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英文翻譯

時(shí)間:2019-05-14 05:49:02下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
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第一篇:英文翻譯

物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)

摘要:隨著實(shí)踐的發(fā)展與學(xué)術(shù)、媒體的關(guān)注和刺激, 物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)得到了很好的發(fā)展,而基于經(jīng)濟(jì)增加值和平衡計(jì)分卡(BSC)方法的物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)就此產(chǎn)生。該系統(tǒng)通過相關(guān)的測(cè)試和線性回歸被給予了實(shí)證,就長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的眼光而言,經(jīng)濟(jì)增值是這個(gè)系統(tǒng)最重要的目的。為了得到高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,這四個(gè)方面包括財(cái)務(wù)、顧客、內(nèi)部業(yè)務(wù)流程和學(xué)習(xí)和成長(zhǎng)都將有巨大意義。經(jīng)濟(jì)附加值在企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和企業(yè)價(jià)值的相關(guān)性上占據(jù)絕對(duì)的重要地位。在研究企業(yè)績(jī)效的線性回歸數(shù)據(jù)中有經(jīng)濟(jì)附加值、運(yùn)行費(fèi)用、審計(jì)報(bào)告和員工的內(nèi)部控制的教育比等數(shù)據(jù),他們被用來代表了前面四個(gè)方面。其中,財(cái)務(wù)和企業(yè)內(nèi)部業(yè)務(wù)流程有量化的系數(shù)與理論分析一致。

關(guān)鍵詞:績(jī)效評(píng)估、物流、經(jīng)濟(jì)附加值、平衡計(jì)分卡(BSC)

1緒論

隨著物流行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,物流企業(yè)不斷的成長(zhǎng)和壯大。對(duì)于股東來說,一個(gè)問題迫切需要解決的問題產(chǎn)生了,即如何對(duì)其物流企業(yè)進(jìn)行有效而科學(xué)的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)。雖然這個(gè)行業(yè)具有很大的利潤(rùn)空間,里面有巨大的財(cái)富,但是該物流企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)附加值到底有多大,而如何又能創(chuàng)造出來,作為股東又能獲得多少報(bào)酬這些都是令人棘手的問題。傳統(tǒng)的企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)以企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表作為分析的基礎(chǔ),在一定程度上反映了企業(yè)為股東創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的能力和企業(yè)生存、發(fā)展的能力,但是人們只使用財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)來支持他們的判斷從而就缺乏注意到其他措施,特別是忽視股權(quán)成本由股東的投資。在本文中,我們基于平衡計(jì)分卡(BSC)建造一個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)系統(tǒng),并圍繞EVA作為物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)體系,把經(jīng)濟(jì)增值作為一種主要的目標(biāo)來對(duì)物流企業(yè)進(jìn)行績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià),并衡量企業(yè)的股東獲得的真正的財(cái)富。然后,本文提供實(shí)例證明這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的有效性。本文是組織結(jié)構(gòu)如下:第二章相關(guān)的理論知識(shí);第三部分建立評(píng)價(jià)體系根據(jù)通過EVA建立指標(biāo)體系和介紹使用的平衡計(jì)分卡方法;四章和第五章對(duì)上面介紹的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)方法給予實(shí)證;第六部分總結(jié)結(jié)論。文獻(xiàn)回顧

2.1物流績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)

物流績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)在物流管理中是一個(gè)非常重要的問題。科學(xué)而準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果可以讓人們知道他們昨天的工作收獲了什么,明天又將要做些什么。

許多外國(guó)的日?qǐng)?bào)都聚焦在這三個(gè)方面1)介紹應(yīng)具有的特性,個(gè)性 2)該方法需要涉及到的員工3)該企業(yè)要選擇的方法步驟。而一個(gè)建立水平軸的反映國(guó)際物流組織所規(guī)定的服務(wù)質(zhì)量和性能和垂直軸代表特定服務(wù)對(duì)客戶的重要性的矩陣式相當(dāng)困難的。

指定物流績(jī)效指標(biāo)分成三個(gè)廣闊的領(lǐng)域,包括有形成分、實(shí)施途徑和信息操作。近年來,人們?cè)絹碓街匾暺髽I(yè)的獨(dú)特的環(huán)境行為或公司的策略。有些論文試圖為廠商解決如何面對(duì)日益變化的市場(chǎng)的問題,這些論文可以動(dòng)態(tài)地解決這一問題的績(jī)效衡量選擇,卻不是依靠一個(gè)靜態(tài)群的措施。

在中國(guó),物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)研究的主要內(nèi)容有:1)選擇的措施;(2)評(píng)價(jià)的方法;3)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系。一個(gè)正確的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)通常包含許多個(gè)部分。其中,王,楊兩個(gè)人研究的內(nèi)容,他們?cè)诤踬M(fèi)用、效率、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、客戶管理,而魏強(qiáng)調(diào)物流企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和發(fā)展能力。在這些 系統(tǒng)中,最常用的措施都是相關(guān)的,比如收入、成本、供應(yīng)、訂單交付延遲時(shí)間,指令反饋的精度等。支持以上的理論分析且已應(yīng)用于物流企業(yè)的方法有很多,比如模糊分類方法,主成分分析方法,利用數(shù)據(jù)包絡(luò)分析方法等。盡管這些方法都已經(jīng)有一些高質(zhì)量的研究成果,但是它們卻很少關(guān)注公司的策略問題。

2.2平衡計(jì)分卡方法

平衡計(jì)分卡方法是由羅伯特·卡普蘭和大衛(wèi)·諾頓提出并形成的。它是一種將戰(zhàn)略非財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)添加到傳統(tǒng)的給管理者看的財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo),同時(shí)要求均衡的組織中的表現(xiàn)的框架結(jié)構(gòu)的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)方法。經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展,它成長(zhǎng)成為一種全戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和管理的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)方法,該方法包括四個(gè)方面:財(cái)務(wù)、客戶、內(nèi)部業(yè)務(wù)流程、學(xué)習(xí)和成長(zhǎng)。見表一:

在卡普蘭和諾頓建立平衡計(jì)分卡以后,有些文章開始逐漸將平衡計(jì)分卡在應(yīng)用在物流績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)之中。布魯爾和斯潘通過對(duì)先前的平衡積分卡的修改,進(jìn)而推出一套可用于供應(yīng)供應(yīng)鏈績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)的BSC,他們建立的框架包括供應(yīng)鏈管理(SCM)的目標(biāo)、最終客戶利益、財(cái)務(wù)收益、SCM提高;根據(jù)平衡計(jì)分卡模型,劉和王給出了一個(gè)3 + 1的模型,這其中的物流績(jī)效評(píng)估包括財(cái)務(wù)、客戶、內(nèi)部操作和學(xué)習(xí)四個(gè)方面;在孫的導(dǎo)師的論文中,他將平衡積分卡方法與網(wǎng)絡(luò)程序分析(ANP)相結(jié)合來對(duì)企業(yè)進(jìn)行績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià),該方法以物流企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略作為評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并建立了網(wǎng)絡(luò)程序分析模型(ANP),由此可以量化績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)的影響和便于定量矩陣的反饋。

這些文章都試圖添加戰(zhàn)略信息并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為物流績(jī)效評(píng)估的部分,從而使評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果對(duì)物流企業(yè)來說更合理的、更有用。但是平衡計(jì)分卡模型在物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)上的應(yīng)用物流才只是個(gè)開始,遠(yuǎn)非十全十美。再者,很少的研究報(bào)告能告訴我們包括股東企業(yè)為自己創(chuàng)造的真正的價(jià)值。

2.3 經(jīng)濟(jì)附加值(EVA)

股東對(duì)企業(yè)的投資,然而傳統(tǒng)意義上的利潤(rùn)不可能告訴我們分與多少股東與其投資相符的紅利,繼而股東權(quán)益得不到強(qiáng)制性保證。投資的機(jī)會(huì)成本解釋了為什么股東選擇投資A公司而不是B公司的原因,然而沒有效益的投資,誰還會(huì)繼續(xù)。因此忽視利潤(rùn)的分配會(huì)導(dǎo)致重大決策失誤。

EVA作為商標(biāo)是由其開發(fā)者,斯特恩·斯圖爾特和其公司在20世紀(jì)80年代注冊(cè)的。EVA具有很大的吸引力的優(yōu)勢(shì)是因?yàn)镋VA與傳統(tǒng)的利潤(rùn)相比較,EVA的計(jì)算措施以考慮股本的機(jī)會(huì)成本為主。以這個(gè)方式而言,股東投資就等同于作為貸款的債權(quán)人。已經(jīng)有實(shí)證研究支持這個(gè)增量,EVA信息內(nèi)容的價(jià)值相關(guān)性要高于其他的一些行業(yè)的措施。在這同時(shí),EVA有助于制定有效的激勵(lì)管理,從這個(gè)角度來說,EVA的應(yīng)用對(duì)反映出準(zhǔn)確的財(cái)務(wù)績(jī)效從而解決股東和管理的代理問題做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。

盡管EVA的應(yīng)用受到如此多的贊揚(yáng),但是它卻還沒有來得及在物流行業(yè)廣泛應(yīng)用。EVA未能得到物流行業(yè)應(yīng)用的主要原因是因?yàn)槲锪髌髽I(yè)有著其自身的特殊性和特征。在本文中,我們?cè)O(shè)法把EVA和平衡計(jì)分卡模型結(jié)合在一起建立一個(gè)物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)。

3基于EVA和BSC的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)

戰(zhàn)略是企業(yè)發(fā)展和成功至關(guān)重要的因素,其中企業(yè)中最盛行的一個(gè)策略是公司價(jià)值的最大化。策略導(dǎo)向BSC,價(jià)值強(qiáng)調(diào)EVA,兩者的結(jié)合可以讓企業(yè)的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)齊企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略。3.1根據(jù)斯坦·斯圖爾特定義,EVA一般相當(dāng)于一個(gè)真正的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益評(píng)估,該評(píng)估糾正并調(diào)整了正確會(huì)計(jì)編號(hào)。這個(gè)基本關(guān)系式為:

在(1)中,NOPAT代表網(wǎng)上營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)稅后、IC卡代表公司資本總額聯(lián)合會(huì)代表加權(quán)平均資本成本(包括資本投資股東和債權(quán)人)。

考慮到高的離職率和現(xiàn)金流的物流,我們做出對(duì)(1)做出調(diào)整,得到方程(2),如下:

其中:NCFO代表凈現(xiàn)金流量從操作、收益;在權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制下,ATInt稅后利潤(rùn);TA代表總資產(chǎn)(包括債務(wù)和股權(quán));AcctAdj特殊調(diào)整的項(xiàng)目,包括商譽(yù)、津貼作為壞帳等。3.2戰(zhàn)略圖

除了EVA,BSC還需要其他更多的指標(biāo)去聯(lián)系其框架結(jié)構(gòu)的目標(biāo),以及物流企業(yè)的特點(diǎn)。我們需要從很多的案例中分析出三者之間的關(guān)系,然后再做合理的決策。而BSC提供了一個(gè)很好的工具來完成這一過程,這個(gè)工具名為戰(zhàn)略圖,下面給出了一個(gè)物流企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略圖。

認(rèn)識(shí)到戰(zhàn)略目的作為戰(zhàn)略圖的首要任務(wù)是很重要的,因?yàn)閼?zhàn)略目的代表和指導(dǎo)整個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)并建立企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略的過程。EVA反映了一個(gè)物流企業(yè)中,股東價(jià)值創(chuàng)造的真實(shí)的增量,因此它是從財(cái)務(wù)角度來看的最主要的指標(biāo),同時(shí)它又是由成本和收入的增長(zhǎng)兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵項(xiàng)目支持的,在財(cái)務(wù)角度下,我們能夠了解需要做出哪些工作來實(shí)現(xiàn)EVA。物流企業(yè)必須實(shí)現(xiàn)客戶滿意度和保證新客戶的產(chǎn)生,這需要高的營(yíng)業(yè)額和較短的交貨時(shí)間。學(xué)習(xí)和成長(zhǎng)伴隨著人類、信息和組織資本。這是最低的觀點(diǎn),然而它卻不能被忽視。物流企業(yè)的無形資產(chǎn)是最強(qiáng)大的和可持續(xù)的滿足股東要求的方式。箭頭的效果是由低到高的角度,反映了“拉”的聯(lián)系,這個(gè)從低到高的改進(jìn)需要很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間,但是它將從根本上大幅度的改變公司并給公司一個(gè)光明的前途。

3.3方法的選擇和EVA的指導(dǎo)作用

在選取具體方法進(jìn)行績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)之前,戰(zhàn)略圖為我們提供了一種語言來描述的策略,戰(zhàn)略圖還為物流企業(yè)給出了一個(gè)走向成功的合理的道路。當(dāng)利益相關(guān)者對(duì)物流公司的包括管理、股東、銀行家、潛力投資者等方式進(jìn)行績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)的時(shí)候,他們想要清晰并且容易的工作。根據(jù)卡普蘭和諾頓,太多的方法讓用戶感到困惑,還增加了運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。所以按照戰(zhàn)略地圖的關(guān)鍵詞,我們可以列出物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)方法的名單,如表2。他們并不適合所有的公司,但是可以針對(duì)某些典型的物流企業(yè)。

在這些績(jī)效評(píng)估方法中,EVA代表最終的結(jié)果和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)前沿,主要是因?yàn)樗慕?jīng)濟(jì)意義。根據(jù)在戰(zhàn)略地圖對(duì)這些運(yùn)行過程的描述,作為一個(gè)高效、創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的企業(yè)將把較高效用的EVA作為其財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果。

4假設(shè)發(fā)展

盡管我們基于EVA和BSC對(duì)物流企業(yè)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)的方法進(jìn)行了描述,同時(shí)簡(jiǎn)述了EVA 與其他方法的的關(guān)系和不同點(diǎn),但是EVA就真的滿足企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的目標(biāo)么?EVA就真的能在BSC系統(tǒng)的傳統(tǒng)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)方法中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位?

所有的相關(guān)信息可以根據(jù)市場(chǎng)效率的假設(shè)反映在股票市場(chǎng),上市公司價(jià)值幾乎跟股票價(jià)格是一樣的,物流企業(yè)也不能例外,雖然中國(guó)的股票不可能有市場(chǎng)效率高,但是從1997年的實(shí)證表明它已經(jīng)開始弱化。再者,股票市場(chǎng)的迅速發(fā)展,所以對(duì)于物流企業(yè)而言,市場(chǎng)本身和波動(dòng)股票價(jià)格將會(huì)更加重要。企業(yè)價(jià)值最大化的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)將被大眾在一般在長(zhǎng)期的目標(biāo)下等同于市場(chǎng)回報(bào)最大化。接著,讓我們假設(shè)1:H1)EVA相比傳統(tǒng)的凈收益回報(bào),與市場(chǎng)回報(bào)具有顯著的關(guān)系。

作為績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系的最終結(jié)果,EVA應(yīng)該和其他在BSC四部分有效的措施有重要的關(guān)聯(lián)度。因此我們得到假設(shè)2:H2)EVA和其他績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)措施相關(guān)。

5數(shù)據(jù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果

在績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)中,大多數(shù)的措施都是內(nèi)部的信息,例如加工時(shí)間順序,所以我們不能讓我們所需要的所有的數(shù)據(jù)去完成實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。我們對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)一種手段,包括EVA在內(nèi)的手段,包括運(yùn)行成本、第一五客戶、收益率、審計(jì)的內(nèi)部控制報(bào)告與員工教育的比例。我們找到46家上市物流企業(yè)在上海和深圳股票交易作為案例來進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。因?yàn)閺?007年起,新的會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則生效,我們計(jì)算的數(shù)字調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)集中于2008年,我們通過刪除缺失數(shù)據(jù)或極端異常的數(shù)據(jù)得到36個(gè)觀察結(jié)果,這些觀察已經(jīng)被編制到財(cái)務(wù)信息服務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中。

審計(jì)報(bào)告的內(nèi)部控制是一種兩分法,當(dāng)內(nèi)部控制報(bào)告可以獨(dú)立審計(jì),則為1;若不可,其值為0。一個(gè)沒有獨(dú)立的外部審計(jì)意見內(nèi)部報(bào)告缺乏目的評(píng)價(jià),不夠支撐一個(gè)高品質(zhì)內(nèi)部運(yùn)作過程。為了減少數(shù)據(jù)上的差異,我們縮小2008年設(shè)立的EVA及操作成本總額,這五個(gè)描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果變量見表3:

所有的物流企業(yè)有負(fù)面的EVA,就是說他們不再繼續(xù)為股東創(chuàng)造價(jià)值,它迫切需要公司向績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系增加新的EVA。上表中的客戶平均收入的比是0.3558,代表前5個(gè)客戶為物流企業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)了三分之一的收入。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了大部分公司都沒有審計(jì)的內(nèi)部控制報(bào)告,顯示相對(duì)薄弱的內(nèi)在力量。在員工受教育方面有最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差,它的均值是0.1838,這放映了物流企業(yè)內(nèi)部人員受教育程度較低。

根據(jù)表

4、EVA具有顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系與市場(chǎng)回報(bào),支持假設(shè)1a。在同一時(shí)間,得到一個(gè)微不足道的凈利潤(rùn)與市場(chǎng)回報(bào),符合假說意向書。也有EVA和凈利潤(rùn)之間明顯的關(guān)系,但相關(guān)是消極的,可以看出傳統(tǒng)的利潤(rùn)指標(biāo)的問題。

用線性回歸的假設(shè)2進(jìn)行處理,處理結(jié)果如表5:

但是審計(jì)內(nèi)部控制報(bào)告得到了顯著的正面相關(guān)性,符合我們的預(yù)測(cè);其中前五客戶收入與EVA比沒有明顯關(guān)系;教育的比例為顯著負(fù)系數(shù),雖然得到這些,但是它們不能提供進(jìn)一步的證據(jù)來支持假設(shè)2。因?yàn)檫@些結(jié)果所采取的措施為客戶、學(xué)習(xí)和成長(zhǎng)的觀點(diǎn)更多的是根據(jù)內(nèi)部信息,而不是我們所選定的對(duì)于財(cái)務(wù)內(nèi)部業(yè)務(wù)流程的內(nèi)容,所以我們沒有合理的代理。我們收集的數(shù)據(jù)來自于公眾物流企業(yè)的年度報(bào)告,因?yàn)榉N種原因,可能會(huì)有偏見。最后,我們可以做一個(gè)結(jié)論:假設(shè)2部分支持。

6結(jié)論

出于學(xué)術(shù)和實(shí)踐的重要意義,我們建立一個(gè)基于EVA及平衡記分卡的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系的為物流企業(yè)星星有效的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的眼光來研究,將EVA放在作戰(zhàn)略地圖首位,其他財(cái)政,客戶,內(nèi)部業(yè)務(wù)流程,學(xué)習(xí)和成長(zhǎng)等指標(biāo)用來輔助。然后我們給每個(gè)因素包括EVA定義指標(biāo):分別是運(yùn)營(yíng)成本、前五客戶收益率、內(nèi)部控制報(bào)告和員工受教育的程度。

K相關(guān)測(cè)試支持EVA和戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)之間的一致性,另外,我們用線性回歸發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)營(yíng)成本顯著的負(fù)系數(shù),審計(jì)的內(nèi)部控制報(bào)告得到了顯著的正面,基本符合了我們的預(yù)測(cè),其中前五客戶與EVA收入比沒有明顯關(guān)系,受教育教育的比例有顯著的負(fù)系數(shù)關(guān)系。

因此,我們覺得基于EVA和平衡計(jì)分卡的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系是很重要的,它可以幫助物流企業(yè)關(guān)注戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo),積極為股東創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的增量,并且基于內(nèi)部信息分析未來的需要。

第二篇:英文翻譯

英語三級(jí)翻譯輔導(dǎo)習(xí)題

1.各吹各的號(hào),各唱各的調(diào)。

2.每逢假日的下午,我總要漫游周圍的鄉(xiāng)村。

3.暴風(fēng)雨把小屋沖壞,他們只好住在一個(gè)窯洞里。

4.要不斷加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),努力營(yíng)建良好的開發(fā)環(huán)境。

5.深秋,冷雨霏霏,屋里靜悄悄的。他們看了一下午的書。

6.Liberty is more important than life.(英譯漢)

答案:

1.各吹各的號(hào),各唱各的調(diào)。轉(zhuǎn)載自:考試大[Examda.Com]

She works as a bilingual secretary for an insurance company.4.去年我一天洗兩次澡,早晚各一次。

I used to take a bath twice a day last year,morning and night.5.坦白地說,面試后我一直認(rèn)為這個(gè)職位不適合我。

Frankly speaking,I have been thinking that the position is not right for me after the

interview.6.Some people assert that nothing is impossible.Such people should get a grip on

reality and understand it‘s impossible to create another Universe.In more down-to-earth

terms,it’s impossible to know with any certainty whether you will live or die tomorrow.(英譯漢)

一些人斷言沒有什么事是不可能的。這些人應(yīng)該把握現(xiàn)實(shí),知道再造一個(gè)宇宙是不可能的。更現(xiàn)實(shí)的 說法是不可能明確地知道明天你會(huì)活著還是會(huì)死。

get a grip on抓住,控制,管束

1.八成他不會(huì)來了。

Most probably he isn,t coming.2.他巴不得立刻見到你。

He is very anxious to meet you immediately.3.這刀不會(huì)留下任何疤痕。轉(zhuǎn)載自:考試大-[Examda.Com]

The cut will not leave any scar.4.孩子成了他唯一的安慰。

The child became her only consolation.5.非常感謝貴公司的錄用,但我不得不拒絕這份工作。

I really appreciate your offer,but I must decline it.6.Things aren’t even starting to take shape yet.(英譯漢)

八字還沒有一撇.1.顯然你錯(cuò)了。考試大論壇

It is clear you were wrong.2.仔細(xì)看看信的地址是否寫對(duì)了。

Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.3.現(xiàn)在全廠上上下下都普遍認(rèn)為工廠必須進(jìn)行改革。

It is now generally accepted that reform is necessary in the factory.4.這兒是頭兩卷,第三卷下個(gè)月出版。

Here are the first two volumes,the third one to come out next month.5.我們不知不覺地朝公園走去。公園就在人行橋那邊,橋下很深的地方,洶涌的河水滾滾流過。Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling

waters of the river.6.The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.(英譯漢)

不屑于干自己工作的人,終會(huì)有一天發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不配干那份工作。

1.為了找房子,不知花費(fèi)我多少時(shí)間,受過多少閑氣。

In my long seeking for lodging,I often met with a snub.2.樹是那樣高,筆直,而又整齊的特別可愛!因?yàn)槭撬蓸浜蜕紭涞脑剩运臅r(shí)都是綠油油的。Standing tall and erect before me in neat array was a forest of evergreen pines and

firs.3.自己在樹底下行走,如果把風(fēng)景看得太嚴(yán)重了,倒反沒有什么趣味。考試大論壇

While walking in the shade of the trees,I preferred not to focus my attention

exclusively on the scenery.4.最有意思的是自己慢慢地在后面走,看著人家一個(gè)個(gè)地從樹蔭下經(jīng)過。

I found it most interesting to watch,by slowing down my pace,other people walking

ahead of me one after another.6.We‘ve all done something in our lives us we are ashamed of,some of us have fallen

for the wrong man,some have let go of the right women,there’re those who have

humiliated their parents and those who have failed their children.Yes,we‘ve all made

mistakes that diminish us and those we love.But there is redemption if we try to learn from

those mistakes and grow。(英譯漢)

我們都做過一些自己都感到慚愧的事。有些人愛錯(cuò)了人,有些人錯(cuò)過了愛;有些孩子使父母丟臉,也 有些家長(zhǎng)讓孩子失望。是的,我們都犯過錯(cuò),使自己和愛人蒙羞。但如果我們?cè)囍鴱膕這些錯(cuò)誤中吸取教 訓(xùn)并成長(zhǎng),就還有挽回的機(jī)會(huì)。

A: Bill Mcphee。我會(huì)盡快帶他來見你。

Bill Mcphee.I’ll bring him around to see you soon.B: 我們會(huì)懷念和你一起共事的時(shí)光。

We’ll miss doing business with you.A: Bill Mcphee是個(gè)好人。你們會(huì)和他相處得很好的。

Bill Mcphee is a good man.You’ll get along with him very well.6.With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy,a lot of social problems have come

to pass.(英譯漢)

隨著臺(tái)灣經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展許多社會(huì)問題產(chǎn)生了

1.這架班機(jī)正點(diǎn)起飛吧?

Is the plane on schedule?

2.準(zhǔn)備好機(jī)票與登機(jī)牌。

Let’s get our tickets and boarding pass ready.3.如果有退票的,請(qǐng)通知我。

Please notify me if there is any cancellation.4.請(qǐng)于起飛前一小進(jìn)到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)。

Please be at the airport at least one hour before departure?

You’ll be late if you don’t arrive in one hour before leaving.5.我需要提前多少天付款訂票?

How long in advance of the flight must I pay to confirm the booking?

6.Promises are often like the butterfly,which disappear after beautiful hover。(英譯

漢)

承諾常常很像蝴蝶,美麗地盤旋然后不見。

1.我們應(yīng)該不遺余力地美化我們的環(huán)境。請(qǐng)?jiān)L問考試大網(wǎng)站http:///

We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.2.在建立個(gè)人網(wǎng)站前,先問問自己,為什么想要一網(wǎng)站,想要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)是什么。

Before you build a personal site,ask yourself why you want one,and what you want to

accomplish.3.在造訪一個(gè)提供網(wǎng)站空間服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站時(shí),你會(huì)看到種類繁多的方案可供選擇,哪一種價(jià)位可以給 你多少網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間及多大的傳輸流量。

When you visit the site of a Web host,you’ll see a wide variety of plans-so much

space and so much network traffic for so much money.4.典型的網(wǎng)站包括圖像、文字及圖片,比較精心制作的網(wǎng)站還有動(dòng)畫、影像、聲音和其他額外的內(nèi) 容。

Web site typically contain graphics,texts and pictures,while more elaborate ones

include animation,video,audio and other extras.5.關(guān)于網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì),有許多是很吸引人的,也有許多則令人泄氣。

There are many things about Web sites that are appealing and many that are just plain

frustrating.6.Pizza came to the U.S.with Italian immigrants;the first U.S.pizzeria opened in

1905,and pizza became one of the nation’s favourite foods after World War Ⅱ。It is now

popular worldwide.(英譯漢)

比薩隨著意大利移民引進(jìn)美國(guó);1905年第一家美國(guó)比薩店開業(yè)了,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后比薩成為全美國(guó) 最喜愛的食物之一。現(xiàn)在比薩暢銷全世界。

1.只要走一下就到了嗎?

Is it within walking distance?

2.我兒子騎在我肩上看游行。

My son rode pickaback on me to watch the parade.3.其實(shí)我一點(diǎn)都不喜歡我現(xiàn)在的工作。

The fact of the matter is I’m not enjoying my new job at all.4.他有邊吃飯邊抽煙那讓人討厭的習(xí)慣。

He has the irritating habit of smoking during meals.5.如果我今早沒忘了把油箱加滿,我們不會(huì)沒油的。

If I hadn’t forgotten to fill up the tank this morning,we wouldn’t be out of gas.6.Are there any charter flights?(英譯漢)

有包機(jī)航班嗎?

1、A:有什么我可以為您效勞的嗎?

Is there anything I can help you with?

B:是的,我想知道你是否可以幫我找到一些這個(gè)城市的旅游指南,或許也要一張公路地圖。Yes,I was wondering if you could help me find some travel guides for this city.And

maybe also a rode map,too.A:我們有各種不同的那個(gè)題材的書。有些相當(dāng)概扣,而其他的則比較專業(yè)化。

We have a variety of books on that subject.Some are quite general while others are more

specialized and specific,B:我想概括性的就可以了。我只是要在這兒停留幾天。但我想要那種多多少少能使我感覺到這個(gè)城 市的東西。

I think the generalized ones would do.I’m only staying here for a couple of days.But

I want something that can give me more or less the feel of the city.A:那樣的話,也許這本書可以。它有很多圖片,而且容易閱讀,里頭也有公路地圖。

In that case,maybe this book will do.It has a lot of pictures and is easy to read.There are also road maps in it.B:太好了!我買這一本。

That’s perfect.I’ll buy this one.(英譯漢)

2、At Christmas the air is filled with carols.圣誕節(jié)的時(shí)候到處都可以聽到圣誕頌歌。

1.我認(rèn)為年輕人應(yīng)該能夠有自己作決定的自由和空間。

I think young people should have the freedom and the space to make their own decisions.2.由于奧運(yùn)會(huì)規(guī)模越來越大,為了大多數(shù)的城市將沒有能力舉辦。來源:考試大

The Olympic Games are growing so big that most cities may not be able to host them in

future.3.當(dāng)奧運(yùn)會(huì)結(jié)束后,所有累積的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)就消失,使下一屆主辦城市必須一切從零開始。Currently,once the Games are finished,all the gathered expertise vanishes and the

next city has to begin from scratch.4.除了一般大學(xué)程度的課程之外,盧浮學(xué)院也提供大眾免費(fèi)的夜間藝術(shù)史課程。

The Ecole du Louvre,in addition to its regular university-level curricula,offers

free public evening classes in art history.5.你會(huì)相信咖啡有助于保護(hù)你的腦部免收一種危險(xiǎn)的退化性疾病的侵襲嗎?

Would you believe coffee and help protect your brain from a dangerous degenerative

disease?

6.The two of us sit on chairs and stare upward and around until closing time,watching

the sun illuminate the stained glass panes deep red,blue,gold,and a near blinding

white.On the way out,someone coughs,and the sound goes on and on—acoustics in this

chapel are remarkable.(英譯漢)

我們倆坐在椅子上向上及四周凝視直到教堂關(guān)門,看著太陽照亮窗格中的彩色玻璃,有深紅、藍(lán)色、金色,及眩目的白色。離開時(shí),有人咳嗽,回音繚繞再繚繞—可見這座教堂里的音響效果是多么棒。

1.她的行為深深地刺痛了我的心。{來源:考{試大}

I am deeply offended by her conduct.2.穩(wěn)定性帶來的好處有可能被夸大。

It is possible to overstate the benefits of stabilization.3.這事若是事實(shí),它將給我們?cè)斐稍S多麻煩。

If true,this will cause us a lot of trouble.If it is true,this will cause us a lot of trouble.4.任何政府忽視這一點(diǎn)都將付出巨大的代價(jià)。

Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.5.許多市民抱怨城市的公交車太少,以至于他們要花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間等一輛公交車,而車上可能已滿載乘客Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to

spend much more time waiting for a bus,which is usually crowded with a large number of

passengers.6.Love is the greatest refreshment in life。

愛情是生活最好的提神劑。

1.大家最好養(yǎng)成學(xué)習(xí)的好習(xí)慣。

You‘d better form the habit of studying.2.別把這兩個(gè)近義詞混淆了。

Don’t mix up this pair of synonyms.3.給出這個(gè)詞的同義詞和反義詞。

Give the synonym and antonym of this word.4.他臉皮厚,從來不在乎別人講什么。

He is thick-skinned and never cares what others say.5.面試時(shí),有些面試者會(huì)有夸大的傾向。

During the interview,some interviewees tend to exaggerate.6.You’re really too good for me.(英語)

我真的配不上你。

1.一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示婦女歡迎退休。

An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward

retirement.2.我最近利用了一點(diǎn)時(shí)間采訪成功的專業(yè)人士,談?wù)勊麄冏铍y忘、最有效的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

I recently spent time asking effective professionals about their most memorable and

effective learning experiences.3.我的目的,是要找出成人教育的最佳方式。{來源:考{試大}

My goal was to find out what works best when it comes to adult education.4.那么為什么在適合成人的訓(xùn)練方式與公司的訓(xùn)練部門實(shí)際所提供的訓(xùn)練之間會(huì)有如此的斷層呢?So why is there such a disconnect between what works for adults and is offered by

corporate training departments?

5.在世界各地,極少數(shù)的訓(xùn)練人員在從事他們的工作時(shí),具備有充分的學(xué)習(xí)方面的知識(shí)。Very few trainers,in world over,come to their work with much knowledge about

learning.6.What I discovered is that adults are remarkably similar in how they learn best: The

most unforgettable and transformative learning occurs through personal experience,group

support and/or mentoring.(英譯漢)

我發(fā)現(xiàn),成人學(xué)習(xí)最有效的方式其實(shí)非常類似:最難忘、帶來最深遠(yuǎn)改變的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),均是通過個(gè)人 的體會(huì)、小組支持或者良師的啟發(fā)。

第三篇:英文翻譯

我的筆記本電腦

我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)十一歲了,每年都會(huì)收到爸爸媽媽送給我的禮物,可是最讓我心儀的禮物就是今年春節(jié)他們送給我的筆記本電腦,因?yàn)樗麕Ыo了我許多快樂。

我的家里已經(jīng)有了一臺(tái)臺(tái)式電腦,雖然它也可以上網(wǎng)、玩游戲、聽音樂,但是它有一個(gè)缺點(diǎn),這個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是它不能移動(dòng)。而我的筆記本電腦就不存在這個(gè)問題了,它是我一個(gè)形影不離的小伙伴,在家,不管我在客廳、臥室、甚至在衛(wèi)生間我都能看我喜歡的英語動(dòng)畫片;出去旅游時(shí),我會(huì)把它帶在身邊,聽我喜歡聽的音樂,讓漫長(zhǎng)的旅途不再寂寞。

我的筆記本電腦長(zhǎng)得非常精致,有暖金色的外觀,13英寸液晶顯示屏,它的功能特別強(qiáng)大,兼?zhèn)淞伺_(tái)式機(jī)的所有功能,而且它的速度比臺(tái)式電腦快好幾倍,它真是我學(xué)習(xí)和生活的小助手。

在我的同學(xué)中,很少有人擁有自己的筆記本電腦,我一定要珍惜它,充分發(fā)揮它的作用。

My Laptop computer

I have already eleven years old,I get a lot of gifts from my parent,butI like they give me the Laptop computer the best beacause it give plenty of happy.I have a desktop computer at home, although it can also surf the Internet, play the games, listen to music, but it has a fault, the downside is that it can't move.And my laptop computer don't have this problem, it is the friend a inseparable, in the home, whether I'm in the sitting room, bedroom, even in the toilet I can watching English cartoons I like;Go out to travel, I will put it with them,listen to a lot of music with the tipe, long a journey no longer lonely.My laptop computer looks very delicate, have a warm golden appearance, 13 inches LCD screen, it is particularly powerful, with all the functionality of the desktop and its speed is faster than a desktop computer for several times, it was my study and life ?

In my class,there are only a few student have laptop computer,I must treasure it.

第四篇:英文翻譯

人工智能埃丹:工程設(shè)計(jì),分析和制作的人工智能

很多公司企圖提高定制當(dāng)今競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的全球市場(chǎng),都利用產(chǎn)品系列和平臺(tái)基礎(chǔ)來開發(fā)產(chǎn)品的種類、縮短交易時(shí)間和增加收入。一個(gè)成功的產(chǎn)品系列的關(guān)鍵是這個(gè)產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)通過添加,刪除,或用一個(gè)或多個(gè)模塊用一個(gè)或者多個(gè)維度的具體目標(biāo)利基市場(chǎng)來得到產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)或者擴(kuò)展產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)。這項(xiàng)初步工程設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域在過去十年中迅速成熟,本文提供了一個(gè)研究活動(dòng)發(fā)生在這段時(shí)間進(jìn)行基于大批量定制的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)平臺(tái)產(chǎn)品族系列綜合評(píng)述的設(shè)計(jì)。用一種產(chǎn)品系列來評(píng)估產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)杠桿策略的技術(shù)通常用于審查和度量評(píng)估產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)和產(chǎn)品系列的有效性。特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的是優(yōu)化方法和人工智能技術(shù)協(xié)助的產(chǎn)品系列設(shè)計(jì)方法和基于平臺(tái)的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)。基于web的產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)定制系統(tǒng)仍需要討論。學(xué)術(shù)界和工業(yè)界的例子就是之前在前文中強(qiáng)調(diào)了的產(chǎn)品系列和產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)的好處。本文討論的結(jié)論是運(yùn)用潛在的研究領(lǐng)域幫助構(gòu)建產(chǎn)品系列的制造和設(shè)計(jì)之間的橋梁。

當(dāng)今競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的全球市場(chǎng)重新定義著許多公司做生意的方式。這種新形式的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)是大規(guī)模定制,而且正如pine說的“一種新的查看競(jìng)爭(zhēng)業(yè)務(wù)的方式,這種不以犧牲效率,有效性和花費(fèi)的方式進(jìn)行識(shí)別和實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人客戶最主要的需要和需求。”在pine對(duì)大規(guī)模定制的開創(chuàng)性探索中,他認(rèn)為“消費(fèi)者可能已經(jīng)不再被這個(gè)巨大的同質(zhì)市場(chǎng)聚集在一起,但是個(gè)人的需求可能與眾不同并且這些需求是可以確定和滿足的。”他把越來越多的注意力放在產(chǎn)品的種類和客戶來滿足市場(chǎng)的飽和度和提高客戶滿意度的需求:新產(chǎn)品必須不同于市場(chǎng)上現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品,并且盡可能的滿足客戶的需求。作為市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)力,從汽車行業(yè)研究的和實(shí)證調(diào)查制造公司確認(rèn)的這些結(jié)果來看,佩特森和猶梅里補(bǔ)充說明“正如許多公司知道的那樣全球化市場(chǎng)的興起已經(jīng)從根本上改變了競(jìng)爭(zhēng),那就是強(qiáng)制壓縮產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)時(shí)間,努力增加產(chǎn)品的種類。”類似的主題被沃克曼貫穿了這篇文章(1997),他在歐洲為“客戶驅(qū)動(dòng)”市場(chǎng)研究行業(yè)的反應(yīng)。

社會(huì)的發(fā)展、技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、產(chǎn)品的更新、生活節(jié)奏的加快等等一系列的社會(huì)與物質(zhì)的因素,使人們?cè)谙硎芪镔|(zhì)生活的同時(shí),更加注重產(chǎn)品在“方便”、“舒適”、“可靠”、“價(jià)值”、“安全”和“效率”等方面的評(píng)價(jià),也就是在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中常提到的人性化設(shè)計(jì)問題。

所謂人性化產(chǎn)品,就是包含人機(jī)工程的的產(chǎn)品,只要是“人”所使用的產(chǎn)品,都應(yīng)在人機(jī)工程上加以考慮,產(chǎn)品的造型與人機(jī)工程無疑是結(jié)合在一起的。我們可以將它們描述為:以心理為圓心,生理為半徑,用以建立人與物(產(chǎn)品)之間和諧關(guān)系的方式,最大限度地挖掘人的潛能,綜合平衡地使用人的肌能,保護(hù)人體健康,從而提高生產(chǎn)率。僅從工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)這一范疇來看,大至宇航系統(tǒng)、城市規(guī)劃、建筑設(shè)施、自動(dòng)化工廠、機(jī)械設(shè)備、交通工具,小至家具、服裝、文具以及盆、杯、碗筷之類各種生產(chǎn)與生活所創(chuàng)造的“物”,在設(shè)計(jì)和制造時(shí)都必須把“人的因素”作為一個(gè)重要的條件來考慮。若將產(chǎn)品類別區(qū)分為專業(yè)用品和一般用品的話,專業(yè)用品在人機(jī)工程上則會(huì)有更多的考慮,它比較偏重于生理學(xué)的層面;而一般性產(chǎn)品則必須兼顧心理層面的問題,需要更多的符合美學(xué)及潮流的設(shè)計(jì),也就是應(yīng)以產(chǎn)品人性化的需求為主。

人機(jī)工程學(xué)是一門新興的邊緣科學(xué)。它起源于歐洲,形成和發(fā)展于美國(guó)。人機(jī)工程學(xué)在歐洲稱為Ergonomics,這名稱最早是由波蘭學(xué)者雅斯特萊鮑夫斯基提出來的,它是由兩個(gè)希臘詞根組成的。“ergo”的意思是“出力、工作”,“nomics”表示“規(guī)律、法則”的意思,因此,Ergonomics的含義也就是“人出力的規(guī)律”或“人工作的規(guī)律”,也就是說,這門學(xué)科是研究人在生產(chǎn)或操作過程中合理地、適度地勞動(dòng)和用力的規(guī)律問題。人機(jī)工程學(xué)在美國(guó)稱為“Human Engineering”(人類工程學(xué))或“Human Factor Engineering”(人類因素工程學(xué))。日本稱為“人間工學(xué)”,或采用歐洲的名稱,音譯為“Ergonomics”,俄文音譯名“Эргнотика”在我國(guó),所用名稱也各不相,有“人類工程學(xué)”、“人體工程學(xué)”、“工效學(xué)”、“機(jī)器設(shè)備利用學(xué)”和“人機(jī)工程學(xué)”等。為便于學(xué)科發(fā)展,統(tǒng)一名稱很有必要,現(xiàn)在大部分人稱其為“人機(jī)工程學(xué)”,簡(jiǎn)稱“人機(jī)學(xué)”。“人機(jī)工程學(xué)”的確切定義是,把人—機(jī)—環(huán)境系統(tǒng)作為研究的基本對(duì)象,運(yùn)用生理學(xué)、心理學(xué)和其它有關(guān)學(xué)科知識(shí),根據(jù)人和機(jī)器的條件和特點(diǎn),合理分配人和機(jī)器承擔(dān)的操作職能,并使之相互適應(yīng),從而為人創(chuàng)造出舒適和安全的工作環(huán)境,使工效達(dá)到最優(yōu)的一門綜合性學(xué)科。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]鮑德溫,C.Y.,和克拉克,K.B.(2000年)。設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則:第1卷的力量的模塊化。馬薩諸塞州劍橋:麻省理工學(xué)院出版社。

[2]貝爾蒂,S.,杰爾馬尼,M.,Mandorli,樓與奧托,何(2001)。設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品系列安內(nèi)的中小型比如輸入-獎(jiǎng)。第13屆詮釋。機(jī)密。工程設(shè)計(jì)(卡利,S.,達(dá)菲,A.,MCMA-漢,C.,&華萊士,K.,編著),英國(guó)格拉斯哥,頁(yè)507-514。

[3]沃馬克,J.P.,瓊斯,D.T.,與魯斯,D.(1990)。改變了機(jī) 世界。紐約:羅森聯(lián)營(yíng)公司。

[4]沃特曼,JC,Muntslag,DR,和TIMMERMANS,PJM編。(1997)。客戶驅(qū)動(dòng)的制造。紐約:查普曼和霍爾。

[5]Yigit,AS,Ulsoy,AG&Allahverdi,A.(2002)。優(yōu)化的模塊化產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的可重構(gòu)制造。中國(guó)智能制造13(4),309-316。

山東交通學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)

AI EDAM: Arti?cial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing

In aneffort to improve customization for today’s highly competitive global mar ketplace, many companies are utilizing product families and platform-based product development to increase variety, shorten lead times, and reduce costs.The key to a successful product family is the product platform from which it is derived either by adding, removing, or substituting one or more modules to the platform or by scaling the platform in one or more dimensions to target specific market niches.This nascent field of engineering design has matured rapidly in the past decade, and this paper provides a comprehensive review of the flurry of research activity that has occurred during that time to facilitate product family design and platform-based product de velopment for mass customization.Techniques for identifying platform leveraging strategies within a product family are reviewed along with metrics for assessing the effectiveness of product plat forms and product families.Special emphasis is placed on optimization approaches and artificial intelligence techniques to assist in the process of product family design and platform based product development.Web-basedsystems for product platform customization are also discussed.Examples from both industry and a cademia are presented throughout the paper to highlight the benefits of product families and product platforms.The paper concludes with a discussion of potential areas of research to help bridge the gap between planning and managing families of products and designing and manufacturing them.Today’s h igh ly competitive global mark etplace is redefining the way many companies do business.The new form ofcompetitive advantage is mass customization, and is, as Pine~1993a, p.xiii!says, ―a new way of viewing business competition , one that makes the identification and fulfillment of the wants and needs of individual cu stomers paramount without sacrificing efficiency, effectiveness, and low costs.‖In his seminal text on mass customization, Pine ~1993a,p.6!argues that ―customers can no longer be lumped together in a huge homo geneous market, but are individuals whose individual wants and needs can be ascertained and fulfilled.‖ He attributes the increasing attention on product variety and customer demand to the saturation of the market and the need to improve customer satisfaction: newproducts must be different from what is already in th e market and must meet cu stomer needs more comp letely.Sand-erson and Uzu meri ~1997, p.3!add that ―the emergence of global markets has fundamentally altered competition as many firms have known it‖ with the resulting market dynamics ―forcing the compression of product development times and expansion of product variety.‖ Findings from studies of the automotive industry ~Womacketal., 1990;MacDuffieetal., 1996;Alford et al., 2000!and empirical su rveys of manufacturing firms ~Chinnaiah et al., 1998;Duray et al.,2000!confirm these trends.Similar themes pervade th e tex t by Wortmann et al.~1997!, who examine industry’s response in Europe to the ―customer-driven‖ market.The social development and technological progress, product updates, rhythm of life pace, and so on a series of social and physical factors, so that people in the enjoyment of material life at the same time, pay more attention to products in the “convenience”, “comfortable”, “reliable”, “value”, “security” and “efficiency evaluation, is often mentioned in the product design, personalized design.山東交通學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)

The so-called user-friendly products that includes the man-machine engineering products, as long as it is ”person“ used in products should be considered in the man-machine engineering, product design and ergonomics is undoubtedly together.We can be described as: Center for psychological, physiological radius in order to build a harmonious relationship between people and things(products), maximum to tap potential, comprehensive balanced use of muscle, protection of human health, so as to improve the productivity.Only from the category of industrial design, to aerospace systems, urban planning, construction, automatic chemical plant, machinery and equipment, transport, small furniture, clothing, stationery and flower pots, cups, bowls and chopsticks, such as production and life to create the ”objects“, in the design and manufacture must take the ”human factor“ as an important condition to consider.If the products of distinguished professional supplies and general supplies and professional activities in the man-machine engineering will have more consideration, it is more emphasis on in physiology level;and general products must balance the psychological problems, need to be more in line with the aesthetics and the trend of the design, that is, should be to the needs of the product humanization.Ergonomics is a rising edge science.It originated in Europe, formed and developed in the United States..Ergonomics in Europe known as ergonomics, the name of the first is by Poland scholar Ya J Tele Bo J J Kiti, it is composed of two Greek roots.The meaning of ”ergo“ is ”output,“ and nomics said the meaning of ”law, rule.Therefore, ergonomics meaning is“ people contribute to the rules ”or“ working rules ”.That is to say, the subject is the research in the production or operation of reasonable, moderate labor and force of law of.Ergonomics in the United States known as “Engineering Human”(Human Engineering)or “Factor Engineering Human”(Human Factor Engineering).Japan, known as the “human engineering”, or the European name, transliterated as “Ergonomics”, Russian transliteration names “middle, in this paper the author, with large K” in our country, with the name of a also varied, with “human engineering”, “human engineering”, “Ergonomics”, “equipment using learning” and “Ergonomics”.For the development of subject, it is necessary to unify the name

山東交通學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)

of the subject.Now most people call it ergonomics.“.The exact definition of ”Ergonomics" is the humanenvironment system as the basic research object, the use of physiological science, psychology and other related disciplines of knowledge, according to the conditions and characteristics of man and machine, a reasonable allocation of human and machine bear operation functions, and mutual adaptation, in order to create the comfortable and safe working environment for people, to optimize the efficiency of a comprehensive discipline.山東交通學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)

REFERENCES

[1]Baldwin, C.Y., & Clark, K.B.~2000!.Desig n Rules: Volume 1.Th e Power of Modularity.Camb ridge, MA: MIT Press.[2]Berti, S., Germani, M., Mandorli, F., & Otto, H.E.~2001!.Design ofproduct families—An example within a small and medium sized enterprise.13thInt.Conf.Engineering Design ~Culley, S., Duffy, A., McMahon , C., & Wallace, K.,Eds.!, Glasgow, UK, pp.507–514.[3]Womack, J.P., Jon es, D.T., & Roos, D.~1990!.The Machine that ChangedtheWorld.New York: Rawson Associates.[4]Wortmann, J.C., Muntslag, D.R., & Timmermans, P.J.M., Eds.~1997!.Custo mer-Driven Manufacturing.New York: Chapman & Hall.[5]Yigit, A.S., Ulsoy, A.G., & Allahverdi, A.~2002!.Optimizing modular

product design for reconfigurable manufacturing.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 13(4), 309 –316.

第五篇:英文翻譯

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)附錄

(翻譯)

課 題 名 稱

光子是物質(zhì)的最基本粒子

學(xué) 生 姓 名

段 賢 苗

學(xué)

號(hào)

0740817007

系、年級(jí)專業(yè)

理學(xué)與信息科學(xué)系2007級(jí)物理學(xué)

指 導(dǎo) 教 師

曾 愛 華

2011年5月20日

摘要

利用熵增加原理、推導(dǎo)出組成物質(zhì)的最基本粒子是光子,并進(jìn)一步說明光子的物理特性、物理常量影響著宇宙的物理規(guī)律與物理常量。本文試圖為基本粒子、大統(tǒng)一物理的研究提出一個(gè)方向。關(guān)鍵詞:光子;基本粒子;信息;熵

目錄:

1、前言

2、信息的量化

3、香農(nóng)熵

4、熵和信息的一個(gè)守恒定律

5、宏觀信息向微觀信息的轉(zhuǎn)換

6、光子是物質(zhì)的最基本粒子

7、信息和靜質(zhì)量

8、整個(gè)宇宙的微觀信息

9、光子的物理特性、物理常量影響著宇宙的物理規(guī)律與物理常量

1、前 言

當(dāng)今物理學(xué)界仍在不斷尋地找物質(zhì)的基本粒子,但基本粒子是什么?人們現(xiàn)在仍難以作出正確的回答,在易經(jīng)里,我們知道:太極生兩儀,兩儀生四象,四象生八卦,八卦生宇宙萬物。而太極者,無極也。這不就是零物質(zhì)嗎?我們知道光子的靜質(zhì)量是零,若這零物質(zhì)是光子,那么光子不就是“最基本粒子”嗎?我們知道無限小的極限是0,那么基本粒子的極限不就是光子嗎?

同時(shí),現(xiàn)在物理學(xué)家們又正在努力尋找宇宙的物理規(guī)律、物理常量,努力尋找物理的大統(tǒng)一理論。若我們確定了什么是最基本粒子,那么這最基本粒子的物理規(guī)律、物理常量就應(yīng)與宇宙的物理規(guī)律、物理常量有著必然的聯(lián)系。

現(xiàn)在的超弦理論被部分人認(rèn)為是大統(tǒng)一理論,一個(gè)能在單獨(dú)的包羅萬象的協(xié)和的數(shù)學(xué)框架下描寫自然界所有力的理論。在弦理論看來,弦是宇宙物質(zhì)組成的最基本單元,所有的基本粒子如電子、光子、夸克、中微子都是它的不同具體形態(tài)。到現(xiàn)在為止,弦理論還只是一種假說,人類尚未觀測(cè)到基本的弦。超弦論的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證和證偽存在著極大的困難,由于那些額外維度的空間被卷曲得如此之小,必需建造一個(gè)尺度大如銀河系的粒子速器才行。

基于數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的哥德爾不完備性定理,在任何公理化形式系統(tǒng)中,總存留著在定義該系統(tǒng)的公理的基礎(chǔ)上既不能證明也不能證偽的問題。也就是說任何一個(gè)理論都有解決不了的問題。因此,大統(tǒng)一物理不是包含所有各分枝物理的理論,而是各分枝物理的共同部份、基礎(chǔ)部份。他應(yīng)是簡(jiǎn)單的、優(yōu)美的。

現(xiàn)本人試圖從光子的角度為基本粒子、大統(tǒng)一物理的研究提出一個(gè)方向。本文是建立在舊有的理論(相對(duì)論、熱力學(xué)定律)基礎(chǔ)上的一個(gè)新的推論,而不是建立在一個(gè)新的假設(shè)之上。

2、信 息 的 量 化

香 農(nóng)(Claude E.Shannon)指 出,信 息是對(duì)體系的統(tǒng)計(jì)描述的一種性質(zhì),是體系的一種基本屬性,即它們的組織化程度的度量。香農(nóng)證明的一個(gè)基本定理表明,一個(gè)體系的信含量等于對(duì)該體系的完備的統(tǒng)計(jì)描述進(jìn)行編碼所需的二進(jìn)位數(shù)最少位數(shù)。一個(gè)體系的信息所反映的是其可能的存在狀態(tài)的量值。量度信息 的 單 位 是 比 特(bit);一 比 特 信 息 是兩個(gè)相等的可能性之間決定一個(gè)所需的信 息 量。如 某 個(gè) 體 系 有2r 個(gè) 可 能 的 存 在狀態(tài),那它的信息就是 r 比特。對(duì)可能的存在狀態(tài)的觀測(cè)受測(cè)

不準(zhǔn)原理、測(cè)量水平等所制約,不同測(cè)量水平所測(cè)量的信息記錄是不同的。在一個(gè)完全封閉的系統(tǒng)里,可精確地描述出大量的態(tài),我們常稱之為微觀態(tài)。在量子力學(xué)里,這就是系統(tǒng)可能的量子態(tài)。這些微觀態(tài)根據(jù)粗粒化區(qū)分的不同性質(zhì),分 類 聚 集 到 一 塊 兒(可 稱 之 為 宏 觀 態(tài))。在一給定宏觀態(tài)中的微觀態(tài)可以看成是彼此等價(jià)的,所以我們通常只關(guān)心微觀態(tài)的數(shù)目。

同時(shí),不知道一團(tuán)物質(zhì)的終極組成部分或其最深層次的結(jié)構(gòu),我們就無法計(jì)算其終極信息容量,也無法計(jì)算其香農(nóng)熵。但是,我們可以找到能計(jì)算其信息容量的最深層次的結(jié)構(gòu)。按照微型化技術(shù)目前這樣快的發(fā)展速度,我們可以設(shè)想將來某日夸克能被用來存儲(chǔ)信息,也許是一個(gè)夸克一比特。

3、香 農(nóng) 熵

香農(nóng)熵反映了在一個(gè)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)(或隨機(jī)變量)的不確定性。一個(gè)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)可用:

表示。其中 1,2,?..,n為可能發(fā)生的結(jié)果,pi為i發(fā)生的概 率。X 的 不 確 定 性 大 小取決于 n 的大小與 pi 分 布 的 均勻 程 度。這 個(gè) 不 確 定 性 是(p 1 , p

一個(gè) 函 數(shù),記 為 H,它 具 有 如 下 性 質(zhì) : 2 ,? ,p n)的(1)對(duì)稱連續(xù)性,即H(p1,p2,?,pn)是(p1,p2,?,pn)的對(duì)稱連續(xù)函數(shù);(2)H(0, 1)=0;

(3)如q=p n +p n + 1 則 H(p 1 ,p 2 ,? ,p n ,p n + 1)=H(p 1 ,p 2 ,? ,p n-1 ,q)+qH(p n /q ,p n + 1 /q)。通過數(shù)學(xué)的推導(dǎo),得香農(nóng)熵:

log 的 底 我 們 取 2,H(X)的 單

位 是 比 特(bit)。如(X,Y)為 二 元 隨 機(jī) 變 量,取 值 為(x ,y),x=1 ,2,?,m,y=1 ,2 ,?,n ;聯(lián)合概率分布為pij,則 聯(lián) 合 熵 為 :

稱 H(Y| X)= H(X,Y)- H(X)為 Y 關(guān)于 X 的條件熵,它表示條件不確定 性。當(dāng) Y 不 依 賴 于 X 時(shí),即 X、Y 相 互獨(dú) 立 時(shí) H(Y| X)=H(Y),得 :

H(X,Y)= H(X)+H(Y)

從概念上來說,熱力學(xué)熵和香農(nóng)熵是等價(jià)的,當(dāng)香農(nóng)設(shè)法量化一條消息中的信息時(shí),他自然而然地得出了一條和玻爾茲曼一樣的公式。玻爾茲曼熵所代表的不同組成方

式的數(shù)目反映了為實(shí)現(xiàn)某種特定組成方式所必須知道的香農(nóng)信息量。

4、熵 和 信 息 的 一 個(gè) 守 恒 定 律

熵和信息有一個(gè)守恒定律,就是一個(gè)體系的信息與熵的和保持守恒,并等于該體系的最大信息或最大熵。即:H+I=H m a x =I m a x =const

H 和 I 表 示 熵 和 信 息 的 值,Hmax 和

Imax表示熵和信息最大的可能值。

熵增加原理可描述為信息減少原理,即是一個(gè)孤立體系的信息一定能達(dá)到所能達(dá)到的最小信息。

熵是一種不確定性的量度。當(dāng)信息被獲得和記錄下來,需要消耗能量,這時(shí)不確定減少了,而與此同時(shí)記錄中的信息增加了。當(dāng)記錄被擦掉時(shí),記錄中的信息減少了,但整個(gè)封閉系統(tǒng)情形的不確定至少增加了相同的數(shù)量。

同 時(shí),熵 與 粗 粒 化 有 關(guān),即 與 被 描 述系統(tǒng)詳盡的程度有關(guān)。的確,一個(gè)體系如果所有的細(xì)節(jié)都考慮了的話,那么在數(shù)學(xué)上就可以認(rèn)為熵不會(huì)再增加,熵將保持不變。但事實(shí)上,一個(gè)分為許多部分的體系常常只用它的某些變量來描述,這些比較少的變量的有序性會(huì)隨著時(shí)間而散失到其他變量中去,于是前者也不能再看成是有序的了。這就是熱力學(xué)第二定律的真正意義。

無論是對(duì)信息熵的記錄,都與測(cè)量水平、所考慮的變量有關(guān)。當(dāng)我們用更準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)量、考慮更多的變量,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)更微觀的信息。

5、宏 觀 信 息 向 微 觀 信 息 的 轉(zhuǎn) 換

概率的均勻分布和不均勻分布表示了一個(gè)體系的信息含量方面的一個(gè)質(zhì)的差別。我們將空間分

2r 個(gè)“宏 相 格 ”,我們把宏觀信息確定為這些宏相格所對(duì)應(yīng)的一組概率所需的信息;確定概率在宏相格內(nèi)部的分布所需的信息,則定義為微觀信息;但實(shí)際上,我們可把每個(gè)“宏相格”分割成 2q“ 微 相 格 ”,我們可以把微觀信息確定為所有這些微相格所對(duì)應(yīng)的一組概率所需的信息。同時(shí),我們可以把宏觀信息看作是我們對(duì)體系的統(tǒng)計(jì)性質(zhì)的知識(shí),而把微觀信息看作是對(duì)各個(gè)微觀粒子的具體知識(shí),具體來說就是微觀信息代表了我們對(duì)各個(gè)粒子的速度之間的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的了解。

我們?cè)O(shè)想一個(gè)假想實(shí)驗(yàn),在空氣完全靜止的封閉空間的一角,放置一瓶密封 香水。瓶密封香水放在空間的一個(gè)“宏相 格 ”中,它 占 據(jù) 的 體 積 是 1/2 r,其 宏觀 信 息 就 是 r; 隨 著 時(shí) 間 的 推 移 我 們 看不到宏觀信息的變化,這是由于它

在一個(gè)制約條件下(如瓶被密封等)。如把瓶蓋打開,隨著時(shí)間的推移,香水分子就會(huì)揮發(fā),其宏觀信息不斷減少,直至全部宏觀信息轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槲⒂^信息,總的信息量并沒有變化。我們還可以把微相格再細(xì)分下去,隨著時(shí)間的繼續(xù)推移,用更準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)量、考慮更多的變量,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)微觀信息就向著更微觀的信息轉(zhuǎn)變。

若我們把更微的相格的長(zhǎng)度確定為Planck 長(zhǎng) 度,根 據(jù) 測(cè) 不 準(zhǔn) 原 理,我 們 知道,這將是最微觀的信息。這時(shí),若把這樣的更微的相格再向下細(xì)分,那么,信息就消失在量子漲落中,因?yàn)槲覀儾豢梢栽贉y(cè)量了;或者說,根據(jù)信息減小原理,當(dāng)這個(gè)最微觀的信息繼續(xù)減小時(shí),信息就消失在量子漲落中了。同時(shí),一個(gè)名義上孤立的體系同世界其余部份的不可避免的相互作用是以微小的隨機(jī)擾動(dòng)的方式來進(jìn)行的,這的微擾破壞粒子之間的關(guān)聯(lián),能消耗微觀信息。

宏觀信息可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槲⒂^信息,反之亦然。從量子漲落中產(chǎn)生信息,產(chǎn)生有信息的基本粒子,通過這些粒子的相互作用、相互關(guān)聯(lián)就產(chǎn)生了更多的信息,產(chǎn)生了宏觀信息,但這個(gè)過程需要消耗能量。

6、光 子 是 物 質(zhì) 的 最 基 本 粒 子

我們知道,電子有 22 個(gè) 可 能 的 存 在狀態(tài)(它有兩種電荷兩種自旋狀態(tài),是現(xiàn)在的測(cè)量水平下所能測(cè)到的),要指定具體什么電子,需要 2 個(gè)二進(jìn)位數(shù),所 以 單 獨(dú) 一 個(gè) 電子 的 信 息 是 2bit。對(duì) 于光子,自旋方向有平行與反平行于物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向兩種,他最少的可能存在狀態(tài) 2 1 個(gè),所 以 單 獨(dú) 一 個(gè) 光 子 的 信 息 是應(yīng)是1bit,這 是 現(xiàn) 在人 們 的 測(cè) 量 水平所 觀 測(cè)得到的。對(duì)于由大量光子組成的一個(gè)孤立體系,左旋與旋相等混合并均勻地分 布,這 時(shí) 這 個(gè) 體 系 的 信 息 是 0bit。

基本粒子中信息容量最小的信息應(yīng)該 是 1bit,現(xiàn) 在 我 們 來 看 看,在 測(cè) 不 準(zhǔn)原理制約下,基本粒子中信息最小的粒子是不是光子。我 們 知 道 能 量 與 質(zhì) 量 是 一 回 事。設(shè) Q為熱量、E 為能量、T 為絕對(duì)溫標(biāo)、m 為質(zhì)量,S 為勢(shì)力學(xué)熵。考慮在一個(gè)與外界沒有作功的系統(tǒng)中,據(jù)熱力學(xué)第一定律,得:

dQ=dE=dm

dS=dE/T 由能量均分原理

E/T=const

dE/E=d(lnE)若

dS≥ 0,則 : dm≥ 0

考慮一個(gè)非平衡的系統(tǒng),它可以被分

成無限多個(gè)近似平衡的小系統(tǒng),由于熵與

質(zhì)量的可加性,我們完全可以相信存在 這 么 一 個(gè) 體 系,上 式 仍 然 成 立。而 且,在一個(gè)孤立的不可逆體系中,只要有足夠的時(shí)間,熵一定能達(dá)到最大值,信息一定能達(dá)到最小值。在測(cè)不準(zhǔn)原理制約下,我們可以找出能計(jì)算其信息容量的最深層次結(jié)構(gòu)的最微觀的信息。在這個(gè)最深層次的結(jié)構(gòu)下,當(dāng)系統(tǒng)信息達(dá)到 0時(shí),微觀系統(tǒng)的單一粒子就一定會(huì)存在基本粒子中信息最小的粒子。由相對(duì)論,得:dv≥ 0v 是組成這個(gè)特殊的孤立的不可逆體系 的基本粒子的速率。

這說明了熵增加的方向就是使組成這粒子的最基本粒子的速率最終達(dá)到光速,粒子最終分解成靜質(zhì)量為零的最基本粒子,也就是說,在一個(gè)完全孤立的沒有給定任何制約條件的物理體系中,熵增加原理就是使其系統(tǒng)中的總靜質(zhì)量最終為零。從相對(duì)論可得知,一個(gè)靜質(zhì)量不為 0 的物質(zhì)是不可能被加速到光速,但我們認(rèn)為它可以分解為光速的光子。因而,光子是靜質(zhì)量為零、信息為bit 的 粒 子,它就 是 物 質(zhì) 的 最 基 本 粒 子。也就是說作為速度極限的光子,也是信息最小的粒子,是基本粒子無限細(xì)分的極限。

另一方面,我們可以在光子建立參考系觀測(cè)一個(gè)孤立的物理體系,據(jù)相對(duì)論,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),組成這物理體系的全是速度為光速的粒子,即光子。當(dāng)然,一般地,人們不會(huì)在光子建立參考系來觀測(cè)一個(gè)孤立的物理體系,因?yàn)檫@是極端的情況。但是,一個(gè)普適的物理定律若不可以在極端的情況下使用,又何以普適呢?

無論從信息減少原理、熵增加原理以及在光子建立參考系觀測(cè),我們都可得到結(jié)論:光子是物質(zhì)的最基本粒子。

7、信 息 和 靜 質(zhì) 量

現(xiàn) 在 我 們 設(shè) 兩 個(gè) 光 子 A、B,它 們 以光速運(yùn)動(dòng)著,設(shè)其動(dòng)質(zhì)量(總動(dòng)能)為m A、m B。由 于 A、B 有 動(dòng) 質(zhì) 量,還 會(huì) 有 電磁 等 一 些 特 性,所 以 當(dāng) A、B 結(jié) 合 成 一 個(gè)基本粒子――具有“ 剛性” 的粒子時(shí),光子之間存在著相互作用,這就產(chǎn)生了位能。這 時(shí),我 們 設(shè) A、B 的 位 能 為V A *、V B *,總 動(dòng) 能 為 m A *、m B *,那 么 A、B 的總能量就是:V A *+ m A *、V B *+ m B *。把 A、B 作 為 一 個(gè) 總 體 M,那 么 M 的 總 靜質(zhì)量 m 為:m=V A *+ m A *+V B *+ m B *。由最基本粒子組成的物質(zhì)的靜質(zhì)量即固有質(zhì)量就是物質(zhì)內(nèi)部各粒子間的相互作用而產(chǎn)生的位能與物質(zhì)內(nèi)部各粒子間的相互運(yùn)動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的總動(dòng)能之和。

在一個(gè)完全孤立的沒有給定任何制約條件的物理體系里,由信息減少原理,隨 著 時(shí) 間 的 推 移,其 信 息 最 終 為 0bit,可以說是沒有信息,這時(shí),整個(gè)物理體系 的 總 靜 質(zhì) 量 亦 為 0。當(dāng) 一 個(gè) 物 理 體 系有靜質(zhì)量時(shí),就說明它內(nèi)部存在光子及粒子間的相互作用,它產(chǎn)生了信息;反之 亦 然,物 理 體 系 存 在 信 息(>1bit)也說明它有靜質(zhì)量;物質(zhì)信息和靜質(zhì)量都是由其內(nèi)部的各光子及粒子間的相互作用產(chǎn)生的。如一個(gè)電子,它有信息(2bit),亦 有 靜 質(zhì) 量。但 到 現(xiàn) 在 為 止,我們?nèi)圆荒苷f有多少信息就有多少靜質(zhì)量,而這需要進(jìn)一步的研究。

光子通過一定的方式組成物質(zhì),通過光子之間的相互作用(可以通過力的作 用)、通 過 轉(zhuǎn) 化 而 成 為 一 個(gè) 有 靜 質(zhì) 量的粒子,這時(shí)候,亦就產(chǎn)生了位能,產(chǎn)生了新的息,產(chǎn)生了靜質(zhì)量,但也許我們已不能觀測(cè)到其內(nèi)部的單一光子了。電子--反電子對(duì)可以湮滅轉(zhuǎn)化為一對(duì)光子,同樣,若干個(gè)光子是可以轉(zhuǎn)化為電子的。

8、整 個(gè) 宇 宙 的 微 觀 信 息

首先,我們把宇宙表示為一條無限長(zhǎng)的“ 直 線 ”模 型。為 了 體 現(xiàn) 測(cè) 不 準(zhǔn) 原 理,我們必須把一維直線分割成長(zhǎng)度相等的小段,小段的長(zhǎng)度代表單個(gè)粒子的位置所能做到的精確度。如果我們又確定占據(jù) 每 個(gè) 小 段 的 粒 子 數(shù) 目,那 么,這 個(gè)“ 直線”宇宙就可以用一個(gè)由“占有數(shù)”構(gòu)成的、兩端都開放的無限數(shù)列來表示。于是微觀信息就可以這樣定義:它使我們能夠區(qū)分兩列具有相同統(tǒng)計(jì)性質(zhì)的(這樣的占有數(shù)數(shù)列即宏觀)。現(xiàn)在我們來試圖證明這兩具數(shù)列是相同的。我們從一列占有數(shù)數(shù)列中選出任意長(zhǎng)度的一個(gè)子數(shù)列,在一個(gè)無限數(shù)列中,任何有限長(zhǎng)度的子數(shù)列都將重復(fù)出現(xiàn)無限多次。大數(shù)定律保證我們經(jīng)過有限次嘗試之后就一定能找到相同統(tǒng)計(jì)(即宏觀)性質(zhì)的這樣的占有子數(shù)列,而且,不管我們選出的子數(shù)列有多長(zhǎng),只要長(zhǎng)度有限,我們就一定能找到。

我們把上述論證推廣到三維無限宇宙中去,只要滿足強(qiáng)宇宙原理和局部宇宙結(jié)構(gòu)的大小是有限的要求,那么,把宇宙作為一個(gè)整體來看其性質(zhì)全是統(tǒng)計(jì)性(即宏觀)的,它的微觀信息根本不存在。

9、光 子 的 物 理 特 性、物 理 常 量 影 響 著宇宙的物理規(guī)律與物理常量

光子具有量子化,它的能量為:m=hv/c 2其 中 h 是 Planck 常 數(shù),v 是 頻 率。由 光 子 的 量 子 化,我 們 認(rèn) 為 光 子 是 可以合并和分解的。但無論如何,只

要靜質(zhì)量為零就是光子。就單一粒子而言,光子都具有相同的物理特性,只有在不同的場(chǎng)里才表現(xiàn)不同的物理特性。

光 子 具 有 量 子 性、電 磁 特 性 等 等,光速是它的物理常量。宇宙是由光子組成的,所以光子的物理特性、物理常量影響著宇宙的物理規(guī)律與物理常量。若整個(gè)宇宙由很多個(gè)小宇宙組成,那么每個(gè)小宇宙中光子的物理特性、物理常量影響著這個(gè)小宇宙的物理規(guī)律與物理常量。無論是何種情形,宇宙中的任何事物似乎都是根據(jù)科學(xué)定律的演化所確定的,而這些則由光子的物理特性、物理常量影響著。對(duì)光子物理特性、物理常量的研究應(yīng)是現(xiàn)代物理的方向。

Photon Is the Ultimate ElementaryParticle of Matter Abstract: According to the entropy increasesprinciple, I make a deduction that photon is ultimate elementary particle of matter and further more, itshows photon’s physical characteristic and physicalconstants affect the physical law and physicalconstants of the whole universe.In this essay, I try totake a lead for the study of elementary particles andthe grand unified physics.Key words: photon, elementary particle, information,entropy, rest mass, grand unification.directory

1.Preface 2.Quantization of information 3.Shannon entropy 4.A conservation law for entropy and information 5.The transfer from macro information into micro information 6.Photon is the ultimate elementary particle of matter 7.Information and rest mass 8.The micro information in the whole universe 9.The physics character and physics constant of photon affect the universe’s physics law and physics constant

1.Preface

Physicists have been searched for elementary particleof matter.Bat what is elementary? People find it hard toanswer this question.From china ancient books--TheBook of Changes, we know that Taiji produces two Yi.Two Yi produce four quadrant, four quadrant produceeight diagrams.Eight diagrams produce all the things inthe universe.Grand means endless.But the taiji is thegreat void, isn’t it that ZERO matter? We know thatphoton’s rest mass is zero.If the ZEROmatter is photon,isn’t it that photon is “the ultimate elementary particle ofmatter”? We knowthat infinitesimal limit is zero.If so,isn’t it that ultimate elementary particle of matter isphoton?

Meanwhile, nowadays physicists are trying hard tosearch for the physics law, the physical constants and thetheory of grand unification.If we have defined what theultimate elementary particle is, we’re then sure that thephysics law and the physical constants of the ultimateelementary particle have certain relation with thephysics law and the physical constants in the universe.The modern superstring theory is considered as grandunification by some people, a theory which includeseverything and describes every natural power under themathematical framework..In the view of superstringtheory, string is the most basic unit and all the elementalparticle which formed the universe, for example,electron, photon, quark and neutrino are its specific states.Up till now, the string theory is only a scientifichypothesis.The human being haven’t observed the basicstring, yet.The superstring theory is very hard to beproved through experiment, since the extra dimensionspace is curled so limited, people have to build a particleaccelerator as enormously as the galaxy to do theexperiment.According to Kurt Friedrich G?de’s un-completenesstheorem on math field, in any self-evident axiom formsystem, there always exits a problem which could not beproved right or wrong of its definition.That’s to say anytheory has some unsolved problems.Therefore, thegrand unification doesn’t include all the branch physicstheories, while it becomes a common andbasic part ofall the branch physics.So it must be the most simple and elegant one.I try to take a lead for the study of elementary particleand the grand unification.This essay is based on theexisting theories(e.g.theory of relativity,thermodynamics law)and then it forms a new theory.After all, it isn’t built on a new hypothesis.2.Quantization of information

Claude E.Sannon pointed out information is a kind ofcharacteristic which describes the statistics of a system,is also a basic attribute of the system that they’re theorganized measurement.Shannon’s basic theorem showthat a system’s containing information equals to thefewest digits of binary system in which we code theperfect describing statistics.The information of a systemreflects its possible existing state magnitude.The unit ofinformation measurement is bit.Abit of information istwo equal possibilities but chosen one amount ofrinformation.Forexample,one certain system has 2possible states.Then its amount of information is r bits.To observe the possible states is restricted by theHeisenberg uncertainty principle and people’s measuringlevel.Different measuring levels lead to differentrecords of information.In a completesealed system, wecan describe lots of states precisely.We often call themmicro states.In the field of quantum mechanics, weconsider them as the possible system quantum states.These micro states gather together on different kinds dueto different sorts of coarse granulating(which could becalled macro states).In a defined macro state, microstates could be considered as equivalence, so we oftencare the numbers of micro states.At the same time, if we don’t know the finalcomponents of a matter or the deepest layer of structure,we could not count the amount of the information and could not calculate their Shannon entropy of thestructure.But we can find deeper layer structure inwhich we could calculate the information amounts.By the development of micromation technique, we canimagine that in the future quarks could be used to store information.May be a quark could store a bit of information.3.Shannon entropy

Shannon entropy reflects an uncertainty of a randomexperiment(or random variable).A random experimentcan be expressed as:

In the formula, 1, 2 ,…, n express the possible result,while pn shows i’s probability.X’s uncertain value is decided by n’s value and pn’s distributing even rate.The uncertainty is a function of(p1,p2,…,pn)and is marked as H.it has the next qualities:(1)Symmetric continuity.Viz.H(p1,p2,…,pn)is the symmetrical continuous function of(p1,p2,…,pn);(2)H(0,1)=0;(3)If q=qn+qn+1, then H(p1,p2,…,pn,pn+1)= H(p1,p2,…,pn,q)+ qH(pn/q,pn+1/q).Through the math deduction, we get the Shannon entropy: bit.log’s base is 2, and the unit of H(X)is If(X,Y)are the duality random variables, valued as(x,y), x=1,2,…,m , y=1,2,…,n.The unitedprobability distribution is pij, then their united entropies are:

We call H(Y|X)=H(X,Y)-H(X)as Y for X,s conditional entropy.It shows the conditional uncertainty.When Y doesn’t depend on X, Viz.X and Y are separately independent, H(Y|X)=H(Y).we get: H(X,Y)=H(X)+H(Y)

As is known from the concept, thermodynamics entropy has the same equipollence with the Shannon entropy.When Shannon tries to quantify the information from a information, he naturally gets a same formula as Boltzmann’s.Boltzmann entropy which represents different forming numbers reflects the amount of Shannon information which is ready for meeting a certain compound mode.4.A conservation law for entropy andinformation Entropy and information have a conservation law that in a information and entropy keep conservative, and equal to the biggest information or the biggest entropy.Viz.: H+I=Hmax=Imax=const

H and I refer to the values of entropy and information.Hmax and Imax refer to the most possible values of entropy and information.The entropy increase principle can be described as

the information decrease principle.Namely the information in a sole system can get to its smallest information.Entropy is an uncertainty measurement.When information is obtained and recorded, energy was used up.In this circumstance the uncertainty decreases.At the same time the recorded information increases.When the record is cleaned, the recorded information decreases.But the uncertainties in the whole closed system increase by the same amounts.At the same time, entropy has some relation with coarse granulating, Viz.it has something to do with the extent of the described system.Surely, if all the details of a system are considered, we think that their entropy won’t increase in the view of math again.So the entropy keeps constant.But in fact, if a system has many parts, we only use some variables to describe it.These smaller variables will add up to other variables due to their orderliness with the running of time.And then the former ones no longer become orderly.This is the concept of the second law for thermodynamics.Not only the record of information but also the record of entropy, its result has something to do with people’s measuring level and people’s considering variables.When we measuring more accurately and consider more variables, we will find out more micro information.5.The transfer from macro information intomicro information

Whether the probability scatters evenly or not shows that a system has distinguished information.We divide the space into 2 r “macro phases”.We look on the macro phase information as the needed informations by a group of probabilities which are corresponding with these phases.The probabilities which are distributed in the macro phases can be defined as micro information.In fact, we divide each “macro phase” into 2 q “microphase”.We look on the micro information as a group of corresponding messages needed by the probabilities.Meanwhile, we look on the macro information as the knowledge by which we understand the quality of the whole system.Then we look on the micro information as the knowledge by which we concretely understand every micro particle.In other words, micro information shows that we understand every particle’s related speed.Let’s imagine an experiment that in a corner of a close space we place a sealed bottle of perfume in it.The bottle of the perfume was then placed onto a “macrphase” of a certain space.And its cube is 1/2 of which the macro information is r with the running of time, we couldn’t see the changes of macro information, because it is under a restricted condition(e.g.the bottle is sealed.).If we take off the lid, with the time gone, the molecules of the perfume will escape from the bottle.And we know that the macro information is decreasing till all the macro information change into micro information.But the total amounts of information haven’t changed at all.We still can go on dividing the micro phases.With the time gone, we may use more accurate measuring method, and we may consider more variables.At last we can find that micro information will change into even more micro information.If we define the length of even more micro information as Plank length, according to the uncertainty principle, we know that these will become the most micro information.By now if we go on dividing the even more micro information, the information will disappear in the quantum fluctuation, because we couldn’t go on doing the measuring any more.In other words, according to the information decreasing principle, when the most micro information goes on decreasing, all the information will disappear in the quantum fluctuation.At the same time, a nominal sole system and the rest parts of the world will interact and they come to action by the way of random disturbances.These perlur batives will damage the relationship among the particles.Further more, they will consume the micro information.Macro information can change into micro information and vice versa.Information comes from quantum fluctuation and produces elementary particles with information.By the interaction and relation of these elementary particles, they will produce more information, and then produce macro information.But in this process, energy will be consumed.6.Photon is the ultimate elementary particle of matter

As we know an electron has 22 possible existing states(it has two electric charges and two spinning states, which is measured by people now).If you want to specify what electron it is, you need 2 digits of binary.So a sole electric, information is 2 bits.As for the photon’s spinning, it has two ways of motion which parallels the matter’s moving direction or opposite of it.Its least possible existing states are 2 1.So a sole photon, information is 1 bit which is measured by people now.For a sole system which is formed by lots of photons, their left and right spins are equal and scattering evenly.The whole system information is 0 bit.The least capacity of the information in an elementary particle is 1 bit.Under the

uncertainty law, among the elementary particles isn’t the least information particle photon?

We know that energy and mass are the same things.If Q for heat quantity, E for energy, T for Kelvin scale, for mass, S for thermodynamics entropy, we consider a system which has no power with the outer world, according to the first law of thermodynamics, we then get:

Obey the principles of energy’s equipartition, we get:

If >0,them dm > 0

Suppose a special in-equilibrium sole system, it can be divided into limitless approximate equilibrium small systems.Due to the fact that entropy and mass can be summarized, we absolutely believe there is such a system, the above formulas are acceptable.Further more, in a sole in-reversible system, if given enough time, the entropy must get to its maximum value and the information must get to its minimum value.Under the restriction of uncertainty law, we can find deeper layer structure in which we could calculate the information amounts.In the deepest layer of structure, when the system information gets to zero, the micro system’s single particle must have the fewest information particles among the elementary particles.Form the theory of relativity, we get: dv >0 v stands for the speed of elementary particles in the special in-reversible sole system.It shows that the direction of entropy adding up is to make the particle’s ultimate elementary particles come to the speed of light.The particle at last will break up into the ultimate elementary particle whose rest mass is zero.That’s to say in a completely sole and no restriction physics system, entropy increase principle makes the system’s total rest mass zero.Form the theory of relativity, a rest mass which is not a zero matter couldn’t be accelerated to light speed.But we think it can be broken up into light speed photon.So photon’s rest mass is zero and its information is 1 bit particle.It is the ultimate elementary particle of matter.Namely the fastest speed is photon which is also the fewest information particle.Photon is the limit while dividing the elementary.On the other hand, we can use photon to form a coordinate in order to survey a sole physics system.Based on theory of relativity, we will find those which form the physics system are all light speed particles, Viz.photon.Generally speaking, people won’t build a photon coordinate to survey a sole physics system, because it is the extreme condition.But if a common physics law could not apply to an extreme condition, what is the common?

Either using information decrease principle, or entropy increase principle or photon coordinate principle to survey matter, we can draw a conclusion that photon is ultimate elementary particle of matter.7.Information and rest mass

Suppose there are two photons A, B.They are moving in light speed.Their moving mass(total kinetic energy)are mA, mb.Since A,B are owning moving mass, they also have some magnetic characteristic.A and B combine into an elementary particle------a particle which has “strong character”, when photons interact with each other, and produce position energy.Now, we suppose the position energy of A, B are VA , VB*.The total moving energies are mA*, mB*.Then the total energy of A and B is: VA*+ mA*,VB*+ mB* Considering A, B as a general M, then M’s total rest mass m is: M=VA*+ mA*+VB*+ mB*

The rest mass(Viz.proper mass)which consists of the ultimate elementary particles is the total value of position energy produced in the circumstance that the matter’s inner particles interact with each other and total moving energy produced in the circumstance that matter’s inner particle are moving towards each other..In a completely sole and no restriction physics system, following the information decrease principle, with the time going, its ultimate information is 0 bit.We can say that it has no information.At that time, the total rest mass in the whole physics system is also zero.When a physics system owns rest mass, it proves that the inner interaction between photons and particles.So it produces information and vice versa.If the physics system exists nformation(>1 bit), it shows that it owns rest mass.The matter’s information and rest mass are produced by the interactions between photons and particles.If an electron owns information(2 bit), it also owns mass.But by now, we couldn’t come to a conclusion that how much information there is decide how much rest mass there is.What we need is a further study.Photon form matter by a certain way.By the interaction between the photons(or by the effect of power)or by transformation it will form a rest mass particle.At the same time, it will produce position energy and then produce new information and the next produce rest mass.Perhaps we can no longer survey a certain photon of the matter inner.Electron and anti electron can die into a pair of photon.Similarly, several photons could change into an electron.8.The micro information in the wholeuniverse

Firstly, let’s consider the universe as an endless “straight line” model.In order to stress the uncertainty principle, we must divide the one dimension line into line segments.Each length of the line segments stands for the position of the particle and its possible accuracy.If we can confirm the numbers of the particles in each segment, then, about the “straight line” universe, we can use limitless sequence of the particles to express the universe which is formed by “occupation numbers” and open at both ends.The micro information is defined as: it helps us to distinguish two same statistics(macro)character occupation number sequences.Now we try to prove the two sequences are same.We will chose a subsidiary sequence from a occupation number sequence.In a limitless sequence, any length-limited subsidiary sequence will repeat to appear endless times.According the large numbers law after finite times of attempt, we could find out some possessing same characteristic occupation subsidiary sequence.Moreover, despite the length of the chosen subsidiary, so long as the length is finite, we can find that kind of sequences.We extend the above proof to the three-dimension endless universe.So long as it meets the condition that the strong universe principle and the part universe structure are limit, the whole universe character is all statistics(macro)and its micro information does not exist at all.9.The physics character and physics constant of photon affect the universe’s physics law and physics constant

Photon has the character of quantization.Its energy is: he is the Plank constant, v is frequence.Due to the quantization of photon, we think photon can be compounded and broken down.Nevertheless, if its rest mass is zero, it is a photon.For separate particles, they all have the same

physics characteristic.Only in different fields, they show different physics characteristics.Photon owns the characteristics of quanta and electromagnetic.Light speed is its physics constant.The universe consists of photons.So the photon’s physics characteristic and constant affect the universe’s physics law and constant.If the whole universe consists of many small universes, the photon’s physics characteristic and constant in each small universe affect the physics law and constant of this small universe.No matter what circumstance it is, anything happening in the universe seems that its evolution is based on the science laws.All these are affected by photon’s physics characteristic and constant.It is the direction for people of modern physics to study photon’s physics characteristic and constant.I believe that in the future people will know more about photon’s nature and will know more about the matter’s structure.

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