第一篇：2011建筑學專業畢業設計外文翻譯二0

畢業設計外文

翻譯

好Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design

課題名稱

院（系）專 業 姓 名 學 號 起訖日期 指導教師

2011 年 12 月 25 日

原文：

Abstract: Green building refers to do its best to maximize conservation of resources(energy, land, water, and wood)，protecting the environment and reduce pollution in its life cycle.Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings.I described more details of green building design’ notion, green building’ design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improve the effectiveness analysis of the external effects of green building measures, Key words: green buildings;protect the ecology;signification;analysing the effects What is a green building

Green building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation of resources(energy, land, water and materials), protecting the environment and reduce pollution, provide people with health, application and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the building.The so-called green building “green” does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally friendly, make full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction.Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saving energy for the residents Chuangzao almost-natural feeling.People, architecture and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals, in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance.2, the meaning of green building

The basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which save energy and resources;provide a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with good;affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building a harmonious coexistence with the environment and sustainable development.Development of the significance of green building rating system

Establish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings.It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space.It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles.3.1 Technical Significance

Green building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge.However, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation.Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking He alone environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage.Green Building Technology takes on the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study.The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology, etc various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems.Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more than ever, a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines.3.2 The social significance.Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the new way of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects.To promote a healthy lifestyle.Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process.The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development.The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life.From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's Wenhuayishi Name and lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results.Enhanced awareness of public participation.Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools.It broke the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers.Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open.Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community.3.3 The economic significance.Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels.At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process.Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of “green labeling” system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment.This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent.The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects.At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted.3.4 Ethical Significance.Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of there is room.This radically change the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change.According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life.But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space.More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis.Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations.For more the interests of future generations and advantages.4 green building design Green building design include the following:

Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building envelope and heating and air conditioning, reducing heating and air conditioning use.Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer.Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane.Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources.To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources.Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening.Return to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement complement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.Effect of green building

5.1 Effect of the composition of green building

Effect of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable and external effects generally include Industry Effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effect will cause the private costs(internal costs or indirect costs)and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price.From the perspective of sustainable development, green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effects.Since beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed:(1)strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees.Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the “adequate”, which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, the low level.(2)more investments in technology, upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment.Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduce, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization.(3)in urban planning, survey and design through the “green building” ideas.Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room, from lighting, ventilation, drainage and so control the damage to the environment.(4)construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources.5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economy

Under the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision.To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of the Waibu costs into internal costs, making the “non-green building” project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reduce the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increase, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building.to improve the external effects of green building measures

Enterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles:(1)Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and minimize energy consumption;(2)reducing building life cycle emissions;(3)protect the ecological(natural)environment;(4)to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space;(5)the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unity.Summary described above, the meaning of green building design and analysis of its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures.But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green building will become the future construction of a trend.譯文：

摘要:綠色建筑是指盡力最大限度地節約資源(能源、土地、水、木)、保護環境,減少污染在它的生命周期。為人們提供健康、適當、有效利用空間,與自然和諧共生的建筑物。我所說的那樣,綠色建筑設計的更多細節的概念,綠色建筑的設計,以及概念的意義,綠色建筑和改善效能分析的綠色建筑的外部效應的措施。關鍵詞:綠色建筑,保護生態,意義;分析其影響 1什么是綠色建筑

綠色建筑是指建造生命周期,最大限度地節約資源(能源、土地、水及材料),保護環境,減少污染,為人們提供健康、應用和有效利用空間,與自然和諧的建筑。所謂的綠色建筑的“綠色”并不意味著一般意義的三維綠色屋頂花園,但是表現一個概念或符號,是指建設環境友好,充分利用自然資源、環境和生態破壞環境的基本不平衡的一座正在建設,但也被稱為可持續發展建筑,eco-building,回到野外施工、節能建筑。

綠色建筑內部布局是很合理的,以盡量減少使用合成材料、充分利用太陽、節約能源為居民創造自然的感覺。人、建筑與自然環境和諧發展的目標,在利用天然和人工手段來創造了良好的條件及健康生活環境的前提下,盡可能多地控制和減少使用和破壞自然環境,充分體現了回歸大自然獲取和平衡。

2、綠色建筑的意義

綠色建筑的基本內涵可以概括為:為減少負載對環境的建筑中,節約能源和資源,提供一個安全、健康、舒適的居住空間,具有親和力和良好的自然環境,使人們和建筑與自然環境和諧共生的可持續發展。3發展綠色建筑評級的意義系統

綠色建筑評價指標體系建立的一場革命,在這一領域的建筑及其啟示,它遠比節能技術。在許多方面,這是創新和有機合成,從而建筑與自然和諧共處、充分利用資源和能源,創造健康、舒適、優美的生活空間。這是該領域的技術、社會和經濟角度的革命性的架構。3.1技術意義

綠色建筑的研究早期出現的技術問題,技術是孤立的和片面的,沒有形成一個有機的整體,一體化的設計和經濟研究的意識是遠離唯一的策略的經濟分析階段的子公司的知識。然而,個人技術研究成果的早期現代綠色建筑技術的多維發展和系統集成打下堅實的基礎。20世紀90年代以來,隨著逐漸加深理解綠色建筑和成熟,人們放棄他獨自思考方式過于理想化道德約束和環境意識和行為,轉向自發的綠色環境哲學探索更多的可操作、環境和資本結合成未來世界發展的新方向的環保、綠色建筑的生態倫理思想的輸入結果從實踐的深化促進生態研究的新階段。綠色建筑技術呈現出自然科學、社會科學、人文科學、計算機科學、信息科學和其他學科的研究成果一體化的趨勢,使綠色建筑設計的多維階段的發展戰略研究。綠色建筑技術的深入發展戰略、形態、材料、設備等領域,在各類先進的技術開發、技術和其他設計元素的集成也從過去的簡單相加,更多地關注的周邊圍護結構本身設計技術與建筑結合的整體系統的變化,逐漸成為綠色建筑體系。綠色建筑評級系統建立起了綠色建筑技術逐步改善、系統化的必然結果,是綠色建筑技術的有機結合,一個平臺建造綠色建筑技術、信息技術、計算機技術和許多其他的學科可以統一平臺在他們各自的角色,建立了綜合評價指標體系的基礎上,為設計師、規劃師、工程師和管理者提供一個比以往任何時候都更簡單,規章明確的綠色建筑評估。3.2的社會意義

綠色建筑評級制度反映了社會意義的主要倡導者的新的生活方式,增加了知識和公眾參與當地文化的延續的兩個方面。

提倡健康的生活方式。綠色建筑評級制度,對社會發展的意義主要倡導健康的生活方式,它是基于設計、施工的綠色建筑作為社區教育的過程。原則的綠色建筑評價指標體系的有效利用資源和生態的規則可循,基于健康的建筑空間創造和保持可持續發展。在過去的概念來糾正人們的誤解,消費者的生活方式,不能一味追求物質奢侈,但是應該保持環境的可持續利用的前提下追求生活的舒適。謙虛從建設的基本條件,是為了滿足人類的需要建立人民的物質資料和生活方式、文化意識名字是不能持久的價值時,綠色建筑本身將會減輕,但只有一個真正的社會時需要可持續發展的要求和生活方式符合綠色建筑取得最好的結果。

提高公眾參與意識。綠色建筑評級制度不是壟斷為設計人員所專業的工具,但是規劃師,設計師,工程師,經理,發展商、,共同擁有的公共和其他的評估工具。它打破了先前的專業化發展壟斷企業,鼓勵了公眾的參與和其他的政府官員的欺壓。通過引入公眾參與、及其他建筑使用者的建筑師、建設對話參與者,使得原有設計過程主要由建筑師越來越開放。證明了各種各樣的視圖的介入和良好的幫助來創建一個動態的文化,體現社會公平的社區。3．3的經濟意義

綠色建筑評級制度,經濟意義可分為宏觀和微觀兩個層面。從宏觀層面上,綠色建筑評級系統的生命周期的角度,從系統的綠色環保建筑的設計融入經濟議題涉及生產從建筑材料、設計、施工、運營、資源使用、廢棄物排放、廢物循環利用的自然資源的拆除,直到整個過程。經濟因素的綠色建筑已不再局限于設計過程本身,而政策一直延伸到設計的狹小的作用,來支持政策層面上,包括建立“綠色標簽”制度,提高施工環境審計和管理體制,加大和實施能源消耗,污染物排放稅和其他行為的努力,提高環境保護的法律制度,從增加政府建設項目的可持續性經濟上的支持和提高商品的成本,不污染環境的建設起到了成本,為綠色建筑設計和建設創造一個良好的外部環境。這一目標是不完全的責任的政府機構,作為建筑師參與設計工作是一個聲音的義務責任制度的建議,因為只有最實踐需要的是真實的而且迫在眉睫。在相關的政策議題在綠色建筑設計策略、建筑系統解決的經濟問題面臨的重要方面。在微觀層面上,當前從經濟的角度設計策略是更為充分考慮經濟的項目運作,并確定了具體的設計策略和相應調整。3.4理論意蘊

綠色建筑評級制度,其理論基礎的可持續發展的理念,因此,是否每個國家的評價體系在結構上有多大的不同,他們都有一個共同點:減輕負擔的生態環境,提高施工質量環境,為未來幾代人的發展,仍有足夠的空間。這從根本上改變人類的自然景觀,突然盲目的態度,反映著人們的關系的認識人與自然之間的反對黨統一的變化。根據當前的全球能源儲備和資源分布、地球上的自然環境也是遠離邊緣的疲憊,足夠的人享受的奢侈生活現代材料。但是現在我們必須消耗資源,這意味著將來的人會更少的生活空間。更重要的是,如果我們吃了自然環境超過可限制自強,那么未來的年輕一代正在面臨著地球的生態系統不能收回的風險成為一個真正的危機。因此我們可以說,綠色建筑的發展及其相應的評價體系,是為了更多的當代人們的責任和義務；為更多的利益和未來世代的發展利益。

4、綠色建筑的設計

綠色建筑設計包括以下幾點: 節能:充分利用太陽能、使用節能建筑的信封和暖氣和空調、減少暖氣和空調的使用。按設定的原則,自然通風冷卻系統,允許高效地利用建筑對主導風向在夏天，建筑結構形式和總體布局適應當地的氣候條件。

節約資源:在建筑設計、施工和選擇的建筑材料,被認為是合理使用和處理的資源。減少使用的資源,力求利用可再生資源。節約水資源,包括水土保持和綠化。

回歸自然:綠色建筑外觀強調與周圍環境、和諧、運動的整合,與自然生態環境的保護是相輔相成的。5綠色建筑的效果 5.1綠色建筑的效果

綠色建筑的影響包括內部和外部的影響效應,直接的好處和直接成本作為內部的效果,如大家知道的間接利益和間接成本的外部效應,根據工程經濟學的角度來看:內部效果得到財務評價、外部效果要經濟評價、經濟評價是基于所謂的稀缺資源的合理配置和社會經濟的可持續發展原則,從整體的角度,研究國民經濟的項目支出的社會資源和貢獻給社會帶來的評估項目的經濟合理性,通常包括行業外部效應的影響,環境與生態的影響、技術擴散效應、外部效應將導致私人成本(內部成本或間接成本和社會成本的不一致)的實際價格,導致不同于最優惠的價格。從可持續發展的視角,綠色建筑評價效果的主要指標是外部性效果。

自始自終的發展綠色建筑的統一的量化指標體系還沒有建立起來,我認為應該從以下幾個方面應分析:(1)嚴格控制建筑行業、規模、限制員工數量。粗放型的增長模型的斗爭,集中建設方案,施工過程中利用人類的波的戰術,一旦國家限定公司經營規模的建筑,甚至會形成“適當”,這也不會降低機械化程度、勞動、較低的水平。(2)更多投資于技術,更新技術,建立和完善機制,科學、技術設備。把注意力集中在建筑技術的發展和應用,結合工程的特點,今后的建設,有計劃的科學技術研究開發的新機器、新工藝、新材料,積極引進、吸收國內外同行業先進的科技成果的科學和技術,提高水平的機械化。(三)在城市規劃、勘察、設計通過“綠色建筑”的想法。家庭住房和城市建設或者變更必須呆在房間里,從照明、通風、排水等控制對環境的損害。(4)建設工作中減少資源消耗、生產過程,對施工過程中應采取節能措施,以防止過度消耗土地資源、水資源、電力資源。5.2的外部效應對建設經濟的挑戰

受政府控制的干預,在一定程度上對有效的資源配置,加強節能強制性標準的實施對工程建設監理。要進一步提高建筑能源監測體系,加強建筑節能標準的強制為了落實項目實施為主要內容的整個過程的監控,特別是對于大型公共建筑,提高建筑能源監管,體現在工程造價方面的外部成本成為內部成本,使"非綠色建設”項目的內部成本,內部效率和減少外部成本的綠色建筑,外部效率的提高,以便有效的使經濟資源的合理流動的綠色建筑。6提高綠色建筑的外部效應的措施

在新經濟時代企業架構來獲得競爭優勢,提高外部效果只有不斷開發的方法和手段,提高效率,降低成本外,外部的基本思想和原則:(1)建設對自然資源的生命周期和能源消耗最小;(2)減少建造生命周期的排放量;(3)保護生態(天然)環境;(4)形成一種健康、舒適、安全的室內空間;(5)建筑的施工質量、功能、性能和環境的統一。總結：

上面所描述的是綠色建筑的設計與分析其有效性和提高綠色建筑的外部效應的措施。但如何設計綠色建筑的未來需要某種程度的實踐來讓我們試圖理解,我相信綠色建筑將成為未來建設的一種趨勢。

第二篇：建筑學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

本科畢業設計外文翻譯 題目： 德黑蘭城市發展

學 院: 專 業: 學 號: 學生姓名: 指導教師:

城市建設學院 建筑學

日 期: 二零一一年六月

First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran

Ali Madanipour 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

Tehran :the making of a metropolis，First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran，Ali Madanipour，ISBN：0471957798，Press： New York John Wiley，1998，page five to page eleven。

第一章：德黑蘭市的發展

阿里.馬丹妮普爾

德黑蘭：一個大都市的建造，第一章：德黑蘭市的發展，阿里.馬丹妮普爾，書號：0471957798，紐約John Wiley出版社，1998，第五頁到第十一頁。

德黑蘭市的發展

全市已長成了一定的規模性和復雜性，以這樣的程度，空間管理需要另外的手段來處理城市組織和不斷發展的復雜性，并為城市總體規劃做準備。

第二次世界大戰后，在盟軍占領國家的期間，有一個時期的民主化，在冷戰時開始的政治緊張局勢之后，它們互相斗爭對石油的控制權。這個時期已經結束于1953年，結果 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

是由政變產生了伊朗王，那個后來擔任了25年的行政君主的人。隨著高出生率和農村向城市遷移，德黑蘭和其他大城市增長加劇甚至比以前更快地。到1956年，德黑蘭的人口上升到150萬，到了1966至300萬，1976至450萬，其規模也從1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。

從石油行業的收入增長創造的盈余資源，需要流通和經濟的吸收。50年代中期，特別是在工業化的驅動下德黑蘭許多大城市有了新工作。20世紀60年代的土地改革釋放了大量來自農業的農村人口，這是不能吸收的指數人口增長。這種新的勞動力被吸引到城市：到新的產業，到似乎始終蓬勃發展建筑界，去服務不斷增長公共部門和官僚機構。德黑蘭的角色是國家的行政，經濟，文化中心，它堅定而鞏固地通往外面的世界。德黑蘭戰后的城市擴張，是在管制、私營部門的推動，投機性的發展下進行的。房屋一直供不應求，并有大量可用的富余勞動力和資本，因此在德黑蘭建筑行業蓬勃發展，土地和財產的價格不斷上漲。這個城市成長為一個在某種意義上道路對外脫節的，城鎮和鄉村一體化的，郊區不斷增長的新的定居點。這加強了社會的孤立性，破壞了郊區的花園和綠地，并使城市管理者的感到無能為力。1962年一位副市長在德黑蘭表示：“建筑物和居民點已經滿足人們所想要的無論何處何種樣子”，創造了一個“事實上城鎮相互連接的方式不當”的城市（Nafisi, 1964,第426頁）。有許多事情迫切需要做，但市政府并沒有法律上或經濟上有能力處理這進程。

1966年市政法第一次規定了城規最高委員會的法律體制和土地利用規劃公司的綜合計劃。還有他一系列法律，以支持德黑蘭市的新的法律和體制安排，使住房和其他管理工作在城市中發展起來。最重要的一步是策劃的德黑蘭綜合計劃于1968年被批準。它是由一個伊朗規劃師Fereydun Ghaffari領導下的美國的Victor Gruen和伊朗的Aziz Farmanfarmaian所共同產生的（Ardalan，1986）。該計劃確定的城市的問題是：城市密度過高特別是城市中心、主要道路沿線商業活動的膨脹、污染、不完善的基礎設施，貧困地區廣泛的失業和低收入群體不斷地遷移到德黑蘭。解決的辦法是城市自然社會和經濟結構的轉型。(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).不過該提案大多主張形態上的變化，試圖強調一個現代化的理念，強加這個復雜的都市的秩序。設想這個城市的未來可向西形成一個線性多中心的形式，減少密度和市中心的擠塞情況。全市將形成10個地區，其他各區由綠化帶隔開，每個地區約50萬居民，并設置擁有高樓的商業及工業中心。各個地區（mantagheh）將分為若干區域（nahyeh）和社區（mahalleh）。每個區域人口約1.5到3萬，有一所中學和商業中心以及其他必要設施。每個社區有大約5000居民，有一所小學和一個當地的商業中心。這些地區和區域將有相連的交通運輸網絡，包括高速公路，捷運路線及巴士路線。過境路線的站點會迅速發展為活動度高居住密度高的節點。重建及改善計劃中將有60萬人離開中心地區(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).。

幾乎所有這些措施可以追溯到那個擁有時尚規劃理念的時代，這主要是受英國新城鎮的影響。在Victor Gruen的《我們城市的心臟》（1965）書中，曾設想未來的中心大 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

都市會由10個城市包圍，每個國家都有它自己的中心。這很像Ebenezer Howard’s（1960年，第142頁）提到的，那個四周被園林城市群包圍著的中心城市：“社會的城市”。在德黑蘭的規劃中，這一概念的直譯版被使用。另一個在英國新城鎮被使用的概念，比如Redditch和 Runcorn，是把公共交通路線作為城市的骨架的重要性，其停車點是它的重點服務中心。使用鄰里中心和小學來限制鄰里單元人口，這被廣泛應用于這些新市鎮，這是一個曾在20世紀20年代在美國發展的想法(Mumford, 1954)。這些思想依然存在，但是，主要是在紙面上。該計劃已執行，已在美國城市規劃中有根深蒂固的想法，包括了用高速公路網的不斷延伸去連接城市的脫節部分;在不同地區的社會管理和物理性質的基礎上進行區劃;引進容積率的控制發展的密度。

在20世紀70年代進行的其他主要規劃工作包括Shahrak Gharb的局部發展新城鎮，以及Shahestan依照英國顧問Llewelyn–Davies提出的規劃新的城市行政中心，雖然這被當做正在上升的革命浪潮后來從未實施過。

革命和后革命時期可分為三個階段：革命（1979-1988年），重建（1989-1996年）和改革（1997-2004），每個都展示了德黑蘭城市規劃中不同的做法。

德黑蘭和其他城市經過兩年大量實證，1979年有代表性的是一個革命的到來推翻了伊朗君主，由議會共和制和神父統治的不穩定結合所取代。其原因可以追溯到在國王的發展模式導致了許多沖突，現代與傳統，經濟發展與政治發展，全球市場力量和地方資產階級力量，外國勢力和民族主義，腐敗和自滿中堅分子與不滿的群眾。像1906年的革命一樣，許多隱藏意見的累積使1979的革命成為可能。在第一次革命，維新已占了上風，而在第二次，傳統主義者贏得了領導。然而，無論革命的態度還是他們掌握政權之后的一系列重大問題，包括城市發展都顯示出現代化的偏好。從這個意義上講，該國的這兩個爆炸革命事件可以被看作是在動蕩中逐步轉型所作的努力（Madanipour，1998，2003）。革命是在與伊拉克長期戰爭（1980-1988）之后，其間停止了經濟的發展。在城市發展方面的投資減少，而農村地區和省城受到革命政府的青睞，同時遏制從農村向城市遷移并與大城市公平對待。在此期間主要規劃干預是對白天城市中心的私家車活動的限制。同時，戰爭和新政府的免費或低費用的設施，吸引了更多的人承諾向首都城市移民，到1986年人口達600萬。從20世紀50年代城市人口的增長速度已開始減慢，而直到80年代中期首都的增長都更快，但是它的增長率也開始下降（Khatam, 1993）。在革命和戰爭后，正常化和重建時期開始了，其中大部分持續到上世紀90年代。這期間見證了德黑蘭城市規劃的若干努力。但是沒有一個有效的框架來管理劇烈的城市發展。綜合計劃在革命后遭到攻擊，因為它被認為無法適應變化。1998年，市長批評它主要是形態上的發展規劃、植根于前政權的政治框架、并沒有足夠重視實際操作問題（Dehaghani，1995）。

綜合計劃的25年壽命在1991年結束。一個伊朗顧問公司（A-Tech）受委托于1985年籌備1986-1996期間的規劃。經過多次延遲，在1993年，該計劃最終被城市規劃高級理事會批準。該計劃還注重增長的管理和線性空間戰略，利用了城市區域，次區域，地 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

區，小區和鄰里尺度。它促進保護、權力下放、多中心發展，有五個衛星新市鎮，并發展住宅增加城市密度。該協會建議，城市在5個亞區中被劃分成22個區，每個區都擁有自己的服務中心（Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004）。

1993年的計劃不受市政當局歡迎，不同意它的估價和優先次序，認為它不現實、昂貴、無法實施。1996-2001年期間市政當局自己做了一個戰略規劃，它被認為是德黑蘭市政的第一個規劃或是德黑蘭80。它強調對一個城市提出戰略和政策來實現他們的第一個規劃，而不是以介紹土地利用規劃為目標。它把城市的主要問題確定為能提供服務的資源短缺、城市發展模式和速度、環境污染、缺乏有效的公共交通工具、效率低下和官僚主義。然后市政府對城市的未來遠景概述了六個主要特征：一個清潔的城市，建設便于運動的城市公園和綠化帶，新的文化和體育設施，改革發展的城市組織，以及對城市空間的改善，包括土地利用和保護的全面和詳細的計劃的編制規劃(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996)。

全市實施了1968年的計劃中提出的一部分建議，諸如增加南方的綠色開放空間，或是興建高速公路網;開放城市的大部分地區使之得到新的發展以緩解全城的運作。繼承1993年計劃的意見，市政府放寬容積率限制，并允許熱鬧地帶有更高的密度。然而，這并非基于規劃的考慮，主要是為了使市政當局的財政獨立。這在發展產業區廣受歡迎，但受到公民的爭議。開發者可以通過向市政府繳納罰款建立更高的建筑物，而不必考慮對周圍環境的影響，這個政策俗稱“密度銷售”。該城市的面貌，特別是在其北部地區，是在短期內改變的，其中包括中通過寬闊的街道和高速公路連接高樓大廈。在較貧窮的南部，一個大型的重建項目Navab穿過密集而破舊的建筑物建造高速公路，建立龐大的上層建筑的各個方面。這個城市的行政邊界擴大了兩次，一次向外，一次向西，涵蓋了700平方公里的22個區市。

這個時期的重建爭議隨著民主的改革而產生，它重新啟動了城市市議會的選舉，這首先造成了市長和市政府關系的制度混亂。該會于2001年公布了自己的城市構想作為德黑蘭憲章，這總結了大會上安理會成員、非政府組織和市政專家之間原則上同意的問題。該憲章主要采納了可持續性和民主性原則，被用于開發自然和處理環境、交通、社會、文化、經濟問題、城市管理戰略、區域性城市，國家和國際角色。

Development of the city of Tehran The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent thatits spatial managementneeded additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipalorganization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

and struggles over the control of oil.This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years.With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before.By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million;its size grew from 46 km2 in 1934 to 250 km2 in 1976(Kariman, 1976;Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy.An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran.The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth.This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy.Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world, was firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development.Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available;hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran.The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements.This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless.A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’(Nafisi, 1964, p.426).There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans.A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city.The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968.It was produced by a consortium of Aziz Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner(Ardalan, 1986).The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre;expansion of commercial activities along the main roads;pollution;inefficient infrastructure;widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran.The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis.The future of the city was envisaged to be growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre.The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts,each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings.Each district(mantagheh)would be subdivided into a number of areas(nahyeh)and neighborhoods(mahalleh).An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities.A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre.These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route.The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density.A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns.In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen(1965)had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities,each with its own centre.This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s(1960, p.142)‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities.In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used.Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci.The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States(Mumford, 1954).These ideas remained, however, largely on paper.Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

parts of the sprawling metropolis;zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas;and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution(1979–1988), reconstruction(1989–1996), and reform(1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism.Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses.Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible.In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership.However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization.In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troubled efforts at progressive transformation(Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war(1980–1988)with Iraq, which halted economic development.Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities.The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre.Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986.The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline(Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

lasted for most of the 1990s.This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran.Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it.The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change.In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation(Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991.A firm of Iranian consultants(A-Tech)was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996.After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council.This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood.It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city.It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement.The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipalty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80.Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them.It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services;the pace and pattern of urban growth;environmental pollution;the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy.The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major characteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan;opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city.Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning.This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality.This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens.Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

policy popularly known as ‘‘selling density’’, without having to show their impacts on the surrounding environment.The face of the city, particularly in its northern parts, was transformed in a short period, consisting of medium to high-rise buildings connected through wide streets and motorways.In the poorer south, a major redevelopment project, Navab, cut a motorway through the dense and decayed fabric, building gigantic superstructures on each side.The city’s administrative boundaries were expanded twice, once outward and then westward, to encompass 22 district municipalities in 700 km2.This controversial period of reconstruction was followed by a period of democratic reform, which re-launched an elected city council for the city, which at first caused institutional confusion about its relationship with the mayor and the municipality.The council published its own vision of the city as Tehran Charter in 2001, which was the summary of the principles agreed between council members, non-governmental organizations, and urban experts at a congress about the subject.The Charter adopted sustainability and democracy as its key principles, which were used to develop strategies for natural and built environments, transport, social, cultural and economic issues, urban management, and the city’s regional, national and international roles.

第三篇：建筑學外文翻譯

武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

LOUISIANA MANIFESTO

Jean Nouvel World Architecture．May2010 Vol．05．21~23

路易斯安那宣言

讓·努維爾

世界建筑．2010年5月第05期．21~23頁

武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

摘要：讓·努維爾的“路易斯安那宣言”是他對于當今建筑的思考和想法最為深刻的表達。這篇文章和他的項目與短片，在2005年6月7日－9月18日，于丹麥的路易斯安那現代藝術博物館展出。它曾以多種文字出版。其哲學的基本原則是，一個建筑是有生命的、唯一的、特殊的，并且要與其周圍環境、場所精神和諧共處。該展覽是讓·努維爾工作室、特約館長讓－路易斯·弗洛門特和路易斯安那博物館合作舉辦的。（維雷娜·辛德勒）

關鍵詞:路易斯安那；建筑設計；現代藝術博物館；意識形態；場所精神

2005年，建筑更加倍地在消除地方的特征，把它們變得平庸無奇，蠻橫地對待它們。它有時會取代風景，獨自創造風景，這不過是另一種抹去風景的方式。但是，相反，路易斯安那是情感的震撼。體現出一個很快被遺忘的真理：建筑具有超越的能力。建筑能夠顯露地理、歷史、色彩、植被、視野、光線。它以桀敖不馴、自然不做作的姿態來到這世界、并活著。它獨一無二。它體現了路易斯安那精神。

它是一個小世界，一個氣泡。沒有任何形象、沒有任何言論能夠彰顯它的深度。你必須身臨其境才能體驗到這一切，才會相信。建筑是我們世界的延伸，當世界不斷在縮小時。當我們用愈來愈快的速度在全球到處跑；當我們聆聽和觀看相同的全球網絡，分享相同的災難所引起的震動；當我們隨著相同的暢銷歌曲的節奏跳舞，看著相同的球賽；當全球充斥著相同的影片，明星是全球人物；當一國總統想要統治世界；當我們到克隆商場購物，在同樣的幕墻后頭上班??以及，當世界變小理當產生的好處不被列為全球重點課題時??好比說，為什么教育無法通過相同的全球網絡，更快速、確實地消除文盲？為什么能夠拯救世界性流行病患者的藥品無法及時送達？在這個追求高效率和盈利、配有一整套經濟概念的意識形態特征愈來愈明顯的世界，面對這些新情況，建筑同樣難以幸免。

今天，全球化的影響不斷深化，主流建筑旗幟鮮明地主張要“去脈絡化”。然而，沒有人去討論這個急劇發展的形勢所具有的意義：建筑評論，以建筑學科的界限為由，滿足于美學和風格上的籠統論述，缺乏對現實的分析，并且忽略了重要的歷史課題，亦即全球性建筑和“因地制宜”的建筑、普通性建筑和特殊性建筑之間日益強烈的對峙和沖突。今天的現代性難道只是直接繼承20世紀的現代性、而不帶任何批判精神？它難道只是在世界各地散播大量孤立存在的事物？它難道不應該去尋找理由、對應、相同、差異，以提出針對此時此地的特殊性建筑？路易斯安那作為具象征意義的角斗場，被選來進行這場猶如大衛對抗巨人歌利亞、“因地制宜”建筑的擁護者對抗“去脈絡化”建筑的受益者的新戰斗。毫無疑問，這場對抗比全球與地方之間的對抗更為深沉、復雜。特殊性與知識的更新有關。建筑知識本質上就是多元多樣、與所有文明發生聯系的；旅行是建造者的文化素養上一個重要的組成部分。我們熟知希臘、羅馬或埃及旅行對建筑師多么重要。路易斯安那則是加州之旅的結晶：在這里，同樣是透過對照和匯整距離遙遠的不同訊息，構思出能夠詮釋一個獨特情況的建筑方案。

當然，普遍性建筑在20世紀簡單化的現代主義意識形態所遺留下來的功能主義這塊糞肥上蓬勃發展。《雅典憲章》當初也提倡人文主義精神，然而，狂熱人士、犬儒者和腐敗者進行大量教條式地歪曲模仿，留給了我們一個災難性的都市遺產。以生活在這個世界的快樂之名，我們必須抗拒建立在區塊、網絡、格網基礎上的城市主義。這樣自動的腐化墮落，讓世界各地、不論何種氣候形態的城市失去了身份。它以克隆辦公大樓、2 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

克隆住家、克隆商場為食。它渴求別人事先想好的想法、別人事先創造的景觀，以避免自己去思考和觀察。

對于這些普遍性和建筑上的領土整治規則，我們必須用建立在對有生命經驗的景觀所做的結構性分析的基礎上所產生的其他規則來取代它們。沒錯，建筑！因為建筑存在于各個層次，而城市主義則不存在；那不過是卑屈順服的建筑在宏觀層次上所做的拙劣變裝演出，它的發展是為了替大量普遍性建筑的到來鋪路。我們必須建立敏感的、詩意的規則：談論色彩、本質、個性、無拘無束地創造，結合雨、風、海、山相關的特殊性的建筑方向。會談論時空的連續，會為傳承下來的混亂指引轉變、修改的方向，會關注我們城市的分形結構中每一個層級的規則。這些敏感的規則不得不去挑戰普遍的意識形態；普遍的意識形態有不斷擴散霸權主流技術、以產生依賴的趨勢，它傾向將所有的交通、能源和衛生體系變得愈來愈巨大，制造出一個龐然大物。

相反地，特殊的意識形態渴望自主，渴望使用當地和不同時候所提供的資源，渴望對非物質的側重。我們該如何使用當地、而不是別處的資源？我們該如何創造具差異性的建筑，而不落入對刻板印象的夸張模仿？我們該如何進行深化？建筑設計并非從無到有的創造。建筑意味著在現有和已存在的基礎上加以改造、轉化。建筑意味著激勵深藏于場所自身的特質，而由此具有自我創造的傾向。它意味著揭示、指引方向。它意味著延續活的歷史以及它過往的軌跡。它意味著傾聽一個有生命的地方的呼吸和脈動。它意味著詮釋這些律動用于創造。建筑必須被視為對一個物質、原子、生物連續體的改造。它是在宏觀與納米物理學愈來愈令人頭暈目眩之際，對我們這個廣大世界里的某個片斷的改造。不論轉變、場所、建筑的規模是大是小，我們該如何表達一個有生命的斷片發生轉變時的難以預料？我們是否能夠藉由符號、映像、種植來掌握可見的構成部分——云、植物、各種大大小小的生命機體？我們該如何創造出能夠召喚隱藏的深度、靈魂的振動？這必然是一項詩意的任務，因為唯有詩懂得如何產生“瞬間的形而上學”：關于所能掌握的極限，關于奧秘、脆弱、自然；關于時間的作用、因年久而生成的色澤、會發生變化；關于不完美，因為不完美顯露了我們可以達到的極限。那些扼殺情感的建筑不是具路易斯安那精神的建筑。而是在全球游走的藝術家兼建筑師、那些重復大師的作品，他們對完美、干枯、恒久不變的細節的追求，是情感無能的真實告白！重復制作“精通熟練的”細節，體現了他們對世界上建筑該有的本質感覺遲鈍。大規模建造被誤解！繁重和夸大是建筑上裝腔作勢的途徑！細節就跟整體一樣，是發明、移動、豐富世界的機會，是重新構成、重新組合、誘發各種質地、光線、不大可能的技術相遇的機會。然而，普遍性細節和普遍性建筑一樣，屬于預先制作、不存懷疑、沒有危險、離可行的和可感覺的極限有一大段距離的領域；它以到處存在、到處可販賣、傳播一致性、扼殺差異、大量繁殖為使命。我們處在一種簡單化思維的領地——系統的、使人放心的領地。我們距離產生吸引力的絕對條件——亦即自然不造作——非常遙遠。能夠在二元性、在對話當中創造獨特性的建筑，能夠面對一種情況來創造獨特性的建筑，就是具路易斯安那精神的建筑。

這和那些不斷重復某種形式、風格——它被視為“藝術家的簽名”——的藝術家兼建筑師的態度完全相反。它和可以在任何時候空降到任何地方的建筑完全相反。這個全球現象是強調不屬于任何場所、可以被移動位置、專為直接進入美術館嚴密精確的白色格子而設計的20世紀藝術的延續。獨立存在的建筑和可以孤立存在的藝術作品相反，3 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

它注定要發生干擾，它的出現猶如荒唐可笑的拼貼、突如其來的噴嚏——不過可惜的是，建筑領域經常缺乏超現實主義的敏感度??

建筑意味著某些人憑著他們的意志力、渴望和知識，在某個時代對某個地方進行改造。我們從來就不是在單獨地建筑。我們總是在某處建筑——當然是為某個人或某些人，但也總是為所有人。我們必須停止將建筑局限在采借一種風格上。我們的時代需要不斷懷疑、尋找、不認為自己已經找到答案的建筑師，需要不畏風險、重新發現實證主義價值觀、在建造的同時發明建筑、會讓自己訝異、會在自己窗戶上發現霉菌并知道如何解讀的建筑師。讓我們將替虛榮的城市化妝的工作，留給那些自認為美容師的建筑師。從今而后，建筑將在不可言喻、含糊模棱和不完美中重新發現它的光環！只有當建筑師摔了跤并改變時，他才知道自己已經盡了最大的努力：從創造到改造；從斷言到暗示；從建造到嵌入；從建構到滲透；從放置到迭置；從清晰到含糊；從增加到偏移；從書法到抓痕、涂抹??

相對于“控制、留下永恒的記號”這些陳舊過時的建筑目標，我們今天要以尋找在某地生活的樂趣為目標。讓我們記住，建筑同時也是一種壓迫、制約行為的工具。我們永遠別讓任何人來查禁這個享樂主義式的追求，尤其是在我們身心獲得全面發展所不可或缺的熟悉、親密的領域。讓我們表明我們的身份！每個人內心都有一個潛能的世界。我們要意識到自己的潛能，它和每個人的潛能一樣，換言之，大多未被發掘，而且經常具有詩意，因此，是令人不安的。

不再有緊身衣，不再有現成的生活！不再有將我們數字化的數字建筑！不再有克隆城市，全球化的辦公室，現成的家！我們希望能夠繼續旅行：聆聽即興演奏的音樂；體驗承載著許多生活經驗的景觀；遇見創造他們文化的男男女女；發現陌生未知的顏色。建筑是變化的容器。建筑是不斷遭到生命和事件滲透、更新的永恒。不可更改、從天而降的建筑，與所在地以及居住其中的人沒有任何關聯。

建筑必須被所在的地方和人所滲透，也要去對他們產生滲透：要具有強烈感受性，也要引起感動；要吸收，也要散發。讓我們喜愛那些懂得如何聚焦的建筑：它如同光線一樣閃耀；讓你領略地形、大地的紋理；讓你感受風、天空、土壤、水、火、氣味、樹、草、花、苔蘚??；記得地方風土人情、同時與我們世界的信息終端相聯；還向我們呈現時代變遷以及穿越其間的人們。這樣的建筑與它的時代和諧共處。仍在建造20世紀建筑范型的落后者染患了“歷時”癥、拒絕去感受他們的時代。建筑總是標注著日期。我們知道建筑終有一天會死的、是暫時存在的；我們知道它是有生命的。因此，我們看著它走出黑暗，并想像有一天它會回到那兒。

“因地制宜”、特殊的、具路易斯安那精神的建筑，在過去與未來、礦物與植物、瞬間與永恒、可見與不可見之間建立著一種聯系。它們是顯現與消失的所在地。它們不時暗示著自己緩慢而悲愴的毀滅。這個時間意識與居住其中的新生命所帶來的驚奇，與黎明、黃昏的偉大節奏，以及不可避免的懶散和衰敗時光所顯露的無關緊要相重疊。具路易斯安那精神的建筑是夢中的建筑，是寂靜無聲的，既是遺忘之地，也是考古之地。它們成為對引發暖昧矛盾情緒的過去進行重新詮釋的借口。

具路易斯安那精神的建筑令我們感動，因為它們被夢想出來，因為它們令人感到不安全、具反抗性；它們偶爾令人絕望、遇到災難、或遭到扼殺，但從未被遺忘，因為正如鳳凰浴火重生般，它們讓我們想到用點線構成的永恒??

武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

具路易斯安那精神的建筑在材料和資源上的不確定性、簡易性、甚至簡陋性，滋生出這種建筑能夠存在于各種經濟環境的希望。基于這個原因，它可以滲透到任何地方，甚至包括我們的全球政治應該感到汗顏的貧民窟??

武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

Jean Nouvel’s LOUISIANA MANIFESTO is the most profound expression of histhoughts and ideas about architecture today.Together with his projects and shortfilm sequences,the text was part of an exhibition at the Louisiana Museum ofModern Art in Denmark that was shown from June 7th through September 18th,2005.It was published in many languages.Fundamental to his philosophy is anarchitecture that is alive,unique,specific and in harmony with its surroundingsand the spirit of the place.The exhibition was a collaboration between AteliersJean Nouvel,guest curator Jean-Louis Froment and the Louisiana Museum.（Noteby Verena M.Schindler)More than ever before in 2005 architecture is annihilating and violating places,making them banal.Sometimes the landscape is replaced,created in the image of the architectureitself,which is nothing but another way of effacing it.In contrast,however,there is the case of Louisiana,an emotional shock.The living proof of a forgotten truth:architecture has the power to transcend.Architecture can reveal geographies,histories,colours,vegetations,horizons,and qualities of light.Impertinent and natural,architecture is in the world,alive,unique,Louisianan.As a microcosm,a bubble,no image or statement can plumb its depth.You have to be there to experience and believe it.Architecture is an expansion of our world at a time when that world is gettingsmaller.At a time when we rush across the world faster and faster,when we listen to and watch the same global networks,share feelings aboutthe same disasters;when we dance to the same hits,watch the same matches;when we are flooded with the same films with their global screen stars;when the president of one country wants to rule the whole world;when we shop in cloned shopping centres,work behind the same eternalcurtainwalls...and,when whatever aspects of these factors that might be positive are notpartofglobalpriorities...Why,for instance,shouldn’t education eradicate illiteracy more quickly andsurely?Why doesn’t the medicine that saves the victims of pandemics get to them intime?Architecture is by no means spared of these new conditions of an efficient,profitableworld increasingly marked by an ideology delivered as the baggage of the economy.The global economy is accentuating the effects of the dominant architecture,the type that claims,‘We dont’ need context.’And yet there is no real debate about this galloping frenzy:invoking the limitsof the discipline architectural criticism is content with aesthetic and stylisticreflections devoid of any analysis of the real,ignoring the crucial historical clashthat－more insistently every day－sets global architecture against an architectureof situations,generic architecture against an architecture of specificity.Is our modernity today simply the direct descendant of the modernity of the20th century,devoid of any spirit of criticism?Does it simply consist of parachuting solitary objects onto the face of theplanet?Shouldnt’ it rather be looking for reasons,correspondences,harmonies anddifferences in order to propose an ad hoc architecture here and now?Louisiana is the symbolic arena for this new struggle of David and Goliath,between the partisans of situation architecture and the profiteers of de-contextualised architecture.Undoubtedly this confrontation runs deeper and is more complex than theissue of local against global.Specificity is linked to the actualization of knowledge.Architectural knowledgeis by nature diverse,given its links with all civilizations.Travel is an essentialelement in the cultivation of any builder.We are familiar with how journeys to Egypt,Greece and Rome are 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

importanttoarchitects.Louisiana is the result of a journey to California:the fruit of the graftingof information gathered from afar onto the interpretation of a uniquelocation.Generic architecture is certainly thriving on the compost,the Functionalistdroppings of the simplistic modern ideology of the 20th century.The AthensCharter set out to be humanist,but the equally dogmatic caricatures realized bythe submissive or the corrupt have left us with an oppressive urban heritage.In the name of the pleasure of living on this earth we must resist theurbanism of zones,networks and grids.Such developments are the automaticrot that is obliterating the identity of cities on all continents in all climates.These strategies feed on cloned offices,cloned dwellings and cloned shops.They thirst for what has already been thought and seen in order to avoidthinking and seeing.We must replace these generic rules,territorially and architecturally,withother rules based on the structural analysis of the lived landscape.Yes,architecturally!For architecture exists on all scales and urbanism does notUrbanism is nothing but the mocked-up travesty of a servile architecture on themacro-scale,advancing to prepare the way for the myriad of generic architectures.We must establish sensitive and poetic rules:approaches that speak of colours,essences,characters and the anomalies of the act of creation and the specificitiesof rain,wind,sea and mountains.Rules that speak of the temporal and spatial continuum that will turn the tidetowards a mutation modifying the inherited chaos and taking account of all thefractal scales of our cities.These sensitive rules cannot but defy the generic ideology that leads to theproliferation of hegemonic,dominant technologies.Creating dependencies andaimed for th‘ebottom line’,such a proliferation results in the hypertrophy of allour transportation,energy and hygiene systems.In contrast,the ideology of the specific aspires to autonomy,using theresources of actual place and time and such an ideology also privileges the non-material.How can we use what is here and nowhere else?How can we differentiate without caricaturing?How can we achieve depth?Architectural design on the large scale does not mean inventing ex nihilo.Architecture means transformation,organizing the mutations of what is alreadythere.Architecture means encouraging the embedding in the landscape of places thatanyway have a tendency to invent themselves.It means to reveal,to give direction.It means prolonging living history and its traces of past lives.It means listening to the breathing and pulsations of a living place.It means interpreting its rhythms in order to create.Architecture should be seen as the modification of a physical,atomic andbiological continuum.As the modification of a fragment situated at the heart of our immenseuniverse amidst the dizzying discoveries made by macro-and nanophysics.Whatever the scale of the transformation of a site or place,how can wecommunicate the unpredictability of the mutation of a living fragment?Can we domesticate the visible components－clouds,plant-life and livingorganisms of every size－with signs,reflections and new plantings?How does one create a vibration that evokes a hidden depth,a soul?This is surely a task for poetry since only poetry can produce‘the metaphysicsof the instant’:to work at the limits of the achievable with the mysterious,fragile and natural;to anticipate the weathering of time,i.e.,the resulting patina as materialschange and age with character;andto work with imperfection as a revelation of the limits of the accessible.These architectures that kill emotion are not Louisianan.They are the 武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

work of globetrotting artist-architects,princes of repetition,specialists in the perfect,dry and perennial detail that are the true confession ofemotional impotence!The repetition of the‘controlled’detail is proof of their insensitivity to thepossible nature of an architecture in the world.Mass construction is used as misconstruction!Weight and emphasis are understood as vectors of architectural pedantry!The detail－like the totality－is an opportunity to invent,dislocate,enrichthe world,recompose,reassemble and provoke confrontations of textures,lightand unlikely techniques.But generic detail,like generic architecture,manifests the prefabricated.Itrepresents an absence of doubt that takes no risks and holds back as far as possiblefrom the limits of the feasible and sensitive.Its vocation is to exist and sell itselfeverywhere,spreading uniformity and killing differences in order to proliferate.We are in the domain of simplistic thinking－of the systemic,the reassuring.We are far from the sine qua non of seduction:the natural.An architecture that creates singularity in duality and is invented through theconfrontation with a situation is Louisianan.It opposes the attitudes of these artist-architects who follow a recipe ofrepeating a kind of formal order passed off as the‘signature of the artist’.Itopposes what can be dropped down on the landscape on any occasion in any place.This global phenomenon perpetuates an artistic tradition of the 20th centuryart that is in essence unsituated,dislocated and designed to take its place amongthe mathematical white boxes of the museums.Unlike these works of art that can function in isolation,autonomousarchitectures are doomed to the status of static interference,absurd collages andsudden sneezes that disturb their surroundings;and unfortunately Surrealistsensibility is rarely part of the mix...Architecture means the adaptation of the conditions of a place to a given timeby the willpower,desire and knowledge of certain human beings.We never do this alone.We always do it somewhere－certainly for some person or persons,butalways also for everyone.It is time we stop limiting architecture to the appropriation of a style.Our times need architects who doubt,who seek without thinking they havealready found,who put themselves at risk,who rediscover the values of empiricism,who invent architecture as they design it,who surprise themselves,who notice themildew on their windows and who know how to interpret it.Lets’ leave the cosmetics of vain cities to the architects who think of themselvesas aesthetes.From now on let architecture rediscover its aura in the inexpressible,thecloudy and imperfection of what is invented!The architect is not aware of having come to the end of his work until he slipsand shiftsfrom creation to modification,from assertion to allusion,from building-up to filling-in,from construction to infiltration,from positioning to super-positioning,from clearness to the nebulousness,from addition to deviation,from calligraphy to etching,to erasure...Instead of the archaic architectural goal of domination,i.e.,making a permanentmark,today we should prefer to seek the pleasure of living somewhere.Let us remember that architecture can also be an instrument of oppression,atool for conditioning behaviour.Let us never permit anyone to censure this pursuit of pleasure especially in thedomain of the familiar and intimate that is so necessary to our wellbeing.Let us identify ourselves.Everyone bears a potential world within himself or herself.Let us be aware of our potential,which is equal to that of any human being－largely unexplored,often poetic and therefore disquieting.武漢科技大學本科畢業設計外文翻譯

No more corsets,no more ready-to-wear lives!No more architecture-by-numbers that turns us into numbers!No more cloned cities,global offices,pre-occupied homes!We want to be able to keep on travelling:to listen to spontaneous music,to live in landscapes as inhabited as a personalityto meet men and women who invent their own culture,to discover unknown colours.Architecture is the vehicle for variations.Architecture is permanence changed by life and events.Unchangeable architecture is not involved with the place and those who livethere.Architecture has to be impregnated and to impregnate in order:to be impressionable and impress andto absorb and emit.Let us love architecture that knows how to focus,that:shineslikealight;can let you read the topography,the lay of the land;can let you feel the wind,sky,soil,water,fire,flavours,trees,grass,flowers,moss...remembers the usages and customs of the place and at the same timeinterfaces with the information terminals of our world;and,shows us the historical ages and those who have journeyed through them.Such an architecture is built up in harmony with its time.The stragglers whoare still constructing the archetypes of the 20th century are diachronically ill,refusingtolivetheirlives.Architecture is dated.We know it to be mortal and endangered as sure as weknow it is alive.And so we watch it emerging from the darkness and imagine that it will returnthere one day.The architectures of situation,of the specific,the Louisianan architecturesweave bonds between the past and the future,the mineral and the vegetal,theinstantaneous and eternity,and the visible and the invisible.They are the loci of emergence and disappearance.They distil the essence of their own slow,poignant ruin.This consciousness of time overlays the surprises of the new lives lived in theplace,the great rhythms of dawn and twilight,the indifference of the inevitablehours of idleness and decay...Louisianan architectures are dreamed architectures,full of silences－notonly places of forgetfulness but also of archaeology.They become the cue for reinterpretations of an ambivalent past.Louisianan architectures move us because they have been dreamed into life,insecurity,resistance and sometimes despair;ruined or assassinated,but neverforgotten because like the Phoenix disappearing in the flames only to be rebornthey make us dream of eternally recurring points of light...The uncertainty,simplicity and even the modesty of the Louisianan materialsand resources hold out the hope that Louisianan architecture can continue toexist in any economic condition even filtering through to the shameful shantytownsofourglobalpolitics...

第四篇：畢業設計外文翻譯

外文原文

Overview of JSp Technology

Benefits of JSp

JSp pages are translated into servlets.So, fundamentally, any task JSp pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets.However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSp pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios.The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other.After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language.But it still matters which you choose.JSp provides the following benefits over servlets alone:

?It is easier to write and maintain the HTML.Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.?You can use standard Web-site development tools.Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSp can be used because they simply ignore the JSp tags.?You can divide up your development team.The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code.The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer.On large projects, this division is very important.Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSp instead.By no means.Almost all projects will use both.For some requests in your project, you will use servlets.For others, you will use JSp.For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture.You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.Advantages of JSp Over Competing Technologies

A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology.Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language.Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington.During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology.The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea.He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual “embrace and extend” strategy.At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected “You mean disgrace and distend.”

Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes.But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here.The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags.For example, ColdFusion did it years earlier.Even ASp(a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager)popularized this approach before JSp came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon.In fact, JSp not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASp did.So, the question becomes: why use JSp instead of one of these other technologies? Our first response is that we are not arguing that everyone should.Several of those other technologies are quite good and are reasonable options in some situations.In other situations, however, JSp is clearly better.Here are a few of the reasons.Versus.NET and Active Server pages(ASp)

.NET is well-designed technology from Microsoft.ASp.NET is the part that directly competes with servlets and JSp.The advantages of JSp are twofold.First, JSp is portable to multiple operating systems and Web servers;you aren't locked into deploying on Windows and IIS.Although the core.NET platform runs on a few non-Windows platforms, the ASp part does not.You cannot expect to deploy serious ASp.NET applications on multiple servers and operating systems.For some applications, this difference does not matter.For others, it matters greatly.Second, for some applications the choice of the underlying language matters greatly.For example, although.NET's C# language is very well designed and is similar to Java, fewer programmers are familiar with either the core C# syntax or the many auxiliary libraries.In addition, many developers still use the original version of ASp.With this version, JSp has a clear advantage for the dynamic code.With JSp, the dynamic part is written in Java, not VBScript or another ASp-specific language, so JSp is more powerful and better suited to complex applications that require reusable components.You could make the same argument when comparing JSp to the previous version of ColdFusion;with JSp you can use Java for the “real code” and are not tied to a particular server product.However, the current release of ColdFusion is within the context of a J2EE server, allowing developers to easily mix ColdFusion and servlet/JSp code.Versus pHp

pHp(a recursive acronym for “pHp: Hypertext preprocessor”)is a free, open-source, HTML-embedded scripting language that is somewhat similar to both ASp and JSp.One advantage of JSp is that the dynamic part is written in Java, which already has an extensive ApI for networking, database access, distributed objects, and the like, whereas pHp requires learning an entirely new, less widely used language.A second advantage is that JSp is much more widely supported by tool and server vendors than is pHp.Versus pure Servlets

JSp doesn't provide any capabilities that couldn't, in principle, be accomplished with servlets.In fact, JSp documents are automatically translated into servlets behind the scenes.But it is more convenient to write(and to modify!)regular HTML than to use a zillion println statements to generate the HTML.plus, by separating the presentation from the content, you can put different people on different tasks: your Web page design experts can build the HTML by using familiar tools and either leave places for your servlet programmers to insert the dynamic content or invoke the dynamic content indirectly by means of XML tags.Does this mean that you can just learn JSp and forget about servlets? Absolutely not!JSp developers need to know servlets for four reasons:

1.JSp pages get translated into servlets.You can't understand how JSp works without understanding servlets.2.JSp consists of static HTML, special-purpose JSp tags, and Java code.What kind of Java code? Servlet code!You can't write that code if you don't understand servlet programming.3.Some tasks are better accomplished by servlets than by JSp.JSp is good at generating pages that consist of large sections of fairly well structured HTML or other character data.Servlets are better for generating binary data, building pages with highly variable structure, and performing tasks(such as redirection)that involve little or no output.4.Some tasks are better accomplished by a combination of servlets and JSp than by either servlets or JSp alone.Versus JavaScript

JavaScript, which is completely distinct from the Java programming language, is normally used to dynamically generate HTML on the client, building parts of the Web page as the browser loads the document.This is a useful capability and does not normally overlap with the capabilities of JSp(which runs only on the server).JSp pages still include SCRIpT tags for JavaScript, just as normal HTML pages do.In fact, JSp can even be used to dynamically generate the JavaScript that will be sent to the client.So, JavaScript is not a competing technology;it is a complementary one.It is also possible to use JavaScript on the server, most notably on Sun ONE(formerly iplanet), IIS, and BroadVision servers.However, Java is more powerful, flexible, reliable, and portable.Versus WebMacro or Velocity

JSp is by no means perfect.Many people have pointed out features that could be improved.This is a good thing, and one of the advantages of JSp is that the specification is controlled by a community that draws from many different companies.So, the technology can incorporate improvements in successive releases.However, some groups have developed alternative Java-based technologies to try to address these deficiencies.This, in our judgment, is a mistake.Using a third-party tool like Apache Struts that augments JSp and servlet technology is a good idea when that tool adds sufficient benefit to compensate for the additional complexity.But using a nonstandard tool that tries to replace JSp is a bad idea.When choosing a technology, you need to weigh many factors: standardization, portability, integration, industry support, and technical features.The arguments for JSp alternatives have focused almost exclusively on the technical features part.But portability, standardization, and integration are also very important.For example, the servlet and JSp specifications define a standard directory structure for Web applications and provide standard files(.war files)for deploying Web applications.All JSp-compatible servers must support these standards.Filters can be set up to apply to any number of servlets or JSp pages, but not to nonstandard resources.The same goes for Web application security settings.Besides, the tremendous industry support for JSp and servlet technology results in improvements that mitigate many of the criticisms of JSp.For example, the JSp Standard Tag Library and the JSp 2.0 expression language address two of the most well-founded criticisms: the lack of good iteration constructs and the difficulty of accessing dynamic results without using either explicit Java code or verbose jsp:useBean elements.10.4 Misconceptions About JSp

Forgetting JSp Is Server-Side Technology

Here are some typical questions Marty has received(most of them repeatedly).?Our server is running JDK 1.4.So, how do I put a Swing component in a JSp page?

?How do I put an image into a JSp page? I do not know the proper Java I/O commands to read image files.?Since Tomcat does not support JavaScript, how do I make images that are highlighted when the user moves the mouse over them?

?Our clients use older browsers that do not understand JSp.What should we do?

?When our clients use “View Source” in a browser, how can I prevent them from seeing the JSp tags?

All of these questions are based upon the assumption that browsers know something about the server-side process.But they do not.Thus:

?For putting applets with Swing components into Web pages, what matters is the browser's Java version—the server's version is irrelevant.If the browser supports the Java 2 platform, you use the normal AppLET(or Java plug-in)tag and would do so even if you were using non-Java technology on the server.?You do not need Java I/O to read image files;you just put the image in the directory for Web resources(i.e., two levels up from WEB-INF/classes)and output a normal IMG tag.?You create images that change under the mouse by using client-side JavaScript, referenced with the SCRIpT tag;this does not change just because the server is using JSp.?Browsers do not “support” JSp at all—they merely see the output of the JSp page.So, make sure your JSp outputs HTML compatible with the browser, just as you would do with static HTML pages.?And, of course you need not do anything to prevent clients from seeing JSp tags;those tags are processed on the server and are not part of the output that is sent to the client.Confusing Translation Time with Request Time

A JSp page is converted into a servlet.The servlet is compiled, loaded into the server's memory, initialized, and executed.But which step happens when? To answer that question, remember two points:

?The JSp page is translated into a servlet and compiled only the first time it is accessed after having been modified.?Loading into memory, initialization, and execution follow the normal rules for servlets.Table 1 gives some common scenarios and tells whether or not each step occurs in that scenario.The most frequently misunderstood entries are highlighted.When referring to the table, note that servlets resulting from JSp pages use the _jspService method(called for both GET and pOST requests), not doGet or dopost.Also, for initialization, they use the jspInit method, not the init method.Table 1.JSp Operations in Various Scenarios

JSp page translated into servletServlet compiledServlet loaded into server's memoryjspInit called_jspService called

page first written

Request 1YesYesYesYesYes

Request 2NoNoNoNoYes

Server restarted

Request 3NoNoYesYesYes

Request 4NoNoNoNoYes

page modified

Request 5YesYesYesYesYes

Request 6NoNoNoNoYes

中文翻譯

JSp技術概述

一、JSp的好處

JSp頁面最終會轉換成servler。因而，從根本上，JSp頁面能夠執行的任何任務都可以用servler來完成。然而，這種底層的等同性并不意味著servler和JSp頁面對于所有的情況都等同適用。問題不在于技術的能力，而是二者在便利性、生產率和可維護性上的不同。畢竟，在特定平臺上能夠用Java編程語言完成的事情，同樣可以用匯編語言來完成，但是選擇哪種語言依舊十分重要。

和單獨使用servler相比，JSp提供下述好處：

?JSp中HTML的編寫與維護更為簡單。JSp中可以使用常規的HTML：沒有額外的反斜杠，沒有額外的雙引號，也沒有暗含的Java語法。

?能夠使用標準的網站開發工具。即使對那些對JSp一無所知的HTML工具，我們也可以使用，因為它們會忽略JSp標簽（JSp tags）。

?可以對開發團隊進行劃分。Java程序員可以致力于動態代碼。Web開發人員可以將經理集中在表示層（presentation layer）上。對于大型的項目，這種劃分極為重要。依據開發團隊的大小，及項目的復雜程度，可以對靜態HTML和動態內容進行弱分離（weaker separation）和強分離（stronger separation）。

在此，這個討論并不是讓您停止使用servlets，只使用JSp。幾乎所有的項目都會同時用到這兩種技術。針對項目中的某些請求，您可能會在MVC構架下組合使用這兩項技術。我們總是希望用適當的工具完成相對應的工作，僅僅是servlet并不能填滿您的工具箱。

二、JSp相對于競爭技術的優勢

許多年前，Marty受到邀請,參加一個有關軟件技術的小型(20個人)研討會.做在Marty旁邊的人是James Gosling---Java編程語言的發明者。隔幾個位置,是來自華盛頓一家大型軟件公司的高級經理。在討論過程中,研討會的主席提出了Jini的議題,這在當時是一項新的Java技術.主席向該經理詢問他的想法.他繼續說,他們會持續關注這項技術,如果這項技術變得流行起來,他們會遵循公司的“接受并擴充(embrace and extend)”的策略.此時, Gosling隨意地插話說“你的意思其實就是不接受且不擴充(disgrace and distend)。”

在此, Gosling的抱怨顯示出，他感到這個公司會從其他公司那里拿走技術,用于他們自己的目的.但你猜這次怎么樣?這次鞋子穿在了另一只腳上。Java社團沒有發明這一思想----將頁面設計成由靜態HTML和用特殊標簽標記的動態代碼混合組成.。ColdFusion多年前就已經這樣做了。甚至ASp(來自于前述經理所在公司的一項產品)都在JSp出現之前推廣了這種方式。實際上,JSp不只采用了這種通用概念,它甚至使用許多和ASp相同的特殊標簽。

因此,問題變成:為什么使用JSp,而不使用其他技術呢?我們的第一反應是我們不是在爭論所有的人應該做什么。其他這些技術中,有一些也很不錯,在某些情況下也的確是合情合理的選擇.然而,在其他情形中,JSp明顯要更好一些。下面給出幾個理由。

與.NET和Active Server pages(ASp)相比

.NET是Microsoft精心設計的一項技術。ASp.NET是與servlets和JSp直接競爭的技術。JSp的優勢體現在兩個方面。

首先,JSp可以移植到多種操作系統和Web服務器,您不必僅僅局限于部署在Windows 和IIS上盡管核心.NET平臺可以在好幾種非Windows平臺上運行，但ASp這一部分不可以。您不能期望可以將重要的ASp.NET應用部署到多種服務器和操作系統。對于某些應用，這種差異沒有什么影響。但有些應用，這種差異卻非常重要。

其次，對于某些應用，底層語言的選擇至關重要。例如，盡管.NET的C#語言設計優良，且和Java類似，但熟悉核心C#語法和眾多工具庫的程序員很少。此外,許多開發者依舊使用最初版本的ASp。相對于這個版本,JSp在動態代碼方面擁有明顯的優勢。使用JSp,動態部分是用Java編寫的,而非VBScript過其他ASp專有的語言,因此JSp更為強勁,更適合于要求組件重用的復雜應用。

當將JSp與之前版本的ColdFusion對比時，您可能會得到相同的結論。應用JSp，您可以使用Java編寫“真正的代碼”，不必依賴于特定的服務器產品。然而，當前版本的ColdFusion滿足J2EE服務器的環境，允許開發者容易的混合使用ColdFusion和Servlet/JSp代碼。

與pHp相比

pHp（“pHp：Hypertext preprocessor”的遞歸字母縮寫詞）是免費的、開放源代碼的、HTML嵌入其中的腳本語言，與ASp和JSp都有某種程度的類似。JSp的一項優勢是動態部分用Java編寫，而Java已經在聯網、數據庫訪問、分布式對象等方面擁有廣泛的ApI，而pHp需要學習全新的、應用相對廣泛的語言。JSp的第二項優勢是，和pHp相比，JSp擁有極為廣泛的工具和服務器提供商的支持。

與純Servlet相比

原則上，JSp并沒有提供Servlet不能完成的功能。實際上，JSp文檔在后臺被自動轉換成Servlet。但是編寫（和修改）常規的HTML，要比無數println語句生成HTML要方便得多。另外，通過將表示與內容分離，可以為不同的人分配不同的任務：網頁設計人員使用熟悉的工具構建HTML，要么為Servlet程序員留出空間插入動態內容，要么通過XML標簽間接調用動態內容。

這是否表示您只可以學習JSp，將Servlet丟到一邊呢？當然不是！由于以下4種原因，JSp開發人員需要了解Servlet：

（1）JSp頁面會轉換成Servlet。不了解Servlet就無法知道JSp如何工作。

（2）JSp由靜態HTML、專用的JSp標簽和Java代碼組成。哪種類型的Java代碼呢？當然是Servlet代碼！如果不了解Servlet編程，那么就無法編寫這種代碼。

（3）一些任務用Servlet完成比用JSp來完成要好。JSp擅長生成由大量組織有序的結構化HTML或其他字符數據組成的頁面。Servlet擅長生成二進制數據，構建結構多樣的頁面，以及執行輸出很少或者沒有輸出的任務（比如重定向）。

（4）有些任務更適合于組合使用Servlet和JSp來完成，而非單獨使用Servlet或JSp。

與JavaScript相比

JavaScript和Java編程語言完全是兩碼事，前者一般用于在客戶端動態生成HTML，在瀏覽器載入文檔時構建網頁的部分內容。這是一項有用的功能，一般與JSp的功能（只在服務器端運行）并不發生重疊。和常規HTML頁面一樣，JSp頁面依舊可以包括用于JavaScript的SCRIpT標簽。實際上，JSp甚至能夠用來動態生成發送到客戶端的JavaScript。因此，JavaScript不是一項競爭技術，它是一項補充技術。

JavaScript也可以用在服務器端，最因人注意的是SUN ONE（以前的iplanet）、IIS和BroadVision服務器。然而，Java更為強大靈活、可靠且可移植。

與WebMacro和Velocity相比

JSp決非完美。許多人都曾指出過JSp中能夠改進的功能。這是一件好事，JSp的優勢之一是該規范由許多不同公司組成的社團控制。因此，在后續版本中，這項技術能夠得到協調的改進。

但是，一些組織已經開發出了基于Java的替代技術，試圖彌補這些不足。據我們的判斷，這樣做是錯誤的。使用擴充JSp和Servlet技術的第三方工具，如Apache Structs，是一種很好的思路，只要該工具帶來的好處能夠補償工具帶來的額外復雜性。但是，試圖使用非標準的工具代替JSp則不理想。在選擇一項技術時，需要權衡許多方面的因素：標準化、可移植性、集成性、行業支持和技術特性。對于JSp替代技術的爭論幾乎只是集中在技術特性上，而可移植性、標準化和集成性也十分重要。例如，Servlet和JSp規范為Web應用定義了一個標準的目錄結構，并提供用于部署Web應用的標準文件（.war文件）。所有JSp兼容的服務器必須支持這些標準。我們可以建立過濾器作用到任意樹木的Servlet和JSp頁面上，但不能用于非標準資源。Web應用安全設置也同樣如此。

此外，業界對JSp和Servlet技術的巨大支持使得這兩項技術都有了巨大的進步，從而減輕了對JSp的許多批評。例如，JSp標準標簽庫和JSp 2.0表達式語言解決了兩種最廣泛的批評：缺乏良好的迭代結構；不使用顯式的Java代碼或冗長的jsp:useBean元素難以訪問動態結果。

三、對JSp的誤解

忘記JSp技術是服務器端技術

下面是Marty收到的一些典型問題（大部分問題不止一次的出現）。

?我們的服務器正在運行JDK1.4。我如何將Swing組件用到JSp頁面中呢？

?我如何將圖像放到JSp頁面中？我不知道讀取圖像文件應該使用哪些Java I/O命令。

?Tomcat不支持JavaScript，當用戶在圖像上移動鼠標時，我如何使圖像突出顯示呢？

?我們的客戶使用不理解JSp的舊瀏覽器。我應該怎么做？

?當我們的客戶在瀏覽器中使用“View Source”（查看源代碼）時，如何阻止他們看到JSp標簽？

所有這些問題都基于瀏覽器對服務器端的過程在有所了解的假定之上。但事實上瀏覽器并不了解服務器端的過程。因此：

?如果要將使用Swing組件的applet放到網頁中，重要的是瀏覽器的Java版本，和服務器的Java版本無關。如果瀏覽器支持Java 2平臺，您可以使用正常的AppLET（或Java插件）標簽，即使在服務器上使用了非Java技術也須如此。

?您不需要Java I/O來讀取圖像文件，您只需將圖像放在存儲Web資源的目錄中（即WEB-INF/classes向上兩級的目錄），并輸出一個正常的IMG標簽。

?您應該用SCRIpT標簽，使用客戶端JavaScript創建在鼠標下會更改的圖像，這不會由于服務器使用JSp而改變。

?瀏覽器根本不“支持”JSp----它們看到的只是JSp頁面的輸出。因此，如同對待靜態HTML頁面一樣，只需確保JSp輸出的HTML與瀏覽器兼容。

?當然，您不需要采取什么措施來阻止客戶看到JSp標簽，這些標簽在服務器上進行處理，發送給客戶的輸出中并不出現。

混淆轉換期間和請求期間

JSp頁面需要轉換成servlet。Servlet在編譯后，載入到服務器的內容中，初始化并執行。但是每一步發生在什么時候呢？要回答這個問題，要記住以下兩點：

?JSp頁面僅在修改后第一次被訪問時，才會被轉換成servlet并進行編譯；

?載入到內存中、初始化和執行遵循servlet的一般規則。

表1列出一些常見的情形，講述在該種情況下每一步是否發生。最常被誤解的項已經突出標示出來。在參考該表時，要注意，由JSp頁面生成的servlet使用_jspService方法（GET和pOST請求都調用該函數），不是doGet或dopost方法。同樣，對于初始化，它們使用jspInit方法，而非init方法。

表1 各種情況下的JSp操作

將JSp 頁面轉換成servlet編譯Servlet 將Servlet 載入到服務器內存中調用jspInit 調用_jspService

頁面初次創建

請求 1有有有有有

請求 2無無無無有

服務器重啟后

請求3無無有有有

請求 4無無無無有

頁面修改后

請求 5有有有有有

請求 6無無無無有

第五篇：畢業設計冷凝器外文翻譯

吉林化工學院本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯

氨制冷系統的節能設計，改造和蒸發式冷凝器的控制

阿卜杜勒穆罕默德和凱利，工業評估中心，代頓大學

摘要

氨制冷系統通常提供了許多節能商機，因為他們的大動力消耗，運行時間長的和動態的操作。氨制冷系統的能源使用高度依賴于冷凝頭的壓力，而這是一個函數的蒸發式冷凝器容量和控制功能。本文研究系統能源利用中聚光能力和冷凝器的控制之間的關系。它首先開發方法來確定冷凝器的性能，然后以仿真模型模擬壓縮機和冷凝器風扇的能源利用。，它使用工程基本面和經驗兩個數據，準確地捕捉壓縮機，冷凝器和環境濕球溫度之間的協同效應。節約能源是三種情況：安裝在冷凝器風機變頻驅動器，采用濕球控制方法戰略和提高聚光性能。以說明氣候的影響，這些模擬是兩個不同的ASHRAE氣候區，邁阿密，佛羅里達州和執行明尼阿波利斯，明尼蘇達州，這是炎熱和寒冷的氣候分別。結果表明，提高表現不佳的冷凝器的性能是最經濟有效的節能測量。但是節約能源從冷凝器安裝變頻驅動器球迷和利用濕球的方法策略取決于環境氣候條件，與位置無關。接下來，內部收益率的計算方法來安裝額外的聚光能力超越在為相同的兩個ASHRAE氣候區新建筑應用的標準做法。結果表明，安裝兩次基線聚光能力，內部收益率超過20 ％。綜上所述，本文提出的設計，改造的綜合方法在氨制冷系統蒸發式冷凝器的控制權。節約能源衍生通過使用這種方法可以顯著提高氨的能量效率制冷系統。

介紹

約7.5 ％的總生產能耗用于食品加工行業，其中約21％的能量是電能(二零零六年環評)。在這些設備中，氨制冷系統是最大的能源消耗部分。制冷與冷卻工藝所用電量是食品加工行業(二零零六年EIA)的用電量的27％。制冷系統使用的能量是高度依賴于冷凝壓力，而這又是冷凝器容量和控制性能。因此，提高聚光能力和控制可導致顯著的節能效果。

本文首先確定使用的數據從實際的聚光性能制冷控制系統。然后是開發仿真模型來計算每年的能源使用所研究的壓縮機和冷凝器風扇。該仿真模型，用來計算節能三

吉林化工學院本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯

個節能措施(ECMS)：在冷凝器風扇安裝變頻器，采用濕球的方法策略，提高聚光性能。以說明氣候的影響，這些仿真用于執行邁阿密，佛羅里達州和明尼蘇達州明尼阿波利斯，這是炎熱和寒冷的氣候分別。文章最后決定回報的安裝額外的容量超出標準規范的內部收益率在新的建筑應用。

系統說明

分析系統是一個兩階段的氨制冷系統具有兩個低壓側壓縮機和兩個高級壓縮機。所有的壓縮機是螺桿式與滑閥控制和熱虹吸油冷卻。一種蒸發式冷凝器以恒定的速度從系統散發熱量。對于本文的其余部分，術語系統將參考冷凝器風扇和壓縮機。從冷凝器泵的能源使用小，并且不評價了本文。關鍵系統參數，包括電動機電流，氨的壓力和溫度從制冷控制系統獲得。氨性數據的計算使用參考流體熱力學和輸運性質數據(NIST，2010)也被稱為REFPROP。圖中顯示了制冷系統的替補的示意圖。

圖1。電路圖制冷系統的pH值圖上

計算排熱到冷凝器

冷凝壓力是決定系統能源利用的一個關鍵變量。為了準確地計算冷凝壓力，冷凝器性能必須確定。在第一步驟中確定冷凝器性能是計算從壓縮機排出到總熱量冷凝器。在系統中的能量平衡顯示了總的熱拒絕了冷凝器是由低和高級壓縮機加兩個設置在制冷（QREF0）低和高級壓縮機兩者的壓縮或軸功率（WS）的熱量。

QCond.actual = Σ QrefLS +Σ QrefHS +Σ WSLS +Σ WsHS（1）

吉林化工學院本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯

所有的熱拒絕從低溫壓縮機減去熱虹吸拒絕的低級壓縮機油冷卻（TSOC，LS）將被轉移到高壓側制度。因此，由高溫壓縮機提供（TRprovided，HS）的制冷是：

ΣTRprovided，HS = Σ QrefLS +Σ QrefHS +Σ WLS

吉林化工學院本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯

量可以使用等式4和來自控制系統的百分之制冷容量，計算如下：

QREF = Qrrated ? ％容量

（5）

壓縮熱由高溫級壓縮機（WsHS）生產

來自控制系統的數據而獲得的每個壓縮機的電機電流。至相關電機電流軸功率（WS），電機電流和輸入之間的關系權力必須得到發展。這種關系中，可以從點測量開發電機電流和輸入功率在整個壓縮機的工作范圍。通過使用的壓縮機（?m）的兩個銘牌效率和f（A），軸功率或等價每個壓縮機的壓縮熱量可以計算為：

WsHS = F（A）* ?m

（6）

熱虹吸油冷卻（TSOC）

考慮了兩階段的低溫循環在圖1中表示的氨制冷系統。在狀態1LS，氨進入壓縮機作為飽和蒸汽和離開壓縮機的過熱蒸汽在狀態2LS。路徑1LSmref.LS ?（h2a.LSh4.LS）（8）

通常，制造商報告的體積流量的空氣速率，標稱容量，并且熱抑制因子（HRF）。體積流量是用于使用計算的質量流率空氣的密度在標準條件。該HRF，這既是外部空氣濕球溫度計的功能溫度（TWB）和飽和冷凝溫度（Tcond），用于確定在額定容量冷凝器對于一個給定TWB和Tcond為（Manske，Reindl和2001年克萊因）：

額定電容容量=標稱容量/ HRF（TWB，Tcond）（10）

等式9b和10可以適用于制造商的規格為蒸發冷凝器，以確定對于一個給定的濕球Tcond和效力之間的關系范圍。有效性被發現是線性相關的Tcond為： effM = E0

吉林化工學院本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯

由于蒸發式冷凝器的運行期間的實際容量已計算的，實際效果可以適合于在等式11的形式的線。測量效力與從所研究的系統Tcond數據被繪制時，無論是蒸發式冷凝器，風機和水泵是在圖3滿負荷生產。額定制造商從式（11）效果也繪制在同一張圖來比較的有效性上一個新的蒸發式冷凝器，以其中一個已經服役了幾年。圖3表示該蒸發式冷凝器性能已劣化隨著時間的推移。實際容量比制造商的額定容量少約40％。此信息可以被用作用于模擬程序的校準參數。例如，在圖3中，冷凝器容量為一個新的冷凝器將約為1.69倍，目前的實際能力。

圖3。實際和制造商有效性的蒸發式冷凝器

模擬年能源消耗

每年的能量使用的制冷系統的是壓縮機和冷凝器的總和風機能耗。冷凝壓力是必須正確地計算一個關鍵的變量正確模擬壓縮機和冷凝器風扇的能源使用。以下步驟概述一方法計算壓縮機功率，冷凝壓力和冷凝器風扇電源。

計算壓縮機輸入功率

一個給定的壓縮機在一定范圍抽吸的額定軸功率（bhprated）和冷凝溫度可以從制造商處獲得。此數據可以被嵌入到一個二階多項式方程的交互項來確定額定滿載

吉林化工學院本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯

軸功率在給定的吸氣和冷凝溫度（Manske 2000），如：

bhprated = P0 + P1 ? Tcond + P2 ? TSUC + P11 ? Tcond 2 + P22 ? TSUC 2 + P12 ? Tcond ? TSUC（12）

在該制冷系統中的壓縮機，像許多制冷系統中，在操作堿/修剪方式，表示過去壓縮機接通的每個階段是修剪壓縮機。式（4），它類似于公式12中，示出的滿負荷容量壓縮機吸入的函數和冷凝溫度下，該壓縮機運行。知道制冷負荷（參考負載）和堿的量被操作（Σ TRBase），則該部分的容量修剪壓縮機的壓縮機定階段（FCTrim）可以計算如下：

FCTrim =（參考負載6789

吉林化工學院本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯

紅色=壓縮機的能耗，藍=冷凝器風扇能源，綠色=節能，廣場=投資回報率，VFD =常數變速冷凝器風扇，所需時間約=利用濕球的方法和策略PERFOR =提高聚光性能。

在新建筑應用安裝額外的電容容量

冷凝器是因為結構支撐，管道和控制成本來安裝。因此，這是很少的成本效益來安裝額外的冷凝器為唯一目的能量效率。然而，在新建筑中安裝額外的冷凝器容量可以成本效益。近似的安裝成本與變頻驅動和濕球的做法冷凝器控制是指在公式23。增量成本（元）= 17 ·增容（MBH）+ 12,000（23）

在添加額外的冷凝器時收益率（IRR）內部收益率圖9顯示容量時，冷凝器的壽命是20年，能源漲價率是3 ％。內部收益率計算用于安裝的50 ％的額外容量，100％，150 ％和200 ％，比7000 MBH基線能力。在這兩個位置，內部收益率超過20％加倍聚光能力。因此，增加聚光能力似乎是一個非常有吸引力的選項的新建筑。

圖9。返回的安裝額外的電容容量內部收益率

紅色=增量成本，綠色=每年節約能源成本，回報廣場=內部收益率

小結與討論

本文開發了一種方法，利用數據來校準聚光性能制冷控制系統。此校準冷凝器性能的仿真中使用模型計算所研究的能源使用的系統。該仿真模型是然后用來計算節能三的ECM ：在冷凝器風扇安裝變頻器，采用濕球的方法策略，提高聚光性能的兩個不同的ASHRAE氣候區。

重要的結果是：

1．制冷系統的總功耗是強烈依賴于冷凝器大小，性能和控制。

2．對于現有系統，提高了蒸發式冷凝器性能可能是最成本效益的節能措施。目視檢

吉林化工學院本科畢業設計（論文）外文翻譯

[4] Manske，K.A.，Reindl酒店，D.T.和克萊因2001年S.A.公司。在工業“蒸發式冷凝器的控制制冷系統制冷24 “國際雜志： 676-691。

[5]米切爾，J.W.博朗，J.E.，1998。“設計，分析和空間調節設備的控制和

系統”。威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校。

[6] 標準與技術，2010年全國學院，參考流體熱力學和運輸屬性數（REFPROP）8.0版 [7] 國家可再生能源實驗室，2005年，“用戶手冊TMY3s ”，http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/ [8] Stoecker，威爾伯特，1998年，工業制冷手冊。麥格勞13-