(Salutation)

We are marching with big steps towards the best time of the year: Christmas with surprises and the New Year's Eve with candle lights and sweet cookies.Are you racking your brain to find a special gift for yourself or for your best friend? We give ourselves this opportunity to recommend to you a special ____(product's name)for the occasion.Originating from ____(area), ____(product's name)has received market recognition based on its elegant design and confirmed high quality.Wish you enjoy the preparation time and gifts of the celebration!

(Complimentary Close)

英語產品推介信范文二

范文摘要：主動介紹新產品，報價，寄樣品。(Salutation)

May we offer you a new type of ____(product's name)we have recently developed?

The unit price is USD___(figure)and the minimum order is ____(quantity A).You will be allowed a ____% discount for an order of ____(quantity B)or more.A sample is coming to you separately by air mail.We hope you will kindly examine the sample and put in an order soon.(Complimentary Close)問：我進公司兩個多月了,起碼也發了一百封開發信,可是幾乎都象石沉大海一樣,我很困惑,不知道是不是自己的開發信定得不好,不夠吸引人,引不起人閱讀的興趣來?措辭方面一定也有不當.我很想請各位過來人指點一下,一般第一次寫給客戶的開發信，應該如何措辭? 要寫得詳細些好還是簡單明了些好?標題應該用什么才不致于被人當作垃圾郵件刪掉呢?

回答1：

Dear Mr.Jones:

We understand from your information posted on Alibaba.com that you are in the market

for textiles.We would like to take this opportunity to introduce our company and products，with the hope that we may work with Bright Ideas Imports in the future.We are a joint venture specializing in the manufacture and export of textiles.We have

enclosed our catalog, which introduces our company in detail and covers the main products

we supply at present.You may also visit our online company introduction

at Http://xxxxxxxxxx.alibaba.com which includes our latest product line.Should any of these items be of interest to you, please let us know.We will be

happy to give

you a quotation upon receipt of your detailed requirements.We look forward to receiving your enquires soon.Sincerely，John Roberts

回答2：商務信函寫作要點

寫作商務信函并不要求您使用華麗優美的詞句。所有您需要做的就是，用簡單樸實的語言，準確的表達自己的意思，讓對方可以非常清楚的了解您想說什么。圍繞這一點，我們總結了幾方面的內容，希望對您寫作商務信函有借鑒作用。

每一封信函的往來，都是您跟收信人彼此之間的一次交流。人都是感性的，所以您需要在您的信函里體現感性的一面。然而很多人都有一種誤解，以為寫作商務信函就應該用一種特殊的“生意腔”，于是把一封本來應該是熱情而友好的信函寫得呆板而死氣沉沉。他們寧愿寫“Your letter has been received”，“Your complaint is being looked into”而不是“I have received your letter”或者“We are looking into your complaint”。其實我們簡單的來理解一下，每次信函的往來不就是跟對方進行了一次交談嗎？只不過是把交談的內容寫到了紙上而已。多用一些簡單明了的語句，用我/我們做主語，這樣才能讓我們的信函讀起來熱情，友好，就象兩個朋友之間的談話那樣簡單，自然，人性化。

想象一下，如果您由于無法準時交貨而在電話上跟您的合作伙伴表示歉意時，您會怎么說？我想您會說“I am sorry we cannot deliver the goods today”。既然在電話中您會這樣說，為什么在信件中要改成“It is regretted that goods cannot be delivered today”？放棄這種所謂的“生意腔”吧，讓您的信也象談話那樣簡單，自然，人性化。

由于您寫的信函都是有其目的性的，所以您信函里所采用的語氣語調也應該符合您的目的。在寫之前先不妨仔細考慮一下，您寫這封信函是想達到一個什么樣的目的，您希望對收信人產生一種怎樣的影響呢？是歉意的，勸說性的，還是堅決的，要求性的。這完全可以通過信函中的語氣語調來表現。

不管是生活中的交往還是生意上的合作，真誠是最重要也是最基礎的，所以您的信函也必須能夠充分體現您的真誠。不管說什么，都要帶著您的誠意去說。把寫好的信函拿起來讀一遍，確保如果此時對方正在電話中與您通話，他一定能夠感受到您的自然和真誠。

跟您一樣，您的合作伙伴們每天都要閱讀大量信函文件。所以，信函一定要寫得簡明扼要，短小精悍，切中要點。如果是不符合主題或者對信函的目的不能產生利益的內容，請毫不留情的舍棄它們。因為這些內容不僅不能使交流通暢，反而會混淆視聽，非但不能讓讀者感興趣，反而會讓他們惱火，產生反感。

我們這里所說的禮貌，并不是簡單用一些禮貌用語比如your kind inquiry, your esteemed order等就可以的。而是要體現一種為他人考慮，多體諒對方心情和處境的態度。如果本著這樣的態度去跟別人交流，那么就算您這次拒絕了對方的要求，也不會因此失去這個朋友，不會影響今后合作的機會。

特別要注意，當雙方觀點不能統一時，我們首先要理解并尊重對方的觀點。如果對方的建議不合理或者對您的指責不公平時，請表現一下您的高姿態，您可以據理力爭，說明您的觀點，但注意要講究禮節禮貌，避免用冒犯性的語言。

還要提醒一點，中國人有句話叫做“過猶不及”。任何事情，一旦過了頭，效果反而不好。禮貌過了頭，可能會變成阿諛奉承，真誠過了頭，也會變成天真幼稚。所以最關鍵的還是要把握好“度”，才能達到預期的效果。

就象前面提到的，要用簡潔樸實的語言來寫信函，讓您的信函讀起來簡單，清楚，容易理解。用常見的單詞，避免生僻或者拼寫復雜的單詞。一個單詞可以表達，就不要用詞組。多用短句，因為短句更容易理解。少用“and”，“but”，“however”，“consequently”這些讓句子變得冗長的連詞。在同一封信函里，不要使用多個相同含義的單詞。比如，您前面寫了“goods have been sent”，那后面再提到這件事時就不要再用其他單詞如“forward”“dispatch”等。因為這樣寫會誤導您的讀者無謂地去考慮這些詞之間是否另有含義。

當涉及到數據或者具體的信息時，比如時間，地點，價格，貨號等等，盡可能做到精確。這樣會使交流的內容更加清楚，更有助于加快事務的進程。

請在郵件中寫上對方公司的名稱，或者在信頭直接稱呼收件人的名字。這樣會讓對方知道這封郵件是專門給他的，而不是那種群發的通函，從而表示對此的重視。當然，如果您無法確定收信人的名字，那就在稱呼一欄里寫“Dear Sirs” or “Dear Sir or Madam”。

前面我們說過，商務信函不需要用華麗的詞句。根據西方的語言習慣，他們更愿意使用簡練而樸實的語言。所以當我們跟西方人進行商務溝通時，也要盡量避免華麗復雜的詞句。比如“We look forward to a bright and glorious future of cooperation”，就不如直接寫成“We hope to have the opportunity to work together with you in the future.”，這樣才更加符合西方人的語言習慣。

給買家的回復，千萬要迅速及時。因為買家通常只看最先收到的幾封回復，從中去選擇合適的供應商。如果您的回復不夠及時，就可能因為搶不到先機而失去商機。

這一點是特別針對寫電子郵件的。也許很多人都沒有意識到，事實上，E-mail的標題是很重要的一個部分，您的郵件給對方的第一個印象就是通過標題來完成的。如果標題沒有內容，看起來象群發的垃圾郵件的話，很多買家就會直接刪除。比如這樣的標題“How are you?”，“Can we work together?”，建議您改成“Proposal: Bright Ideas Imports--Zhejiang Textile’s Partnership Opportunity”或者“Introduction: Our Product Offerings for Bright Ideas Imports.”這樣您的郵件會顯得更加專業。

寫完之后，一定要檢查。最基本是要確保拼寫和語法正確，然后檢查一下您所提供的事實，數據等是否有錯。我們都會犯錯，但即使在您的信函里有一個極小的失誤，也可能會破壞您在溝通方面的可信度，并使人對您表達的其他信息投下懷疑的陰影。

回答3：

可能你的prospects都不感興趣吧，這種情況好多人都遇到的。第一次給人家寫信，正規的格式還是應該有的，尤其是英國的客人。首先要說明來意，包括你通過什么途徑知道他們公司和地址的,這一點很重要，不要讓人家覺得你來路不明，否則第一印象就大打折扣了。其次，突出重點，簡單介紹你的公司，不要羅里羅嗦的，如果你們有自己的網站，告訴他網址，他可以仔細看。最后注意一下信尾的敬語，雖然外國人對中國人的英語要求不會高，但是寫得地道一點印象也自然會好一點。

除了上面的寫信技巧外，我想發出去的信沒有回頭也可能有網絡的原因，因為國外好多國家都對中國的IP地址發過去的郵件全都當垃圾郵件處理，你的郵件對方可能根本沒收到就被對方的服務器刪掉了，這個你就要查查你的網絡服務商的郵箱系統是否是可靠的。

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第五篇：商英問答

U5

1.Four criteria for making investment decisions income growthsafetyliquidity

2.Structure of Financial Markets Primary MarketSecondary Market Organized Securities Exchanges

Over-the-Counter Markets

3.The Investment Portfolio

A major concern is diversification.One way to diversify is by investing in securities from

unrelated industriesAnother way is by investing in securities from other

．

countrieswith higher returns from faster，which can balance lower returns in one country

—growing areas． Unit6

1.what are the relationship between the world and the volume of international tradeSlower world economic output slows the volume of？

international trade2.why international trade take place?，and higher output spurs greater trade.（trade?Why it is costly for a country to engage in international Competition from abroad）

Asset movement

Exchange rate fluctuation

Risks(Political, economic, …)3.please illustrate the economic benefits that international

trade brings to people.to engage in international trade?（Why it is beneficial for a country Opens doors to new entrepreneurial opportunity）

Provides a greater choice of goods andAn important engine for job creation 4.how does Ricardo

services differ from the theory of absolute advantage?

’s theory of comparative advantage A person has an absolute advantage over another if that person

A person has a comparative advantage over another if that personthan the other person’5.why certain nations specialize in producing products or ’s opportunity cost（比較機會成本）commodities?

6.why were Leontief paradoxical?

‘s empirical results considered to be Factor proportion theory considers a countryfactors to be homogeneous 7.will you name some international business methods? –particularly labor.’s production What are their main advantages?

International trade(a relatively conservative approach to penetrate markets, or to obtain supplies at a low cost.minimal risk), licensing(Helps the home firm since it does not have to set up

a complete production and distribution network.), franchising ,joint ventures(Can improve the image, risks.Access to important local information without the costshare costs and of buying a company), acquisitions of existing operation, establishing new foreign

subsidiaries.8.How did countries implement mercantilism? ? It asserts that it is in a country’s best

interest to maintain a trade surplus, to ? export more than it imports.It advocates government intervention to

achieve a surplus in the balance of trade.?Tariffs It acquired less-developed territories to

Quotas

serve as sources of inexpensive raw

materials and as market for higher—

finished goods

priced 9.Factor proportions can be impacted by

1.2.3.trade barriershuman resource natural resources

10.Licensing costs much lesser in terms of the initial investment and ongoing charges.A franchising business may require you to pay royalty every time a profit is made, a licensing opportunity does not demand such an expense.11.Joint Ventures? Can improve the image,and risks

share costs

? Access to important local information

without the cost of buying a company

? Need to share control with the local

12.Acquisitions of Existing Operations partners

? full control over their foreign businesses

and to quickly obtain a large portion offoreign market share

??

investment and operation risks partial international acquisitions are13.Establishing New Foreign Subsidiaries safer than full international acquisitions

? Operations can be adjusted exactly to

?? satisfy the firm’s needs

Less investment amount reap the rewards after a comparatively

long time

Unit7

1.what are the arguments of the governments to intervene international trade?

Protecting jobs, preserving national security, responding to other nationInfant industry argument, protection of national identity.s’ unfair trade practice.2.what are the government policies that may enhance trade?

Subsidies 3.what are the major methods used by the governments to,exporting financing , foreign trade zones.restrict international trade?

Tariff content requirements, currency controls.non-tariff barriers such as quotas, embargoes, local 4.what are purpose of the governments to levy tariffs upon goods imported or exported?

Tariffs are a way of protecting domestic producers of a product.Tariffs are a source of government revenue.5.what round of negotiation?

achievements did GATT make in the Uruguay Further reduce barriers to merchandise trade, the negotiations modified the original GATT treaty in several important ways.Agreements on services, intellectual property , and agricultural subsidies were achieved.6.what are the main goals of To help the free flow of trade , to help negotiate furtherWTO?

opening of markets, and to settle trade disputes between its members.7.Methods of Promoting Trade

Subsidies

Export FinancingForeign Trade Zones Unit 8

1.What information can we get from a country's balance of payments?

imports, tourist expenditures, purchases and sales of shippingThese transactions include merchandise exports and

and insurance services, interest and dividends received or paid abroad, purchases and sales of financial or real assets aboard, and so on.2.In what circumstances does a country have a balance of payments deficit,and balance of payments surplus?

a trade deficit.If the debits exceed the credits,then the country is runninga trade surplus.If the credits exceed the debits,then the country is running 3.How can a large balance-of-payments surplus contribute to the country's inflation rate?

4.What are factors that may affect the balance of trade?international trade imbalances;it is possible a country'sIt is possible to a floating exchange rate could correct any currency will remain stable or appreciate even when it has a balance of trade deficit.5.Is weak home currency a perfect solution to its balance of trade?

foreign competition in response to exchange rate

No.Because: 1 the possibility of a revised pricing policy by movements,2 currency of some other countries may have also weakened,3 international trade transactions are prearranged and cannot be immediately adjusted.6.Why a Weak Home Currency Is Not a Perfect Solution?

? The possibility of a revised pricing policy

by foreign competition in response to exchange rate movements．

? Currencies of some other countries may

have also weakened.? International trade transactions are

prearranged and cannot be immediately adjusted．

7.A credit records a transaction reducing assets or increasing liabilities.貸方記錄資產的減少，負債的增加。

A credit arises from the sale of goods, or reserve assets and reflects inflows of funds.A debit records a transaction increasing assets or reducing liabilities.A debit arises from the purchase of goods, or reserve assets and reflects outflows of funds.8.Correcting a Balance of Trade Deficit

A deficit in a country’s balance of wade suggests that the country is spending a greater amount of funds on foreign products than it is receiving from exports to foreign countries

U9.Under a floating rate system

? Appreciation? Depreciation

Under a fixed rate system

Revaluation

Devaluation

2.The importer can reduce the exchange rate risk in many

ways:

? The importer might choose to buy the

? foreign currency on the transaction day.The importer simply wait until the funds

are needed and then purchase them in ? the spot marketThe importer buy the foreign currency

．

forward for delivery on the Value Day．

3.The Monetary Approach

? A loose monetary policy : high domestic

inflation and an depreciating currency

? A tight monetary policy : low domestic

inflation and an appreciating currency

u10.1.It is important to identify the major problems that exporters often face: ．

develop a master international marketing plan before Failure to obtain qualified export counseling and to starting an export business

． ．overcome the initial difficulties and financial

Insufficient commitment by top management to requirements of exportingselecting overseas agents or distributors．3．Insufficient care in

．market booms ．Neglecting the export business when the domestic

．basis with their domestic counterparts.．Failure to treat international distributors on an equalcountries．Unwillingness to modify products to meet other

’regulations or cultural preferencesin locally understood languages．Failure to print service，sales

．，and warranty messagescompany or other marketing intermediary when the．Failure to consider using of all export management company does not have the personnel to handle specialized export functions.2.To establish a successful export strategymust，management ? ： Assess the company?examining its opportunities and resources’s export potential by

．? Obtain expert counseling on exporting．

? 3.E-commerceSelect a market or marketsFormulate and implement an export strategy． ． is easy to start

it provides faster and cheaper delivery of，informationit provides quick feedback on new products，it helps to improve customer service，it is available to a global audience，it helps establish electronic data interchange，(EDI)with both suppliers and customers．

3..There are two basic types of imports:

(1)those that provide industrial and consumer goods and services to individuals and companies that are not related to the foreign experter,and(2)those that provide intermidiate goods and services to companies that are part of the firm’s global supply chain.4..those documents are of two different types :

(1)those that determine whether customs will release the shipment ,and(2)those that contain information for duty assessment and statistical purposes.