第一篇：自考英語(二)翻譯大全

1:A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)譯：決策就是從幾種可以選擇的做法中作出選擇

2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.(p1)譯：做出決策的原因是因為存在問題，目標或目的有錯誤，或者有某種東西防礙著它們的實現。

3.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.(p2)譯：通常管理者必須對未來的情況做出最佳預測，從而使偶然性盡可能少地發生，但因為不確定性總是存在，所以決策常伴隨著風險。

4.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.(p3)譯：如果沒有選擇，就不會有決策。

5.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.(p3)譯：對于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律以及慣例等因素制約 6.But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.(p4)譯：但是這種簡化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的方法。

7.Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.(p6 line 4--6)譯：因為個人（和組織）關于如何達到目的常有不同的觀點，哪種是最優的選擇可能要看是誰做出決策。

8.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.(p7 line 2--4)譯：其中有一些目標比其它的更重要，但其順序和重要程度因人和不同的部門而異 9.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.(p7 line 5--7)譯：當面對同一件日常事情時，銷售經理傾向于看銷售問題，而生產經理則會看生產相關的問題，等等。

10.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.(p9)譯：人們經常假設一項決策是孤立的現象。The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.（p2）

譯：這里的關鍵詞是準備和自信，它們將使你前程遠大

12.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for.(p4)譯：了解你所申請的工作和你希望為之工作的組織

13.It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.(p6)譯：它表明你對雇主和你的工作的態度冷漠，不感興趣。

14:Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.(p8)譯：你找到的任何有關未來雇主的信息在面試中都能為你所用，以表示你費了心思去掌握一些關于你希望為其工作的人的事實。

15: Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.(p10)譯：面試中如果你想確切地知道某些話的含義，不要害怕請對方解釋清楚，但一定要有禮貌。

16:Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.(p16)譯： 拿著邀請你面試的通知書，以防萬一交談出現困難時顯示。

17:There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.(p20)譯：由五個人構成的專門小組幾乎不可能輪流與你握手。18:Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?(p23)譯：您介意換個說法來問這個問題嗎？

19: Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light.(p1)

譯：天文學家和科學家認為黑洞是一個空間區域，而不是一個物體，物質會掉進黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來，即使是光也不行。

20:It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.(p13--14)譯：只是近來科學家才開始對黑洞進行具體的研究。

21:They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)譯：他們展示給我們一個不同于我們自己的世界運行方式的世界，并對我們最基本的時空經驗提出了質疑。

22:.First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun.譯：首先，讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽運行的一顆行星。

23: The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.譯：水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。

24: 5.These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.(p5)

譯：這些海洋之所以重要是因為他們影響著所流經區域的附近陸地的氣候，也是因為它們攜帶大量的微生物，植物，而這些構成魚類食品的一大部分。25:The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.(p8)譯：不同民族的生活環境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式，我們應該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環境以便可以更好理解其他地區的人們。26: Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.譯：其中很重要的實在沒有對于與我們不同的人們和他們必須過的那種生活有大量的了解之前，我們應該避免對他們有先入為主的看法。

27: It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.譯：確實我們了解其他人越多，我們就越能理解他們的觀點，通常我們就更喜歡那些人。

28:It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.譯：這很容易使老人們，殘疾人和依靠別人生存的人感覺到他們是負擔，因此應該選擇離開人世。

29:What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.譯：那些反對安樂死的人是在告訴我們將死的人們沒有這種權利。

30:And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or escaping virtually impossible.譯：他們的護照可能已被拿走，其實際上既不能離開液或不能逃走。

31: I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount.譯：我本應該得到120英鎊的報酬，但我從未得到那個數目。

At the end of 1994, the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.譯：1994年年底，英國政府引進新的措施來保護家傭們，使其免受雇主的虐待。

33:So if they do complain, they risk being deported.譯：所以，如果他們真的抱怨的話，就會冒著被驅逐出境的風險。

34:Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.譯：給予那些愿意做同類工作但是想更換雇主的家傭們這種自由，這正是國際反奴役組織這樣的團體向政府爭取的。

35: It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.譯：他們說，就是更換雇主的權利才能把雇傭同奴役區別開來。

36:.They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources.譯：他們自由地吸取爵士樂、美國鄉村音樂的成分，隨著時間的推移甚至從更多的來源中吸取營養。

37: What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.譯：音樂的很快發展成為具有多種形式并且幾乎具有無限的表現力 38:Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a total effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.譯：電子揚聲器也使得在音量方面能夠有意想不到的提高，音樂在人類耳朵所能承受范圍內變得響亮，具有穿透力，由此表達了一種完美的效果，所以聽眾已不是被動的聽眾，現在的聽眾是完全投入的聽眾，他們在全身心感受著音樂。39:With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best as they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.譯：家里有了唱片，聽眾盡力模仿舞廳燈光效果并通過使用藥物以加強整體感受。40:Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.翻譯：除了在汽車生產領域替代人工勞動外，機器人也開始在別的工業部門應用，雖然應用程度低一些

41: It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.翻譯：人們不知道是否有一天機器人能具有像人類一樣好的視覺。

42: These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.翻譯：未來具有觸覺、視覺并能決策的機器人將可以做很多工作。

Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics 翻譯：任何希望了解未來工業的人必須懂機器人。

44.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.翻譯：科學家們正致力于研究預報地震何時何地發生的計劃。

45.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.翻譯：他們希望研究出一種早期警報系統，用來預報地震，以挽救人們的生命。

46.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake 翻譯：這些網絡一直處于戒備狀態，搜索著警告的跡象，這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發生巖層松動狀況。

47.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.翻譯：他們密切注意與斷層運動有關的水位和水溫的變化。

48:Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.翻譯：人們都認為不可能可靠地預報地震

49:While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.翻譯：盡管這是一個小的開端，但畢竟只是處于初始階段

第二篇：自考英語二電子版及翻譯

Unit One What Is a Decision ?

何為決策 ?

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.決策是一種選擇，來自可以獲得的、任擇其一的行動步驟。作決策的意圖是要確立和實現機構的目標和目的。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標和目的不正確、或者有某種東西妨礙目標或目的的實現。

Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making.Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight;at other times they are serious.因此，作決策的過程對管理人員來說至關重要。管理者所做的每件事幾乎都與決策有關，事實上，有些人認為管理過程就是作決策。盡管管理者不能 預測未來，但他們所作的許多決策都要求他們考慮將來可能發生的事情。通常情況下，管理者必須對未來情況作出最佳估測，并且 努力要使偶然事件盡可能少地發生，但是，由于不確定的因素一直存在，所以，決策總是與風險為伴。有時候，拙劣決策的后果并不嚴重，但在另外一些時候則是非常嚴重了。

Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice.For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.選擇是指從多個可能性中挑選的機會。如果沒有選擇，就毋須作決策。作決策就是挑選的過程，許多決策的選擇范圍很廣。例如，一個學生為了獲得學位，他可能會從許多不同的課程中選擇從而作出決策。對管理者來說，每項決策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、慣例等等因素的制約，這些制約存在于各個層次的機構中。

Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision.If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion;this is their way of simplifying complex problems.But the tendency to simplify blind s them to other alternatives.抉擇是從中可以作出選擇的可能的行動步驟。假如沒有可供選擇的可能性，這就意味著沒有 做過對問題進行徹底調查的工作。例如，管理者有時用兩者擇一的方式來處理問題，即他們簡化復雜問題的手法。但是，這種簡化的傾向使他們看不到其他可供選擇的可能性。

At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identify ing them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.在管理層，作決策包括了限定和鑒別可供選擇的可能性，其限定范圍從非常有限到基本無限。

Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best — that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.For example, the marketing manager may argue effective ly for an increased advertising budget.In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.決策者必須具備從多個可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇——即：最有助于實現機構的目標—的手段。機構目標是該機構竭力要達到的最終目標或理想狀態。因為個人（和機構）常常對達到目標有著不同的主意，所以，最佳選擇就取決于決策者了。在同一機構內的部門或單位經常會作出有利于他們自己而對大單位不甚理想的決策。被稱為局部最優化的權衡加強了某一單位或某一功能的優勢，卻削弱了另一單位或另一功能的優勢，例如，市場營銷經理會極力要求增加廣告預算。然而，在更大的事情策劃中，為改進產品而增加科研經費可能會更有益于該機構。

These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.Different managers define the same problem in different term s.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.這些權衡的產生是因為機構希望同時達到多個目標。有些目標比其他的目 標更重要，但其重要性的先后順序和等級卻因人而異、因部門而異。不同的管理者對同一個問題持不同的看法。面對一件日常事件時，銷售經理常易看到銷售問題，生產經理則常易看到生產問題等等。

The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker.Such values are personal;they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex.In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.多種目標的順序和重要性也部分地基于決策者的價值觀，這些價值觀帶有個人特色，他人很難理解，因為價值觀是不斷變化的、極為復雜的。在許多商情中，不同的人對于風險的可接受程度有著不同的價值觀，這就造成了決策正確與否的不同意見。

People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.人們常常以為決策是一個孤立的現象。但從系統的觀點來看，問題具有多種原因，故而決策有意料中的結果和非意料中的結果。一個機構是一個發展 中的實體，今天所作的決策可能會對將來產生深遠的影響。因此，有經驗的管理者著眼于當前決策的將來效果。

Unit Two Black Holes

黑洞

What is a black hole ? well, it's difficult to answer this question , since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space(not a thing)into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape – not even light.So we can't see a black hole.A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter.It is only space — or so we think.How can this happen?

黑洞是什么？這個問題很難回答，因為我們通常用來描述某一科學現象的術語不足以回答這個問題。天文學家和科學家都認為黑洞是一個太空區域（不是一種事物），落人其中的任何物質都無法逃逸——甚至包括光。所以我們看不見黑洞。一個黑洞能產生強大的吸力，但它卻沒有物質。它只是空間——或許是我們這么想的。這種現象是怎樣發生的呢？

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point;they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime.Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star — a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.But if the star is very large(much bigger than our sun)this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the “event horizon.” We know nothing about events which happen once object s pass this boundary.But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.從理論論來說，當某些恒星的密度增大到某種程度時就會發生爆炸，爆炸使它們崩潰，有時會產生超新星。從地球上看，一顆超新星看上去像是天空中的一盞明燈，甚至在白天也閃閃發光。超新星是由十七、十八世紀的天文學家發現的。有人認為圣誕星可能是一顆超新星。一顆超新星的崩潰可能會產生白矮星或中子星，其物資的密度非常大以至于在其自身重力的作用下持續收縮。但是，假如這顆恒星非常大（比我們的太陽大得多），那么，這種收縮的過程可能會非常強烈，其結果導致了黑洞的產生。想像一下地球收縮小到有彈球那么大，但仍具有同樣的質量和更強的吸力，你就會對黑洞的力量有某種概念。靠近黑洞的任何物質都會被吸入，根本說不出黑洞里究竟發生 了什么、科學家把黑洞的邊緣區域稱為“事界”。對物質通過這個界線時發生的情況我們一無所知。從理論上來說，黑洞里面物質的表現一定是不大相同的。

For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.Our space and time law s don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole.Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no “ absolute ” time and space.There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer.They are relative.We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory;but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.例如，假如一個人落人黑洞，他可能會認為自己很快就會到達黑洞的中心。然而，位于“事界”上的觀察者則認為這個人永遠不會到達黑洞的中心。我 們的時空法則似乎不適用于黑洞區內的物體。愛因斯坦的相對論是惟－解釋這種現象的理論。愛因斯坦宣稱物質和能量是互換的，因此不存在“絕對的”時間和空間。根本沒有不變的事物，時間和空間的衡量取決于觀察者的位臵，是相對的。我們還沒有能完全理解相對論的蘊涵。但有趣的是愛因斯坦的相對論為黑洞的假說提供了理論基礎，早于天文學家找到黑洞存在的證據。天文學家只是在最近才開始對黑洞作具體的研究。1977年8月，人類發射了一顆衛星收集有關被認為處于銀河系中的1000萬個黑洞的信息。而且天文學家正在設計一座新天文臺，用來研究被認為是黑洞的爆炸恒星。

The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a “partner” to the one which we can see in the sky.Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star.Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.有關黑洞的最有說服力的證據來自對雙星系的研究。雙星，顧名思義，就是彼此之間的空間位臵相互影響的成雙恒星。天文學家已證實在某些雙子星座里有一顆隱匿的伴星，即我們從天空上能看到的某顆星的“伙伴”。我們能看見的那顆星被其伴星所吸引，難道產生這么大吸引力的隱匿的恒星就是黑 洞？天文學家也還有另外幾顆恒星的證據，這幾顆恒星也可能有黑洞作伴。

The story of black holes is just beginning.Speculations about them are endless.There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.Mankind may one day meet this fate.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.These speculations sound like science fiction.But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.有關黑洞的故事剛剛開頭，各種各樣的假說層出不窮。在我們的星系中心可能存在一個以極快速度吞噬恒星的巨大黑洞。人類總有一天要遭此命運。另一方面，科學家已表明，總有一天，人類會使用非常先進的技術來利用黑洞的能量。這些假說聽起來像科幻小說，但宇宙黑洞理論卻被許多嚴肅的科學家及天文學家所接受。他們給我們展示了一個跟我們截然不同的世界，他們對時空的基本認識提出了疑問。

Unit Three Euthanasia : For and Against 安樂死—贊成和反對

“We mustn't delay any longer...swallowing is difficult...and breathing, that's also difficult.Those muscles are weakening too...we mustn't delay any longer.”

“我們不能再拖了……吞咽困難……呼吸困難。那部分肌肉也在萎縮……我們不能再拖了。”

These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die.Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.以上是荷蘭人齊思．范．萬德爾，德．尤德請求醫生幫他結束自己生命時說過的話了，患有嚴重疾病的范．萬德爾當時已不再能夠清楚地說話了，他知道自己沒有康復的希望，他的病情正在迅速惡化。

Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.范．萬德爾在接受其醫生給他打最后致命的一針之前的3個月的情況被制作成影片，去年首次在荷蘭電視上播出。此后，該影片被20個國家購買，每次播放時都引起一場全國性的有關安樂死的大討論。

The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there.However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.The guideline s demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.盡管安樂死在荷蘭并未合法化，但荷蘭仍然是歐洲惟一允許安樂死的國家。兩年前在荷蘭議會制定的嚴格標準下實施安樂死的醫生通常不會被起訴。這此指導原則要求：病人正在經受極度的痛苦；沒有治愈的機會；病人一再提出安樂死的請求。除此之外，還需有另外一位醫生確認是否已達到安樂死的標準，而且，必須向警方提出死亡報告。

Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question:

“Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun.In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine.But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor.I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much.That's a very different thing.”

是不是應該允許醫生結束病人的生命呢？齊思．范．萬爾德的醫生威爾費雷德．范．奧仁博上解釋了對這個問題的看法： “情況并不像我計劃用機關槍屠殺一大群人似的，倘若那樣，屠殺是我所能想像到的最壞的事情，這與我的醫生職業風馬牛不相及。我關懷病人并努力使他們不至于遭受太多的痛苦。這完全是兩碼事。”

Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr.Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that “in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else.They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family — there's nearly always another question behind the question.”

然而，許多人完全反對安樂死。反對安樂死保健組織主席安德魯．福格森博士說：“在大量安樂死的病例中，病人實際所要求的是別的東西。他們或許是想要保健專業人員為他們打開與親人或家人開展思想交流的渠道—－可能請求之后另有他求”。

Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices — special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs.Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: “It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.英國對晚期病人收容所的做法有著根深蒂固的傳統。收容所就是指那些關懷臨終之人和照顧他們特殊需要的專門醫院。英國收容所理事會主席及收容 所運動創始人之一的茜茜莉．桑德斯認為，安樂死沒有考慮其他關懷臨終病人的途徑。她還擔心允許安樂死會減弱大眾對關懷和照顧的需求：“當前社會中的那些老年人、殘疾人和受贍養的人很容易感到自已是個負擔從而脫離社會。我認為任何法律允許縮短生命的行為都必定使這些人更容易受到傷害”。

Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic.Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored.Dr.van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: ”What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death.But there are situations where death is a friend.And in those cases, why not?“

許多人認為這種禁止個人生死權利的做法是家長作風。盡管他們同意生命是重要的、應該受到尊重，但是他們感到生命的質量不應該被漠視。范．奧仁博十認為人們具有自己選擇生死的基本權利：“那些反對安樂死的人告訴我的是臨終之人沒有這個權利。當人們病重的時候，我們都害怕他們死亡。但是，在某些情況下，死亡是一位朋友。如果這樣，為什么不呢？”

But ”why not?“ is a question which might cause strong emotion.The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive.His doctor was clearly a family friend;his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.然而，“為什么不呢？”是一個引起強烈感情的問題。展示齊思．范．萬德爾死亡的影片既動人又敏感。他的醫生顯然是他們家的一位朋友；他的妻子心中只有她丈夫的利益。那么，有人就會爭辯說用這樣一個特殊的例子來支持安樂死是危險的，并非所有的病人都會受到如此高水平的關懷和照料。

Slavery on Our Doorstep

家庭雇傭奴役

There are estimate d to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics).Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.據統計，在美國工作的外籍家庭傭人有兩萬多人（由于處理該項事務的政府部門————內政部——沒有做過統計，精確數字不得而知）。通常，他們是由外國商人、外交官員和歸國英僑帶來的。根據設在倫敦的幫助在倫敦工作的外籍家庭傭人的政治組織說，在兩萬多外籍家庭傭人中幾乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剝削和虐待。

The abuse can take several forms.Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment.They can be physically , sexually and psychologically abused.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or ”escaping“ virtually impossible.虐待有幾種形式?家庭傭人常常不允許外出，又得不到任何報酬。他們在身體上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他們還會被收去護照，使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能。

The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicise d cases.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarter s that her guilt had not been adequately established.Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:

今年年初，幾個透明度頗高的案例中有關世界各地的家庭女傭的悲慘狀況受到新聞媒體的關注。其中一個案例是講一位菲律賓女傭因被指控犯有謀殺罪在新加坡被處死，盡管有來自各地的抗議認為她的罪名不足以成立。諸如“反對奴隸制國際組織”之類的團體說，一些不那么戲劇化的其他案例也 應同樣受到人們的關注，比如莉迪亞．加西亞，一位在倫敦工作的菲律賓女傭的案例。

”I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.I was supposed to be paid ￡ 120 but I never received that amount.They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.“

“我是1989年由一位沙特外交官直接從菲律賓雇到倫敦來工作的。我的報酬應該是 120英鎊，但我從未得到過那么多錢。雇主總是威脅要把我遣送回國”。

Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka.The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked.還有一個來自斯里蘭卡名叫庫馬里的案例。她家主要靠她掙錢維持生計，她曾在斯里蘭卡一家茶廠掙一份微薄的工資。因為她發現很難養活她的4個孩子，她才接受到倫敦去做家庭傭人。她說她覺得在倫敦她干活的那家人家眼就像一個犯人：

”No days off — ever, no breaks at all, no proper food.I didn't have my own room;I slept on a shelf with a space of only three feet above me.I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody.I wasn't even allowed to open the window.My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.“

“沒有休息日——甚至根本沒有閑下來的功夫，沒有適當的食物，沒有自己的房間，睡在一個上面的空間只有3英尺高的架子上。不允許我跟任何人說話，甚至不許我開窗。雇主總是威脅把我的身份報告給內政部或警察局。”

At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measure s to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet , getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).1994年底，英國政府采取新措施來幫助家庭傭人免遭雇主的虐待。措施包括把雇工的最小年齡提高到18歲，使受雇者能閱讀并理解通告單，使雇主同意提供適當的生活費用和條件，并寫出工作條件和主要的工作條款（受雇者應有此種副本）。

However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse.For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.(They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allow foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.)So if they do complain, they risk being deported.然而，許多人懷疑該措施能否成功地減少虐待發生率，因為那些企圖抗議惡劣生活和工作條件的外籍女傭和家仆所面臨的主要問題是他們沒有獨立的移民身份，因此不能更換雇主（英國移民法的特許條款允許外國人攜帶家仆）。所以如果抗議的活，他們就冒著被驅逐出境的風險。

Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.允許家庭雇工自由尋找不同雇主的同類工作——假如他們這樣選擇——正是“反奴隸制國際組織”與政府交涉的內容，他們說正是有權改變雇主的這一做法區分了雇傭制和奴隸制。

Unit Five

The new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rock'n'roll, folk music.But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older element s — more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize.The transformation took place in 1966-1967.Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium.Rock'n'roll, a blues derivative , was rhythmic dance music.Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness.Blues expressed black soul;rock was the beat of youthful energy;and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.新音樂是從已有的音樂：布魯斯，搖滾樂，民間音樂中產生的。雖然新音樂保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、獨創性的東西從舊的成分中脫穎而出的——它們也許比新音樂家意識到的還要更富有獨創性。這個變革發生在1966-1967年間。那個時候以前，布魯斯基本上一直是黑人的音樂表達方式。由它衍生出的搖滾樂是節奏性很強的舞蹈音樂。而民間音樂，既有古老又有現代的，在大學生中頗為流行。這三種音樂形式在音樂和文化方而都各不相同，甚至直到1965年，它們中任何一個都沒有表達任何全新的意識境界。布魯斯表現黑人的心靈，搖滾是年輕活力的節拍，民樂除表現愛情與希望外，還表現反戰情緒。

In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation.In the United States, it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco.In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this.First the separate musical traditions were brought together.Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat White rock groups began experimenting with the blues.Of course, white musicians had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of the Negro style;now it began to be the white band s' own music.And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis.They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.自發的變革出現在1966年到1967年間。在美國，舊金山的年輕搖滾樂隊發起了這場變革；在英國，被公認是極其完美和非常獨特的披頭士搖滾樂隊領導了這股新潮流。所發生的情況，如用言詞盡可能地表達出來是這樣的：首先，分離的音樂傳統被結合起來了。鮑伯．狄倫和杰弗遜飛機隊演奏民歌搖滾樂，將民歌思想與搖滾節奏結合在一起。白人搖滾樂隊開始嘗試演奏布魯斯。當然，白人音樂家雖然已經一直在演奏布魯斯，但基本上只是模仿黑人音樂的風格。而現在，它開始變成白人樂隊自己的音樂了。所有的樂隊都朝著更廣泛的折衷主義和結合主義的方向前進。他們自由地吸收爵士音樂、美國鄉土音樂的成分，而隨著時間的推移，他們甚至對各種各樣的音樂兼收并蓄，最后發展成一種能輕松采取多種形式的、幾乎有無窮表現力的新音樂。

The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers.The electric guitar was an old instrument, but the new electronic effects were altogether different — so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been an;sounds like that in the world before.Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings, new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume , the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a ”total“ effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.發生的第二件事是所有樂隊都開始使用全套的電子樂器和電子揚聲器技術。電吉他是一種老式樂器，但新的電子效果迥然不同——如此不同，以致1967年一位新聽眾可能感覺以前在世界上從沒有聽過像這樣的聲音。事實上，電子技術的確能合成那時任何樂器也無法奏出的聲音。在錄音室錄制時，新技術有可能制作出甚至電子樂隊現場表演時也演奏不出的效果。電子揚聲器也能使音量有驚人的增大，音樂變得那么宏亮，那么富有穿透力，極盡人的耳朵承受之能，從而達到了一種“整體”效果。因此，觀眾不再是被動地聽，而是完全參與，他們全身心地感受音樂，如癡如醉。

Third, the music becomes a multi-media experience;a part of a total environment.The walls of the ballrooms were covered with changing pattern s of light, the beginning of the new art of the light show.And the audience did not sit, it danced.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.Often music was played out of doors, where nature provided the environment.第三，音樂變成一種多媒體的感受，成了整體環境的一部分。舞廳的墻壁上布滿變幻無常的燈光圖案，這也是燈光表演這門新藝術的開始。觀眾并不坐著，而是隨著音樂起舞。在家里欣賞唱片時候聽眾盡力模仿照明效果，甚至服用毒品來增強整個音樂享受的快感。音樂常在戶外演奏，在那兒大自然則提供了周圍的環境。

Unit Six

Improving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics

采用機器人技術提高工業效率

Robots , becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.機器人在所有發達國家的工廠和其他工業生產部門日益普遍得到應用；機器人通過編制程序和策劃在無人干預的條件下完成工業生產任務。

Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames.目前多數機器人用于汽車工業，它們按編制的程序承擔轎車和卡車車身的焊接和噴漆這一類的工作。機器人還可以用來裝卸用于鑄造轎車和卡車框架的機械中的熾熱、笨重的金屬鑄模。

Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches.The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this net industry.除了已在汽車生產領域替代人工勞動外，機器人也開始出現在別的工業部門，雖然應用的程度低一些。在那里機器人制造電機、小型器具、袖珍計 算機甚至手表等。在核電站使用的機器人處理放射性材料，避免人員接觸放射性物質。這樣的機器人在這一新工業中用來減少職業性傷害。

What makes a Robot a Robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next.Automatic machines, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses;they are built to perform only one task.是什么東西決定一個自控裝臵是機器人而不是一個自動化機器呢？機器人與自動化機器不同之處在于機器人完成某一特定任務后，可由計算機重新編制程序去完成另一項任務。例如，做電焊工作1個月后，可以重新編制程序而轉成下個月做噴漆工作。反之，自動化機器不能有多種不同的用途，它只是被制造成執行一項任務。

The next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make critical decisions.Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.With the ability to ”see“, robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.One robot vision system uses electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials.When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers.The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values.One scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255.The 0 is represented by black.The highest number is white.The numbers in between represent different shades of gray.The computer then makes the calculations and converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development.下一代機器人將有視覺和觸覺功能，并且能夠做出關鍵性的決策。在微電子學和計算機技術上有專長的工程技術人員正研制機器人的人工視覺。機器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同類別的物中辨別和檢查出某一特定物體。有一種機器人的視覺系統使用多排光敏材料的數字電子攝像機當一個物體（如機器零件）上的光線照射到攝像機上時，光敏材料能測量光的強度并將光線轉變為一系列數字。這些數字是灰度系統的一部分，該系統以數值表示亮度。有的灰度范圍為0一15，有的灰度范圍為0一255。0代表黑色，而最大的數值代表白色。中間的數字代表不同的灰色程度。然后由計算機計算，并將數字轉換成一幅表示該物體形態的圖像。迄今尚不清楚機器人會不會有朝一日具有人眼那樣的視力。技術人員相信機器人會做到這一點的，但需要若干年的研究。

Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products.To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts.從事其他先進技術研究的工程技術人員正在設計和試驗新型金屬手與手指，賦予機器人以觸覺。還有的工程技術人員編制新的程序使機器人能確定諸如是否要報廢成品中有缺陷的零件。要做到這一點，機器人還應能識別哪些零件有缺陷。

These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter.They work as gas station attendants, firemen, housekeepers, and personnel.Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the will have to know about robotics.具有觸覺、視覺并能決策的未來機器人將要做許多工作。它們可用來海底探礦或進入對人危險的礦井深區。機器人還可充當汽車加油站的服務員、消防員、勤雜工以及保安人員等。任何想要了解未來工業的人必須要了解機器人

Unit Seven

Leisure and Leadership

休閑與導向

Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increase concern.觀察與研究成果表明，生活在先進的工業化社會的人們越來越關心休閑的機會和休閑中他們能干些什么。人們賦予帶薪休假的重要性和大眾娛樂服務的快速發展是日益關注這一問題的標志。

The term ”quality of life“ is difficult to define.It covers a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on.Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree I which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction.to the individual.生活質量這一術語不易定義，它包括范圍很廣，如生活環境、健康、就業、飲食、家庭生活、朋友、教育、物質的占有、休閑與娛樂等等。一般來說，生活質量，特別在個人看來，其意義是由這些不同的生活領域可以供個人享受或者可以使個人滿意的程度來衡量的。

As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development.The importance of these varies according to the nature of one's job and one's life-style.Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure.Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development(e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies)in leisure.休閑作為空閑時進行的自己認為適當的活動，具有下列功能：放松、娛樂、個人發展。這些功能的重要性隨著個人工作性質與生活方式的不同而變化，所以在工作中需要付出很多精力的人，更渴望休閑時放松，而受過良好教育、從事專業工作的人可能更趨向于休閑時尋求娛樂和個人發展，如掌握技巧，培養愛好。

The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.Even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide ”escape“ from the stress and strain of work;to learn more about what is happening in one's environment;to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people's life experiences as portrayed in the programmes.對休閑的具體利用人與人不同，即使是同一休閑活動，不同的人也有不同的利用方式。下面就是對最常見的休閑方式看電視的不同利用：改變感受來“逃避”工作壓力與緊張；更多了解自己周圍正在發生的一切；通過對比節目中描繪的他人生活經歷，提供機會理解自己。

In an urban society in which highly structured, fast-paced and stressful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird-watching, can lead to a self-renewal and a more ”balanced“ way of life.在城市社會中，結構緊密、節奏快捷、充滿壓力的工作籠罩著人們的生活，某種不同性質的經歷，不管是看電視還是看鳥，都能導致自我更新和一種更加“平衡”的生活方式。

Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.由于休閑基本上是自己決定的事，個人就可以培養自己的興趣和愛好，并以能為自己帶來享樂和滿足的方式參與某項活動。

Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and learning experiences.We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools, jobs, and the mass media.Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.我們的喜愛與厭惡、品味與偏愛決定我們選擇這樣的活動，如：讀書、看電影、野營、或者某些文化追求，所有這些活動均與社會環境和學習經歷有關。我們通過家庭、學校、工作、和大眾傳媒獲得對不同事物、不同主題的興趣。基本上說，上述態度相當于一個共識：休閑是生活的一個重要方面；相當于一個信念：休閑能夠并且應該充分利用。

Professional workers in recreation services, too, will find that to impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways.Hence, it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure.Influence of this kind is a form of leadership.從事娛樂業的專業工作者也會發現，培養大眾積極的休閑態度對促進他們以創造性的，滿意的方式利用休閑時間十分必要。因此，可以認為，我們在不同環境中接觸的人都可能對形成我們如何處理休閑時間的態度、興趣、甚至技巧產生影響。這也是一種導向形式。

Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicator in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests.For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuit: are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.父母、學校的老師、工作中的同事、大眾媒體的傳播上作者都能對我們的興趣產生潛在的影響。比如，學校鼓勵參加游戲、運動和文化活動的程度和方式可能對形成學生的休閑態度起一定的作用。

Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment, of a balanced development of the person.The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.學校常常把達到個人均衡發展定為它們的教育目標對此追求得越認真，就越可能鼓勵人們對待休閑和學術工作持積極態度。

Unit Eight

Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure

噴氣飛機時差綜合癥的預防和治療

The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is.and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful.噴氣飛機時差綜合癥是每個乘坐國際航班旅行的人在某個時候會碰到的問題。但你是否就這樣忍受著？如果你能了解噴氣飛機時差綜合癥是怎么回事以及注意飲食怎樣把它的不良作用減少到最小，你坐飛機的緊張程度就會輕些。

The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone.It is due lo changes in the body's physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.乘飛機旅行對身體的影響實際上遠比我們意識到的更令人焦灼不安。時差綜合癥不是對不同時區進行調整的心理后果。它是身體的生理調節機制，特別是激素系統，在不同環境中發生變化所引起的。

Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of Stale, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam.He later

blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.是不是被弄糊涂啦？美國國務卿約翰．福斯特．杜勒斯從美國飛往埃及談判阿斯旺水壩問題時就被弄糊涂了。他后來把自己在談判中判斷失誤歸咎于時差綜合癥。

The effects can be used to advantage, too.President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time.The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.但是乘飛機旅行對身體的影響也可使之對人有利。約翰遜總統曾在關島主持一次重要會議，整個會議按華盛頓時間進行。白宮的工作人員個個精力充沛，而當地人在這種情況下卻得了時差綜合癥。從本質上說，他們瞬間一下子被運到了美國。

Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.A great number of the body's events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day.Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.既然我們懂得了噴氣飛機時差綜合癥是怎么回事，我們就能夠在解決它方而有所作為。我們身體的大量活動都按時在一天中的某個時間發生的。很

自然它們需要調整。這時兩個調節系統相互起作用。

One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.The other belongs in our internal clocks(the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus)which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour — yes, 25 — rhythm.Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.一個定時系統根據我們的官能和饑餓感以及我們在某個特定時區所經受的周期性變化。另一個定時系統在我們的體內時鐘內（其中一個主要時鐘可能位于我們大腦的稱為超交叉核的那部分中）這些體內時鐘在不受干擾時，會使人體有一個25小時——是的，25小時——的生理節奏。正常情況下兩個定時系統是同步的，外部的信號會將體內時鐘調節到更方便的24小時周期。

If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart.Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times.Similarly, the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.然而如果你把整個身體移到一個時差4個小時的時區，兩個時鐘就不再

同步，正像兩個鬧鐘通常被一起定時，但現在定時相差幾個小時，兩個鬧鐘通常同時報時，但現在則不同時間報時。和時鐘相似，人體可以定時在晚上，而這時太陽正在升起來。

In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat.Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.經過一段時間之后，生理系統將會自我調整過來，但這需要時間一個很容易監測到的節奏是手掌出汗。一個人飛往某個時差為10小時的時區將需要8天的時間重新調節他的手掌出汗情況。血壓也是有節奏性的，需要4天才能調整過來。

One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning(local)and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously.出現這種差異的一個原因是人體的不同活動受到不同因素的支配。激素皮質醇控制鹽和水的排泄，不管人體處于何地，它都是在早晨形成的。但生長激素在睡眠時才分泌，而不論一天中什么時候睡覺。這兩種激素的分泌時

間通常間隔七八個小時，但如果人體在（當地）清晨很早到達目的地并且盡快睡覺，這兩種激素將會同時分泌。

What can we do about it? It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.Fortunately there is a short cut.It relies on two things — the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.The basic assumptions are:

Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night.Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.我們對此該怎么辦呢？不可能等上4天直到身體習慣新的時區。幸好我們有個捷徑。這靠兩件東西——利用胃的力量調節其他活動發生的時間和利用咖啡的藥理作用。基本的設想是：

早晨喝咖啡可以延遲體內時鐘，晚上可以加快體內時鐘，下午三點左右喝咖啡對人體時鐘不起作用。

膳食中的蛋白質引起不眠，而碳水化合物促人人睡。空腹進食有助使體內時鐘得到調整。

Unit Nine

Aging in European Countries

歐洲國家的年齡老化問題

We have to realise how old , how very old , we are.Nations are classified as “aged” when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this.Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe.At the beginning of the I980's East Germany had 15.6 per cent, Austria, Sweden, West Germany and France had 13.4 per cent or above, and England and Wales 13.3 per cent.Scotland had 12.3 per cent.Northern Ireland 10.8 per cent and the United States 9.9 per cent.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be — at least, for any future that concerns us now.我們必須認識到我們有多老了。當一個國家人口中有7%或以上的人滿

65歲或超過65歲時，就被列為“老齡國”，而大約在1970年前，每一個先進國家就已步人這個行列了。在真正的老齡社會中，有13%以下的人超過65歲的國家全部分布在西北歐。在20世紀80年代初，一些國家（或地區）人口超過65歲的比例如下：東德15.6%，奧地利、瑞典、西德和法國13.4%或超過13.4%，英格蘭和威爾13.3%，蘇格蘭12.3%a，北愛爾蘭10.8%，美國9.9%。我們知道我們的社會正在變得更老，一個社會的人口增長率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老齡——至少對任何能關系到我們現在的未來是這樣的。

To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognised.There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths.There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio — the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can — is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.除了這些我們現在已經熟知的事實外，還有更多的事實可以補充，而其中一些還是最近才被我們認識到的。有這樣一個明顯的、似非而是的論點：造成老年人高比例的實際原因是出生人數而不是死亡人數。有這樣一條經濟原則：扶養率——即不能掙錢生活的人依賴能掙錢養家的人的程度——在我

們這樣老齡化社會里比發展中世界的較年輕社會里要有利一些，因為大量尚需扶養的孩子與一定數量不能工作的老年人相比，更是一個負擔。人們已認識到這樣一個突出歷史事實：先進社會的老齡化都是一種突變。

If ”revolution“ is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50.Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France.如果“革命”是對社會結構的迅速重建，如果社會的年齡構成被看作是社會結構的一個非常重要的方面，那么在歐洲尤其是在西歐社會里，每個超過50歲的人一生中就已經歷過一次社會革命了。綜合起來，這些事情牽連出的結果剛開始被人們認識。這些事實和情況今年早些時候在法國維希舉行的一個世界大會上被視為對科學和政策的挑戰而臵于顯著地位。

There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.But this is what elementary demography makes clear.Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms.We have among us a very much greater

experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue.But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it.這種觀點常遇到反對意見，即正因為西歐和西北歐出生率比別的地區下降得早，而不是因為死亡率方面的任何變化，所以我們的社會才變得如此老齡但初級人口統計學已經把這個問題解釋清楚了。當然長壽正改變我們的社會，但這是根據經驗而來的說法。我們比以前任何一個社會更經歷著長壽，這種情況還將繼續下去。但過度的長壽，即便是在富裕的西方，也會遭受貧窮和忽視，除非我們采取一些辦法。

If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.The older you are now , of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong at the highest ages.At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards.如果你現在30多歲，你應當知道你可以期望活到60歲后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。當然，你現在年齡越大，這種比例就越高，如果你是女人，這比例還應該更高。人生的估計壽命是一個飄忽不定的數字，年齡越大越容

易有誤差。在維希，人口學家們互相轉告，他們對一些地方人口情況的估計，如英格蘭和威爾上將有多少老年人，這些老人的壽命如何，注定要進行修改，因為這些數字一直呈上升趨勢。

Unit Ten

The campaign for election

美國的競選運動

The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee.A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.11月大選的獲勝者幾乎可以肯定不是共和黨就是民主黨提名的候選人。小黨派或獨立的候選人，如1968年的喬治．華萊

十、1980年的約翰．安德森，或者1992年和1996年的羅斯．佩羅等，可能會從大黨的提名人那里拉走一此選票，但幾乎沒有人可能戰勝他們。

A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful.Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger party's candidate was almost a certainty.Warren G.Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.Party loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nation's voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their party's presidential candidate.Even Democrat George McGovern, who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters.大黨提名人具有得到黨的忠實信徒支持這一關鍵的優勢．在20世紀早期，這種支持是如此的堅固和穩定以至于強大黨派候選人的勝利幾乎是不容臵疑的。沃倫．G．哈定在他的俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和黨的提名，而且競選期間他多數時間是呆在家里。他最終大獲全勝僅僅是因為那個時期多數選民是共和黨成員。近幾十年人們對黨的忠誠有所減弱，但是這個國家三分之二以上的選民仍自我歸屬為民主黨人或共和黨人，并且他們當中的大多數會支持自己黨派的總統候選人。甚至于民主黨的喬治．麥戈文，他在近期的提名人中所得到的黨派支持是最低的，也于1972年時獲得了他的黨將近團％的選民的支持。

Presidential candidates act strategically.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.During the 1992 campaign, a sign on the wall of Clinton's headquarters in Little Rock read, ”The Economy, Stupid." The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.總統競選人做事講究戰略。在決定是否遵循某一項行動方針時，他們要盡量估計一下該方針對選民可能具有的影響。在1992年的選運動中，在小石城克林頓總部的墻上的一條標語說，“經濟，愚蠢。”這一口號是克林頓的總戰略家詹姆斯．卡維爾的主意，其用意是想提醒候選人及總部人員始終把競選的注意力集中在本國緩慢發展的經濟上。而這一點正是最終擊敗布什的問題。正如1980年在經濟艱難時期吉米．卡特敗與羅納德．里根時那樣，選民很大程度上是被他們想變革的欲望調動起來的。

Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s.A year later, with the nation's economy

in trouble.Bush's approval rating dropped below 40 percent.Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy.候選人都想盡力突出表現一種強有力的領導者的形象。然而選民們是否接受這一形象則更取決于外在因素而不是候選人的個人特征。1991年海灣戰爭以后，布什的支持率達到91%，這是自20世紀30年代開始民意測驗以來的最高記錄。一年以后，隨著國家經濟陷入困境，布什的支持率則下降到40%以下。布什試圖重振其戰爭期間強有力的領導者的形象，但是選民們始終一直關心經濟。

The candidates' strategies are shaped by many considerations, including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress.Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation.Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes(including three for the District of Columbia, even though it has no voting representatives in Congress).To win the presidency, a candidate must receive at least 270 votes, an electoral majority.候選人的戰略的形成要考慮到許多因素，包括憲法的這一條款：每個州擁有的選票必須與其在國會中的代表人數相等。于是每個州便有兩票選舉參議院的代表并根據各州在眾議院的代表數，有不同數量的選票。選票總數為538張（包括哥倫比亞特區的3張選票，盡管在國會中它沒有投票代表）要

贏得總統席位，候選人必須至少獲得270票，即選票的大多數。

Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population, such as California(with 54 electoral votes), New York(33), Texas(32), Florida(25), Pennsylvania(23), Illinois(22), and Ohio(21).Victory in the eleven largest slates alone would provide an electoral majority, and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states.Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent;but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming 370 electoral votes, compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.候選人特別關注人口最多的幾個州的州選舉中獲勝，例如，加利福尼亞州（有54張選票），紐約州（33張），德克薩斯州（32張），佛羅里達州（25張），賓夕法尼亞州（23張），伊利諾斯州（22張）和俄亥俄州（21張）。僅在這11個最大的州獲勝就可獲得選舉的多數，因此，總統候選人花大量的時間在這些州進行競選活動。在1992年，克林頓僅獲得民眾選票的43%，相比之下，布什是38%，佩羅是19%；但是克林頓在州選舉中獲勝。這些州卻給了他壓倒多數的370張選票，相比之下布什是168張，佩羅則一張也沒有。

Unit Eleven

Sacrificed to Science ?

是為科學犧牲嗎？

Professor Colin Blukemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits:

科林．布萊克默教授任職于牛津大學醫學院，正在對眼睛疾病進行研究他認為，用動物進行研究給人帶來了很多好處。

The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders...most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.使用動物對于發展麻醉學、疫苗以及糖尿病、癌癥、發育失調等疾病的治療具有至關重要的作用。大部分重大的醫學進展都是基于對動物的研究和開發。

There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary.The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer.Their spokesman Colin Smith says:

Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.People and animals are different in their reactions to

drugs and in the way their bodies work.We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.有些人認為用動物進行試驗根本沒有必要，反對用動物進行痛苦實驗國際協會是一個提倡使用替代的研究方法，使動物免受痛苦的組織、他們的發言人科林．史密斯說，用動物進行研究與我們的健康無關。它常常能產生令人誤導的結果。人和動物對藥物的反應不同，身體作用的方式也不同，我們只要看一下幾起醫療錯誤便會明白情況就是這樣。

But Professor Blackmore stresses:

It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animals testing, not less.The birth defects(hat the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing.If thalidomide were invented today, it would never he released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.但是布萊克默教授卻強調說，如果把還沒有在動物身上徹底實驗過的藥物用在人身上，那是完全不負責任和不道德的。薩立多胺就是一個著名的例子，說明對動物進行的實驗應該更多而不是更少。這種藥物造成的嬰兒先天性缺損就是實驗不夠的結果。如果薩立多胺是今天發明的，它就決不會用在人身上，因為對懷孕的動物的新試驗將會發現這種危險。

Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME.This is the Hund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical

Experiments.It recognises that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction.Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments.In 1981.it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing.Increasingly, new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing.Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.Data from previous animal experiments is used lo develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance.The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.另一個組織，英文簡稱叫FRAME，其全稱的意思是替代動物藥物實驗基金會。該組織正在開展替代方法的研究，這個組織承認有很多實驗仍然不得不在動物身上進行，但它正致力于減少、改進和代替對動物的實驗。1981年時，這個組織確定了一個研究項目來改進非動物試驗和擴大非動物試驗的范圍。新的技術使我們日益容易找到替代的試驗方法。可用計算機模型來模擬細胞的活動方式和預報化學藥品的毒性。可用從以前的動物實驗獲取的數據來建立一個計算機模型，這個模型能夠預報如果將某一生物效果不明的化學藥品添加到另一種物質上將會出現什么情況。計算機模擬的最終目的是減少用作實驗對象的動物的數量。

The Lethal Dose 50 test(LD50)may also be replaced.In the original test，49 all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die.The test indicates toxicity.A method using a fixed amount, which gives the same eventual information hut uses fever animals and does not require that they die, may replace the LD50.Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need Co be used--healthier animals provide better experimental results.For example, it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine, now it takes only 22.Also, lack of money has reduced the number of animals used — they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.藥劑致死劑量50(LD50)試驗也可以被代替。在最初的試驗中，一個試驗組里的全部動物都要給予某種物質，直到其中一半死亡為止。這一試驗可以指示出物質毒性的大小。另一種方法是使用固定量的有毒物質，能夠給出同樣的最終信息，但使用較小的動物并且不需要它們死亡，這個方法可以代替LD50。現在已有很多別的新技術，使更多的研究能在試管里進行，以便發現化學藥品是否產生有毒的生物效果。

用于實驗室試驗的動物數量在過去20年中已經減少。這部分地是由于采用了替代的方法，部分地是由于實驗比以前設計得更好，所以需要的動物就

第三篇：自考 英語二詞匯表

自考 英語二詞匯表

accomplish vt.完成(任務等)goal n.目的，目標；得分進球，球門 tendency n.趨勢，傾向

managerial a.經理的，管理人的；管理上的，經營上的 implement vt.實現；完成；履行 suboptimization n.局部最優化，次優化 achievement n.完成，達到；成就，成績 multiple a.多樣的，復合的 n.倍數 constraint n.強制；強制因素，制約條件 scheme n.計劃；方案 vt./vi.計劃，策劃 attain vt.達到；完成

define vt.解釋，給…下定義；限定，規定 accompany vt.伴隨，陪同；為…伴奏 correctness n.正確，正確性

budget n.預算 vt.把…編入預算；安排，預定 organizational a.組織(上)的 maker n.制造者；制造商 optimal a.最適宜的；最理想的 precedent n.先例，前例

argue vt./vi.爭辨，爭論，辯論；說服 predict vt./vi.預言；預示 slimplify vt.簡化 objective n.目標，目的 a.客觀的；無偏見的 profitability n.賺錢，獲得

trade-off n.(對不能同時兼顧的因素)權衡；物物交 speechless a.不會說話的；不說話的 candidate n.候選人，候補者；應試者 interviewer n.接見者；面談者 entity n.存在，實體；統一性 community n.社區；共同體

unintended a.非計劃中的，非故意的 ongoing a.進行中的，前進的 to make a guess at 猜測 in part 部分地，在某種程度上 indifference n.冷漠；不感興趣(to)vague a.含糊的；不明確的 skilled a.熟練的；有技能的 and the like 等等，諸如此類

prospect n.展望，景象；［常pl.］前景，前程 clarification n.澄清，闡明 criticism n.批評；評論 notion n.概念；想法，看法 personality n.個性；人格；品格 interview vt./n.面談，采訪；面試，口試 correspondence n.符合，一致；通信 prospective a.預期的；未來的

unattractive a.無吸引力的；不引人注意的 in the way 擋路；礙事 point of view 觀點 to seek to 追求，爭取 day to day work 日常工作

exert vt.盡(力)；施加(壓力等)；行使(職權等)miniskirt n.超短裙 astronomer n.天文學家

photocopy vt./n.復印，影印；照相復制本 to ask for 請求，向…要；尋找 to turn down 拒絕；調小或調低；翻下 escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免 n.逃跑；逃路，出口 to one's advantage 對某人有利 punk n.(俚)阿飛；朋克 a.頹廢派的 intimidate vt.恐嚇，恫嚇 clutch vt./vi.抓住，握緊 to make sure 查明，弄確實；確信 grip vt./n.緊握，緊夾；掌握，控制

conservative a.保存的，防腐的；保守的，守舊的to take the trouble to 不辭勞苦，費力 to apply for 申請

rephrase vt.重新措辭，改用別的話表示 in hand 手頭上有 painful a.痛苦的；費力的 at a disadvantage 處于不利地位 inefficiency n.無效；效能差 resume n.摘要，梗概；個人簡歷 panel n.專門小組

neat a.整潔的；簡潔的；整齊的

gravity n.嚴肅，認真；重要性；［物］重力 convincing a.有說服力的，使人信服的 galaxy n.［天］星系，［G-］銀河系 boundary n.分界線，邊界

implication n.含意，暗示；牽連，涉及，卷入 constant a.永恒的，經久不變的；經常的 n.常數companion n.同伴，同事；［天］伴星(=～star)neutron n.［物］中子

launch vt.發射；使(船)下水 n.發射，(船)下水 dwarf n.矮子；［天］矮星

twin a./n.雙胞胎(的)［Twins］［天］雙子座 binary a.二，雙；二進制的 n.雙(體)；聯星 speculation n.推測，猜測；投機 basis n.基礎，根據；主要成份；軍事基地 observer n.遵守者，奉行者；觀察者，監視者 interchangeable a.可交換的；可互換的 daytime n.白天，日間 observatory n.天文臺；了望臺

collapse vt./vi./n.(使)倒塌，(使)崩潰；瓦解 measurement n.衡量，測量 explode vt.使爆炸 vi.爆炸；突發 supernova n.［天］超新星

density n.密集度，稠密度；［物][化］密度 shrink vt./vi./n.收縮；縮小；退縮，畏縮 marble n.彈子；大理石 a.大理石的，大理石般的

thrilling a.令人激動的；顫動的，震顫的 Star of Bethlehem 圣誕星 outer a.外部的 mankind n.［用作單或復］人類

Milky Way 銀河；銀河系(=Milky Way galaxy)Albert Einstein 愛因斯坦(美籍德國理論物理學家)operate v.運轉，起作用；動手術；操作；經營 to research into 研究

microscopic a.顯微鏡的；微觀的；微小的，細微的 speculation about 關于…猜測 concerned a.有關的；關切的，擔心的 largely ad.大量地；主要地 astronaut n.宇航員

unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的 swallow vt.吞咽 n.燕子

solar a.太陽的，日光的；利用太陽光的 glitter vi.閃閃發光，閃爍 n.閃光 whereas conj.而，卻；反之 revolve vi.旋轉；繞轉 to swallow up 吞沒，耗盡 cloudless a.無云的，晴朗的 lesser a.較小的；更少的；次要的 planet n.行星

White Dwarf ［天］白矮星 to make use of 利用

crowd n.群，人群 vi.聚集，群集 plateau n.(［復］plateaus或plateaux)高原 as a rule 通常；一般說來 weaken vt.削弱，減弱 vi.變弱 parliament n.議會，國會；［P-］議會

whilst conj.(=while)當…時；然而；雖然，盡管 above all 首先，首要

debate vt./n.爭論，辯論 vi.對…進行爭論，辯論injection n.注射；注射劑，針劑 criterion n.標準，準則 prosecute vt.對…起訴，告發 euthanasia n.無痛楚的死亡；安樂死 nationwide a.全國性的 ad.在全國范圍內 deteriorate vt./vi.(使)惡化

Dutch a.荷蘭人的；荷蘭語的 n.荷蘭人；荷蘭語 request vt./n.請求，要求 a great many 很多 lethal a.致死的

tropical a.熱帶的；炎熱的 coloured a.有色的 legal a.法律上的；合法的

Dutchman n.(［復］Dutchmen)荷蘭人 religion n.宗教；宗教信仰

circumstance n.［pl.］情況，環境；境遇 ensure vt.保證，擔保

oppose vt.反對，反抗；使相對，使對抗(to)sensitive a.敏感的；靈敏的，感光的

opt vi.抉擇，選擇(for)，在…之間選擇 to make request for 要求… council n.理事會；委員會 healthcare n.保健

burden n.負擔；責任，義務 vt.使負重擔；麻煩 tradition n.傳統；慣例 hospice n.(晚期病人)收容所

moving a.活動的，移動的；動人的，令人感動的 prohibition n.禁止；禁令 be opposed to 反對

elderly a.較老的，人過中年的 n.近老年人 consideration n.考慮；體諒，照顧 disabled a.傷殘的；使失去戰斗力的 shorten vt./vi.縮短，縮小；減少

vulnerable a.易受傷的，弱小的；易受…攻擊的 paternalistic a.家長式統治的；家長作風的 founder n.創始者；締造者 to be affected with 患有…疾病 to take...into account 考慮到 to debate on 關于…進行辯論 need for 對…的需要

individual n.個人，個體，獨立單位 a.個人的；個別的to open up 打開；開辦，開辟，開發；坦誠地談話 conspiracy n.陰謀，密謀；陰謀集團，陰謀幫派 appoint vt.任命，委任(as)；約定，指定 The Netherlands 荷蘭(=Holland)

Wilfred van Oijen 威爾弗雷德·范·奧仁(人名)unfair a.不公平的，不公正的 entry n.進入；入口；登記，條目，賬目 privilege n.特權 vt.給予…特權

Cees van Wendel de Joode 齊思·范·萬德爾·德·尤德(人名)to opt out(of)決定不參加…，決定(從…)退出 Andrew Ferguson 安德魯·福格森(人名)merit n.優點，長處；功績，功勞 senior a.年長的；大學四年級的 n.年長者 graduate v.(使)(大學)畢業 n.大學畢業生，研究生 bias n.偏見 v.［常用被動語態］有偏見 private a.私人的；私營的；秘密的，私下的 escalator n.自動扶梯

to have...at heart 對某事十分關心 headmaster n.(中學或小學的)校長 Cicely Saunders 茜西莉·桑德斯(人名)employment n.使用；雇傭；職業，工作

profession n.職業(尤指腦力勞動或受過專業訓練的)network n.［紡］網眼織物；網狀物，網絡 leading a.領導的，指引的；最重要的，主要的 publish vt.出版，刊印；公布，發表

old-boy n.老同學；(招呼用)老朋友，老弟，老兄 prime a.最初的，基本的；主要的；最好的 fiercely ad.兇猛地，兇殘地；猛烈地 on average平均

vision n.想像力，幻覺；視力，視覺；眼光 elitist n.杰出人物 a.杰出人物(統治論)的 ivy n.常青藤

applicant n.申請人，請求者 to blame...for 為…責備某人

remedial a.治療的，治療上用的；補救的 elite n.精英，杰出人物 a.杰出的，精英的 excellence n.優秀，杰出

classless a.無階級的；不屬于任何階級的 to amount to 達到，總計；相當于，等于 by nature 生來，天生，就其本性而言 competitive a.競爭的，比賽的 academic a.學院的，學會的；學術的

equivalent a.相等的；等價的 n.等價(物)；對應詞 additional a.附加的，追加的；另外的 be worth doing 值得做…

abolish vt.廢除(法律，習慣等)；取消

entrance n.進入；入口，門口；入場，入會，入學 performance n.執行；表現，工作性能；演出，演奏 recruit vt./vi.征募(新兵)，吸收；補充 n.新成員 replicate vt.重復；復制

accessible a.易接近的；易受影響的(to)；可理解的Clare Bolderson 克萊爾·博爾德森(人名)folk n.人們；［口］家屬，親屬 a.民間的 Don Claxton 唐·克萊克斯頓(人名)punishment n.處罰，罰，刑罰；折磨，損害 disaffection n.不滿

inhumane a.不人道的，殘忍的

civil a.國民的，民用的；國內的，民間的 union n.工會，協會；結合，聯合

distinct a.與其他不同的，獨特的；明顯的 musician n.音樂家；作曲家 rock'n'roll n.搖滾樂，搖滾舞

musically ad.在音樂方面；好聽地；悅耳地 blues n.布魯斯；慢四步舞

liberty n.自由，自由權；冒昧，失禮；特許權，特權rhythmic a.有韻律的；有節奏的

transformation n.變化，轉化；改造，改革 Alvin Bronstein 阿爾文·布朗斯坦(人名)Alabama 阿拉巴馬(美國州名)to call up 打電話；使想起，使憶起 to watch over 看守，照管，監視 argument n.爭論，辯論；論據，理由

Huntsville 亨茨維爾(城市名，位于阿拉巴馬州北部)Georgia 佐治亞(美國州名)Arkansas 阿肯色(美國州名)in unison 完全一致地

deny vt.否定，否認；拒絕接受，拒絕給予 toilet n.盥洗室；廁所 eyewitness n.目擊者；見證人 United Kingdom 聯合王國 weed n.雜草，野草 vt.除草，拔草 ditch n.溝，溝渠 vt./vi.開渠；筑渠

circus n.馬戲團，雜技團；馬戲場，雜技場 interstate a.［主美］州際的 unison n.一致；協調 gap n.裂口，裂縫 racial a.種族的

racist n.種族主義者 a.種族主義的；種族歧視的 shackle n.［常pl.］鐐銬；［pl.］束縛，枷鎖 Singapore 新加坡島；新加坡；新加坡市 spokesman n.發言人；代言人

plantation n.種植園，大農場；植樹造林 BBC 英國廣播公司

correspondent n.對應物；新聞通訊員，記者，通信者gang n.一隊，一族；一群，一幫

The Philippines 菲律賓(國)；菲律賓群島 re-introduction n.重新采用，重新引入 Lydia Garcia 莉迪亞·加西亞(人名)Kumari 庫馬里(人名)Sri Lanka 斯里蘭卡

degrade vt.降級，貶低；墮落；退化 concession n.讓步；特許權；租界，租界地 immigration n.移居；外來的移民 to convict...of 證明…有罪，宣判…有罪 breadwinner n.養家糊口的人 to bring over 把…帶來；使轉變 be deserving of 值得；應得 be supposed to 應該

shelf n.(壁櫥，書櫥內)擱板；架子 deserving a.應得的，值得的(of)immigrant a.移民的，僑民的 n.移民，僑民 kingdom n.王國；領域

Filipino n.菲律賓人(語)a.菲律賓人的；菲律賓的 convict vt.證明…有罪(of)；宣判 n.罪犯 execute vt.實行，執行，完成，貫徹；將…處死 foreigner n.外國人

Saudi n.沙特阿拉伯人 a.沙特阿拉伯(人或語)的 leaflet n.小葉，嫩葉；傳單，活頁 maid n.少女；侍女，女仆

incidence n.影響程度，影響范圍；發生率 despite prep.盡管，任憑 deport vt.驅逐出境 employee n.雇員，雇工

status n.情形，狀況；地位，身份

minimum n.最小量；最低限度 a.最小的；最低的 guilt n.有罪；內疚

Stanford(美國)斯坦福大學

Walter Ellis 沃爾特·埃利斯(人名)Oxford 牛津；牛津大學 passport n.護照

Oxbridge 牛津大學和劍橋大學；該校之學生 Harvard(美國)哈佛大學 Cambridge 劍橋；劍橋大學

domestic adj.家庭的，家務的；國內的n.家仆，傭人

sexually ad.在性方面 Briton n.大不列顛人；英國人 abuse vt./n.濫用，妄用；虐待，凌辱 John Rae 約翰·雷(人名)diplomat a.外交家；外交官

statistics n.統計數字，統計資料；［用作單］統計學 exploit vt.開發，開采；利用；剝削 abroad ad.到國外；在國外 Princeton(美國)普林斯頓大學 lvy League 常春藤聯合會；名牌大學的 Yale(美國)耶魯大學

campaign n.戰役；運動 v.參加運動，參加競選活動 Berkeley 伯克利；加利福尼亞大學伯克利分校 Westminster 威斯敏斯特 France 法蘭西，法國

John Major 約翰·梅杰(前英國首相)slavery n.奴隸制度，奴役；奴隸身份 eclecticism n.折衷主義 imitator n.模仿者 guitar n.六弦琴，吉他 jazz n.爵士樂 Negro n.黑人 a.黑人的 amplifier n.放大器

electronics n.［復］［用作單］電子學 electronic a.電子的 youthful a.反戰的 readily ad.樂意地；很快地，容易地 sentiment n.感情，情緒；感傷 lighting n.照明，照明設備

studio n.工作室；播音室，演播室；電影制片廠 originate vi./vt.發源；發生，發起 synthesis n.結合，合成

consciousness n.意識，知覺；覺悟 instrument n.儀器；樂器 passive a.被動的；消極的 participant n.參加者 a.參與的 limitless a.無限制的，無限的 ballroom n.舞廳

spontaneous a.自發的，本能的，自動的；出自自然的penetrating a.穿透的，貫穿的；深刻的，透徹的 thereby ad.由此，從而

multimedia a.多種手段的；多媒體的 n.多媒體 to take on 具有；擔任(工作等)；雇傭 thematic a.題目的，主題的；主旋律的

symphony n.交響曲，交響樂；交響樂隊，交響音樂會 fruitful a.有成果的，有收獲的 Bob Dylan 鮑伯·狄倫

traditionalist n.傳統主義者；因循守舊者 painstaking a.苦干的；費力的

to take over 接管，接任；把…從一處運到另一處 invariably ad.不變地

San Francisco 舊金山(或稱三藩市)

inspire vt.鼓舞；使產生靈感 creative a.創造性的

Beatle ［the Beatles］披頭士搖滾樂隊 preliminary a.預備的；初步的 n.初試；預賽 conception n.概念，觀念

improvise vt.即興創作；臨時準備，臨時湊成 output n.產量；輸出

Jefferson Airplane 杰弗遜飛機(美國搖滾樂隊名)handle n.柄，把手 vt.運用，操縱；經營，管理 notebook n.筆記本 composer n.作曲家

theme n.題目，主題；主旋律 to take place 發生

well-established a.固定下來的；得到確認的 constructive a.建設的，建設性的

conventional a.慣例的，常規的；(藝術等)因襲的at a stretch 連續不斷地

for the sake of 為了…之好處；為了…的目的 diversified a.多樣化的 sonority n.響亮，洪亮 in advance 在前面；預先 to serve as 適合

Palestrina 帕萊斯特里納(意大利作曲家)temper vt.［治］使回火，鍛煉；調合 clavichord n.(音)擊弦古鋼琴 in a sense 在某種意義上

Hugo Wolf 沃爾夫(奧地利作曲家)experimental a.實驗的；經驗的 sake n.緣故

summarize vt./vi.概述，總結 to belong in 應歸入(類別、范疇等)Franz Schubert 舒伯特(奧地利作曲家)in other words 換句話說 Beethoven 貝多芬(德國作曲家)completeness n.完整，圓滿；完成，結束

well(-)tempered 脾氣好的；(鍵盤樂器)調到平均律的It goes without saying that 不言而喻，理所當然 evident a.明顯的，明白的

mold n.(=mould)模子；模型 vt.用模子做，澆鑄 harmony n.協調，和諧；融洽，一致 automotive a.自動的，機動的；汽車的 increasingly ad.不斷增加地 calculator n.計算者；計算器

reduction n.減少，減小；降級，降職；歸納，歸并 frame n.構架，框架

expose vt.使暴露，使面臨；揭露，揭發 appliance n.應用，適用；用具，器械 Edgar Varese 瓦雷茲(法裔美國作曲家)Debussy 德彪西(法國作曲家)Moussorgsky 穆索爾斯基(俄國作曲家)robotics n.機器人學，機器人技術 robot n.機器人；自動控制裝置

spray n.水花；噴霧 vt.噴；噴涂 vi.噴；濺散 efficiency n.效率；功效，效能，實力 prevalent a.流行的，普通的

cast vt.投，扔；投射；鑄造 n.投，擲；模具 weld vt./n.焊接

radiation n.放射，發光；放射物，輻射線，輻射能 personnel n.全體人員，全體職員；人事(部門)Well Tempered Clavichord(巴赫)《平均律鋼琴曲集》Gesualdo 杰蘇阿爾多(意大利作曲家)Bach 巴赫(德國作曲家)radioactive a.［原］放射性的；放射引起的 install vt.安裝

Berlioz 柏遼茲(法國作曲家，指揮家及音樂評論家)in between 在中間；每間隔；在…期間 shade n.蔭，陰影 vt.遮蔽，遮光 fireman n.消防隊員 light-sensitive a.光敏的 in question 正被談論的

critical a.批評(性)的；緊要的，關鍵性的，危急的digital a.手指的，指狀的；數字的，計數的 housekeeper n.管理家務的主婦；女管家 plenty of 大量的；豐富的

specific a.特有的，特定的；具體的，明確的 to expose to 暴露；面臨；曝露 brightness n.明亮，晴朗；聰敏，機靈 automatic a.自動的；無意識的，機械的

grayscale 灰度

attendant n.侍者，服務員；出席者 assemble vt.集合；裝配 vi.集合 calculation n.計算，計算結果；仔細考慮 camera n.照相機，攝影機

reprogramme v.再次(重新)設定程序 in that 在于，原因是

scale n.刻度，表度；規模；比例(尺)；天平switch n.開關，轉換器 v.轉換；接通或切斷…電流defective a.有缺點的；有缺陷的 intensity n.強烈，劇烈 completion n.完成，結束；完滿 reliability n.可靠性 forecast vt.預測，預報；預示

speculate vi.思索；推測vt.投機；思索，推測 radon n.氡

fault n.缺點，毛病；錯誤，過失；［地］斷層 subside vi.沉淀；沉降；平靜下來，平息，減退 arthquake n.地震

on the alert 警戒，處于戒備狀態 seismic a.地震

precede vt.先于…，比…優先 vi.在前面，領先 giant n.巨人；巨物，巨大的動物 a.巨大的 to set up 設立，建立；建立，提出 Guatemala 危地馬拉 radium n.鐳

datum n.(［復］data)資料，材料；數據 Chile 智利

up-to-date a.最新的，現代化的；直至目前的 earning n.警告；警報 a.警告的

eastern a.東方的，東部的；向東方的，來自東方的 to work on 從事…；對…有影響

partial a.偏袒的，偏心的，對…偏袒；部分的 underground a.地下的；秘密的 ad.在地下；隱蔽地 shift vt./vi.替換；轉移 n.轉換，轉移；輪班 decay vi./vt.(使)腐朽，腐爛；衰變 n.腐爛；衰敗 analyze vt.分析

occupation n.占領；占有；職業 satisfaction n.滿意，滿足 recognition n.認出；承認，公認

positive a.確實的；積極的，肯定的；正的，陽性的 Garm 加爾姆(俄國城市)underlie vt.支撐；構成(理論，政策，行為等)的基礎stressful a.緊張的，壓力重的 renewal n.更新；重新開始 impart vt.把…分給；給予(to)attach vt.固定住，系；附加，隸屬；使喜愛 Charles Richter 查爾斯·里克特 leadership n.領導；［總稱］領導人員 Haicheng 海城(中國遼寧省城市)urban a.城市的，都市的

research n.研究，調查 vi.調查，研究

loom vi.隱隱呈現；逼近portray vt.描繪；描寫；描述

possession n.有，擁有；［常pl.］占有物；財產 relaxation n.松弛，放松；緩和，減輕；休養 California 加利福尼亞(美國州名)San Andreas fault(美)圣安德烈亞斯斷層 relevant a.貼切的，中肯的；與…有關的(to)desirable a.稱心的，合意的，理想的 acquire vt.獲得，得到

motivate vt.作為…的動機，激發 overestimate vt.過高估計；過高評價 elusive a.躲避的；難以捉摸的，難以理解的 wayside n.路邊 a.路邊的

be concerned with 關于，涉及；忙于…；關心，關切oversupply vt./n.過多供應

tricky a.狡猾的，耍花招的；難以處理的 adjustment n.調整

flexible a.柔韌的，柔順的；可變通的，靈活的 attainment n.達到，到達；［常pl.］成就，造詣 slip vi.滑動，滑過；溜，溜走 vt.使滑動 realistic a.現實的，實際的；現實主義的 underestimate vt.低估；看輕

weekly a.每周的ad.每周(一次)n.周刊，周報 to put...to use 使用；利用

to attach importance to 認為…很重要 participation n.參加，參與

to take to 開始從事；養成…的習慣；培養對…的愛好 project n.設計，規劃；項目 vt.方案，計劃；投射 be relevant to 與…有關 quicksand n.流沙

readjustment n.再整理，再調整 on the part of 就…而言 appointment n.任命；約會

communicator n.傳播者，傳播工作者 to set...as objective 把…作為目標

to hang up 把…掛起來；掛斷(電話)；延遲，拖延 lag vi.走得慢，落后 n.落后，滯后 freshman n.新手，生手；大學一年級學生 to look ahead to 向前看；展望未來

routine n.日常工作 a.日常的；例行的；常規的 deem vt.認為，相信

jet n.噴射；噴嘴；噴氣式飛機，噴氣發動機 inflexible a.不可彎曲的；不可改變的，固執的 flight n.飛行，飛翔；航班，班機；逃跑，潰退 physiological a.生理的，生理學的 kid vt./vi./n.戲弄，開玩笑；欺騙，哄騙 up to date 最新的，新式的；切合目前情況的 to allocate...for 分配給…；配給 regulatory a.規章的；調節的

assignment n.分配，委派；任務，(課外)作業 crash a.緊急的，速成的

to fall by the wayside 半途而廢，中途退出 to work out 作出；制定出 to kid...into doing 欺騙…去做… temptation n.引誘，誘惑 faithfully ad.忠誠地；如實地 to throw off 扔掉；擺脫 adjust vt.調整，調節；校準 to stick with 堅持；繼續 emergency n.緊急情況；突發事件 reset vt./n.重新安排，重調 sweat n.汗 vi.出汗 vt.使出汗 regulate vt./n.管理；調節 external a.外在的，在外的 discrepancy n.差異；不一致 internal a.內部的，內在的；國內的 periodicity n.周期性，間發性 excretion n.排泄；分泌 hormonal a.荷爾蒙的，激素的 palm n.手掌

instantaneously ad.瞬間地；即刻地 rhythm n.韻律，格律；節奏 transport vt.運輸 n.運輸

mechanism n.［機］機構，機制；作用過程timer n.計時員，定時器 destination n.目的地，終點 timing n.時間的選擇；計時，定時 secretary n.秘書；書記；部長，大臣

cortisol n.［生］皮質(甾)醇

alarm n.警報；驚恐 vt.向…報警；打擾 suprachiasmatic a.超(染色體)交叉的 negotiation n.談判，協商 bodily a.身體的，肉體的

proceeding n.程序，進程；項目，活動，會議文集 overcome vt.戰勝；克服 Vichy 維希(法國中部城市)expectation n.期待；估計壽命 unlovable a.不可愛的；不討人喜愛的 resistance to 對…的阻力 upwards ad.向上；趨向上升 Sweden 瑞典

to approximate to 與…接近wealthy a.富裕的；豐富的

infant n.嬰兒，幼兒 a.嬰兒的，幼兒的 lovable a.可愛的，討人喜歡的 esteem vt./n.尊敬，尊重 Austria 奧地利

parenting n.父母對孩子的養育 Northern 北愛爾蘭 revision n.修訂，修改

to the fore 在前面，到前面；在顯著地位 manageable a.易管理的 slippery a.滑的；圓滑的

lengthen vt.使延長 vi.變長，延伸 neglect vt.忽視，忽略；疏忽 n.忽略；疏忽 cope vi.對付，妥善處理(with)continued a.繼續的，連續的 demographer n.人口學家

tone n.音調，音色；腔調，語氣；聲調，語調 Wales 威爾士

acknowledge vt.承認；表示感謝

paradox n.似非而可能是的論點；自相矛盾的話 classify vt.把…分類，把…分等級；把…列為 proportion n.比率，比例 vt.使成比例，使相稱 to fall apart 四分五裂；崩潰 experiential a.經驗的；憑經驗的 resettlement n.重新定居，重新安置

appreciation n.欣賞，鑒賞；正確評價；感激，感謝salient a.突出的，凸起的；顯著的 birthrate n.出生率

liability n.責任，義務；債務，負債；不利條件 alter vt./vi.改變，改動 dependency n.從屬；依賴(on)gathering n.聚集；集會 advantageous a.有利的，有助的 inactive a.不活動的；不活躍的 be true of 符合于…，對…適用 to date 到目前為止

fore ad.在前面 a.先前的；在前部的 n.前部 aged a.年老的，老的

elsewhere ad.在別處；向別處

northwestern a.在西北的，向西北的；來自西北的 approximate a.近似的，大約的 v.近似，接近；使接近demography n.人口統計學 to attend to 專心；注意；照顧 pharmacological a.藥物學的，藥理學的 as fresh as paint 精神飽滿

John Foster Dulles 杜勒斯(美國國務卿)now that(連詞)既然，由于

to leave...alone 不管，不理；聽其自然 assumption n.假定，設想；承擔，采取 to advantage 有利地，有效地 fluctuation n.波動，起伏

promote vt.促進，發揚；提升，升級；發起，創辦 mid-afternoon a.下午三點左右的 feasible a.可行的，可能的 span n.指距，跨距；一段時間 neutral a.中立的；中性的

White House 白宮(美國總統官邸)，美國政府 in time 及時；終于

Guam 關島(美國在西太平洋的重要海、空軍基地)synchronize vi.同時發生，同步 vt.使同步 Washington D.C.華盛頓(市)［美國首都］ effect on 對…的作用 wakefulness n.覺醒，不眠 Aswan Dam 阿斯旺水壩 Johnson 約翰遜(美國第36任總統)fluctuate vi.波動，起伏；動搖 vt.使波動，使起伏 out of step 步伐不一致；不協調 to blame...on 把…歸咎于 focal n.焦點的

contrary a.相反的，相對的，與…相反(to)illusion n.錯覺；幻覺

illustration n.說明；例證，插圖 infrequent a.很少發生的 inefficient a.無效的；效率低的 mislead vt.把…帶錯路，使…錯或做錯

distraction n.精神渙散，精神不集中；消遣，娛樂 retention n.保持；保留

finance n.財政，金融；經費，資金 distract vt.分散(注意，心思等)；使人分心 appreciate vt.欣賞，鑒賞；正確評價，鑒別；感激 duration n.持續；持續時間 trick n.詭計；惡作劇

moderate a.中等的，適度的；溫和的，有節制的 hinder vt.阻止；妨礙(from)exceptional a.例外的；異常的，特殊的 distractor n.分散注意力的東西 motivation n.動機；動力

remedy n.治療；補救(法)vt.治療，補救 adversely ad.相反地；不利地，有害地 typical a.典型的，代表性的 fade vi.凋謝，枯萎；(顏色)褪去vt.使褪色 productivity n.生產率；豐饒，多產 fearful a.可怕的，嚇人的；害怕的，膽怯的 monopoly n.壟斷；專賣 statistically ad.在統計方面

to break up 打碎；結束；驅散；散開；分解 foolproof a.連傻子都懂的；不會出毛病的 overturn vt./n.打翻；推翻，顛覆，毀滅 vi.翻身in the running 參賽，參加競選 automatically ad.自動地；習慣性地 competitor n.競爭者；對手 temporarily ad.暫時地，臨時地 monopolize v.壟斷；專賣

transfer vt./vi.轉移；改變 n.轉移，傳輸，變換moderation n.溫和，適度；緩和，減輕 to carry on 經營，進行；繼續 to come into power 上臺；開始掌權 majority n.多數，大半；多數黨，多數派 opposition n.反對，反抗；對立，意見相反 dominant a.占優勢的；支配的

peaceful a.平靜的，安寧的；和平的，和平方式的running n.跑，賽跑；競選 out of power 喪失權力 anaesthetics n.麻醉學

in favour of 贊成，支持；為…的利益，有利于 in power 掌權的，執政的

inevitable a.不可避免的，必然(發生)的 legislation n.立法；法律，法規 rivalry n.競爭；對抗

inevitably ad.不可避免地，必然地 impact on 對…之影響

James Carville 詹姆斯·卡維爾

congressman n.(［復］congressmen)(美)國會議員George McGovern 喬治·麥戈文 Ohio 俄亥俄州(美國州名)assault n.攻擊，襲擊；(軍)沖擊，突擊，強擊 Warren Harding 沃倫·哈定 George Bush 喬治·布什 collectively ad.總體地；集體地 nominate vt.提名；任命；命名 Jimmy Carter 吉米·卡特 Ross Perot 羅斯·佩羅 George Wallace 喬治·華萊士 parliamentary a.議會的，國會的 Clinton 比爾·克林頓(Bill Clinton)electorate n.全體選民；選區 Ronald Reagan 羅納德·里根

Little Rock 小石城(美國阿肯色州首府)dominance n.優勢，控制，統治

contest n.競爭，比賽；爭奪，競爭；爭論，爭辯 John Anderson 約翰·安德森

District of Columbia(美)(D.C.)哥倫比亞特區

dozen n.一打，十二個；十來個，十幾個 poll n.選舉；民意測驗 vt.得到選票 vi.投票 electoral a.選舉的 to identify...as 把…看成

impact n.沖擊，碰撞；影響 vt.裝緊，壓緊 decline vi.下降；衰退vt.拒絕 n.下降；衰落 provision n.供應，供應品；條款，規定；給養 rating n.等級，規格；(電視)收視率 voter n.選舉人，投票人

constitutional a.憲法上規定的；組成的，構成的 representative n.代表，代表人 a.典型的，有代表性的presidency n.總統(或校長)職務(職權，任期)；管轄 headquarters n.司令部，指揮部；總部，總店 pursue vt.追趕；追求，尋求；進行，從事 congress n.國會，議會；參議院，上院 strategically ad.戰略上地，頗具策略地 House n.［英］議院

stir vt.攪拌；激起 vi.走動；活動 n.驚動 strategy n.戰略；策略

district n.區，行政區；地區，區域 strategist n.戰略家 economy n.經濟；節約 overwhelming a.壓倒之勢的

democrat n.民主主義者，民主人士；民主黨黨員 representation n.描寫，表現；代表，代理 to stand no chance 沒有可能；沒有希望

vote n.選舉，投票；票，選票 vi.投票，選舉 withdraw vt.收回，提取；撤退 vi.撤退；退縮 reinforcement n.增強，加固；強化 loyalty n.忠誠；忠心

to take advantage of 利用；占…便宜 crisis n.危機；決定性時刻

tangible a.可觸摸的，可感知的；確實的，真實的 fold vt./vi.折疊；對折 n.褶(痕)republican a.共和國的；共和黨的 n.共和黨黨員 outcome n.結果，結局；出路，出口 to cope with 對付；處理 election n.選舉；選舉權

no other...than 除…外沒有，只有；正是，就是 worthless a.無價值的，無用的；不足道的，不可取的appropriate a.適合的，恰當的，相宜的 to act out 將…表演出來；(用行動)表示出來 inconsiderate a.不替別人考慮的；不體諒人的 nomination n.提名；任命

attribute n.屬性，特征；vt.把…歸因與(to)presidential a.總統(校長)的；總統(校長)職務的 democratic a.民主的，民主主義的 nominee n.被提名者；被任命者 ultimately ad.最后，最終地 certainty n.一定；必定

winner n.獲勝者，優勝者；成功者 misleading a.引入歧途的；使人誤解的

dose n.(一次)劑量

thalidomide n.［藥］薩立多胺 cell n.細胞；小房間，單人牢房

replace vt.把…放回(原處)；更換，以…替代 tube n.管；電子管，真空管；［英］地鐵 suitable a.合適的；適當的

irresponsible a.無責任感的，不負責任的 vaccine n.牛痘苗；疫苗 a.牛痘的；疫苗的 replacement n.復位，復職；替換，代替 eventual a.最后的，結局的

irrelevant a.不相干的，離題的，與…不相干 developmental a.發展的，開發的；促使成長的 partly ad.部分地；在一定程度上 rabbit n.兔

biomedical a.生物醫學的 refinement n.精煉，精制

unethical a.不合倫理的；不合道德的

disorder n.混亂；失調，紊亂 vt.使混亂；使失調simulate vt.假裝，冒充；模仿，模擬 ethics n.倫理學；倫理觀，道德標準 toxicity n.毒性

polio n.［醫］脊髓灰質炎，小兒麻痹癥 undergo vt.經歷，經受；忍受 diabetes n.糖尿病

reproduce vt.繁殖；再生產；復制；再現，重現be central to 對…極為重要的

to do experiment on 用…做實驗 to aim for 瞄準；以…為目標 David Morton 大衛·莫頓(人名)to sacrifice to 向…獻祭；為…而犧牲；為…而失去 to test on 對…進行試驗

Colin Blackmore 科林·布萊克默(人名)Birmingham 伯明翰(英格蘭中部城市)be irrelevant to 與…不相干；不切題 humanity n.個性，博愛，仁慈；人類

negative a.否定的；負的，陰性的 n.底片；負數 refine vt./vi.提純，精制；使改進，變優雅 literal a.精確的，如實的；逐字的，字面的 going n.進行狀況 a.進行中的；現行的 regeneration n.新生，再生，復興

remark vt./vi.說，評論，議論 n.評論，看法 delightful a.令人高興的；討人喜歡的 pet n.寵物，愛畜 a.寵愛的，表示親昵的 to do research into 進行…的研究

paralyse vt.使麻痹，使癱瘓；使無力，使氣餒 regrow vt.再生長，重新生長

coming a.正在到來的，即將來到的 n.來到，到達 litter n.干草；雜亂無章；一窩(仔畜)vt.鋪草 touching a.動人的，使人感傷的 prevail vi.勝過；流行，盛行

unreasonable a.不講道理的；不合情理的，過度的 individualistic a.個人主義(者)的

contemplate vt.注視，凝視；沉思 afflict vt.使苦惱，折磨

starve vi.餓死；挨餓；極需，渴望 vt.使挨餓 grant vt.同意；準予 n.同意，授予；撥款

imperative a.絕對必要的；命令的，強制的；祈使的 sustain vt.支撐，承受住；供養，維持

stricken a.被打中的，被擊傷的；受災的，受侵襲的 to bring out 使顯現，顯示；生產，使產生 to take...for granted 認為真實；視為當然 to attach...to 使…與…相關，把…附加到 deficiency n.缺乏，不足

relief n.(痛苦，壓迫等)減輕，寬慰；救濟 deprive vt.奪去，剝奪；使失去(of)ownership n.擁有；所有權，所有制 plea n.請求，懇求；托詞 contented a.滿足的，滿意的 donation n.捐獻；贈送

goings and comings 來往；活動，發生的事 kwashiorkor n.［醫］惡性營養不良癥 serene a.安詳的；寧靜的 starvation n.饑餓；餓死 devotion n.獻身，忠誠

to break in on(upon)打擾；打斷，闖進 spur vt.激勵，鞭策 n.踢馬刺；刺激，激勵，鼓舞 confront vt.面對，遭遇；正視，對抗 at ease 自在的，舒適的

sensitivity n.敏感性；靈敏度 maladjustment n.失調；不適應環境 waylay vt.伏擊；攔住…問訊

intellectual n.知識分子 a.智力的，理智的 inner a.內部的，里面的；思想的 n.內部；里面 compensatory a.賠償的，補償的 not(never)for a moment 通常；多半 not that...并不是說

initial a.最初的，開始的；詞首的 n.首字母 to seize hold of 抓住；占有 daydream vi./n.白日做夢

habitual a.習慣性的，習以為常的；慣常的 inventor n.發明者，創造者

detail n.細節，詳情 vt.詳述，詳細說明 to feel bitter at 對…懷恨 to plea for 懇求；請求 muse vt./vi./n.沉思，冥想 enhance vt.提高；增強

equilibrium n.平衡，均衡，相稱；均勢；平靜 symptom n.癥狀，征兆 painter n.漆工；畫家

to substitute...for 用…代替… to put off 延期；消除

trace n.痕跡，蹤跡；微量，少許 vt.跟蹤，查找 well-being n.健康；福利，幸福 dreamlike a.夢一般的，夢幻的

to let go of 放手；放開

effortless a.不作努力的；不費力的，容易的 excitement n.刺激；興奮

investment n.投資；(時間，精力的)投入 modest a.謙虛的，謙恭的；適中的，不過分的 vividly ad.鮮明地；生動地

midst n.中間，當中 prep.(=amidst)在…當中 creativity n.創造性 thinker n.思想家；思考者 in reality 實際上，事實上 to excess 過分，過度，過量 impoverished a.貧困的，赤貧的 undisturbed a.不受干擾的；寧靜的 steadily ad.穩固地；穩定地

tune n.曲調；和諧，協調 vt.調音；使合諧，調節 reflection n.反射，反映，映像；深思，考慮 be contrary to 與…相反

character n.性格，品質；特性；人物；符號，(漢)字surrounding n.周圍的事物；環境 a.周圍的 drift n.漂流；趨勢，傾向 vi./vt.(使)漂流；漂泊 be unaware of 不知道…，沒覺察到… Seine 塞納河(法國北部河流，流經巴黎)be free from 沒有…的；不受…的 to dream of 夢見；夢想 Florence Nightingale 南丁格爾

Johannes Brahms 勃拉姆斯(33-97年，德國作曲家)

Joan Freyberg 瓊·弗雷伯格(人名)Isaac Newton 牛頓(英國物理學家，數學家和天文學家)Conrad Hilton 希爾頓(美國旅館業巨頭)Jerome Singer 杰羅姆·辛格(人名)Cesar Frank 弗蘭克(法國比利時作曲家)to draw on 用做來源，依靠；臨近

perchance ad.［古］偶然，意外地；可能，或許 at sea 在海上，在航海中；迷惑，茫然 Harry S.Truman 杜魯門(美國第33任總統)in one's mind's eye 在腦海里 be confronted with 面臨，面對

to add up to 總和是；［口］總起來意味著 to impress...on 使…銘記，牢記 Henry Kaiser 凱澤(美國實業家)be beneficial to 對…有益 to go over 越過，渡過；仔細檢查 to put aside 放在一邊，撇開儲存 to gaze at 凝視，注視

Harry Emerson Fosdick 福斯迪克 dreamer n.做夢的人；空想家 unhappy n.不快樂的，愁苦的；不幸的 acronym n.首字母縮略詞

veteran n.老兵，老手；退伍軍人 a.經驗豐富的 miserable a.悲慘的；可憐的 sleepy a.困倦的，嗜睡的

definitive a.決定的，確定的；限定的，明確的

psychology n.心理學；心理

evolve vt.使發展，推論 vi.進展；進化 eyeball n.眼球

respectively ad.各自地，分別地 surprisingly ad.驚人地；出乎意料地 correlation n.相互關系，關聯 plus prep.加，加上 a.正的；附加的 elude vt.(巧妙地)逃避，躲避

administration n.管理，經營；行政，行政機關volunteer n.志愿者；志愿兵 a.志愿的 vi.志愿primarily ad.首先，起初；首要地，主要地 physiology n.生理學

identity n.同一，一致；身份，本體 differ vi.不同，相異(from)；與…意見不同 link n.環節，聯系 vt.用環連接；聯系 merry a.歡樂的，愉快的

far-fetched a.牽強的；未必會的，靠不住的 namely ad.即，也就是

Thomas Roth 托馬斯·羅斯(人名)compel vt.強迫(to)influence on 對…的影響 compulsion n.強制，強迫

Cincinnati 辛辛那提(美國俄亥俄州西南部城市)Milton Kramer 彌爾頓·克萊默(人名)division n.分開，分割；除(法)；部門，科，處formerly ad.以前，從前

boring a.令人厭煩的

location n.定位，測位；位置，場所 cobbler n.補鞋匠

reinforce vt.增援，支援；加強，增加 to break into 分成(部分)antithesis n.對偶，(修辭學)對句；對立，對立面 voluntary a.自愿的，志愿的；自發的 eliminate vt.排除，消滅 coincide vi.一致，相符(with)laborer n.勞動者；工人

clerk n.辦事員，公務員；(美)店員

undertake vt.著手做，進行；承擔，從事，答應 enjoyable a.愉快的；快樂的；有趣的 rightly ad.公正地，正當地；合適地，恰當地 coronary a.冠的；冠狀的 n.冠狀動脈 efficiently ad.效率高地；有能力地

manual a.手的，用手(操作)的；體力的 n.手冊 infinitely ad.無限地，無窮地 at a guess 憑猜測

to coincide with 相符，一致 tighten vt./vi.(使)變緊；擰緊

gamble vi./vt.賭博；打賭；投機 n.賭博；冒險 attitude toward(s)對…的態度；意見 in the strict sense 在嚴格的意義上 ritualize vt./vi.(行為模式)儀式化 warfare n.戰爭，作戰，交戰；斗爭，競爭

of...importance 有…重要性

to get/sink one's teeth into 死死咬住；認真對待，全神貫注于 amusement n.娛樂，消遣

Hannah Arendt 漢納·阿倫特(人名)unchanging a.不變的

aptly ad.恰當地，貼切地；靈巧地

to go in for 參加，從事；以…為興趣，愛好 of...interest 有…興趣 so far as...knows 就某人所知 grouse n.松雞

aristocracy n.貴族統治；貴族 phrase n.短語，詞語；習慣用語 workman n.工人，勞動者

aristocratic a.貴族的；貴族式的 duel n./vi.決斗；(雙方的)斗爭 of...value 有…價值 curtail vt.截短，縮短；削減 cargo n.船貨，貨物

clipboard n.帶彈簧夾子的書寫板 disapproval n.不贊成；不許可

series n.一系列，連續；叢書，套；［電］串聯 vain a.徒勞的

subtle a.精巧的，精妙的；微妙的，難以捉摸的 competition n.競爭；比賽

studied a.深思熟慮的；故意的，蓄意的 longshoreman n.碼頭裝卸工人

varied a.各種各樣的；雜色的，斑斕的 coin n.硬幣，錢幣 vt.創造(新詞)toss vt.拋，擲；使動蕩 vi.搖擺，顛簸 cadre n.干部；基礎結構 excessive a.過多的，過分的

subtly ad.精巧地，精妙地；微妙地，難以捉摸地 outrage n.暴行；憤慨 vt.對…施暴；激怒 vengeance n.報仇，報復

slack a.懶散的；行動遲緩的vi.松懈 n.淡季 white-collar a.白領階層的，從事腦力勞動的 discredit vt.使不可置信 n.喪失信義；不信，懷疑 stopwatch n.(賽跑用的)跑表 vt.用秒表測定時間 hell n.地獄，陰間；用以咒罵或表示憤怒，不滿 assembly n.集合；集會，與會者；裝配，組裝

encounter vt./vi.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇，沖突；偶然相見to toss a coin 擲硬幣；(與某人)擲硬幣以作決定 to go to hell 見鬼去(罵人用法)on and off 不時；斷斷續續地，間歇地 to cut down on 趕上；振作；遵守；繼續，保持 at present 現在；目前 to sit down on 反對 to keep up 假如；只要

with a vengeance 猛烈地；過度地 to apply oneself 減少對…之消耗量 to have an edge 應付過去 to do one's best 盡全力；盡量

to take...easy 輕松一點；勿太緊張

to play into sb.'s hands 為某人謀方便；有利于某人 to do with 處理；忍受

in large measure 很；大半；大部分 so long as 具有優勢

to put an end to 結束或廢除某事務 in return 作為回報

to rob sb.of sth.搶某人之財物 on occasion 有時，間或

to expect sth.of sb.對某人報有某種期望 to do without 沒有…也行；將就，設法 response n.作答，回答；響應，反應 in vain 無效地；無結果地；徒然

year in and year out 一年一年地，年復一年 recorder n.記錄者；錄音機 How come...? 怎么會…? to take a free ride 免費搭車

convince vt.使確認，使信服；使認識錯誤 in series 串聯電路的；成串聯的 allege vt.斷言，宣稱

Frederick W.Taylor 弗雷德里克·泰勒 with a view towards(/to)以…為目的 microcassette n.微型卡式錄音帶

hysterical a.癔病的，歇斯底里的；患癔病的 capture vt.捕獲；奪得，占領 n.捕獲，捕獲物 activate vt.使活動，使起作用

shocking n.令人震驚的，駭人聽聞的 threatening a.威脅(性)的，兇兆的 prosecutor n.起訴人；檢察官，公訴人 belonging n.［常pl.］所有物；行李 grab vt./n.攫取；抓取 vi.攫取；抓住(at)persistently ad.堅持地；固執地

beloved a.為…所愛的；親愛的 n.心愛的人，愛人 jaw n.頷，顎

device n.裝置，器械；方法，手段 compassion n.同情；憐憫(for)attacker n.攻擊者

excerpt n.摘錄，節錄 vt.摘，引用

miniature n.縮樣，小型物 a.微型的，小型的 profound a.深刻的，渾奧的

avail vt./vi.有利，有助 n.好處，用處 on one's head 歸罪于某人，(責任)落到某人身上 materialism n.［哲］唯物主義，唯物論；物質至上to convince sb.to do sth.說服某人做某事 New Jersey 新澤西州(美國州名)to comment on 對…評論

smother vt./vi.使窒息；抑制；悶死 n.濃煙；窒息to/of no avail 完全無用，毫無效果 Camry 汽車牌名

resonance n.回聲，反響；共振，共鳴 Michael LaSane 麥克爾·拉森(人名)foster vt.鼓勵，促進；養育 a.收養的

Kathleen Weinstein 凱思琳·溫斯坦(人名)persuasion n.說服，勸服

Toms River High School South 市南湯姆斯河中學 Toyota(日)豐田汽車公司

suspect vt./vi.疑有；推測 n.嫌疑犯，可疑分子 hiker n.徙步旅行者 heartbreaking a.使人心碎的 juvenile a.青少年的 n.青少年 merchant n.商人 county n.(英國)郡；縣

p.a.system(=public address)system有線廣播系統solicit vt.請求；懇求 wrath n.憤怒，憤慨

incapable a.無能力的；不能的(of)repressive a.鎮壓的；抑制的 poet n.詩人

blindness n.無視，視而不見；盲目性 restriction n.限制；約束 Middletown 米道鎮(鎮名)chess n.國際象棋 Ocean County 縣名

subversive a.顛覆性的；起破壞作用的 pledge v.發誓；保證 n.誓言，誓約；抵押品 Danie Carluccio 丹尼爾·卡魯齊奧(人名)Manitou Park 曼尼托公園

flee vi./vt.(fled,fled)逃離；逃避

actor n.男演員

apartheid n.種族隔離，種族隔離法 divisive a.造成不和的，制造分裂的 singer n.歌唱家，歌手

truthfully ad.說真話的，如實地 barrier n.障礙；障礙物

queue n.辮子；列隊 vi.排隊(for)sportsman n.愛好運動的人；運動員 Thorne Middle School 桑恩中學 ban vt.禁止，取締 n.禁止；禁令 illegal a.非法的；違規的

Steve Makone 史蒂夫·馬孔(南非足球運動員)to commit suicide 自殺 legislate vi.立法 vt.通過立法 to deny sth.to sb.否認…的…

Precious Mackenzie 普萊舍斯·麥肯齊(南非舉重運動員)be incapable of 不會…，不能…

Lionel Ngakane 萊昂內爾·恩卡納(南非演員)extent n.廣度，范圍；程度

eruption n.(火山)噴發；(戰爭，感情等)爆發，迸發 Alex la Guma 亞力克斯·拉顧瑪(南非作家)separation n.分開，分類；分隔

Miriam Makeba 末麗亞姆·馬齊巴(南非演員)rejection n.拒絕，抵制；駁回 indication n.指示，表示；象征，跡象 suicide vt./vi./n.自殺

Basil D'Oliviera 貝茲爾·戴里維爾拉(南非板球運動員)pervasive a.彌漫的，滲透的；遍布的

Alfrde Hutchinson 阿爾弗雷德·哈奇遜(南非作家)cease vt./vi./n.停止，結束 La Traviata 茶花女(威爾第的歌劇名)be subversive of 破壞…的

sterility n.不生育，不結果，貧瘠；消毒，無菌 Giuseppe Verdi 威爾弟(意大利作曲家，作歌劇30余部)to cut off 切去，割掉；切斷，使孤立

inflict vt.使遭受(損傷，苦痛等)，使承受(on,upon)persist vi.堅持，固執(in)；持續，存留 ultimate a.最后的，最終的

computerize vt.電子計算機化，用電子計算機計算 foolishness n.愚蠢；可笑

marvel(l)ous a.奇異的，驚人的；［口］了不起的，妙極的sensible a.感覺得到的；明智的，明白事理的 unexamined a.未檢查的；未審查的 Andre Brink 安德烈·布林克(南非作家)theoretical a.理論上的

vital a.生命的；有生命力的；極其重要的 Bloke Modisane 布婁克·莫狄森(南非作家)texture n.組織，質地；織品，織物 evaluate vt.估價，評價 solely ad.單獨地；唯一地 profusion n.豐富，大量；過分 digression n.離題；偏離

logic n.邏輯(學)；邏輯性，條理性；理由，道理 obscure a.昏暗的；模糊的 vt.使暗，遮掩；使難理解 content a.滿足的，滿意的 vt.使滿意 n.滿足，滿意 leap v./n.(leapt或leaped)跳躍；飛躍 functional a.功能的；職務上的；實用的 raw a.未煮過的，生的；未加工的 undue a.過度的，過分的

extension n.伸張，伸展，擴大；電話分機 Nat Nakasa 納特·納卡薩(南非作家)proof n.證據，證明；校樣

junction n.連接，結合；結合點，交叉點 correction n.改正，糾正；責備，懲罰 to mistake...for 錯把…當做…

dynamo n.［電］發電機；精力，精力充沛的人 to reflect on 仔細考慮，反思 error n.謬誤；錯誤

safeguard vt.保護，捍衛 n.保護措施 loose a.松的，寬的；寬松；放蕩的 to end in 以…告終

concrete a.具體的；混凝土的 n.混凝土 vt.使凝固 prolong vt.延長；拉長 to come about 發生

conquer vt.征服，戰勝 vi.得勝，勝利 nourishment n.滋補品，營養品 technician n.技術員；技術專家

to come to terms(with)達成協議；妥協，習慣于

to distinguish between 分辨，區分 to pull down 拆除；推翻 specialist n.專家

universal a.宇宙的，全世界的；普遍的，通用的 sterile a.不育的，貧瘠的；無菌的，消過毒的 technologist n.工藝學家；技術學家 uniqueness n.獨一無二；獨特 possess vt.具有，擁有

jounalism n.新聞業；［總稱］報刊；新聞學 secondary a.第二位的，次要的；中等的

enrol(l)ment n.登記，接收，招生；招收人數，入學人數expansion n.擴張；膨脹

Ferris Greenlet 費里斯·格林里特(人名)to turn loose 放開，釋放；聽憑，放縱 to speculate on 思索；推測，猜測 Alfred Whitehead 阿爾福雷德·懷特里德 upheaval n.脹起，(地殼)的隆起；劇變，** infrastructure n.基礎；基礎結構 establishment n.建立，創辦；機構

diploma n.執照，特許證；畢業文憑，學位證書 respect for 對…的尊敬 Aristotle 亞里士多德 sociology n.社會學 Francis Bacon 培根 kindergarten n.幼兒園 promotion n.促進；提升

to enable...to 使…能夠…

accountability n.有解釋義務；負有責任 bus(s)ing n.公共汽車接送；［美］用校車接送學生 postgraduate a.大學畢業后的，大學研究院的 n.研究生 to make over(財產)轉讓，移交；改造，重做 scarce a.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的，珍貴的 award vt.授予，判給 n.判定；獎，獎品 prescribe vt.指示，規定；開處方，開藥 permissive a.容許的，許可的；隨意的，開放的 integrate vt./vi.使結合，使并入；使成一體 on the contrary 相反地

perspective n.透視，透視畫法；遠景，展望；觀點，看法schoolhouse n.(小學或鄉村學校)校舍 to go to law against ［俗］控告某人 to shy away from 躲開，回避；贊成 infiltrate vt./vi.滲入，透過；浸潤 chip n.片屑；薄片；電子集成電路片，芯片 diversity n.多樣性

humanistic a.人文主義的，人本主義的，人道主義的 tier n.排層；等級 route n.路線；航線

to disagree about 對…意見不一

economics n.［用作單或復］經濟學；經濟情況，經濟 rote n.死記硬背；機械的方法

progressive a.進步的，先進的；漸次的，累進的 to go along with 和…一起

demand for 對…的要求 as for 對于，至于

undergraduate n.(尚未取得學位的)大學生 a.大學生的 unconventional a.非常規的，不落俗套的 to learn by rote 由熟記而學某事

第四篇：自考英語二漢譯英匯總

1.They learn for the sake of learning.他們為了知識而學習。

15、請提醒我九點前給她打個電話。Please reminds me that I must 2.I was sitting on the stairs descending into the basement.我坐在通往 call her up before nine.地下室的樓梯上。

16、物以稀為貴。rarer（更稀罕的）it is, the more it is worth.The 3.By the time my senior year arrived, I had saved a considerable 此句類似于： 你越能接受他們，也就越不會動不動發脾氣。The amount of money.等念到大四時，我已經存了數目可觀的一筆錢。better able you are to accept them, the less angery you’ll be.4.Sometimes it was discouraging because I was rejected again and 17.在現代社會中，受教育不應該被看成是一種特權。Education should again.由于接二連三地遭到拒絕，有時我感到沮喪。not be considered to be a privilege（特權）in a modern society.5.Running anxiously to the mailbox in anticipation of my test scores 18.高失業率并不是技術發展的結果，而是消極公共政策的后果。High became part of my daily routine.每天焦慮不安地沖向郵箱，盼望取得 unemployment is not the result of the pace（速度）of technological 考試成績，這成了我生活的一部分。change but the consequence 結果）passive 被動的）public policy.（of（6.This experience was also very costly.這次經歷的花費也不低。

19、好像她天生就是為了取得成功，甘心情愿地把自己犧牲在 7.I decline to accept the end of man.我拒絕接受人類末日的說法。成就名聲當中。It seemed that she was born to succeed and was 8.I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail.我相信人 more than willing to sacrifice hereself in the name of achievement.類不僅能延續，而且能戰勝一切而永存。20.這 增 主 是 于 育 職 重 的 變 致 This rise has been 一 長 要 由 教 和 業 點 轉 所。9.From the lands stretch 3,000 miles behind me.在我身后連綿著3000 attributed（歸因于）primarily（主要地）to the change in educational 英里的土地。and career 事業）emphases 重點）注：（（.emphasis 復數 emphases 10.They were determined to make that new world strong and free.他

21、從當代大學生的目標來看，經濟學類確實很吸引人。Given 們決心使新世界強大而自由。the goals 目標）of the college students of this generation（（一代人）, 11.It appeals to their pride, not their pocketbook.它所吁求的是他們的 such options（選擇）are attractive（吸引人的）.自尊，而不是他們的錢包。22.他們把絕大部分精力花在了追求目標而不是探求知識的理解上。Their 13.It would be easier to shrink back from that frontier.在這條邊疆前 energies are best spent in pursuit（追求）of the goal rather than an 退縮是比較容易的。exploratory（探測的）pursuit for

第五篇：新版自考英語二詞匯

自考英語二詞匯重點（新版）I.New words and expressions

New words

1.critical adj.有判斷力的；判斷公正（或審慎）的2.non-fiction n.紀實文學

3.position n.觀點；態度；立場

4.statement n.說明；說法；表態

5.question v.表示疑問；懷疑

out of question / out of the question

6.evaluate v.估計；評價；評估

7.context n.事情發生的背景，環境，來龍去脈

8.value n.values [pl.]是非標準；價值觀

valuable

invaluable=priceless

valueless

9.represent v.描述；表現

representative adj./n.10.assertion n.明確肯定；斷言

11.sufficient adj.足夠的；充足的sufficiency

insufficient

12.statistic n.statistics [pl.]統計數字；統計資料

13.integrate v.（使）合并，成為一體

14.authority n.專家；學術權威；泰斗

an/the authority on sth.authorize

15.compare v.比較；對比

compare A with B

compare A to B

16.subject n.主題；題目；題材

17.consistent adj.相符的；符合的18.inconsistency n.不一致

19.assumption n.假定；假設

20.case n.具體情況；事例

in case

in case of fire

in case that…

a case in point

confirmed/suspected cases

21.directly adv.直接地；徑直地

22.identify v.找到；發現

23.valid adj.符合邏輯的；合理的；確鑿的validity n.有效性，正確（性）

invalid

24.credible adj.可信的；可靠的incredible=unbelievable

25.landmark n.（標志重要階段的）里程碑

26.relevant adj.緊密相關的；切題的relevancy n.關聯；恰當

irrelevant

27.current adj.現時發生的；當前的28.appropriate adj.合適的；恰當的inappropriate

It's(not)appropriate that ….29.bias n.偏見；偏心；偏向

30.considerably adv.非常；很；相當多地

consider

considering

considerable

considerate

consideration

31.Democrat n.（美國）民主黨黨員，民主黨支持者民

32.Republican n.（美國）共和黨黨員，共和黨支持者

33.reflect v.顯示；表明；表達

34.informed adj.有學問的；有見識的well-informed

ill-informed

Phrases and Expressions

1.apply to 使用；應用

2.put forth 提出；產生

3.take … into account 考慮到；顧及

4.accept/take … at face value 相信表面；信以為真

5.with a grain of salt 有保留地；持懷疑態度地

I.New words and expressions

New words

1.confidence n.自信心；把握

相關詞：confident

be confident of sb./ sth.have / lose confidence in sb./ sth.注意比較：confident / confidential

2.program v.訓練；培養

3.mastery n.控制；駕馭

4.destiny n.命運；天命；天數

5.dramatically adv.巨大地；驚人地；顯著地

6.quality n.質量；品質

7.subconscious adj.下意識的；潛意識的8.please v.使滿意；使愉快

9.command n.（給人或動物的）命令

10.knowingly adv.故意地；蓄意地

11.impact n.巨大影響；強大作用

12.matter v.事關緊要；有重大影響

13.confident adj.自信的；有自信心的14.sense n.（對重大事情的）感覺，意識

15.eliminate v.排除；清除；消除

eliminate all grammatical mistakes

be eliminated in the first round

16.disempower v.剝奪；使失去權利；剝奪力量

注意構詞法：dis（表示否定）+em（使，賦予）+power

en-/ em-常見的動詞前綴，如：enable, enrich, endanger, enlarge等。empower v.授權，賦予權利

17.self-esteem n.自尊（心）

18.limit v.限制；限定

區分兩個名詞limit和limitation。

There is a limit / are limits to one's life.There is no limit / are no limits to knowledge.Everyone has his own limitations.19.infinite adj.極大的；無法衡量的相關詞：finite, finitely, infinitely

20.stifle v.壓制；扼殺；阻止

21.creativity n.創造力

相關詞：create, creation, creator, creative, creatively

22.internal adj.內心的；頭腦中的23.insignificant adj.微不足道的；無足輕重的相關詞：significant, significance, significantly, insignificance

24.commonly adv.通常；常常

25.alternative n.可供選擇的事物，替代物

have no alternative but to do sth.Is there any alternative to going to the cinema?

26.fabulous adj.極好的；絕妙的Phrases and Expressions

1.carry out 完成（任務）

2.be up to 取決于

3.have an impact on/upon 對…產生巨大影響

4.rub … out 用橡皮擦掉（字跡等）

5.be in control of掌管；