第一篇：英文翻譯

英語三級翻譯輔導(dǎo)習(xí)題

1.各吹各的號，各唱各的調(diào)。

2.每逢假日的下午，我總要漫游周圍的鄉(xiāng)村。

3.暴風(fēng)雨把小屋沖壞，他們只好住在一個窯洞里。

4.要不斷加強基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，努力營建良好的開發(fā)環(huán)境。

5.深秋，冷雨霏霏，屋里靜悄悄的。他們看了一下午的書。

6.Liberty is more important than life.（英譯漢）

答案：

1.各吹各的號，各唱各的調(diào)。轉(zhuǎn)載自:考試大[Examda.Com]

She works as a bilingual secretary for an insurance company.4.去年我一天洗兩次澡，早晚各一次。

I used to take a bath twice a day last year，morning and night.5.坦白地說，面試后我一直認為這個職位不適合我。

Frankly speaking，I have been thinking that the position is not right for me after the

interview.6.Some people assert that nothing is impossible.Such people should get a grip on

reality and understand it‘s impossible to create another Universe.In more down-to-earth

terms，it’s impossible to know with any certainty whether you will live or die tomorrow.（英譯漢）

一些人斷言沒有什么事是不可能的。這些人應(yīng)該把握現(xiàn)實，知道再造一個宇宙是不可能的。更現(xiàn)實的 說法是不可能明確地知道明天你會活著還是會死。

get a grip on抓住，控制，管束

1.八成他不會來了。

Most probably he isn，t coming.2.他巴不得立刻見到你。

He is very anxious to meet you immediately.3.這刀不會留下任何疤痕。轉(zhuǎn)載自:考試大-[Examda.Com]

The cut will not leave any scar.4.孩子成了他唯一的安慰。

The child became her only consolation.5.非常感謝貴公司的錄用，但我不得不拒絕這份工作。

I really appreciate your offer，but I must decline it.6.Things aren’t even starting to take shape yet.（英譯漢）

八字還沒有一撇.1.顯然你錯了。考試大論壇

It is clear you were wrong.2.仔細看看信的地址是否寫對了。

Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.3.現(xiàn)在全廠上上下下都普遍認為工廠必須進行改革。

It is now generally accepted that reform is necessary in the factory.4.這兒是頭兩卷，第三卷下個月出版。

Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month.5.我們不知不覺地朝公園走去。公園就在人行橋那邊，橋下很深的地方，洶涌的河水滾滾流過。Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling

waters of the river.6.The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.（英譯漢）

不屑于干自己工作的人，終會有一天發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不配干那份工作。

1.為了找房子，不知花費我多少時間，受過多少閑氣。

In my long seeking for lodging，I often met with a snub.2.樹是那樣高，筆直，而又整齊的特別可愛！因為是松樹和杉樹的原故，所以四時都是綠油油的。Standing tall and erect before me in neat array was a forest of evergreen pines and

firs.3.自己在樹底下行走，如果把風(fēng)景看得太嚴重了，倒反沒有什么趣味。考試大論壇

While walking in the shade of the trees，I preferred not to focus my attention

exclusively on the scenery.4.最有意思的是自己慢慢地在后面走，看著人家一個個地從樹蔭下經(jīng)過。

I found it most interesting to watch，by slowing down my pace，other people walking

ahead of me one after another.6.We‘ve all done something in our lives us we are ashamed of，some of us have fallen

for the wrong man，some have let go of the right women，there’re those who have

humiliated their parents and those who have failed their children.Yes，we‘ve all made

mistakes that diminish us and those we love.But there is redemption if we try to learn from

those mistakes and grow。（英譯漢）

我們都做過一些自己都感到慚愧的事。有些人愛錯了人，有些人錯過了愛；有些孩子使父母丟臉，也 有些家長讓孩子失望。是的，我們都犯過錯，使自己和愛人蒙羞。但如果我們試著從s這些錯誤中吸取教 訓(xùn)并成長，就還有挽回的機會。

A： Bill Mcphee。我會盡快帶他來見你。

Bill Mcphee.I’ll bring him around to see you soon.B： 我們會懷念和你一起共事的時光。

We’ll miss doing business with you.A： Bill Mcphee是個好人。你們會和他相處得很好的。

Bill Mcphee is a good man.You’ll get along with him very well.6.With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy，a lot of social problems have come

to pass.（英譯漢）

隨著臺灣經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展許多社會問題產(chǎn)生了

1.這架班機正點起飛吧？

Is the plane on schedule？

2.準(zhǔn)備好機票與登機牌。

Let’s get our tickets and boarding pass ready.3.如果有退票的，請通知我。

Please notify me if there is any cancellation.4.請于起飛前一小進到達機場。

Please be at the airport at least one hour before departure？

You’ll be late if you don’t arrive in one hour before leaving.5.我需要提前多少天付款訂票？

How long in advance of the flight must I pay to confirm the booking？

6.Promises are often like the butterfly，which disappear after beautiful hover。（英譯

漢）

承諾常常很像蝴蝶，美麗地盤旋然后不見。

1.我們應(yīng)該不遺余力地美化我們的環(huán)境。請訪問考試大網(wǎng)站http:///

We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.2.在建立個人網(wǎng)站前，先問問自己，為什么想要一網(wǎng)站，想要達到的目標(biāo)是什么。

Before you build a personal site，ask yourself why you want one，and what you want to

accomplish.3.在造訪一個提供網(wǎng)站空間服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站時，你會看到種類繁多的方案可供選擇，哪一種價位可以給 你多少網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間及多大的傳輸流量。

When you visit the site of a Web host，you’ll see a wide variety of plans-so much

space and so much network traffic for so much money.4.典型的網(wǎng)站包括圖像、文字及圖片，比較精心制作的網(wǎng)站還有動畫、影像、聲音和其他額外的內(nèi) 容。

Web site typically contain graphics，texts and pictures，while more elaborate ones

include animation，video，audio and other extras.5.關(guān)于網(wǎng)站設(shè)計，有許多是很吸引人的，也有許多則令人泄氣。

There are many things about Web sites that are appealing and many that are just plain

frustrating.6.Pizza came to the U.S.with Italian immigrants;the first U.S.pizzeria opened in

1905，and pizza became one of the nation’s favourite foods after World War Ⅱ。It is now

popular worldwide.（英譯漢）

比薩隨著意大利移民引進美國；1905年第一家美國比薩店開業(yè)了，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后比薩成為全美國 最喜愛的食物之一。現(xiàn)在比薩暢銷全世界。

1.只要走一下就到了嗎？

Is it within walking distance？

2.我兒子騎在我肩上看游行。

My son rode pickaback on me to watch the parade.3.其實我一點都不喜歡我現(xiàn)在的工作。

The fact of the matter is I’m not enjoying my new job at all.4.他有邊吃飯邊抽煙那讓人討厭的習(xí)慣。

He has the irritating habit of smoking during meals.5.如果我今早沒忘了把油箱加滿，我們不會沒油的。

If I hadn’t forgotten to fill up the tank this morning，we wouldn’t be out of gas.6.Are there any charter flights？（英譯漢）

有包機航班嗎？

1、A：有什么我可以為您效勞的嗎？

Is there anything I can help you with？

B：是的，我想知道你是否可以幫我找到一些這個城市的旅游指南，或許也要一張公路地圖。Yes，I was wondering if you could help me find some travel guides for this city.And

maybe also a rode map，too.A：我們有各種不同的那個題材的書。有些相當(dāng)概扣，而其他的則比較專業(yè)化。

We have a variety of books on that subject.Some are quite general while others are more

specialized and specific，B：我想概括性的就可以了。我只是要在這兒停留幾天。但我想要那種多多少少能使我感覺到這個城 市的東西。

I think the generalized ones would do.I’m only staying here for a couple of days.But

I want something that can give me more or less the feel of the city.A：那樣的話，也許這本書可以。它有很多圖片，而且容易閱讀，里頭也有公路地圖。

In that case，maybe this book will do.It has a lot of pictures and is easy to read.There are also road maps in it.B：太好了！我買這一本。

That’s perfect.I’ll buy this one.（英譯漢）

2、At Christmas the air is filled with carols.圣誕節(jié)的時候到處都可以聽到圣誕頌歌。

1.我認為年輕人應(yīng)該能夠有自己作決定的自由和空間。

I think young people should have the freedom and the space to make their own decisions.2.由于奧運會規(guī)模越來越大，為了大多數(shù)的城市將沒有能力舉辦。來源：考試大

The Olympic Games are growing so big that most cities may not be able to host them in

future.3.當(dāng)奧運會結(jié)束后，所有累積的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗就消失，使下一屆主辦城市必須一切從零開始。Currently，once the Games are finished，all the gathered expertise vanishes and the

next city has to begin from scratch.4.除了一般大學(xué)程度的課程之外，盧浮學(xué)院也提供大眾免費的夜間藝術(shù)史課程。

The Ecole du Louvre，in addition to its regular university-level curricula，offers

free public evening classes in art history.5.你會相信咖啡有助于保護你的腦部免收一種危險的退化性疾病的侵襲嗎？

Would you believe coffee and help protect your brain from a dangerous degenerative

disease？

6.The two of us sit on chairs and stare upward and around until closing time，watching

the sun illuminate the stained glass panes deep red，blue，gold，and a near blinding

white.On the way out，someone coughs，and the sound goes on and on—acoustics in this

chapel are remarkable.（英譯漢）

我們倆坐在椅子上向上及四周凝視直到教堂關(guān)門，看著太陽照亮窗格中的彩色玻璃，有深紅、藍色、金色，及眩目的白色。離開時，有人咳嗽，回音繚繞再繚繞—可見這座教堂里的音響效果是多么棒。

1.她的行為深深地刺痛了我的心。{來源：考{試大}

I am deeply offended by her conduct.2.穩(wěn)定性帶來的好處有可能被夸大。

It is possible to overstate the benefits of stabilization.3.這事若是事實，它將給我們造成許多麻煩。

If true，this will cause us a lot of trouble.If it is true，this will cause us a lot of trouble.4.任何政府忽視這一點都將付出巨大的代價。

Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.5.許多市民抱怨城市的公交車太少，以至于他們要花很長時間等一輛公交車，而車上可能已滿載乘客Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to

spend much more time waiting for a bus，which is usually crowded with a large number of

passengers.6.Love is the greatest refreshment in life。

愛情是生活最好的提神劑。

1.大家最好養(yǎng)成學(xué)習(xí)的好習(xí)慣。

You‘d better form the habit of studying.2.別把這兩個近義詞混淆了。

Don’t mix up this pair of synonyms.3.給出這個詞的同義詞和反義詞。

Give the synonym and antonym of this word.4.他臉皮厚，從來不在乎別人講什么。

He is thick-skinned and never cares what others say.5.面試時，有些面試者會有夸大的傾向。

During the interview，some interviewees tend to exaggerate.6.You’re really too good for me.（英語）

我真的配不上你。

1.一項調(diào)查顯示婦女歡迎退休。

An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward

retirement.2.我最近利用了一點時間采訪成功的專業(yè)人士，談?wù)勊麄冏铍y忘、最有效的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗。

I recently spent time asking effective professionals about their most memorable and

effective learning experiences.3.我的目的，是要找出成人教育的最佳方式。{來源：考{試大}

My goal was to find out what works best when it comes to adult education.4.那么為什么在適合成人的訓(xùn)練方式與公司的訓(xùn)練部門實際所提供的訓(xùn)練之間會有如此的斷層呢？So why is there such a disconnect between what works for adults and is offered by

corporate training departments？

5.在世界各地，極少數(shù)的訓(xùn)練人員在從事他們的工作時，具備有充分的學(xué)習(xí)方面的知識。Very few trainers，in world over，come to their work with much knowledge about

learning.6.What I discovered is that adults are remarkably similar in how they learn best： The

most unforgettable and transformative learning occurs through personal experience，group

support and/or mentoring.（英譯漢）

我發(fā)現(xiàn)，成人學(xué)習(xí)最有效的方式其實非常類似：最難忘、帶來最深遠改變的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗，均是通過個人 的體會、小組支持或者良師的啟發(fā)。

第二篇：英文翻譯

Introduction: with the rapid development of the economy, China ‘smprehensive national power has been improved effectively.As a saying said;“Want to become rich first road”.So China has begun to build the high-speed rail since years ago.The building of the high~speed rail is suited to China's national conditions and help our country to run well in the strong competition of the world.大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟學(xué)家認為：交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的供應(yīng)水平和能力必須適度超前，否則就會影響社會經(jīng)濟持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定 和健康發(fā)展。這就意味著要加大對交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投資，但是政府在加大交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資力度的同時，用于改善民生的措施實際卻在相對地減少。從中國目前的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和人民的收入狀況來說，我認為中國高 鐵弊大于利.Most economists believe that: the supply and capability of transportation infrastructure must advance appropriately, otherwise it will affect the sustainable, stable and healthy development of social economy.This means that we have to increase the investment into transportation infrastructure,But while government increase the investment into transportation infrastructure, it will to some extent decrease the practical measures to improve people's livelihood.From China's current situation, I think it will do more harm than good to build high-speed railway in China.Piont1: Building too fast go against the laws of economic development, causing many problems, such as loan repayment, staff placement.And high-speed railway construction needs large investment, from the use of the actual situation, the possibility of short-term cost recovery do not, there is also the problem of capital wasting.建設(shè)速度過快，容易違背經(jīng)濟發(fā)展規(guī)律,同時面對的問題較多，例如貸款償還，員工安置等。中國第一條高 鐵客運專線——從北京到天津，它在 2008 年 8 月通車后一年就虧損了 7 個億。武廣高鐵總投資約 1166 億元，目前的線路至少能開 120 對車，但實際上只開了 33 對，而且還坐不滿，這是資本的嚴重浪費。所 以說高鐵建設(shè)不僅需要大筆的投資，而且從運用的實際的情況來看，短期收回成本的可能性根本就沒有。The fast building speed will violate the rule of economic development, and at same time it faced many problems, such as loan repayment, staff placement.First high-speed railway of China-from Beijing to Tianjin, it was launched in August 2008, after one year it lossed 70 millions.The total investment of

Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed rail was about 110 billions yuan, now it is able to drive at least 120 pairs of cars, but in fact only 33 to drive, and lots of seats are empty, this is a serious waste of capital.The high-speed railway not only requires large construction investment, but also, it is impossible to recovery the short-term cost based on its actural implement.Poiimnt2: The building of the high spee

d rail can drive the development of the industry related.for example, the building need many workers and the new technology, so it expand the employment and promiot the technological innovation.In another word through the building, more steel products are needed.Another important hand is transport during the Spring Festival.During this period of time, large numbers of people going home together.So the high speed rail can relieve the transportation pressure ectively 高鐵的票價較高，例如京津高鐵，它行駛 30 分鐘，卻要 69 元票價，讓人望而生嘆啊。中國的 GDP 總量 高居世界第二，但人均 GDP 在世界的排名卻還在百名開外，窮人還是絕大多數(shù)。武廣高鐵開通后，原有 的一些客運列車停運，意味著中低收入者將被迫選擇高鐵，接受高票價。這種行為傷及了底層人民的最根 本利 e 而且建設(shè)過程中容易出現(xiàn)貪污腐敗問題。The fare of high Speed Rail is higher, for example, the Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail, it costs 69 yuan for only drive 30minuts.China's GDP ranks the second in the world, but per capita GDP still ranks out of hundreds in the world, the poor is the majority.When Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway was used, the original passenger trains were stopped, which means low-incomer will be forced to choose high-speed rail and accept the high fares.This action has

impair interests of the low class people, and the corruption problem will be prone to easily during the process of building.新建高鐵實際是在現(xiàn)有幾種交通方式的基礎(chǔ)上新增一種交通方式。建成之后會與高速公路、現(xiàn)有鐵路、飛 機、船運形成競爭關(guān)系，在原有運力并不緊張的背景下必然形成運力過剩。新建的高鐵主要是客運專線，因此高鐵并不會加快貨物與資金的周轉(zhuǎn)速度，不會降低全社會運行成本。要修建如此龐大的高速鐵路網(wǎng)，必將消耗大量的資金，必將擠占人們收入上漲的空間與企業(yè)利潤空間（加重稅負）如果將此財政投入醫(yī)療、。社保、教育、技術(shù)研究，則會消除人們存錢的預(yù)防養(yǎng)老動機從而擴大消費，利于中國經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展。綜 上所述，在中國大規(guī)模修建高鐵對中國經(jīng)濟的長遠發(fā)展來講是弊大于利，不利于擴大內(nèi)需、不利于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié) 構(gòu)調(diào)整 結(jié)論：The high-speed railway will compete with the existing highway, railway, aircraft, shipping after it consummation which will lead to a situation capacity.The new high-speed railway is mainly to carry passenger, so it will not speed up the turnover rate between cargos and the capital and will not decrease the costs of the whole social transportation.To build such a large network of high-speed rail will need a large amount of money, the government must increase the taxes of people and enterprise to raise the capital.If this financial investment used in health care, social security, education, tec

第三篇：英文翻譯

Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications 1 History of GSM During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany.Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else’s in equipment and operation.This was an

undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale and the subsequent savings could not be realized.The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European s Posts and Telegraphs(CEPT)formed a study group called the Group Special Mobile(GSM)to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system.The proposed system has to meet certain criteria: ·Good subjective speech quality ·Low terminal and service cost ·Support for international roaming ·Ability to support handheld terminals ·Support for range of new services and facilities ·Spectral efficiency ·ISDN compatibility In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute(ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries.Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a European standard.Over 200 GSM networks are operational in 110 countries around the world.In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than 55 million by October 1997.With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM systems exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.The developers of GSM chose an unproven(at the time)digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United Kingdom.They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost.The over 8,000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to guarantee proper interworking between the components of the system.This done by providing functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the system.2 General Concepts 2.1 Analog Versus Digital Telephony Systems First-generation systems were analog.During the early 1980s these underwent rapid development in Europe.Although the NMT system was used by all the Nordic countries, and the TACS system in the United Kingdom and Italy, there was a variety of systems and no compatibility among them.Compared with these systems, the main advantages offered by GSM, which is the most important of the second-generation digital systems, are: ·Standardization;·Capacity;·Quality;·Security.Standardization guarantees compatibility among systems of different countries, allowing subscribers to use their own terminals in those countries that have adopted the digital standard.The lack of standardization in the first-generation system limited service to within the borders of a country.Mobility is improved, since roaming is no longer limited to areas covered by a certain system.Calls can be charged and handled using the same personal number even when the subscriber moves from one country to another.Standardization also allows the operator to buy entities of the network from different vendors, since the functional elements of the network and the interfaces between these elements are standardized.This means that a mobile phone from any manufacturer is able to communicate with any network, even if this network is built with entities from different vendors.This leads to a large economy of scale and results in cost reduction for both the operator and the subscriber.Furthermore, the phone cost is also reduced, because GSM is an international standard, produced quantities are greater and the level of competition is high.With respect to capacity, the use of the radio resource is much more efficient in a digital system such as GSM than in an analog system.This means that more users can be allocated in the same frequency bandwidth.This is possible with the use of advanced digital techniques, such as voice compression algorithms, channel coding, and multiple access techniques.Note that capacity gains are also achieved with radio frequency reuse, which had also used in analog systems.Frequency reuse means that a given carrier can be employed in different areas.The quality in digital transmission systems is better, thanks to the channel coding schemes that increase the robustness in the face of noise and disturbances such as interference caused by other users or other systems.The quality improvement is also due to the improved control of the radio link, and adaptations to propagation conditions, with advanced techniques such as power control or frequency hopping.This will be explained in greater detail in the next section.In terms of security, powerful authentication and encryption techniques for voice and data communications are enabled with GSM, which guarantees protected access to the network, and confidentiality.2.2 Cellular Telephony In mobile radio systems, one of the most important factors is the frequency spectrum.In order to make the best use of the bandwidth, the system is designed by means of the division of the service area into neighboring zones, or cells, which in theory have a hexagonal shape.Each cell has a Base Transceiver Station(BTS), which to avoid interference operates on a set of radio channels different from those of the adjacent cells.This division allows for the use of the same frequencies in nonadjacent cells.A group of cells that as a whole use the entire radio spectrum available to the operator is referred to as a cluster.The shape of a cell is irregular, depending on the availability of a spot for the BTS, the geography of the terrain, the propagation of the radio signal in the presence of obstacles, and so on.In dense urban areas, for instance, where the mobile telephony traffic is important, the diameter of the cells is often reduced in order to increase capacity.This is allowed since the same frequency channels are used in a smaller area.On the other hand, reducing the cell diameter leads to a decrease in the distance necessary to reuse the frequencies(that is, the distance between two co-channel cells), increasing co-channel interference.In order to minimize the level of interference, several techniques are used on the radio interface.A basic example of cluster organization is shown in Figure 1.In this example, we see a reuse attern for seven different frequencies, f1 to f7.These frequencies correspond to the beacon carrier of each cell, on which signaling information about the cell is broadcast(see Section 2.7).It can be seen from this figure that a given carrier can be reused in two separate geographical areas, as long as these areas are far enough from each other to reduce the effect of interference.With this technique of dividing the area in cells and clusters, the operator can increase the area it is able to cover with a limited frequency bandwidth.Figure 1 Example of a Cell Planning

在80 年代初期期間，模式手機系統(tǒng)在歐洲體驗迅速增長，特別在斯堪的那

維亞和英國，以及法國和德國。每個國家開發(fā)了它自己的系統(tǒng)，在設(shè)備和操作 上是互不相容的。這是一個不受歡迎的情況，因為不僅移動通信設(shè)備被限制在國 界之內(nèi)，這在統(tǒng)一的歐洲是越來越不重要的，而且每種類型的設(shè)備都只有一個非 常有限的市場，因此經(jīng)濟尺度及隨后的儲蓄不可能體會。

歐洲人早就意識到了這點，并且在1982 年歐洲郵電管理聯(lián)合會(CEPT)上形 成了移動通信特別研究組(GSM)來研發(fā)一個能在全歐洲大陸通用的移動通信系 統(tǒng)。提出的系統(tǒng)必須符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 〃通話質(zhì)量好

〃終端及服務(wù)費用低 〃支持國際漫游

〃能夠支持可隨身攜帶的終端 〃支持一系列新的服務(wù)和設(shè)備 〃效率高

〃與ISDN 兼容

1989 年，GSM 的責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)移了到歐洲電信標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)院(ETSI)，并且GSM 規(guī)格的

第一階段也在1990 年出版了。商業(yè)服務(wù)在1991 年中期開始了，截至1993 年有 36 個GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)在22 個國家誕生了。GSM 不僅僅是歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，盡管它是在歐洲 規(guī)范化的。現(xiàn)已有200 多個GSM 網(wǎng)絡(luò)在全球110 個國家和地區(qū)運行。1994 年初 期全球有1,300,000 用戶，截至1997 年10 月已突破55,000,000 用戶。隨著美國

后來在GSM 領(lǐng)域制造了一個詞條PCS1900 作為GSM 的拓展,GSM 系統(tǒng)已發(fā)展至 各大洲,并且縮寫詞GSM 現(xiàn)在已可以代表移動通信的全局系統(tǒng)。

GSM 開發(fā)商選擇了一個當(dāng)時未經(jīng)證明的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)，與后來的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式蜂窩系 統(tǒng)相對，就象美國叫AMPS，而英國叫TACS 一樣。他們堅信能夠推進壓縮算法 和數(shù)字信號處理器使其能夠根據(jù)質(zhì)量和費用將原始標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和系統(tǒng)連續(xù)改善。GSM 推薦8,000 頁設(shè)法使得在與供應(yīng)商競爭之中體現(xiàn)靈活性和創(chuàng)新，但提供 足夠的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來保證在系統(tǒng)的組分之間適當(dāng)配合工作。完成提供功能和接口描述的 功能個體在系統(tǒng)中都有定義。

第一代系統(tǒng)是模擬的。上個世紀(jì)80 年代初期在歐洲迅速發(fā)展。雖然所有北 歐國家使用TACS 系統(tǒng)，英國和意大利使用NMT 系統(tǒng)，它們之間還有各式各樣 的系統(tǒng)不兼容。和這些系統(tǒng)相比，GSM 提供的更重要的第二代數(shù)字系統(tǒng)主要優(yōu)勢 體現(xiàn)在： 〃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化； 〃容量； 〃質(zhì)量； 〃安全。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化保證了不同國家系統(tǒng)之間的兼容性，允許采取了數(shù)字化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的國家的 訂戶使用他們自己的終端。在第一代系統(tǒng)中缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的有限服務(wù)為在國家的邊 界之內(nèi)。流動性被改進，漫游不再被限制到某一系統(tǒng)包括的面積之內(nèi)。既使當(dāng)用 戶從一個國家移動到另一個國家，電話也可以使用同一個個人號碼。因為網(wǎng)絡(luò)的功能元件和這些元素之間的接口被規(guī)范化，操作員可以從不同的 供營商購買。這意味著所有制造商的移動電話能與任何網(wǎng)絡(luò)溝通，即使這個網(wǎng)絡(luò) 是由不同的供營商的功能元件建立的。這為操作員和訂戶帶來費用成本的降低。此外，電話費用也降低了，因為GSM 是國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，生產(chǎn)數(shù)量大，競爭水平高。能力方面，數(shù)字系統(tǒng)如GSM 比模擬系統(tǒng)使用的無線資源更有效。這意味著 更多的用戶可以使用同一頻帶。這就有可能利用先進的數(shù)字技術(shù)，如語音壓縮算 法，信道編碼和多址接入技術(shù)。請注意，無線電頻率復(fù)用也取得了一定增益，這 也已用于模擬系統(tǒng)。頻率復(fù)用意味著同一載波可以在不同的地區(qū)重復(fù)使用。由于這種信道編碼方案，提高了可靠性及對噪音和其他用戶或系統(tǒng)的干擾能 力，數(shù)字傳輸系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量更好了。質(zhì)量改進的原因還在于改善了對無線連接的控 制，并適應(yīng)傳播條件下，使用先進的技術(shù)，如電源控制或跳頻。質(zhì)量改進的原因 還在于使用先進的技術(shù)如電源控制或跳頻改善了無線連接的控制,，傳播條件的適

應(yīng)性等。這些將在下文中做更詳盡的解釋。

在安全方面，GSM 具有語音和數(shù)據(jù)通信的強大的認證和加密技術(shù)的功能，保 證了保護接入網(wǎng)絡(luò)和保密性。

在移動通信系統(tǒng)中，一個最重要的因素就是頻譜。為了最有效地利用帶寬，系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的目的是通過基站的服務(wù)區(qū)到周邊小區(qū)，理論上是一個正六邊形。每個 小區(qū)有一個收發(fā)基站（BTS），其中，以避免相鄰小區(qū)的不同無線信道在運行時 產(chǎn)生相互干擾。這樣可以在不相鄰的小區(qū)使用同一載頻。一組小區(qū)，作為一個整 體，給運營商提供整個無線電頻譜是指一個區(qū)群。小區(qū)的形狀是不規(guī)則的，這取 決于是否有現(xiàn)成的基站，地理地形，無線電信號傳播中存在的障礙，等等。例如，在人口密集的城市地區(qū)，移動電話的通行非常重要，小區(qū)的直徑往往 會減小，以提高其通行能力。

這是允許的，因為同一頻道只在一個較小的地區(qū)內(nèi)使用。另一方面，小區(qū)直 徑的減小導(dǎo)致使用同一頻率的小區(qū)間的距離（即兩個公共通道小區(qū)間的距離）縮 小了，增強了各頻道之間的相互干擾。為了盡量提高抗干擾的能力，無線接口使 用了一系列技術(shù)。

一個基本的區(qū)群組織的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1 所示。在這個例子中，我們看到了一個復(fù) 用模式的7 個不同的頻率，f1 至f7。這些頻率對應(yīng)于每個小區(qū)的信標(biāo)載波，整個

小區(qū)的信號信息就靠它們被傳播出去（見第2.7 節(jié)）。從圖中可以看出，某一載 波可在兩個不同的地理區(qū)域重復(fù)使用，只要這兩個地區(qū)離的足夠遠，相互之間的 干擾足夠小。這一技術(shù)把地區(qū)分成小區(qū)和區(qū)群，經(jīng)營者可以利用有限的帶寬增加 覆蓋區(qū)域的面積。

第四篇：英文翻譯

School Profile

Jin Yuan Primary School was founded in 1966，and now it has 40 years? history.Thepredecessor of the school is ShiMian kuang Children Shool.In May 1993 ,It was placed under the Dalian Development Zone.In 2002, the new building was reconstruction in the school site.Now it occupies a total area of 18500 square meters, with a total construction area of 9020 square meters, it has got 30 class and 1478 students.Our school always adhere to the school mission-“To lay the foundation for the development of student life” and school

philosophy “To train the younger generation for adapting to the new society”.with “implementing quality education, making our school into modernization, distinctive characteristics, high-grade The 'people satisfaction' schools ”for the school mission and goals.Focusing on behavior, raising habits, pursuingdevelopment, hing research,benefit, the high quality;grasping

characteristics, treeing famous“ as the school ideas.”Innovation in operating a school, Distinctive Features,“ as the school way.Our school has been named the standardization of school facilities,education and management of Dalian advanced group, Green School of Dalian , big break in Dalianadvanced unit for physical education curriculum standard education health system,development zone course reform summary advanced unit, the characteristics of the development of school-based curriculum development awards such as prizes, Excellence Award and many other honors.In addition, teaching and research training center was also named the Development of information technology, sports, music, experimental point of school mental health disciplines.School emphasis on ”Science Education“, it has been named the Science and technology activities advanced units;land-sea model training base in Liaoning Province;Dalian Science and Technology Advanced Unit;advanced science and technology activities in Dalian youth units;The intelligent robot teaching activities carried out to further broaden the field of science teaching in recent years, we got soccer robot competition and the Youth Science and Technology Invention Contest winners many times in national, provincial and municipal.Our school was known by scientific and technological innovations, it has become a golden source of education and school characteristics of primary brand, and its fruitful results of educating people to win recognition of the higher education sector and social praise.Our school actively promoting international exchanges and cooperation.Based on the national culture, the students involved in multicultural perspective, let the student to have the ability to

communicate with different culture and cultural understanding

ability, feeling the other civilizations, inheriting Chinese culture, and for students build facing the world, developing yourself and

development of China's platform.At present,we have established the friendly and cooperative relations with Singapore, Britain and other countries of the schools.Our school is committed to the construction of educational information, establishing the educational information to promote the development strategy of modernization of school education.We was honored with the first model school education information by Dalian Municipal Bureau of Education.Physical education in our schoolis also flourished, we always adhere to the ”Sunshine Sports“ project.To ensure that every student at least one hour of exercise a day, each have a favorite sport, the school was named the physical education curriculum standards of Dalian advanced unit, DalianBig calisthenics demonstration school, Dalian”campus football

project“ Development of school.In recent years,school ?s sports teams in all kinds of various game had good performance , and it becomes the school?sbeautifulcard.Standing at a new starting point, facing the new century, we will try to”build multicultural education, reveal personality, improve

the educational grade, promote the connotation development" as our target, makes determined efforts, scientific planning, and strive to improve the level and constantly expand its reputation, trying to be the children paradise of JinYuan Primary School.

第五篇：英文翻譯

whether the university student should pay more atteion on studying or not ?the answer issure.First of all,during these time,we can touch more things,whichwehave not ever meet before and make a graetinflunce on our future life,If we don't handle it well,maybe we will lose a lot of thingswe adapt to sociaty more easily and more diffcult.we have time to play, but when you are playing and relaxing, dont forget the things you must do at school.school life is on of the best sections of your life.you need school life and time to learn and do things.