第一篇:清代官職英語表達
清代官職§
府學生員 Prefectural School / government student 內閣(大)學士(grand)secretary of the Grand Secretariat
中憲大夫 grand master exemplar 軍機大臣 grand minister of state
榮祿大夫 grand master for glorious happiness
駐藏大臣 grand minister resident of Tibet 太史 grand scribe(da-shi);grand astrologer(tai-shi-ling);
伊犁將軍 general of Yili
兵部員外郎 vice director of Bureau of Military Personnel;
湖廣總督 governor-general of Hu-Guang
直隸候補知府 reserve prefect of a superior prefecture 庫倫辦事大臣 grand minister superintendent of KULUN
太守 prefect(知州、知府)
御前大臣 grand minister in attendance 經筵官 participant in the classics colloquium
錄事司 Administration Office 翰林(侍讀)學士 awaiting/ studying Hanlin Academician
(南)御史臺椽(院?)the(south)Censorate
參知政事 assistant administrator
燕南憲司照磨閩海憲司知事
兵部郎中director of the Bureau of Military of War(燕南)憲司經歷 registrar of Judicial Commission(SONG);the Surveillance
Commission(in YUAN)(熱河)兵備道 Military Defense Circuit
秀才 scholar;skilful writer 舉人 provincial graduate 祭酒 libationer;chancellor 進士 metropolitan graduate(燕南河北道)提刑judicial commissioner
封疆大吏 provincial magnate
按察副使 vice surveillance commissioner
翻譯生員 translation student 翰林學士 Hanlin Academician 理藩院 court of Colonial Affairs
筆帖式 clerk 丞相 grand councilor;counselor-in-chief平章政事 manager of governmental affairs 昭文館大學士grand academician of the Institute for the Glorification of Li
terature平章軍國大事manager of important national security matters 中丞事 vice-manager of important national security matters
刑部尚書ministry of Justice
工部尚書 ministry of Works 戶部尚書 Ministry of Revenue 吏部尚書 Ministry of Personnel 理藩院尚書 Ministry of the Court of Clonial Affairs
兵部尚書minister of war
第二篇:英語表達
有關電視節目的英文:
TV show/program 電視節目 TV channel 電視頻道 cable TV 有線電視 satellite TV 衛星電視 talent show 選秀節目 quiz show 智力競賽節目 reality show 真人秀節目 variety show 綜藝節目 sports show 體育節目 news program 新聞節目
sitcom(Situation Comedy)情景喜劇 game show 游戲節目 documentary 紀錄片 online TV 在線電視
HD TV(High Definition Television)高清電視
definition 清晰度、分辨率 viewing rate 收視率 episode 一集
the 2nd season 第二季 loyal viewers 忠實的觀眾 TV guide 收視指南
home entertainment 家庭娛樂活動 a couch potato 懶散在家看電視的人 a live performance 現場演出
educational and entertaining 寓教于樂 time-consuming 消耗時間
常見經濟類詞匯:
government bond 政府債券; exchange rate匯率; appreciate升值; depreciate 貶值; capitalism 資本主義; inflation通貨膨脹;
government regulation 政府調控; trade deficit貿易逆差; trade surplus貿易順差
各種道路詞匯:
國道:national highway 高速路:highway/expressway 收費路:turnpike road 隧道:tunnel 公交線路:bus route 單行道:one-way street 雙行道:dual carriageway 內環路:inner ring road 外環路:outer ring road 人行道:pavement/sidewalk 人行橫道:zebra crossing 地下通道:underpass
各種關于宴會的英文: party animal 舞會狂; ball party舞會;
house warming party 喬遷之喜的宴會;leaving party告別會; reading party讀書會;wedding party結婚宴會
bachelor party單身派對 bachelorette/hens party單身女性派對 tea party 茶話會;
birthday party 生日宴會; fancy ball 化妝舞會; banquet 宴會;
cocktail party 雞尾酒會; farewell party 惜別會; congress 代表大會;
symposium 討論會、座談會; study group 學習研討會 關于各種愛情的英文: 初戀:first love 早戀:puppy love 黃昏戀:twilight romance 姐弟戀:romance with younger man 三角戀:love triangle 精神戀愛:platonic love 單戀:unrequited love 相思:lovesick 相親:blind date 速配:speed dating 老情人:old flame 一夜情:one-night stand 網戀:cyber love
無所謂的英文表達: 1.I'm ok(fine)with this.我無所謂的.2.Suit yourself.隨你的便.3.As you wish./If you want.隨你吧。
4.Do whatever you want.愛咋咋地。
5.I don't give a damn.我一點兒也不在乎.6.Anything will do.怎么都行。
7.I don’t care.我不在乎。8.Whatever.隨你便。
解決拖沓的英文:
1.Don't think about it that much.不要想太多
2.Find alternative ways to do it.不走尋常路(發現替代選作去做)3.Do it as soon as you can 越快越好
4.Break the task into small pieces.能夠分解任務
5.Praise yourself for starting the task 自我表揚
6.Remember your past experiences 善于回顧經驗
關于工作的英文: resume/CV 個人履歷
HR department 人力資源部 find employment 找工作 job hunting 求職
be out of work/out of a job 待業 work overtime 加班 overtime pay 加班費
double pay/triple pay 雙薪/三薪 paid annual vacation 帶薪年假 sick leave 病假 maternity 產假
compassionate leave 照顧性準假 related to my major 與我的專業有關 working environment 工作環境 company culture 公司文化 well-paid 高薪的 business trip 出差
promotion prospect 晉升空間
performance assessment 業績評估 flexible working hours 靈活工作時間 be in charge of 掌管、管理 main responsibility 主要職責
關于旅游的英文:
solo travel 獨自旅行
backpack travel 背包旅行 package tour 跟團旅游 travel agency 旅行社 tour guide 導游 tour leader 領隊
take a package tour 抱團游 independent travel 自助游 self-drive travel 自駕游 backpackers 背包客 tour around a place 游覽 go sightseeing 觀光
be packed with travelers 擠滿了游客 holiday-makers 度假者 holiday resort 度假勝地
show sb.around a place 帶某人參觀 enjoy the local delicacies 品嘗當地美食 shopping paradise 購物天堂 take photos of...為某人照相 gorgeous view 極美的風景
share one's happiness 分享某人的快樂 local specialities 地方特產 travel destinations 旅游目的地 places of interest 名勝
places of historical attractions 名勝古跡
關于交通的英文:
traffic regulation 交通規則 guide post 路標
traffic light 紅綠燈 traffic police 交通警 zebra crossing 斑馬線 carriageway 車行道 bikeway 自行車道 rough road 不平整的馬路 curve road 彎路
excessive speed 超速 speed limit 限速
dangerous driving 危險駕駛 rear-end collision 追尾 fatigue driving 疲勞駕駛 run red light 闖紅燈 drink driving 酒后駕駛
dangerous lane change 強行超車 rush hour 交通高峰
aquatic sport 水上運動 go for a swim 去游泳 swim suit 泳衣
swimming goggles 泳鏡 ear plugs 耳塞
swimming cap 泳帽 swimming ring 游泳圈 life jacket 救生衣
swimming coach 游泳教練 locker room 衣帽間 life guards 救生員 swim a few lap 游幾圈 float on water 在水上漂浮 side through water 在水中滑行 a 5-meter diving platform 五米跳臺 to cool down and wind down 鎮定和放松下來 a great stress killer 一個很棒的減壓方式
swimming lovers 游泳愛好者 water slide 水滑道
water play activities 水上活動 swimming strokes 泳姿 do the freestyle 自由泳 back stroke 仰泳 breast stroke 蛙泳 butterfly 蝶泳
dog paddle 狗爬式泳姿 No swimming 禁止游泳 have a fear for water 怕水 drown to death 淹死 關于騎自行車的英文:
ride the bike 騎車 cyclist 騎車的人
cycle to work and back home騎車上下班 to get around 出行 short trips 短途出行 economical 經濟型的 eco-friendly 環保的
bike-friendly 適合騎著的 road conditions 道路條件 bike lanes 自行車道 to watch out 密切注視
a means of transport 交通方式 for the sake of health 為了健康
關于形容一天的天氣:
sunny days 晴天
azure skies 蔚藍的天空 crisp and mild 清新,溫和 neither too cold nor too hot 既不太冷也不太熱
The sky is clear and high.天高云淡 The air is cool and refreshing.空氣涼爽 Weather varies from season to season.天氣隨季節的變化
關于食物烹飪的英文:
health food 健康食物 sugar free food 無糖食物 junk food 垃圾食物 snack 零食
food critic 美食家 big eater 能吃的人 light eater 吃的少的人 picky 挑剔
be particular about food 對食物很挑剔 be on a diet 節食中 appetite 胃口
have a sweet tooth 愛吃甜食 be big on hot food 愛吃辣的 mouth-watering 流口水的 have no appetite 沒胃口 order takeaway 叫外賣 chef 廚師 recipe 食譜
cookery book 烹飪書 mix 拌 stew 燉
braise 小火燉 fry 炒
stir-fry 爆炒 steam 蒸 bake 烤 smoke 熏 sour 酸的 sweet 甜的 bitter 苦的 spicy 辣的 crisp 脆的 tender 嫩的
描繪室內裝飾的英文:
2-bedroom apartment 兩居室公寓 a bright and spacious sitting room 寬敞明亮的客廳
a reasonable-sized study room 大小合適的書房
a clean and tidy kitchen 干凈整潔的廚房
curl up the curtain 卷起窗簾 be exposed under the sunshine 暴露在陽光之下
cozy and comfortable 溫馨且舒適 decorate 裝修
layout 格局,布局
exquisitely-decorated 精裝修的 well-furnished 精裝修的 luxurious 豪華的 cozy 溫馨的
spotless 一塵不染的 terrace 露臺
open-air balcony 露天陽臺 creative laid out 格局新穎 interior decoration 內部裝修 dinner table 餐桌
European-style furniture 歐式家具 antique furniture 古董家具
contemporary furniture 當代家具 fancy wallpaper 別致的壁紙 main tone 主色調 ceiling 天花板
French window 落地窗 windowsill 窗臺 shutters 百葉窗 south-facing 朝陽的
chandelier 樹枝形的水晶燈 floor lamp 落地燈 couch 長條沙發 tapestry 掛毯 oil painting 油畫
landscape painting 風景畫
Chinese ink painting 中國水墨畫 Chinese calligraphy works 書法作品 wall clock 掛鐘 rug 小地毯
carpet 大塊地毯 wood floor 木地板
eight-training exercise 力量型訓練 a brisk walk 快走 stair-climbing 爬樓梯
treadmill exercise 跑步機練習go hiking 遠足 sit-up 仰臥起坐 push-up 俯臥撐
fitness level 身體水平quick response 快速反應
take a break from...從中獲得放松 build up 建立,培養 team spirit 團隊精神 strong will 毅力
ability to cope with failure 應對失敗的能力 stress-reliever 減壓
circle of friends 朋友圈子 great joy 極大的樂趣 sedentary 關于久坐的 overweight 超重 obesity 肥胖
back and neck trouble 背部和頸部問題 keep fit 保持健康
fitness center 健身中心 extreme sports 極限運動 rock climbing 攀巖 bungee jumping 蹦極 sky-diving 跳傘
team sports 團隊運動
to develop team spirit 培養團隊精神 to boost one's self-confidence 增強某人的自信心
football field/pitch 足球場 a marvelous stress reducer/killer 一個非常棒的緩解壓力的方法 get a slim figure 擁有苗條的身材
關于顏色的英文:
bright color 亮色 light color 淺色 dark color 深色 warm color 暖色 wind red 酒紅色 scarlet 鮮紅的 reddish 淡紅 coral 珊瑚色
baby pink 淡粉紅色 peach 桃紅色 cream 奶油色
moss green 苔綠色 emerald 祖母綠 olive green 橄欖綠 bronze 青銅色 navy blue 深藍色 sky blue 天藍色 iron gray 象牙白 ivory 象牙白 beige 米黃色 lavender 淡紫色 snow white 雪白色 natural color 自然色 translucent 半透明 transparent 透明
soothing color 令人舒心的顏色
關于工作境況的英文:
a new mode of working 新的工作方式 the Information Age 信息時代 reduce office rent 降低辦公室租金 cost-effect 有最佳利潤的
employment strategy 雇傭策略 mutual benefit 互惠
progress in working methods 改進工作方法
technological advance 技術上的進步 SOHO(small office & home office)小型辦公室與家庭辦公室 flexible schedule 靈活的計劃 have access to 有權使用,接近
enjoy more freedom 享受更多的自由 flexible hours 彈性工時
flexible way of working 靈活的工作方式 suit personal needs 滿足個人需要 boost employee morale 提升員工士氣 working motivation 工作動力
the traditional nine-to-five office routine 傳統的朝九晚五的辦公時間 office-bound worker 束縛在辦公室的工作者
desk potato 長期伏案工作的人 under the supervision of...在...的監督之下
slack off 放松,緩和
erroneous operation 錯誤的操作 slacker 懶人
absenteeism 礦工,曠課 the constraint of office work 辦公室工作的約束
關于 水資源 和 節水 的英文 :
water resource 水資源
water pollution 水污染 limited supply 限量供應 poor quality water 水質不好 tap water 自來水
water for industry usage 工業用水 take measures 采取措施
feasible way 切實可行的方式
raise public awareness 提高公眾意識 form water-saving habit 養成節水的習慣
water-conscious community 節約用水的社會
water-wise life style 節水的生活方式 water and sewerage charges 水費和排污費
incontinent use 無節制使用 surface water 地表水
underground water 地下水 distribution of water 水的分布 abuse 濫用
discharge 排除,放出 sewage 污水,污物 sewage spill 污水溢出
sewerage 排水系統,污水處理 sewerage system 排水系統 drain 下水道,排水管
waste water disposal 污水處理 water treatment infrastructure 水處理設施
household chemical product 家用化學產品
washing powder containing phosphorus 含磷洗衣粉
synthetic detergent 合成洗滌劑 disinfectant 消毒劑
關于垃圾處理,環境問題的英文:
waste dump 垃圾傾倒
illegal dumping 非法垃圾傾倒 litter 垃圾,廢棄物,雜物 litterbug 公共場所亂扔垃圾的人(美)dustbin 垃圾箱
waste disposal plant 垃圾處理廠 urban garbage 城市垃圾 household rubbish 家庭垃圾
disposable packaging 一次性包裝 dishware 碗碟的總稱 cutlery 刀叉和匙
disposable dishware 一次性餐具 crockery 烤箱用的碗碟 plastic cutlery 塑料餐具 packaging material 包裝材料 plastic bag 塑料袋
undegradable 不可降解的 = hard to decompose 很難分解 = difficult to break down 難易分解
unsanitary 不衛生的,有礙健康的 = unwholesome 不衛生的
effluent 廢氣,廢水
industrial waste 工業垃圾
industrial waste water 工業廢水 industrial waste gases 工業廢氣
nonrenewable 不可再生的
waste disposal technology 垃圾處理技術 biochemical technology 生化技術 recycling scheme 循環利用的計劃 environmentally-friendly material 環保材料
on-the-spot fine 當場處罰
conscious preserver 自覺的環保者 incinerate 焚毀
(v.)clean-up 清掃,清除(n.)
第三篇:官職級別
中國現今官職級別
國家級正職:
中共中央總書記,國家主席,中央軍委主席,全國人大常委會委員長,國務院總理,全國政協主席,國家副主席,中共中央政治局常委。
國家級副職:
中共中央政治局委員,候補委員,中央紀委書記,中央書記處書記,全國人大常委會副委員長,國務院副總理,國務委員,最高人民法院院長,最高人民檢察院檢察長,全國政協副主席。
省部級正職:
中共中央紀委副書記,中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協下屬部委行署室和事業單位(黨組)正職領導人(特殊規定的副職),各人民團體(黨組)正職,各省、自治區、直轄市黨委、人大、政府、政協的正職領導人(特殊規定的副職),國家正部級企業正職領導。
省部級副職:
中共中央紀委常委,中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協下屬部委行署室和事業單位副職領導人(黨組成員)和副部級機關(黨組)正職,各人民團體(黨組)副職,各省、自治區、直轄市黨委(副書記、常委)、人大、政府、政協的副職領導人,省紀委書記,副省級城市黨委、人大、政府、政協的正職領導人(特殊規定的副職),副部級高校黨政正職。
廳局(地)正職:
中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協直屬部委行署室和事業單位的下屬司局室正職,中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協副部級機關(黨組)副職,各省、自治區、直轄市黨委、人大、政府、政協的直屬機關和事業單位的正職,副省級城市黨委(副書記,常委)、人大、政府、政協的副職領導人,紀委書記,各地市(設區)黨委、人大、政府、政協的正職。
廳局(地)副職:
中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協直屬部委行署室和事業單位的下屬司局室副職,各省、自治區、直轄市黨委、人大、政府、政協的直屬機關和事業單位的副職,副廳級正職,副省級城市黨委、人大、政府、政協的下屬機關正職,各地市(設區)黨委、人大、政府、政協的副職,紀委書記。
縣處級正職:
各省、自治區、直轄市黨委、人大、政府、政協的直屬機關和事業單位的下屬處室正職,副省級城市黨委、人大、政府、政協的下屬機關副職,各地市(設區)黨委、人大、政府、政協的下屬單位正職,各縣市黨委、人大、政府、政協的正職。
縣處級副職:
各省、自治區、直轄市黨委、人大、政府、政協的直屬機關和事業單位的下屬處室副職,各地市(設區)黨委、人大、政府、政協的下屬單位副職和副處級單位正職,各縣市黨委、人大、政府、政協的副職,紀委書記。
鄉科級正職:
各地市(設區)黨委、人大、政府、政協的下屬單位所屬科室正職,各縣市黨委、人大、政府、政協的下屬單位正職,各鄉鎮黨委,政府正職。
鄉科級副職:
各地市(設區)黨委、人大、政府、政協的下屬單位所屬科室副職,各縣市黨委、人大、政府、政協的下屬單位副職,各鄉鎮黨委,政府正副職。
正省級干部(正部級干部):
國務院各部委正職干部(如教育部部長、國家發改委主任)
各省、自治區、直轄市政府正職干部(如廣東省省長、北京市市長)部隊正軍職干部(如廣東省軍區司令員、42軍軍長)
副省級干部(副部級干部):
國務院各部委副職干部(如公安部副部長、國家體育總局副局長)國務院部委管理的國家局正職干部(如國家文物總局局長)
各省、自治區、直轄市政府副職干部(如廣東省副省長、重慶市副市長)各副省級市政府正職干部(如廣州市市長)部隊副軍職干部(如浙江省警備司令部副司令、31軍副軍長)
正廳級干部(地市級干部):
國務院部委各司正職干部(如教育部社會科學研究與思想政治工作司司長)各省、自治區、直轄市廳局正職干部(如湖南省交通廳廳長,北京市財政局局長)各副省級市政府副職干部(如寧波市副市長)各地級市政府正職干部(如無錫市市長)
部隊正師職干部(如1軍后勤部部長、34師政委)
(注:以上為高級干部)
副廳級干部:
國務院部委各司副職干部(如人事部人才流動開發司副司長)
各省、自治區、直轄市廳局副職干部(如黑龍江省建設廳副廳長、上海市文化局副局長)
副省級市所屬各局及各區縣政府正職干部(如深圳市教育局局長、寶安區區長)各地級市政府副職干部(如蘇州市副市長)
部隊副師職干部(如35師副政委、179旅旅長)
正處級干部(縣團級干部):
國務院部委各司所屬處室正職干部(如農業部種植業管理司經濟作物處處長)各省、自治區、直轄市廳局所屬處室正職干部(如江蘇省科技廳農村科技處處長)副省級市所屬各局及各區縣政府副職干部(如沈陽市衛生局副局長、徐匯區副區長)
地級市所屬各局及各區縣政府正職干部(如揚州市勞動局局長、揭東縣縣長)部隊正團職干部(如105團政委)
副處級干部:
國務院部委各司所屬處室副職干部(如農業部獸醫局防疫處副處長)
各省、自治區、直轄市廳局所屬處室副職干部(如江蘇省教育廳人事處副處長)副省級市所屬各局處室及區縣各局正職干部(如南京市科技局科技成果處處長、玄武區衛生局局長)
地級市所屬各局及各區縣政府副職干部(如鎮江市民政局副局長、張家港市副市長)
部隊副團職干部(如105團參謀長)
(正科級、副科級干部略)
注:各高等院校、科研院所、醫院等事業單位,其各級干部參照政府各級干部待遇,但不具有行政級別,不屬于公務員編制
政府各級干部如為上一級黨委常委,則其行政級別升一級。如張家港市市長為正處級干部,若為蘇州市市委常委,則為副廳級干部
按例,高級干部在60或65歲以后往往調往相應級別的人大、政協擔任領導職務,俗稱“退居二線”
正省級干部約略相當于清代之巡撫與布政使,為從二品 副省級干部約略相當于清代之按察使,為正三品 正廳級干部約略相當于清代之知府,為從四品 副廳級干部約略相當于清代之同知,為正五品 正處級干部約略相當于清代之知縣,為正七品 副處級干部約略相當于清代之縣丞,為正八品
現在新的《公務員法》第16條、17條規定了公務員的職級層次,分別是:
國家級正職:總理
國家級副職:副總理,國務委員等
省部級正職:各省省長,各部、委、總局的部長、主任、局長等
省部級副職:副省長、副部長,部委歸口的國家局局長,副省級市市長等
廳局級正職:各省廳、局長,各部委司、局長,省轄地、市的專員、市長等,外加屬于非領導職務的巡視員
廳局級副職:副廳、局長,副司、局長,副專員、地級市副市長等,外加屬于非領導職務的副巡視員
縣處級正職:縣長、地級市的各局(處級局)局長、區長,省部委各司廳局的處長等,外加屬于非領導職務的調研員
縣處級副職:副縣長、副區長,副處長,處級局的副局長等,外加屬于非領導職務的副調研員
鄉科級正職:鄉長、鎮長,處級局的科長,縣局(科級局)局長等,外加屬于非領導職務的主任科員
鄉科級副職:副鄉長、副鎮長、副科長,科級局副局長等,外加屬于非領導職務的副主任科員
科員:基層公務員,個別地區在這一級還分設了正、副股級領導職務
辦事員:基層公務員
國家級正職:
中共中央總書記,國家主席,中央軍委主席,全國人大常委會委員長,國務院總理,全國政協主席,國家副主席,中共中央政治局常委。
國家級副職:
中共中央政治局委員,候補委員,中央紀委書記,中央書記處書記,全國人大常委會副委員長,國務院副總理,國務委員,最高人民法院院長,最高人民檢察院檢察長,全國政協副主席。
省部級正職:
中共中央紀委副書記,中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協下屬部委行署室和事業單位(黨組)正職領導人(特殊規定的副職)
各人民團體(黨組)正職
各省、自治區、直轄市黨委、人大、政府、政協的正職領導人(特殊規定的副職),國家正部級企業正職領導。
省部級副職:中共中央紀委常委,中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協下屬部委行署室和事業單位副職領導人(黨組成員)和副部級機關(黨組)正職,各人民團體(黨組)副職
各省、自治區、直轄市黨委(副書記、常委)人大、政府、政協的副職領導人,省紀委書記,副省級城市黨委、人大、政府、政協的正職領導人(特殊規定的副職),副部級高校黨政正職。
廳局(地)正職:
中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協直屬部委行署室和事業單位的下屬司局室正職中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協副部級機關(黨組)副職。
各省、自治區、直轄市黨委、人大、政府、政協的直屬機關和事業單位的正職,副省級城市黨委(副書記,常委)、人大、政府、政協的副職領導人,紀委書記。
各地市(設區)黨委、人大、政府、政協的正職,廳局(地)副職:
中共中央,全國人大常委會,國務院,全國政協直屬部委行署室和事業單位的下屬司局室副職,清朝和現在的官職對照
(1)、清總體情況
清朝是中國歷史上最后一個王朝,集各種權力于一身的皇帝,總結歷史上各朝代的經驗,為加強中心集權,削弱、分化大臣權利,以防權臣篡位,建立了一套有別于以前各朝的官制。(2)內閣【相當于國務院的領導班子】
明朝時為了進一步集權而不設宰相、中書省等機構,宰相的權利轉移到內閣,由內閣來處理國家政務。清朝繼續了這一做法,內閣的首輔大學士以及協辦大學士都被稱為中堂,即宰相的別稱,但實權則由軍機處把握,在軍機處任職的官員稱為軍機大臣,統稱大軍機,軍機大臣的僚屬稱為軍機章京,又稱小軍機。【這些宰相相當于政治局常委】。(3)中心行政機構:
清朝沿襲明朝傳統,設六部(吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工),各部長官(管部的大學士及尚書、侍郎等)稱堂官。【由于部比較少,所以這些堂官相當于主抓某線條的副總理兼部長】。部下屬各司的郎中、員外郎、主事以及主事一下的七品小京官稱為司官。
在六部之外和六部并立的中心行政機構有:大理寺、太常寺、光祿寺、太仆寺、鴻臚寺、國子監、欽天監、翰林院、太醫院、理藩院、宗人府、詹事府、內務府。【相當與中心的直屬機構】。
(4)軍事系統:
清朝軍隊主要分八旗和綠營兩個系統。八旗又分京營和駐防兩部分,京營中侍衛皇帝的稱為親軍【北京衛戍區】,由侍衛處(領侍衛府)領侍衛內大臣和御前大臣分掌,而御前大臣持掌乾清門侍衛和皇帝出行隨扈【中心警備團】,權位尤重。其他守衛京師的有驍騎營、前鋒營、護軍營、步兵營、健銳營、火器營、神機營、虎槍營、善撲營等。驍騎營由八旗都統直轄;前鋒營、護軍營、步兵營各設統領管轄;健銳營、火器營、神機營由于都是特種兵,設掌印總統大臣或治理大臣管轄;虎槍營專任扈從、圍獵等,設總統管轄;善撲營則專門練習摔角。
駐防八旗【大軍區】駐扎于全國各重要之地,視情況不同設將軍、都統、副都統、城守尉、防守尉等官。內地將軍等只管軍事,而駐扎邊疆的將軍等要兼管民政。清朝的將軍是滿官的稱號,戰時則任命親王為大將軍。
綠營即漢兵,駐扎京師的稱巡捕營,歸步軍統領管轄。綠營的建制分標、協、營、汛幾級,標又分為督標、撫標、提標、鎮標、軍標、河標、漕標等,分別由總督、巡撫、提督、總兵、八旗駐防將軍、河道總督、漕運總督統率。督標、撫標、軍標、河標、漕標都是兼轄,實際各省綠營獨立組織為提標、鎮標,提督實為一省的最高武官,總兵略低于提督。總兵以下,副將所屬為協,參將、游擊、都司、守備所屬為營,千總、把總、外委所屬為汛。(5)監查機構:
清朝沿襲明代設監察院【中紀委】,左都御史、左副都御史為監察院長官,右都御史、右副都御史則為總督、巡撫的加銜。
(6)地方行政:
清沿襲明制,大致分省、府、縣三級,總督、巡撫為把握行政、軍事、監察大權的高級地方官員【大區書記】、【省委書記】,布政【省長】、按察【政法委書記】兩使為督、撫的屬官。與督、撫平行的有駐防將軍【省軍區司令】和提督學政,不過駐防將軍只管八旗駐軍;提督學政只管學校與科舉考試,其權力不能與督、撫相比的。省以下有道【地委】的設臵,道為監察區性質,不算正式行政區。道主要有分守道和分巡道兩種,兼兵備銜,另有一些不屬布政、按察二司的道,如海關道、管河道、督糧道、鹽法道等。省以下為府,設知府【市委書記】、同知、通判等官,與府平行的有直隸廳,設同知、通判。府以下為縣,設知縣【縣委書記】、縣丞、主簿等官,與縣平行的為散廳,設臵同直隸廳。在少數民族地區則設專門機構治理,即土司,一般分為兩種:一種由軍事部門管轄,如宣慰司、宣撫司、安撫司、招討司、長
清朝官職與現代官職對應表
清代職官的品級是按官吏職位高低來分,分為十一個品級,品級數越大,職位越低。最低的職位是法官,最高的職位是正一品。中文名 清代職官品級簡表 目錄 宗室爵秩 2 一品 3 二品 4 三品 5 四品 6 五品 7 六品 8 七品 9 八品 10 九品
宗室爵秩編輯
和碩親王、多羅郡王、多羅貝勒、固山貝子、奉恩鎮國公、奉恩輔國公、不入八分鎮國公、不入八分輔國公、鎮國將軍、輔國將軍、奉國將軍、奉恩將軍 以顯祖宣皇帝本支為宗室,其封爵十二個
正一品:【正國級】
文職京官:太師、太傅、太保、【榮譽官職,相當于人大、政協之類的】
殿閣大學士【政治局常委】
文職外官:無
武職京官:領侍衛內大臣【北京軍區司令】
掌鑾儀衛事大臣【中央機關事物局、安全局長】
武職外官:無
從一品:【正國級減】
文職京官:少師、少傅、少保、太子太師、太子太傅、太子太保【榮譽官職,相當于人大、政協之類的副職】
協辦大學士【政治局委員】
各部院尚書【副總理兼部長】
督察院左右督御史【中紀委書記兼最高監察長】
文職外官:無
武職京官:提督九門步軍巡捕五營統領【北京衛戍區司令兼北京市公安局長】
內大臣
武職外官:將軍【八旗軍大軍區司令】
都統【八旗軍首都及陪都軍區司令】
提督【綠營軍區司令】
正二品:【副國級】
文職京官:太子少師、太子少傅、太子少保【榮譽稱號,相當于總工會主席】
各部院左右侍郎【國務委員兼副部長】
內務府總管【中央辦公廳主任】
文職外官:各省總督【大區書記,如以前的東北局、華北局等】
武職京官:左右翼前鋒營統領【中央警備團司令】
八旗護軍統領、鑾儀使【中央儀仗隊】
武職外官:副都統、總兵【綠營集團軍司令】
從二品:【部級】
文職京官:內閣學士【國務委員】
翰林院掌院學士【社科院院長】
文職外官:巡撫【省委書記】
布政使司布政使【省長】
武職京官:散秩大臣
武職外官:副將
正三品:【副部級】
文職京官:督察院左右督御史【中紀委副書記】
宗人府丞、通政使司通政使【信訪辦主任】
大理寺卿【最高法院院長】
詹事府詹事、太常寺卿
文職外官:順天府府尹【北京市長】
奉天府府尹【直轄市長】
按察使司按察使【省紀委書記】
武職京官:一等侍衛、火器營翼長、健銳營翼長、前鋒參領、護軍參領、驍騎參領、王府長史【軍級軍隊領導】
武職外官:城守尉、參將、指揮使
從三品:【副部級減】
文職京官:光祿寺卿、太仆寺卿
文職外官:都轉鹽運使司運使
武職京官:包衣護軍參領、包衣驍騎參領、王府一等護衛
武職外官:游擊、五旗參領、協領、宣慰使、指揮同知
正四品:【廳級加】
文職京官:通政使司副使【中央信訪辦副主任】
大理寺少卿【最高法院副院長】
詹事府少詹事、太常寺少卿、太仆寺少卿、鴻臚寺卿【外交部長】
督察院六科掌院給事中
京職外官:順天府丞【北京市副市長】
奉天府丞【直轄市副市長】
各省守巡道員【地委專區書記】
武職京官:二等侍衛、云麾使、副護軍參領、副前鋒參領、副驍騎參領、太仆寺馬廠駝廠總管、貝勒府司儀長、侍衛領班
武職外官:防守尉、佐領、都司、指揮僉事、宣慰使司同知
從四品:【廳級】
文職京官:內閣侍讀學士、翰林院侍讀學士、翰林院侍講學士、國子監祭酒【中央黨校校長】
文職外官:知府【市委書記】
土知府【自治市市委書記】
鹽運使司運同
武職京官:城門領、包衣副護軍參領、包衣副驍騎參領、包衣佐領、四品典儀、二等護衛
武職外官:宣撫使、宣慰使司副使
正五品:【廳級減】
文職京官:左右春坊庶子、通政司參議、光祿寺少卿、給事中、宗人府理事官、各部郎中【各部司長】
太醫院院使【首長醫院院長】
文職外官:同知、土同知、直隸州知州
武職京官:三等侍衛、治儀正、步軍副尉、步軍校、監守信礮官、分管佐領
武職外官:關口守御、防御、守備、宣慰使司僉事、宣撫使司同知、千戶
從五品:【副廳級加】
文職京官:翰林院侍讀、翰林院侍講、鴻臚寺少卿、司經局洗馬、宗人府副理事、御使、各部員外郎
文職外官:各州知州【直轄縣書記】
土知州、鹽運司副使、鹽課提舉司提舉
武職京官:四等侍衛、委署前鋒參領、委署護軍參領、委署鳥槍護軍參領、委署前鋒侍衛、下五旗包衣參領、五品典儀、印物章京、三等護衛
武職外官:守御所千總、河營協辦守備、安撫使、招討使、宣撫使司副使、副千戶
正六品:【副廳級減】
文職京官:內閣侍讀、左右春坊中允、國子監司業、堂主事、主事、都察院都事、經歷、大理寺左右寺丞、宗人府經歷、太常寺滿漢寺丞、欽天監監判、欽天監漢春夏中秋冬五官正、神樂署署正、僧錄司左右善事、道錄司左右正一
文職外官:京府通判、京縣知縣、通判、土通判
武職京官:蘭翎侍衛、整儀尉、親軍校、前鋒校、護軍校、鳥槍護軍校、驍騎校、委署步軍校
武職外官:門千總、營千總、宣撫使司僉事、安撫使司同知、副招討使、長官使、長官、百戶
從六品:【縣處級加】
文職京官:左右春坊贊善、翰林院修撰、光祿寺署正、欽天監滿洲蒙古五官正、漢軍秋官正、和聲署正、僧錄司左右闡教、道錄司左右演法
文職外官:布政司經歷、理問、允判、直隸州州同、州同、土州同
武職京官:內務府六品蘭翎長、六品典儀
武職外官:衛千總、安撫使司副使
正七品:【縣處級】
文職京官:翰林院編修、大理寺左右評事、太常寺博士、國子監監丞、內閣典籍、通政司經歷、知事、太常寺典籍、太仆寺主薄、部寺司庫、兵馬司副指揮、太常寺滿洲讀祝官、贊禮郎、鴻臚寺滿洲鳴贊
文職外官:京縣縣丞【首都縣副縣長】
順天府滿洲教授、訓導、知縣【縣委書記】
按察司經歷、教授
武職京官:城門史、太仆寺馬廠協領
武職外官:把總、安撫使司僉事、長官司副長官
從七品:【副處級】
文職京官:翰林院檢討、鑾儀衛經歷、中書科中書、內閣中書、詹事府主薄、光祿寺署丞、典薄、國子監博士、助教、欽天監靈臺郎、祀祭署奉祀、和聲署署丞
京職外官:京府經歷、布政司都事、鹽運司經歷、直隸州州判、州判、土州判
武職京官:七品典儀
武職外官:盛京游牧副尉
正八品:【科級】
文職京官:司務、五經博士、國子監學正、學錄、欽天監主薄、太醫院御醫、太常寺協律郎、僧錄司左右講經、道錄寺左右至靈
文職外官:布政司庫大使、鹽運司庫大使、鹽道庫大使、鹽課司大使、鹽引批驗所大使、按察司知事、府經歷、縣丞、士縣丞、四氏學錄、州學正、教諭
武職京官:無
武職外官:外委千總
從八品:【副科級】
文職京官:翰林院典薄、國子監典薄、鴻臚寺主薄、欽天監摯壺正、祀祭署祀丞、神樂署署丞、僧錄司左右覺義、道錄司左右至義
文職外官:布政司照磨、鹽運司知事、訓導
武職京官:八品典儀、委署親軍校、委署前鋒校、委署護軍校、委署驍騎校
武職外官:無
正九品:【股級】
文職京官:禮部四譯會同館大使、欽天監監侯、司書、太常寺漢贊禮郎
文職外官:按察司照磨、府知事、同知知事、通判知事、縣主薄
武職京官:各營蘭翎長
武職外官:外委把總
從九品:【副股級】
文職京官:翰林院侍詔、滿洲孔目、禮部四譯會同官序班、國子監典籍、鴻臚寺漢鳴贊、序班、刑部司獄、欽天監司晨、博士、太醫院吏目、太常寺司樂、工部司匠
文職外官;府廳照磨、州吏目、道庫大使、宣課司大使、府稅課司大使、司府廳司獄、司府廳倉大使、巡檢、土巡檢
武職京官:太仆寺馬廠委署協領
武職外官:額外外委
第四篇:英語書面表達
寒假作業Chinese Young People’s Life Goals Today
A recent survey shows that in today’s society, Chinese young people’s life goals have become more diversified than before.When young people are asked what they will struggle for, more than half of the respondents choose to earn enough money to buy a house and a car for themselves.In addition to this practical goal, some people, about 44%, pick up their life goal as improving their life quality or to be rich while 23.9% of the respondents are simply satisfied to have a good job.As for how to achieve their life goals, most of them prefer struggling to realize their dreams.The survey shows that the society is making progress and people’s life goals have become more practical.A recent investigation shows that nowadays the young in China have more diversified goals than ever before.More than half of the respondents aim at making more money to buy themselves a car and a house.44% of them want to improve their living standard while 43.3% of them hope to become rich.Besides, about a quarter of them wish to get a good job in the future.To achieve their goals, 71.9% of these young people said that they would struggle to overcome difficulties on their ways to success.Keeping optimistic
We can know from the passage if we are optimistic we can conquer different kinds of difficulties in life when we meet them, and we will succeed in the end.In my study, I will get discourage when I fail in an exam.I think I’m hopeless and can’t go to my ideal university.Whenever I am in bad mood, my teachers, especially my homeroom teacher, encourages me to be optimistic by saying the proverb “Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.” They also tell me to study harder and give me good advice on my study.I’m grateful to them and agree with them.From now on, I’ll no longer feel frustrated when I fail in an exam.On the contrary, I will still keep optimistic and study harder because I know failure is the mother of success.As long as I don’t loose heart and work hard, I’m sure I’ll succeed in the end.第三周:基礎寫作:
上周六下午,你們宿舍幾個同學去森林公園野炊,回來途中淋了雨。晚上李華頭疼得厲害。你給她量體溫,發現她發高燒。你馬上帶她去看醫生。醫生說她得了重感冒,要臥床休息三天。請你代她給劉老師寫一張請假條說明情況,并幫她請假兩天(周一、周二),因此她不能參加周二的羽毛球比賽了。
Last Saturday afternoon, I went to Forest Park for a picnic with my roommates.Unfortunately we were caught in the rain on our way home and Li Hua got a dreadful headache.I took her temperature, finding that she was having a fever.So I took her to see the doctor right now and she was advised to be in bed for 3 days.Now I’d like to ask for two days’ sick leave for her, including Monday and Tuesday, and therefore she cannot take part in the badminton game on Tuesday
任務型寫作
總結:The writer tried to tell us the importance of setting goals through a beaver’s story.After it built a house for the winter, it set another goal for the spring—to chew down a big tree and succeeded by working hard.你認為制訂目標很重要嗎?The quest for success always begins with a target.Goal setting is the focus of will to move in a certain direction.Without goals, one will never know what he’s doing, neither will he try his best to do it.你認為制訂目標后怎樣才能成功?There goes the saying, “Hard work leads to success.” If we want to achieveour goals, we must work hard.Also, we should stick to our goals and never give up when we are faced with setbacks.舉例:Last year I took part in an English speech contest.At the beginning I made up my mind to perform best though my English was not good enough.I tried every means and even stood in front of the mirror to practise again and again.Finally I succeeded and become one of the 10 students in the final competition.第四周:基礎寫作
社會實踐是學校教育的一個重要組成部分;書本知識有限;社會實踐有諸多好處,能用所學的知識解決實際問題,獲取經驗,了解社會,端正學習態度,激勵學習。
Most of the students think that social practice is not important.In fact social practice is an important part of school education.After all the knowledge we obtain from books is limited.Participation in social practice does a lot of good to us.For example, We can apply what we’ve learned to practical problems, from which we can get more
experience and have more knowledge about our society.Thus we will take correct attitude towards our studies and work harder.任務型寫作
總結:From this passage,we know sometimes difficult conditions can really make a man strong, so parents should let their children eat bitter foods, do hard work and experience a hard life.描述你的童年生活 I grew up in an ordinary family, which is notso well off.I could understand the hardshipsmy parents were bearing at that time.Therefore, I work very hard now in the hopeof entering the university and changing thesituation of my family and me.你對童年生活的認識 我認為從某種意義上來說,艱苦的環境可以激發一個人的潛能,為他的成功鋪平道路。I think that in a certain sense, difficult situations can stimulate a person’s potential and pave the way for him to succeed.一個人在經歷了磨難之后可以變得堅強,勇敢和忠實可靠。One can be strong, brave and faithful after all the hardships he has gone through.總而言之,我認為溫室里的花朵經受不起風暴的洗禮,艱苦的生活對孩子來說是有好處的。All in all, I think that flowers from a greenhouse can never withstand a storm and that a hard life is good for children.第四周周六下午
熱愛社會工作,性格樂觀,富有愛心和責任心;英語口語流利,具有相關的教學經驗;工作時間:周六和周日,按每小時5元付費;這份工作給自己在經濟和人際關系方面的好處;:表達自己做好工作的決心:把快樂和舒適帶給自己工作的對象。
Dear Sir or Madam
I cannot wait to join in the social workers team in our neighborhood.Being optimistic, caring and responsible, I develop a passion for social work.Besides, I am so fluent in spoken English that I was once invited to teach a group of young kids English last summer.What’s more, I have no class on both Saturday and Sundays.If I’m lucky to get the position, It not only provides me a regular source of income by paying me 5 yuan by the hour but also does a lot to improve my skills in interpersonal relationships.It is certain that I will do what I can to bring joy and comfort to whomever I work for.I’m looking forward to your reply very soon.Sincerely yours
Ling ming
就學校取消高三音樂課這一事件給校長寫一封信
Dear principal ,I am writing in answer to the decision the school made several days ago.It reminds me of the British school where music plays a big part.In Britain,pupils can study an instrument like the piano or violin or the guitar.They also play music together as a class and have fun, even take part in concerts and organize bands.同學們對學校取消音樂課意見不一Therefore, no sooner had the school announced not to offer music lessons to Senior Two and Three students than we held a heated discussion about its advantages and disadvantages.So far, there has been no consensus on it.你對此決定贊成或反對?Personally, I am among those who argue against the decision largely because music lesson provide us with an opportunity to relieve our heavy academic pressure and promote the mutual understanding between students.(理由)以你自己或他人的感受來說明開設音樂課的利或弊。Actually, nothing please me than music lessons, for I am completely relaxed, not caring about study for a while.Also, I am ready to bear my heart to my classmates and feel close to each other.It is the charm of music that brings all of us a realization that there is still joy in our dull life.So it is better to continue music lessons
汕頭一模
1.為何與人合作:現代社會必備;可省時間和精力;更多互相學習的機會
2.與誰合作:A與喜歡的人合作:心情愉快,同甘共苦B與不喜歡的人合作:學會容忍,學會挖
掘其優點
3.你的看法:傾聽別人意見,不把你的觀點強加給別人,有禮貌地指出別人的錯誤
Good afternoon,everyone!the topic of my speech today is “being a good parner.”In this busy ,modern world ,if we want to complete our work more efficiently ,we must all learn to cooperate with others ,because not only can cooperation save us a lot of time and energy ,but also we can learn much each other.We`ll be lucky enough to find someone we like to cooperate with due to the fact that we can share our joy and sadness with him.however ,it can be difficult to cooperate with someone we dislike.In this case ,we`ll have to put up with some of his shortcomings and try to discover his advantages.In my opinion ,to be a good partner ,we should try to listen to others`opinions ,never force our ideas on others and if he makes mistakes ,try to point out in a polite way.Thank you for your listening!
失敗是件壞事嗎?
概括短文要點Failure is a commom thing in life.But there are different attitudes towards failure.Whoever draws a lesson from every failure becomes experienced and succeeds.失敗并非壞事,但從失敗中站起來并非易事So failure has a different effect on anyone who has a different attitude.As for me ,I like success.Meanwhile I don`t mind failure because it isn`t a bad matter ,and we cen stand up in the failure ,which isn`t indeed an easy matter.失敗對勝利者是必修課,重要的基本功As is known ,the defeat to a victor is actually an important basic skill and the required course.你對失敗的看法和態度(1)In my opinion ,we should take a positive attitude towards failure.As a matter of fact ,I think failure can stimulate our potential and from it we can learn a lot ,with which we can achieve success.Just as the saying goes ,”Failure is the mother of success.”
(2)In my opinion ,we should take an active attitude towards failure ,because most of us experience the failure thongh few of us are so lucky as to succeed.Failure tells us such things as why we failed and what should we do to correct the mistakes.Failure also tells us how to approach our goals and ensures us failure is the mother of success.廣州一模
基礎寫作簡介學校的植物園
1.概況:位于校園西南角,面積1000平方米 2.歷史:20年的歷史,2008年重建 3.特色:各種花卉、樹木、藥用植物 4.功能:美化校園、研究植物場所、休閑之地 5.其他:觀賞至少許一小時
Located at the south-west corner of our school, the botanical garden is spread over an area of approximately 1000 square meters.The garden is over 20 years old and was rebuilt in 2008.as you walk through the garden, you can see various kinds of beautiful flowers, trees and herbs.If you’re planning to explore the garden, set aside at least one hour.The garden makes our schoool more beautiful and it’s a fantastic place for students to study and learn more about plants or simply to relax for a while.讀寫任務就學生違紀的處理方式寫一篇簡評
(1)Should Schools Suspend Troublesone Students?
概括要點:校長的做法、想法、結果I recentl I recently read a news story about a school in Egland whose headmaster often suspends misbehaving students.The headmster believes that strong discipline improves hoth students’ behaviour and academic performance.His school’s exam results have greatly improved during his time in charge.你是否支持該校長的做法,理由While I congratulate the headmaster on his success I do not agree with the methods he uses to achieve it.Suspending students should be the final type of punishment used for misbehaving students, not the first.Quickly removing such students from the school may be of some benefit to the remaining students but it doesn’t solve the problem of poor behaviour.It only shifts the problem from the school to the community.If these naughty students are not in school then they will only be making trouble out of school.Moreover, as the parents of many of these students are working, the students are unsupervised and thus are in danger of falling in with local criminals who will only encourage such bad behaviour and even teach them worse things.假設你是校長,你會如何處理違紀學生?If I was in charge of his school I would place the naughty students in a class of their own, this way the other students could study in peace but the naughty studetns could remain under the supervision of the school and its teachers.The teachers in the naughty class would also have more time to focus on correcting the actions of these misbehaving students.(2)Should Schools Suspend Troublesone Students?
I recently read a news story about a school in Egland whose headmaster often suspends misbehaving students.The headmster believes that strong discipline improves hoth students’ behaviour and academic performance.His school’s exam results have greatly improved during his time in charge.I believe the headmaster is correct to take this action.If a few students are always behaving poorly in class then it will negatively affect other students’ learning.As a result, many innocent studetns will suffer and they will fail to achieve their full potential.If the naughty students are removed from the class then the others can learn in peace.Hopefully the misbehaving students will learn their lessons and when they return their behaviour will be better.If I was in charge of a school I would also be very strict with students who don’t behave well.I would first warn and then suspend students who interrupt the learning of others or disrespect their teachers.But I would also visit the poor student’s home and discuss the problem with his paents so we could find a solution.梅州一模寫一篇短文介紹大豆的生長過程
1.發芽的條件:水分充足,溫度適宜,種子就開始發芽了 2.第一步:出現幼根,并朝下生長 3.第二步:幼苗出現,并朝上生長,直至變成綠色 4.第三步:主根、旁根、枝葉出現 5.第四步:數月后開花結果
Where there is enough water and the temperature is right, the bean seed begins to grow.In the first stage , a small root comes out and begins to grow downwards.Then a small shoot begins to grow upswards, getting longer and longer until it turns green.At the same time the root continues to grow downward, becoming the main root together with side roots developing around it while the shoot develops leaves all around.It takes only a few months before the plant flowers and bears fruit.經濟危機,大學生就業難
概括材料主要內容This passage mainly tells us…;The story is mainly about…
Increasing unemployment would the biggest challenge for China this year with great numbers of rural and urban workers laid off.The government has launched a stimulus package of 4 trillion yuan to stimulate the country’s economy.現狀:經濟危機影響全球,就業機會少,工人工資低As it is known to all, nearly all countries in the world have been hit by the global economic crisis, leaving few job chances and lower wages and salaries for ordinary people.建議:樹立正確的擇業觀,降低預期工資,先就業再擇業,自己創業,開公司,展示自己的才華Under this circumstance, university graduates should have a proper attitude towards their future jobs.It is my suggestion that they should lower their expectation of their future wages or salaries.It’s a good idea for them to take up a job before considering which job to take.To make good advantage of tehir knowledge, they may set up their own business so as to show off their own talent.政府提供各種優惠政策,免除各種稅費,提供一定數量的無息貸款In order to help those new graduates, the government has offered many favorable policies such as freeing all kinds of taxes.Supplying certain amount of loans without interest.I’m sure they will succeed and can have a bright future with the help of the government.
第五篇:接吻 英語表達
關于各類接吻的英語表達
如果要評選人類最美麗的詞語,“吻”(kiss)應該算一個。王子吻醒了睡美人,青蛙因為公主的吻而變回王子??一個打動人心的童話似乎總是不能離開一個“生命之吻”,而一個深情的吻開啟的不僅是愛人的雙唇,而是她(他)的心。
blow / throw a kiss 飛吻(這是某些明星非常喜歡做的事情)
He blew a kiss at the pretty girl.他對那個漂亮女孩做了一個飛吻動作。
snatch a kiss 接吻,冷不防接個吻
Ha fair maiden, I've come to snatch a kiss and fill your soul with hope.嗨,美女,我來是為了吻你,讓你的靈魂充滿希望。
steal a kiss 偷吻,冷不防接個吻
You have to be bold to steal a kiss.想要偷吻你就得大膽點。
vacuum kiss 真空吻(sucking the air out of one's partner's mouth and lungs,聽起來有點惡心哦)
French kiss 法式接吻(kiss with your mouth open and your tongues touching)(舌吻英文Tongue kiss,是不對的,是照字面意思譯的,就跟facetest一樣!)
Platonic kiss 柏拉圖之吻(short kiss on the cheek for greeting)
kiss of peace(宗教的)接吻禮,表示歡迎
The kiss of peace was freely given between all members of the church.教眾可以自由行接吻禮。
give a kiss 接個吻
He gave her a kiss.他吻了她一下。
以上說的都是kiss作為名詞的各種吻,作為動詞,kiss除了表示“接吻”的動作,也可以“吻出感情來”,比如:
They kissed passionately.他們熱吻。
They kissed good-bye at the station.他們在車站吻別。
She kissed away his pain.她吻了他,他不再痛苦。
再來學兩個不一樣的“吻”:
smooch 與??摟抱親吻
He planted a big smooch on her.他深深地吻了她。
peck 匆匆一吻
She gave him a peck on the cheek.她在他臉頰上匆匆一吻。