第一篇：高中英語(yǔ)選修八課文翻譯LOUIS ARMSTRONG THE GRANDFATHER OF JAZZ

路易斯·阿姆斯特朗:爵士樂(lè)的先祖

有些人之所以偉大,不僅僅是因?yàn)樗麄兊某删?還因?yàn)樗麄兊膫€(gè)性。路易斯·阿姆斯特朗就是這樣一個(gè)人,他無(wú)疑是所有爵士音樂(lè)家中最具影響力的。

1901年，路易斯·阿姆斯特朗出生在新奧爾良,他非常窮,他經(jīng)常到華麗的餐廳外面的垃圾箱中“購(gòu)物”。盡管一些與他狀況相同的男孩可能走向犯罪的道路以得到的錢(qián)來(lái)買(mǎi)食物和衣服,但路易斯從來(lái)沒(méi)有。相反,他和其他幾個(gè)男孩在新奧爾良的街頭靠唱歌從路人那兒賺幾美分。

12歲時(shí),路易斯因?yàn)樵谛履晖頃?huì)向空中鳴槍而被警察逮捕。他被送到了一個(gè)為問(wèn)題男孩建立的學(xué)校中學(xué)習(xí)，在那里音樂(lè)老師教他打鼓和吹號(hào)。兩年之后當(dāng)他離開(kāi)學(xué)校時(shí), 路易斯盡他所能找到了一份工作,并且在晚上他會(huì)去有爵士音樂(lè)家演奏的俱樂(lè)部里傾聽(tīng)和學(xué)習(xí)。他被一個(gè)叫做喬“王”奧利弗的著名的音樂(lè)家注意到，這之后喬開(kāi)始教他爵士樂(lè)并幫他在樂(lè)隊(duì)中找到了工作。1917年，當(dāng)喬奧利弗離開(kāi)新奧爾良時(shí),路易斯在一個(gè)鎮(zhèn)上最好的樂(lè)隊(duì)接管了他的工作。

在接下來(lái)的幾年里,路易斯在音樂(lè)方面有了提高,他在1922年開(kāi)始在美國(guó)其他城市旅行,他向熱情的觀眾展示了他特殊的爵士樂(lè)風(fēng)格。1924年,他開(kāi)始出唱片,從那時(shí)起,來(lái)自世界各地的音樂(lè)家會(huì)聽(tīng)他的演奏。不久,他已經(jīng)成長(zhǎng)為一顆冉冉升起的爵士樂(lè)新星,就如同現(xiàn)在的搖滾明星一樣。路易喜歡讓大眾開(kāi)心,他在1932年去歐洲之前巡回了全美。

在于他的樂(lè)隊(duì)演奏和出唱片的同時(shí),近50年來(lái),路易斯·阿姆斯特朗還參與超過(guò)50個(gè)電影,寫(xiě)了兩本自傳。他能夠與有著不同背景的人溝通——窮人和富人、名人和普通人、受過(guò)教育的和沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育的,音樂(lè)家和非音樂(lè)家。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因,政府鼓勵(lì)他作為一個(gè)美國(guó)的非官方的親善大使出訪(fǎng)外國(guó),尤其是歐洲和非洲,。他在美國(guó)公開(kāi)發(fā)表關(guān)于黑人權(quán)利的演講,利用他的名望為所有的美國(guó)公民爭(zhēng)取平等權(quán)利。

雖然他變得富有和著名,路易斯·阿姆斯特朗繼續(xù)在工人階級(jí)社區(qū)過(guò)著一種簡(jiǎn)單的生活。雖然在最后三年生活中他的身體不是很好,但他仍繼續(xù)演奏和出唱片,直到1971年7月6日 ,在紐約的家中路易斯·阿姆斯特朗在睡夢(mèng)中死去。路易斯·阿姆斯特朗是人們還記得的在早期爵士樂(lè)歷史中最重要的人。他的音樂(lè)曾像如今流行音樂(lè)一樣流行，并且他在1924至1971年中大多數(shù)的音樂(lè)唱片仍能引起人們的共鳴。

第二篇：高中英語(yǔ)選修八課文及翻譯

選修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading

CALIFORNIA California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world.The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home.This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.Unit1 加利福尼亞

加利福尼亞是美國(guó)的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州與眾不同之處在于它也是美國(guó)最具多元文化的一個(gè)州，它吸引了來(lái)自世界各地的人們。這些移民的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣以及語(yǔ)言在他們的新家都得以延續(xù)。當(dāng)你了解了加利福尼亞的歷史后，你就不會(huì)對(duì)此感到驚訝了。NATIVE AMERCANS

Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly.Thousands were killed or forced into slavery.In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans.However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more

Native Americans living in California than in any other state.美洲土著人

最早的一批人具體是在什么時(shí)候來(lái)到我們現(xiàn)在所知道的加利福尼亞地區(qū)的，誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不清楚。然而，很可能至少在15 ,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了。科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，這些遷居者通過(guò)一條史前時(shí)代曾經(jīng)存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區(qū)的白令海峽到達(dá)美洲。歐洲人在16世紀(jì)來(lái)到這兒后，土著人遭受了極大的苦難，成千上萬(wàn)的人被殺害或被迫成為奴隸。此外，歐洲人帶來(lái)了疾病，使許多人染病而死，不過(guò)，還是有一些人在經(jīng)歷了這些恐怖時(shí)期后活下來(lái)了。今天住在加利福尼亞的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。

THE SPANISH In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain.Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land.Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States.Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain.California then became part of Mexico.In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA.However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state.That is why today over 40 of

Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.西班牙人

在18世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，加利福尼亞是由西班牙統(tǒng)治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6世紀(jì)初期來(lái)到南美洲的，他們同土著人打仗，并奪去了他們的土地3兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地區(qū)定居下來(lái)，而且還在我們現(xiàn)在稱(chēng)之為美國(guó)的西北沿海地區(qū)住下來(lái)c在首批移

居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責(zé)是向原住民傳授天主教。1821年，墨西哥人從西班牙獲得了獨(dú)立-加利福尼亞于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846年美國(guó)向墨西哥宣戰(zhàn)，美國(guó)贏得戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亞割讓給美國(guó)。但是，這個(gè)州至今仍然保留著很強(qiáng)的西班牙的影響。這就是為什么今天還有40%的加利福尼亞人仍然把西班牙語(yǔ)作為第一或第二語(yǔ)言的緣故。

RUSSIANS In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California.Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.俄羅斯人

19世紀(jì)初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄羅斯獵人開(kāi)始在加利福尼亞定居下來(lái)。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）及其周邊地區(qū)的美籍俄羅斯人約有25,000人。GOLD MINERS In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in

California.The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world.The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States.Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed.In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich.Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.They settled in the new towns or on farms.By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.淘金礦工

1848年，在美國(guó)同墨西哥開(kāi)戰(zhàn)之后不久，在加利福尼亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦。發(fā)財(cái)夢(mèng)很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距離最近因而來(lái)得最早的是南美洲人和美國(guó)人。隨后跟著來(lái)的有歐洲和亞洲的探險(xiǎn)家。事實(shí)上很少有人圓了發(fā)財(cái)夢(mèng)。一些人死了或回家了，但是盡管條件十分艱苦，多數(shù)人還是留在了加利福尼亞勞作謀生，并在新的城鎮(zhèn)或農(nóng)場(chǎng)里定居下來(lái)。到1850年加利福尼亞成為美國(guó)第31個(gè)州的時(shí)候，它已經(jīng)是一個(gè)有著多種文化的社會(huì)了。

LATER A RRIVALS Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large

percentage have chosen to stay in the “Chinatowns” of Los Angeles and San Francisco.Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century.In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture.By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California.The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people.Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there.People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico.However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.后來(lái)的移民

雖然中國(guó)移民在淘金熱時(shí)期就開(kāi)始到來(lái)了，但是更大批量的移民卻是在1 9世紀(jì)60年代為了修建貫穿美國(guó)東西海岸的鐵路而來(lái)的。今天，加利福尼亞州各地都有美籍華人，盡管有很大比例的華人還是選擇住在洛杉磯和圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）的“中國(guó)城”里。

19世紀(jì)后期，其他國(guó)家的移民，比如意大利人來(lái)到了加利福尼亞，他們主要是漁民，也有制酒工人。1911年，丹麥的移民建立了自己的城鎮(zhèn)，至今仍然保留著丹麥文化。20世紀(jì)20年代，電影業(yè)在加州的

好萊塢建立了起來(lái)。這個(gè)行業(yè)吸引了大量的歐洲人，包括許多猶太人。今天，加利福尼亞的猶太人口在美國(guó)占第二位。

日本農(nóng)民是在20世紀(jì)初期開(kāi)始到加利福尼亞來(lái)的，而從20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亞定居了。非洲人從1 9世紀(jì)就在加利福尼亞住下來(lái)，他們是從墨西哥向北遷來(lái)的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期間來(lái)到加利福尼亞的，當(dāng)時(shí)他們是到船廠(chǎng)和飛機(jī)廠(chǎng)工作。

MOST RECENT ARRIVALS In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians.Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.最近期的移民

在最近的幾十年里，加利福尼亞成了更多的亞洲人的家，包括朝鮮人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老撾人。從20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人來(lái)到加州。

THE FUTURE People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California.It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.未來(lái)展望

世界各地的人，由于受到氣候條件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在繼續(xù)遷入加利福尼亞。人們認(rèn)為，要不了多久，多種國(guó)籍的混合將會(huì)非常之大，以致不可能存在一種主要的種族或文化群體，而是多種族、多文化的混合體。

GEORGE’S DIARY 12TH—14TH JUNE Monday 12th, June Arrived early this morning by bus.Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave.Then went exploring.First thing was a ride on a cable car.From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city.Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams.Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.Had a late lunch at Fisherman's What.This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry.Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries.It's also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay.Did so much exploring at Fisherman's What.Am exhausted and don't feel like doing anything else.Early bed tonight!

Tuesday 13th, June

Teamed up with a couple from my hotel(Peter and Terri)and hired a car.Spent all day driving around the city.There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists.It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go.It's a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots.Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs.Now have a really good idea of what the city's like.In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri.Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s.The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China.Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants.Also art galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening.Will go back during the day.Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.Wednesday 14th, June

In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay.On the way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge.From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.The cells in the station

were very small, cold and damp;some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go.Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them.They wrote poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China.In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA.Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today.選修8 Unit 2 Cloning-Reading CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US? Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay.It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones.It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg.The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.Unit2 克隆：它將把我們引向何方？

克隆一直與我們同在，而如今它還要持續(xù)下去。這是一種用來(lái)生產(chǎn)與原型完全相同的動(dòng)植物的方法。當(dāng)園藝師從生長(zhǎng)著的植物上剪下枝條來(lái)培植新植物時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象也發(fā)生在動(dòng)物身上，從同一個(gè)原生卵子產(chǎn)生性別和相貌相同的雙胞胎也是克隆。實(shí)際上，這些都是自然克隆現(xiàn)象。

Cloning has two major uses.Firstly, gardeners use it all the

time to produce commercial quantities of plants.Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.It is a difficult task to undertake.Many attempts to clone mammals failed.But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthroughthe telephone in 1876.Bell never

set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph.This original telegraph sent a message over distances using Morse code(a series of dots tapped out along a wire in a particular order).But only one message could go at a time.Bell wanted to improve it so that it could send several messages at the same time.He designed a machine that would separate different sound waves and allow different conversations to be held at the same time.But he found the problem difficult to solve.One day as he was experimenting with one end of a straw joined to a deaf man's ear drum and the other to a piece of smoked glass, Bell noticed that when he spoke into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on the glass.Suddenly he had a flash of inspiration.If sound waves could be reproduced in a moving electrical current, they could be sent along a wire.In searching to improve the telegraph,Bell had invented the first telephone!Bell was fully aware of the importance of his invention and wrote to his father: “The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to houses just like water or gas – and friends will talk to each other without leaving home.” The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.The words have now become famous:

“Mr WatsonI want to see you.” Alexander Graham Bell was not a man to rest and he interested himself in many other areas of invention.He experimented with helicopter designs and flying machines.While searching for a kite strong enough to carry a man into the air, Bell experimented putting triangles together and discovered the tetrahedron shape.Being very stable, it has proved invaluable in the design of bridges.Bell was an inventor all his life.He made his first invention at eleven and his last at seventy-five.Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody's life.選修8 Unit 4 Pygmalion-Reading

PYGMALION MAIN CHARACTERS: Eliza Doolittle(E): a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself Professor Higgins(H): an expert in phonetics, convinced that the quality of a person's English decides his/her position in society Colonel Pickering(CP): an officer in the army and later a friend of Higgins' who sets him a task

Unit4 皮格馬利翁

主要人物：

伊菜扎·杜利特爾（伊）：窮苦的賣(mài)花姑娘，立志要改善自己的生活 希金斯教授（希）：語(yǔ)音學(xué)專(zhuān)家，堅(jiān)信一個(gè)人的英語(yǔ)水平?jīng)Q定這個(gè)人的社會(huì)地位皮克林上校（皮）：陸軍軍官，后來(lái)成了希金斯教授的朋友，并給他安排了一項(xiàng)任務(wù)

Act One FATEFUL MEETINGS 11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre.It is pouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions.A man is hiding from the rain listening to people's language and watching their reactions.While watching, he makes notes.Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a woollen scarf is also sheltering from the rain.A gentleman(G)passes and hesitates for a moment.E: Come over’ere, cap’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.G: I'm sorry but I haven't any change.E: I can giv’ou change, cap’in.G:(surprised)For a pound? I'm afraid I've got nothing less.E:(hopefully)Oah!Oh, do buy a flower off me, Captain.Take this for three pence.(holds up some dead flowers)G:(uncomfortably)Now don't be troublesome, there's a good girl.(looks in his wallet and sounds more friendly)But, wait, here's some small change.Will that be of any use to you? It's raining heavily now, isn't it?(leaves)E:(disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing)

Thank you, sir.(sees a man taking notes and feels worried)Hey!I ain’t done nothing wrong by speaking to that gentleman.I've a right to sell flowers, I have.I ain’t no thief.I'm an honest girl I am!(begins to cry)H:(kindly)There!There!Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for?(gives her a handkerchief)E: I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.H: Do I look like a policeman? E:(still worried)Then why did 'ou take down my words for? How do I know whether 'ou took me down right? 'ou just show me what 'ou've wrote about me!H: Here you are.(hands over the paper covered in writing)E: What's that? That ain't proper writing.I can't read that.(pushes it back at him)H: I can.(reads imitating Eliza)“Come over' ere, cap'in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.”(in his own voice)There you are and you were born in Lisson Grove if I'm not mistaken.E:(looking confused)What if I was? What's it to you? CP:(has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins)That's quite brilliant!How did you do that, may I ask? H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people's own speech.That's my profession and also my hobby.You can place a man by

just a few remarks.I can place any spoken conversation within six miles, and even within two streets in London sometimes.CP: Let me congratulate you!But is there an income to be made in that? H: Yes, indeed.Quite a good one.This is the age of the newly rich.People begin their working life in a poor neighbourhood of London with 80 pounds a year and end in a rich one with 100 thousand.But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths.Now once taught by me, she'd become an upper class lady...CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!H:(rudely)Look at this girl with her terrible English: the English that will condemn her to the gutter to the end of her days.But, sir,(proudly)once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador's garden party.Perhaps I could even find her a place as a lady's maid or a shop assistant, which requires better English.E: What's that you say? A shop assistant? Now that's sommat I want, that is!H:(ignores her)Can you believe that? CP: Of course!I study many Indian dialects myself and...H: Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering? CP: Indeed I do, for that is me.Who are you?

H: I'm Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!E: What about me? How'll you help me? H: Oh, take that.(carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket)We must have a celebration, my dear man.(leave together)E:(looking at the collected money in amazement)Well, I never.A whole pound!A fortune!That'll help me, indeed it will.Tomorrow I'll find you, Henry Higgins.Just you wait and see!All that talk of(imitates him)“authentic English”...(in her own voice)I'll see whether you can get that for me...(goes out)第一幕

決定性的會(huì)面

1914年的某日晚上11點(diǎn)15分，在英國(guó)倫敦某劇場(chǎng)夕。正下著傾盆大雨，四處響著出租車(chē)的鳴笛聲。有一位男士在躲雨，邊聽(tīng)人們談話(huà)邊觀察著人們的反應(yīng)。他一邊觀察，一邊作記錄。附近一個(gè)穿著黑色衣裙圍著羊毛圍巾的賣(mài)花姑娘也在躲雨。這時(shí)有位先生（先）從這兒路過(guò)，他遲疑了片刻。

伊：長(zhǎng)官，過(guò)這邊來(lái)呀，買(mǎi)我這個(gè)苦命的孩子一束花吧！先：對(duì)不起，我沒(méi)有零錢(qián)，伊：長(zhǎng)官，我可以給你找零錢(qián)呀。

先：（驚奇地）一個(gè)英鎊你找得開(kāi)嗎？沒(méi)有再小的錢(qián)了。

伊：（帶有希望的神色）啊！好啦，從我這買(mǎi)一束吧。拿這一束，只要三個(gè)便士o（舉起一些已經(jīng)枯萎的花）

先：（不舒服地）現(xiàn)在別煩我，好姑娘。（在他的口袋里找什么，這時(shí)語(yǔ)氣好些了）等一等，這兒有幾個(gè)零錢(qián)。這點(diǎn)錢(qián)對(duì)你有用嗎？雨下大了，不是嗎？（說(shuō)完就走了）

伊：（對(duì)先生付的錢(qián)表現(xiàn)出失望的樣子，但是有總比沒(méi)有好）先生，謝謝了。（看到有人在記什么，感到擔(dān)心）嗨，我跟那位先生講話(huà)，又沒(méi)做錯(cuò)什么事。我有權(quán)賣(mài)花吧，我有權(quán)嘛！我不是小偷，我是個(gè)老實(shí)姑娘，老老實(shí)實(shí)的！（開(kāi)始哭起來(lái)）

希：（友善地）好啦，好啦！誰(shuí)傷害你了，傻姑娘？你把我當(dāng)成什么人了？（遞給她一條手帕）

伊：我還以為你是一個(gè)便衣警察呢。希：我像警察嗎？

伊：（仍在擔(dān)心）那你為啥要把我說(shuō)的話(huà)記下來(lái)呢？我怎么知道你是不是寫(xiě)對(duì)了呢？那你把你寫(xiě)的關(guān)于我的東西給我看看。希：你看吧！（把寫(xiě)滿(mǎn)字的紙遞給她）

伊：這是什么呀？不像規(guī)規(guī)矩矩的字，我看不懂。（把紙退回給他）希：我懂。（模仿伊的聲音讀）長(zhǎng)官，過(guò)這邊來(lái)呀，買(mǎi)我這個(gè)苦命孩子一束花吧！（改用自己的聲音）好了吧，你呀，如果我沒(méi)有弄錯(cuò)的話(huà)，你出生在里森格羅佛：

伊：（困惑不解的）如果我是又怎樣呢？跟你有什么關(guān)系呢？ 皮：（本來(lái)是一直望著這個(gè)姑娘的，這時(shí)跟希金斯說(shuō)話(huà)了）太棒了！請(qǐng)問(wèn)你是怎么知道的呢？

希：對(duì)人的發(fā)音進(jìn)行研究、分類(lèi)，如此而已。這是我的專(zhuān)業(yè)，也是我 的業(yè)余愛(ài)好。你可以根據(jù)幾句話(huà)判定是哪個(gè)地方的人。我可以根據(jù)任何談話(huà)來(lái)判定他們是哪個(gè)地方的人，差距不過(guò)六英里，有時(shí)候在倫敦甚至不超過(guò)兩個(gè)街區(qū)呢。

皮：恭喜你了！不過(guò)，你這樣做有收入嗎？

希：當(dāng)然有哆，還挺高呢。這是個(gè)致富的年代

人們從倫敦的窮人區(qū)開(kāi)始工作，年收入才80英鎊，最后到了富人區(qū)工作，年收入就是10萬(wàn)英鎊了，但是他們一張嘴就會(huì)露出馬腳（暴露自己的身份）。如今如果讓我一教，她就會(huì)變成一個(gè)上層階級(jí)的淑女…… 皮：是嗎？那太妙了！

希：（粗魯?shù)兀┠闱七@個(gè)姑娘，英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得那樣糟糕，使她注定要在貧民窟里待上一輩子。不過(guò)，先生，（高傲地）要是一旦有人教她把英語(yǔ)說(shuō)好了，她就可以在三個(gè)月以?xún)?nèi)冒充公爵夫人出席大使主辦的花園晚會(huì)了。說(shuō)不定我還可 以給她找份工作，當(dāng)一名貴夫人的侍女或商店的店員。這些工作都要求英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好呢。

伊：你說(shuō)啥來(lái)著？店員？這正是我想要做的，真的！希：（不理睬她）你相信我說(shuō)的話(huà)嗎？

皮：當(dāng)然相信。我自己就學(xué)了好多種印度方言，而且…… 希：真的嗎？那你認(rèn)不認(rèn)得皮克林上校呢？ 皮：當(dāng)然認(rèn)得，皮克林就是我。那么請(qǐng)問(wèn)您是誰(shuí)？ 希：我是亨利·希金斯。我還打算要去印度見(jiàn)你呢： 皮：我也正是到英國(guó)來(lái)找你的！伊：我呢？你們?cè)趺磶椭夷兀?/p>

希：啊，拿去吧！（漫不經(jīng)心地朝她的籃子里扔去一把錢(qián)）好老兄，我們?cè)撁烂赖貞c祝一番了。（一道離去）

伊：（驚奇地看著收集起來(lái)的錢(qián)）啊，我還從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)！整整一個(gè)英鎊呢！一筆財(cái)富呀！這的確給我?guī)痛竺α耍娴摹Ｃ魈煳乙欢ㄈフ夷悖嗬は＝鹚埂５戎瓢桑∧隳强冢７滤穆曇簦罢嬲挠⒄Z(yǔ)”……（用自己的聲音）我倒要看看你能不能幫我找到……（離去）

Act Two, Scene 1 MAKING THE BET It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day.Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are sitting deep in conversation.H: Do you want to hear any more sounds? CP: No, thank you.I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four distinct vowel sounds;but your one hundred and thirty beat me.I can't distinguish most of them.H:(laughing)Well, that comes with practice.There is a knock and Mrs Pearce(MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a teapot, some cream and two cups.MP:(hesitating)A young girl is asking to see you.H: A young girl!What does she want? MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.I thought perhaps you wanted her to talk into your machines.H: Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll see.Show her in, Mrs Pearce.MP:(only half resigned to it)Very well, sir.(goes downstairs)H: This is a bit of luck.I'll show you how I make records on wax disks...MP:(returning)This is the young girl, sir.(Eliza comes into the room shyly following Mrs Pearce.She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress.She curtsies to the two men.)H:(disappointed)Why!I've got this girl in my records.She's the one we saw the other day.She's no use at all.Take her away.CP:(gently to Eliza)What do you-want, young lady? E:(upset)I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street.But they won't take me 'less I speak better.So here I am, ready to pay him.I'm not asking for any favourswhy, it's the best offer I've had!(to Eliza)But if I teach you, I'll be worse than a father.CP: I say, Higgins.Do you remember what you said last night? I'll

say you're the greatest teacher alive if you can pass her off as a lady.I'll be the referee for this little bet and pay for the lessons too...E:(gratefully)Oh, yer real good, yer are.Thank you, Colonel.H: Oh, she is so deliciously low.(compromises)OK, I'll teach you.(to Mrs Pearce)But she'll need to be cleaned first.Take her away, Mrs Pearce.Wash her and burn her horrible clothes.We'll buy her new ones.What's your name, girl? E: I'm Eliza Doolittle and I'm clean.My clothes went to the laundry when I washed last week.MP: Well, Mr Higgins has a bathtub of his own and he has a bath every morning.If these two gentlemen teach you, you'll have to do the same.They won't like the smell of you otherwise.E:(sobbing)I can't.I dursn't.It ain't natural and it'd kill me.I've never had a bath in my life;not over my whole body, neither below my waist nor taking my vest off.I'd never have come if I'd known about this disgusting thing you want me to do...H: Once more, take her away, Mrs Pearce, immediately.(Outside Eliza is still weeping with Mrs Pearce)You see the problem, Pickering.It'll be how to teach her grammar, not just pronunciation.She's in need of both.CP: And there's another problem, Higgins.What are we going to do once the experiment is over?

H:(heartily)Throw her back.CP: But you cannot overlook that!She'll be changed and she has feelings too.We must be practical, mustn't we? H: Well, we'll deal with that later.First, we must plan the best way to teach her.CP: How about beginning with the alphabet.That's usually considered very effective...(fades out as they go offstage together)

選修8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors-Reading A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CAVES A group of students(S)from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit.An archaeologist(A)is showing them round.A: Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China.It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England, who are interested in archaeology.You must be aware that it's here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world.We've been excavating here for many years and...S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and trees.A: Good question.You are an acute observer.We have found human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as

tools and other objects.So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats, blankets or quilts like we do.It must have been very uncomfortable.A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires.That would have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well.We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.We haven't found any doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold during the freezing winter.S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago? A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies.Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early people?(shows picture of a sewing needle)S2.: Gosh!That's a needle.Goodness, does that mean they repaired things? A: What else do you think it might have been used for? S4: Let me look at it.It's at most three centimetres long.Ah yes, it seems to be made of bone.I wonder how they made the hole for the...S2:(interrupting)Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they get the material? A: They didn't have material like we have today.Can you guess what they used? Sl: Wow!Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare them? I'm sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins.We continue discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools.It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin.Then smaller scrapers were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin.After that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make it soft.Finally, they would cut it and sew the pieces together.Quite a difficult and messy task!Now look at this.(shows a necklace)S2:Why, it's a primitive necklace.Did early people really care about their appearance like we do? It's lovely!A:Yes, and so well preserved.What do you think it's made of?.S4:Let me see.Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others are made of shells.A:How clever you are!One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from the seaside.Can you identify any other bones?

S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone.Is that reasonable? A:Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.Probably there were fish in it.S3:But a lake is not the sea.We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells get here? A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys.We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals.They didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals.That's why they are called hunters and gatherers.Now, why don't we go and visit the caves?

Unit5 周口店洞穴參觀記

一群英國(guó)學(xué)生（學(xué)）來(lái)到周口店洞穴參觀。有一位考古學(xué)家（考）正領(lǐng)著他們參觀。

考：歡迎到中國(guó)來(lái)參觀周口店洞穴。很高興見(jiàn)到你們這些從英國(guó)來(lái)的對(duì)考古學(xué)感興趣的學(xué)生。你們想必都很清楚，正是在這個(gè)地方，我們找到了世界上居住在這個(gè)地方最早人類(lèi)的證據(jù)。我們?cè)谶@兒進(jìn)行的挖掘工作已經(jīng)很多年了，而且…… 學(xué)1：

對(duì)不起，打斷一下你的講話(huà)，請(qǐng)問(wèn)他們是怎么住在這個(gè)地方的呢？這兒只有石頭和樹(shù)木。考：?jiǎn)柕煤谩Ｄ闶莻€(gè)敏銳的觀察者，在高山上的那些洞穴里我們找到了人骨和獸骨，還有工具和其他物品因此，我們有理由認(rèn)為他們不顧嚴(yán)寒，就住在這些洞穴里。

學(xué)2：那他們是怎樣取暖的呢？他們不可能像我們現(xiàn)在這樣有墊子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。

考：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在洞穴中央有生火用的地爐。他們用地爐里的火來(lái)取暖、做飯，還可以用火來(lái)嚇跑野獸。我們一直在挖掘一層層的積灰，幾乎有六米厚，這意味著他們可能整個(gè)冬天都在燒火。我們還沒(méi)有找到門(mén)，但我們認(rèn)為在天寒地凍的冬季他們可能是用獸皮掛在洞口來(lái)防寒的。學(xué)3：在那以前有些什么野獸嗎？考：嗯，我們?cè)诙蠢锇l(fā)現(xiàn)了老虎和熊的骨頭。我們認(rèn)為這些野獸對(duì)他們來(lái)講是最危險(xiǎn)的敵人了。現(xiàn)在，你們看這個(gè)東西能告訴我們有關(guān)早期人類(lèi)生活的什么情況呢？（指著一張有針線(xiàn)的照片讓大家看）

學(xué)2：哎呀，那是一根針！天哪，難道他們還會(huì)修補(bǔ)東西嗎？ 考：除此之外，你認(rèn)為還可能派別的什么用場(chǎng)嗎？

學(xué)4：讓我看看。這個(gè)東西最多三厘米長(zhǎng)，看起來(lái)像是用骨頭做的。我不知道他們是怎樣做成針眼的……

學(xué)2：（插話(huà)）你是不是說(shuō)他們自己做衣服穿？他們又是從哪里得到衣料的呢？

考：他們沒(méi)有像我們今天穿的這種衣料。你能猜出他們用的是什么嗎？ 學(xué)1：哇，他們穿的衣服全都是用獸皮做的嗎？他們那些衣服是怎樣做

成的？我確信它們裁剪并縫起來(lái)又厚又重。

考：我們有證據(jù)表明，他們的確穿的是用獸皮制的衣服。我們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)一些磨削其他工具用的工具。看樣子他們可能是用磨尖的石器來(lái)切割野獸并剝皮，再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他們可能在獸皮上擦上大量的鹽，使皮變?nèi)彳洝Ｗ詈筮M(jìn)行剪裁，縫起來(lái)就成了。確實(shí)是既難又臟的活！現(xiàn)在來(lái)看看這個(gè)吧。（指著一串項(xiàng)鏈）考：你真聰明！有塊骨頭實(shí)際上是野獸的牙齒，貝殼是從海邊撿來(lái)的。你還認(rèn)得別的骨頭嗎？ 學(xué)1：這根很像魚(yú)骨頭，對(duì)嗎？

考：很對(duì)。植物學(xué)的分析結(jié)果明確地告訴我們，這兒四周曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)很．大的淺水湖。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，當(dāng)時(shí)湖里是有魚(yú)的。

學(xué)3：不過(guò)，湖并不是海呀，我們離海還遠(yuǎn)著呢¨眷客，更殼又是怎么來(lái)的呢？

考：早期人類(lèi)之間也許有貿(mào)易來(lái)往，或者他們也可能旅行到海邊去。我們知道，他們跟著獸群四處走。他們并不種植谷物，而是在野果熟了的時(shí)候采摘它們并捕殺野獸來(lái)充饑。這就是他們被稱(chēng)之為獵人和采摘者的緣故。現(xiàn)在，咱們?nèi)⒂^洞穴好嗎？ THE FEAST: 18,000 BC Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit.It was the custom of family groups to separate and then gather again at different sites for reunions as they followed the animal herds across

the grasslands.A wrinkle appeared on her forehead.If only it could be just like last year!At that time she had been so happy when Dahu chose her as the future mother of his children.He was the best toolmaker in the group and it was a great honour for her to be chosen.She remembered the blood pulsing through her veins.She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice.If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!Then she wouldn't have been feeling so worried now.Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.She had no man with his spear to protect her.She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.So the men had brought home the meat for the feast!The smell of cooking meat filled the air surrounding her, and her senses became dizzy with hunger.She could see her mother and the older children preparing the deer and pig meat over the fire.Her aunts were making clothes with animal skins.Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna.Lala smiled with relief.It was good to have her family around her.Just then a tall man came up behind her.He had a large, square face, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones.Over his

shoulder he carried several fish and some pieces of wood under his arm.Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over to Dahu, who smiled and went outside the cave to begin his task.First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a corner of the cave and pulled out some more tools.They were in a pile with other sharp arrowheads and stone axe-heads.He chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the scraper that needed sharpening.Now and then Dahu would stop, look at it and try it against his hand before continuing his task.He stopped when he felt the scrapers were sharp enough to cut up the meat and scrape the fish.As he passed them to Lala, the first of the guests from the neighbouring caves began to arrive for dinner.Lala's spirits rose.Yes, it was going to be just as wonderful as last year!She smiled to herself gaily and went out of the cave to welcome her friends and neighbours.

第三篇：高中英語(yǔ)選修7課文翻譯

第一單元籃球

邁克爾 喬丹——籃壇超人

20世紀(jì)90年代，邁克爾 喬丹可能是獅山最著名的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，他是NBA的頂尖邱yuan1984nean到1993年間效力于芝加哥公牛隊(duì)，他曾5次榮膺最有價(jià)值的球員的稱(chēng)號(hào)。身著著名的23號(hào)球衣，邁克爾 喬丹成為籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)史上最成功的球員。

喬丹出生于紐約，在北卡羅來(lái)納州長(zhǎng)打在加入芝加哥公牛隊(duì)之前，他在北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)習(xí)了一年。在第一賽季（1984-1985），他就以平均每場(chǎng)28.2分的成績(jī)成為聯(lián)盟得分最高的球員之一。

1987年，喬丹成為在一個(gè)笑傲江湖重點(diǎn)額分超過(guò)3000分的第二個(gè)球員。以后連續(xù)七個(gè)賽季（1987-1993），他都是NBA的得分王。這期間，他每場(chǎng)比賽的平均分都超過(guò)30分。有了他的參與，公牛隊(duì)在1991年首次獲得NBA總冠軍。在這段日子里，捷報(bào)頻傳，他們?cè)?992年和1993年偶蟬聯(lián)了總冠軍。馳奧迪也是人稱(chēng)“夢(mèng)之隊(duì)”的美國(guó)奧林匹克籃球隊(duì)的成員。這支球隊(duì)在1992年西班牙巴塞羅那奧運(yùn)會(huì)上奪去了金牌。

1993-1994賽季前喬丹退役，舉世震驚。但后來(lái)他有回到了芝加哥公牛隊(duì)，并和隊(duì)友們一起在1996年到1998年間有獲得了三次冠軍。2003年40歲的馳奧迪在最終退出體壇前，還曾效力于華盛頓奇才隊(duì)。數(shù)百萬(wàn)的球迷們都很欽佩喬丹的運(yùn)動(dòng)才能，動(dòng)力和信心。他們可以講述很多管用邁克爾 喬丹的傳奇故事，例如一次他在比賽的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻拯救了公牛隊(duì)，從而避免達(dá)成平局。他走向罰球線(xiàn)發(fā)了兩次球，每次他都把球直接投進(jìn)了籃球——每次都是閉著眼睛投進(jìn)去的。

離開(kāi)籃壇，邁克爾 喬丹開(kāi)了一家自己的牛排館，因?yàn)樗軔?ài)吃牛排。在和著名卡通人物賓尼兔一起演出的影片《空中大灌籃》中，他也獲得了成功！

對(duì)于這位世界上最優(yōu)秀的球員，只有一個(gè)詞能用來(lái)形容他——令人敬佩。

高蹺威爾特——神力之巔

邁克爾 喬丹是一個(gè)賽季中得分超過(guò)３０００分的第二人，第一人是威爾特 張伯倫。張伯倫于１９３６年８月２１日出生于費(fèi)城。他是家里１１個(gè)孩子中唯一一個(gè)長(zhǎng)得很高的。父親威廉在造船廠(chǎng)干活，母親奧利維亞是一名清潔工。孩童時(shí)的張伯倫有各種各樣的健康問(wèn)題。他１０歲時(shí)得過(guò)肺炎，差點(diǎn)兒死去。

張伯倫是整個(gè)賽季中平均每場(chǎng)得分超過(guò)５０分的唯一一個(gè)ＮＢＡ球員。曾幾何時(shí)，張伯倫比起他所有運(yùn)動(dòng)員都優(yōu)秀得多，以至于他們改變了比賽規(guī)則來(lái)試圖限制他！

１９５９－１９６０賽季間，這位籃壇巨人加盟NBA費(fèi)城勇士隊(duì)并立即獲得成公在為四支不同球隊(duì)效力的14個(gè)賽季期間，張伯倫四次被評(píng)聯(lián)盟最有價(jià)值的球員。1962年3月2日，他單場(chǎng)比賽得了100分——迄今為止還沒(méi)有人打破那一記錄！最后的比分是勇士169對(duì)紐約尼克斯147！

在加盟洛杉磯湖人隊(duì)度過(guò)五個(gè)美好的賽季后，威爾特結(jié)束了他職業(yè)生涯。一直到退役，威爾特還保持著多項(xiàng)NBA記錄：118次單場(chǎng)比賽得50分或50分以上，32次得60分或60分以上。

威爾特 張伯倫比邁克爾 喬丹還要優(yōu)秀嗎？誰(shuí)知道呢？但是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他無(wú)愧于“一代杰出球員”這一稱(chēng)號(hào)。

學(xué)校籃球令人眩暈的高度

籃球是在安全的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)之一。不想摔跤和拳擊，通常它是沒(méi)有危險(xiǎn)的。原因之一是球員的力量部分是向上的，與地面形成90度的角，而且在其他人的頭上方。所以?xún)蓚€(gè)球員之間碰撞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是很小的。

在其他的運(yùn)動(dòng)中，比如棒球和美式足球，球員的力量運(yùn)行方向與地面是平行的，并且朝著他們的對(duì)手，所以他們帶著頭盔來(lái)給他們的頭部以充分的保護(hù)。

第四篇：高中英語(yǔ)人教版選修8翻譯課文翻譯

英語(yǔ) 選修8 翻譯

Unit1 一個(gè)多元文化的國(guó)家

加利福尼亞是美國(guó)的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州與眾不同之處在于它也是美國(guó)最具多元文化的一個(gè)州，它吸引了來(lái)自世界各地的人們。這些移民的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣以及語(yǔ)言在他們的新家都得以延續(xù)。當(dāng)你了解了加利福尼亞的歷史后，你就不會(huì)對(duì)此感到驚訝了。

美洲土著人

最早的一批人具體是在什么時(shí)候來(lái)到我們現(xiàn)在所知道的加利福尼亞地區(qū)的，誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不清楚。然而，很可能至少在15 ,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了。科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，這些遷居者通過(guò)一條史前時(shí)代曾經(jīng)存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區(qū)的白令海峽到達(dá)美洲。歐洲人在16世紀(jì)來(lái)到這兒后，土著人遭受了極大的苦難，成千上萬(wàn)的人被殺害或被迫成為奴隸。此外，歐洲人帶來(lái)了疾病，使許多人染病而死，不過(guò)，還是有一些人在經(jīng)歷了這些恐怖時(shí)期后活下來(lái)了。今天住在加利福尼亞的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。

西班牙人

在18世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，加利福尼亞是由西班牙統(tǒng)治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6世紀(jì)初期來(lái)到南美洲的，他們同土著人打仗，并奪去了他們的土地。兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地區(qū)定居下來(lái)，而且還在我們現(xiàn)在稱(chēng)之為美國(guó)的西北沿海地區(qū)住下來(lái)。在首批移 居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責(zé)是向原住民傳授天主教。1821年，墨西哥人從西班牙獲得了獨(dú)立-加利福尼亞于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846年美國(guó)向墨西哥宣戰(zhàn)，美國(guó)贏得戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亞割讓給美國(guó)。但是，這個(gè)州至今仍然保留著很強(qiáng)的西班牙的影響。這就是為什么今天還有40%的加利福尼亞人仍然把西班牙語(yǔ)作為第一或第二語(yǔ)言的緣故。

俄羅斯人

19世紀(jì)初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄羅斯獵人開(kāi)始在加利福尼亞定居下來(lái)。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）及其周邊地區(qū)的美籍俄羅斯人約有25,000人。

淘金礦工

1848年，在美國(guó)同墨西哥開(kāi)戰(zhàn)之后不久，在加利福尼亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦。發(fā)財(cái)夢(mèng)很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距離最近因而來(lái)得最早的是南美洲人和美國(guó)人。隨后跟著來(lái)的有歐洲和亞洲的探險(xiǎn)家。事實(shí)上很少有人圓了發(fā)財(cái)夢(mèng)。一些人死了或回家了，但是盡管條件十分艱苦，多數(shù)人還是留在了加利福尼亞勞作謀生，并在新的城鎮(zhèn)或農(nóng)場(chǎng)里定居下來(lái)。到1850年加利福尼亞成為美國(guó)第31個(gè)州的時(shí)候，它已經(jīng)是一個(gè)有著多種文化的社會(huì)了。

后來(lái)的移民

雖然中國(guó)移民在淘金熱時(shí)期就開(kāi)始到來(lái)了，但是更大批量的移民卻是在1 9世紀(jì)60年代為了修建貫穿美國(guó)東西海岸的鐵路而來(lái)的。今天，加利福尼亞州各地都有美籍華人，盡管有很大比例的華人還是選擇住在洛杉磯和圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）的“中國(guó)城”里。

19世紀(jì)后期，其他國(guó)家的移民，比如意大利人來(lái)到了加利福尼亞，他們主要是漁民，也有制酒工人。1911年，丹麥的移民建立了自己的城鎮(zhèn)，至今仍然保留著丹麥文化。20世紀(jì)20年代，電影業(yè)在加州的好萊塢建立了起來(lái)。這個(gè)行業(yè)吸引了大量的歐洲人，包括許多猶太人。今天，加利福尼亞的猶太人口在美國(guó)占第二位。

日本農(nóng)民是在20世紀(jì)初期開(kāi)始到加利福尼亞來(lái)的，而從20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亞定居了。非洲人從1 9世紀(jì)就在加利福尼亞住下來(lái)，他們是從墨西哥向北遷來(lái)的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期間來(lái)到加利福尼亞的，當(dāng)時(shí)他們是到船廠(chǎng)和飛機(jī)廠(chǎng)工作。

最近期的移民

在最近的幾十年里，加利福尼亞成了更多的亞洲人的家，包括朝鮮人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老撾人。從20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人來(lái)到加州。

未來(lái)展望

世界各地的人，由于受到氣候條件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在繼續(xù)遷入加利福尼亞。人們認(rèn)為，要不了多久，多種國(guó)籍的混合將會(huì)非常之大，以致不可能存在一種主要的種 族或文化群體，而是多種族、多文化的混合體。

Unit2 克隆：它將把我們引向何方？

克隆一直與我們同在，而如今它還要持續(xù)下去。這是一種用來(lái)生產(chǎn)與原型完全相同的動(dòng)植物的方法。當(dāng)園藝師從生長(zhǎng)著的植物上剪下枝條來(lái)培植新植物時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象也發(fā)生在動(dòng)物身上，從同一個(gè)原生卵子產(chǎn)生性別和相貌相同的雙胞胎也是克隆。實(shí)際上，這些都是自然克隆現(xiàn)象。

克隆技術(shù)有兩大用途。第一，園藝師一直用它生產(chǎn)大量的供商用的植物；第二，它在對(duì)新植物物種的研究以及對(duì)動(dòng)物的醫(yī)學(xué)研究方面都是很有價(jià)值的。克隆植物簡(jiǎn)單，但克隆動(dòng)物就比較復(fù)雜了，是一項(xiàng)很難完成的任務(wù)。克隆哺乳動(dòng)物的多次嘗試都失敗了。但是，科學(xué)家的決心和耐心最終得到了回報(bào)，這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的誕生。它的程序如下圖所示：

1．母羊(A)提供一個(gè)卵細(xì)胞。2．在卵細(xì)胞中取出細(xì)胞核。

3．卵細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備接受新的細(xì)胞核。

4．母羊(B)提供一個(gè)供克隆的軀干細(xì)胞。該細(xì)胞核應(yīng)包含生產(chǎn)一頭新羊所需要的全部基因。5．取出該細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核。

6．用電把母羊(B)的軀干細(xì)胞核和母羊(A)的卵細(xì)胞結(jié)合起來(lái)。7．細(xì)胞分裂并生長(zhǎng)成胚胎。

8．把胚胎植入另外一頭母羊(C)體內(nèi)，母羊(C)就是克隆羊的代孕者。

9．這頭小羔羊就是母羊(B)所提，供的細(xì)胞核克隆而成的。

一方面，整個(gè)科學(xué)界都在關(guān)注著首例成功的克隆動(dòng)物多莉羊的成長(zhǎng)¨多莉看來(lái)是在正常地成長(zhǎng)著，這很令人鼓舞。接著傳來(lái)了多莉病重的壞消息。研究克隆的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)多莉得的病更容易發(fā)生在年老的羊身上．這讓他們很沮喪。多莉總共只存活了六年半，這是它的原型羊壽命的一半。可悲的是，同樣無(wú)法控制的命運(yùn)也在影響著其他物種，如克隆鼠。科學(xué)家的腦海里產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題是：“這是不是所有克隆動(dòng)物的一個(gè)主要困難呢？這種現(xiàn)象會(huì)不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)發(fā)生？如果改進(jìn)程序，問(wèn)題會(huì)不會(huì)解決？

另一方面，多莉的出生引起了一陣強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)，對(duì)，對(duì)媒體和公眾的想象力也產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。它引起了爭(zhēng)議，因?yàn)樗蝗淮蜷_(kāi)了人們的眼界，看到了有可能：用克隆技術(shù)來(lái)治療重病，甚至克隆出人類(lèi)。

盡管目前供克隆研究的人體卵細(xì)胞和胚胎還很難得到，但報(bào)紙報(bào)道說(shuō)，有些邪惡頭目希望把自己克隆出來(lái)以實(shí)現(xiàn)他的野心。宗教領(lǐng)袖也提出了道德方面的問(wèn)題。各國(guó)政府惶恐不安而且更加謹(jǐn)慎，有些政府開(kāi)始改革司法制度，明令禁止進(jìn)行克隆人類(lèi)的研究。但是其他國(guó)家如中國(guó)和英國(guó)，則還在繼續(xù)收集克隆技術(shù)有可能提供豐富有的醫(yī)療救助的證據(jù)。然而，科學(xué)察們?nèi)詫?duì)克隆技術(shù)有助于人類(lèi)還是有害于人類(lèi)，以及克隆技術(shù)將把我們引向何處困惑。

Unit3 蛇的困擾

我給住在鄉(xiāng)下的母親打電話(huà)的時(shí)候，她感到很心煩。“我們?cè)鹤永镉袔讞l蛇，”她告訴我說(shuō)，“蛇時(shí)不時(shí)地爬到屋子旁邊來(lái)，似乎是在屋子附近離胡桃樹(shù)不遠(yuǎn)的地方安家了。你能不能把它們趕走？”我感到很自豪。這回我有機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)表現(xiàn)一下自己了。我要發(fā)明某種仁慈的東西，既可以把蛇捉住，而又不會(huì)傷害它們。我知道我的父母是不會(huì)讓我傷害這些生物的。

我所做的第一件事就是看看有沒(méi)有現(xiàn)成的任何產(chǎn)品能幫助我。但是，看來(lái)只有一種毒蛇的藥粉。很明顯，我得找一種新的方法了。于是我就著手研究蛇的習(xí)性，以便能用最容易的方法來(lái)捉住他們。好在這些爬行動(dòng)物都很小，問(wèn)題比較容易解決。

經(jīng)過(guò)一番研究準(zhǔn)備之后，我決定采用三種可能的方法：第一，鏟除蛇的棲息地；第二，用男人或女人的香水或食物把它們引進(jìn)陷阱；第三，降低它們的體溫，使它們困乏，這樣就很容易把它們捉住。我決定采用最后一種方法。我買(mǎi)了一個(gè)制冰淇淋的不銹鋼碗。在碗的內(nèi)壁和外壁都抹上果凍，這些果凍冷卻后會(huì)凍結(jié)。我把這個(gè)碗放進(jìn)冰箱，冷凍了24個(gè)小時(shí)。與此同時(shí)，我還準(zhǔn)備了一些冰塊兒。

第二次試驗(yàn)我用的還是凍結(jié)的碗和冰塊兒，但是這次我是在夜晚氣溫開(kāi)始變涼的時(shí)候把它們放在蛇窩的上方，然后像以前那樣用桶把碗罩住，通宵放在那兒。第二天一早我就去看結(jié)果。這一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去檢查的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)蛇都是睡意濃濃的。但是一把它們提起來(lái)，它們就要咬我。因?yàn)樗鼈兌际嵌旧撸院茱@然我還得改進(jìn)我的捕蛇方案。

第三次試驗(yàn)重復(fù)了上一次的程序，不過(guò)第二天早晨我的手里拿了一個(gè)捕魚(yú)用的小網(wǎng)。這是因?yàn)槲翌A(yù)料蛇還全再咬人。但是經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)監(jiān)視，證明這些蛇是制造不了麻煩的，一切都按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行著。我把這些溫順的蛇收集起來(lái)，第二天就愉快地把他們?nèi)坚尫诺揭巴馊チ恕?/p>

由于朋友和親戚的敦促，我決定把我這次的發(fā)明運(yùn)到專(zhuān)利局去，請(qǐng)他們對(duì)我這次成功的思路給予認(rèn)可。只有你得到這種承認(rèn)，你才可以說(shuō)你是一個(gè)真正的發(fā)明者二（評(píng)定）專(zhuān)利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)非常嚴(yán)格，除非新的想法真是新穎的，否則很難被接受。此外，你的想法如果屬于下列情況，那么你也不可能得到專(zhuān)利：

·一種發(fā)現(xiàn)·一種科學(xué)理論或數(shù)學(xué)模式·文學(xué)或藝術(shù)·一場(chǎng)游戲或一筆交易·一個(gè)電腦程序 ·一種新的動(dòng)植物物種

你的產(chǎn)品要經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)調(diào)查，證明它確實(shí)是與眾不同的，你才能獲得專(zhuān)利。專(zhuān)利局還有一大批審查人員，他們的唯一職責(zé)就是審查你的專(zhuān)利申請(qǐng)是否有效。如果通過(guò)了所有這些審查，你申請(qǐng)的專(zhuān)利就會(huì)在你提出申請(qǐng)的18個(gè)月之后公布出來(lái)。于是，我填了表，向?qū)＠痔峤涣松暾?qǐng)書(shū)。現(xiàn)在就是等，待和期盼了。將來(lái)你看看我的銀行結(jié)余金額就會(huì)知道我是否成功了祝我好運(yùn)吧。

Unit4 皮格馬利翁

主要人物： 伊菜扎·杜利特爾（伊）：窮苦的賣(mài)花姑娘，立志要改善自己的生活

希金斯教授（希）：語(yǔ)音學(xué)專(zhuān)家，堅(jiān)信一個(gè)人的英語(yǔ)水平?jīng)Q定這個(gè)人的社會(huì)地位 皮克林上校（皮）：陸軍軍官，后來(lái)成了希金斯教授的朋友，并給他安排了一項(xiàng)任務(wù) 第一幕

決定性的會(huì)面

1914年的某日晚上11點(diǎn)15分，在英國(guó)倫敦某劇場(chǎng)夕。正下著傾盆大雨，四處響著出租車(chē)的鳴笛聲。有一位男士在躲雨，邊聽(tīng)人們談話(huà)邊觀察著人們的反應(yīng)。他一邊觀察，一邊作記錄。附近一個(gè)穿著黑色衣裙圍著羊毛圍巾的賣(mài)花姑娘也在躲雨。這時(shí)有位先生（先）從這兒路過(guò)，他遲疑了片刻。

伊：長(zhǎng)官，過(guò)這邊來(lái)呀，買(mǎi)我這個(gè)苦命的孩子一束花吧！先：對(duì)不起，我沒(méi)有零錢(qián)，伊：長(zhǎng)官，我可以給你找零錢(qián)呀。先：（驚奇地）一個(gè)英鎊你找得開(kāi)嗎？沒(méi)有再小的錢(qián)了。伊：（帶有希望的神色）啊！好啦，從我這買(mǎi)一束吧。拿這一束，只要三個(gè)便士o（舉起一些已經(jīng)枯萎的花）

先：（不舒服地）現(xiàn)在別煩我，好姑娘。（在他的口袋里找什么，這時(shí)語(yǔ)氣好些了）等一等，這兒有幾個(gè)零錢(qián)。這點(diǎn)錢(qián)對(duì)你有用嗎？雨下大了，不是嗎？（說(shuō)完就走了）

伊：（對(duì)先生付的錢(qián)表現(xiàn)出失望的樣子，但是有總比沒(méi)有好）先生，謝謝了。（看到有人在記什么，感到擔(dān)心）嗨，我跟那位先生講話(huà)，又沒(méi)做錯(cuò)什么事。我有權(quán)賣(mài)花吧，我有權(quán)嘛！我不是小偷，我是個(gè)老實(shí)姑娘，老老實(shí)實(shí)的！（開(kāi)始哭起來(lái)）

希：（友善地）好啦，好啦！誰(shuí)傷害你了，傻姑娘？你把我當(dāng)成什么人了？（遞給她一條手帕）

伊：我還以為你是一個(gè)便衣警察呢。希：我像警察嗎？

伊：（仍在擔(dān)心）那你為啥要把我說(shuō)的話(huà)記下來(lái)呢？我怎么知道你是不是寫(xiě)對(duì)了呢？那你把你寫(xiě)的關(guān)于我的東西給我看看。

希：你看吧！（把寫(xiě)滿(mǎn)字的紙遞給她）

伊：這是什么呀？不像規(guī)規(guī)矩矩的字，我看不懂。（把紙退回給他）希：我懂。（模仿伊的聲音讀）長(zhǎng)官，過(guò)這邊來(lái)呀，買(mǎi)我這個(gè)苦命孩子一束花吧！（改用自己的聲音）好了吧，你呀，如果我沒(méi)有弄錯(cuò)的話(huà)，你出生在里森格羅佛： 伊：（困惑不解的）如果我是又怎樣呢？跟你有什么關(guān)系呢？

皮：（本來(lái)是一直望著這個(gè)姑娘的，這時(shí)跟希金斯說(shuō)話(huà)了）太棒了！請(qǐng)問(wèn)你是怎么知道的呢？ 希：對(duì)人的發(fā)音進(jìn)行研究、分類(lèi)，如此而已。這是我的專(zhuān)業(yè)，也是我的業(yè)余愛(ài)好。你可以根據(jù)幾句話(huà)判定是哪個(gè)地方的人。我可以根據(jù)任何談話(huà)來(lái)判定他們是哪個(gè)地方的人，差距不過(guò)六英里，有時(shí)候在倫敦甚至不超過(guò)兩個(gè)街區(qū)呢。

皮：恭喜你了！不過(guò)，你這樣做有收入嗎？

希：當(dāng)然有哆，還挺高呢。這是個(gè)致富的年代

人們從倫敦的窮人區(qū)開(kāi)始工作，年收入才80英鎊，最后到了富人區(qū)工作，年收入就是10萬(wàn)英鎊了，但是他們一張嘴就會(huì)露出馬腳（暴露自己的身份）。如今如果讓我一教，她就會(huì)變成一個(gè)上層階級(jí)的淑女…… 皮：是嗎？那太妙了！

希：（粗魯?shù)兀┠闱七@個(gè)姑娘，英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得那樣糟糕，使她注定要在貧民窟里待上一輩子。不過(guò)，先生，（高傲地）要是一旦有人教她把英語(yǔ)說(shuō)好了，她就可以在三個(gè)月以?xún)?nèi)冒充公爵夫人出席大使主辦的花園晚會(huì)了。說(shuō)不定我還可 以給她找份工作，當(dāng)一名貴夫人的侍女或商店的店員。這些工作都要求英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好呢。

伊：你說(shuō)啥來(lái)著？店員？這正是我想要做的，真的！希：（不理睬她）你相信我說(shuō)的話(huà)嗎？ 皮：當(dāng)然相信。我自己就學(xué)了好多種印度方言，而且…… 希：真的嗎？那你認(rèn)不認(rèn)得皮克林上校呢？

皮：當(dāng)然認(rèn)得，皮克林就是我。那么請(qǐng)問(wèn)您是誰(shuí)？ 希：我是亨利·希金斯。我還打算要去印度見(jiàn)你呢： 皮：我也正是到英國(guó)來(lái)找你的！

伊：我呢？你們?cè)趺磶椭夷兀?希：啊，拿去吧！（漫不經(jīng)心地朝她的籃子里扔去一把錢(qián)）好老兄，我們?cè)撁烂赖貞c祝一番了。（一道離去）伊：（驚奇地看著收集起來(lái)的錢(qián)）啊，我還從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)！整整一個(gè)英鎊呢！一筆財(cái)富呀！這的確給我?guī)痛竺α耍娴摹Ｃ魈煳乙欢ㄈフ夷悖嗬は＝鹚埂５戎瓢桑∧隳强冢７滤穆曇簦罢嬲挠⒄Z(yǔ)”……（用自己的聲音）我倒要看看你能不能幫我找到……（離去）

Unit5 周口店洞穴參觀記

一群英國(guó)學(xué)生（學(xué)）來(lái)到周口店洞穴參觀。有一位考古學(xué)家（考）正領(lǐng)著他們參觀。考：歡迎到中國(guó)來(lái)參觀周口店洞穴。很高興見(jiàn)到你們這些從英國(guó)來(lái)的對(duì)考古學(xué)感興趣的學(xué)生。你們想必都很清楚，正是在這個(gè)地方，我們找到了世界上居住在這個(gè)地方最早人類(lèi)的證據(jù)。我們?cè)谶@兒進(jìn)行的挖掘工作已經(jīng)很多年了，而且…… 學(xué)1：

對(duì)不起，打斷一下你的講話(huà)，請(qǐng)問(wèn)他們是怎么住在這個(gè)地方的呢？這兒只有石頭和樹(shù)木。考：?jiǎn)柕煤谩Ｄ闶莻€(gè)敏銳的觀察者，在高山上的那些洞穴里我們找到了人骨和獸骨，還有工具和其他物品因此，我們有理由認(rèn)為他們不顧嚴(yán)寒，就住在這些洞穴里。

學(xué)2：那他們是怎樣取暖的呢？他們不可能像我們現(xiàn)在這樣有墊子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。

考：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在洞穴中央有生火用的地爐。他們用地爐里的火來(lái)取暖、做飯，還可以用火來(lái)嚇跑野獸。我們一直在挖掘一層層的積灰，幾乎有六米厚，這意味著他們可能整個(gè)冬天都在燒火。我們還沒(méi)有找到門(mén)，但我們認(rèn)為在天寒地凍的冬季他們可能是用獸皮掛在洞口來(lái)防寒的。

學(xué)3：在那以前有些什么野獸嗎？考：嗯，我們?cè)诙蠢锇l(fā)現(xiàn)了老虎和熊的骨頭。我們認(rèn)為這些野獸對(duì)他們來(lái)講是最危險(xiǎn)的敵人了。現(xiàn)在，你們看這個(gè)東西能告訴我們有關(guān)早期人類(lèi)生活的什么情況呢？（指著一張有針線(xiàn)的照片讓大家看）

學(xué)2：哎呀，那是一根針！天哪，難道他們還會(huì)修補(bǔ)東西嗎？ 考：除此之外，你認(rèn)為還可能派別的什么用場(chǎng)嗎？

學(xué)4：讓我看看。這個(gè)東西最多三厘米長(zhǎng)，看起來(lái)像是用骨頭做的。我不知道他們是怎樣做成針眼的……

學(xué)2：（插話(huà)）你是不是說(shuō)他們自己做衣服穿？他們又是從哪里得到衣料的呢？ 考：他們沒(méi)有像我們今天穿的這種衣料。你能猜出他們用的是什么嗎？

學(xué)1：哇，他們穿的衣服全都是用獸皮做的嗎？他們那些衣服是怎樣做成的？我確信它們裁剪并縫起來(lái)又厚又重。

考：我們有證據(jù)表明，他們的確穿的是用獸皮制的衣服。我們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)一些磨削其他工具用的工具。看樣子他們可能是用磨尖的石器來(lái)切割野獸并剝皮，再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他們可能在獸皮上擦上大量的鹽，使皮變?nèi)彳洝Ｗ詈筮M(jìn)行剪裁，縫起來(lái)就成了。確實(shí)是既難又臟的活！現(xiàn)在來(lái)看看這個(gè)吧。（指著一串項(xiàng)鏈）考：你真聰明！有塊骨頭實(shí)際上是野獸的牙齒，貝殼是從海邊撿來(lái)的。你還認(rèn)得別的骨頭嗎？ 學(xué)1：這根很像魚(yú)骨頭，對(duì)嗎？

考：很對(duì)。植物學(xué)的分析結(jié)果明確地告訴我們，這兒四周曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)很．大的淺水湖。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，當(dāng)時(shí)湖里是有魚(yú)的。

學(xué)3：不過(guò)，湖并不是海呀，我們離海還遠(yuǎn)著呢¨眷客，更殼又是怎么來(lái)的呢？

考：早期人類(lèi)之間也許有貿(mào)易來(lái)往，或者他們也可能旅行到海邊去。我們知道，他們跟著獸群四處走。他們并不種植谷物，而是在野果熟了的時(shí)候采摘它們并捕殺野獸來(lái)充饑。這就是他們被稱(chēng)之為獵人和采摘者的緣故。現(xiàn)在，咱們?nèi)⒂^洞穴好嗎？

第五篇：高中英語(yǔ)選修八課文翻譯WAS LEONARDO DA VINCI JUST A PAINTER

達(dá)芬奇只是一個(gè)畫(huà)家嗎?

1452年最偉大的畫(huà)家和發(fā)明家、達(dá)芬奇、出生。他的家庭非常貧窮,他成長(zhǎng)在意大利鄉(xiāng)村。但他的繪畫(huà)能力允許他學(xué)習(xí)下從佛羅倫薩著名畫(huà)家,叫Verrochio。萊昂納多逐漸學(xué)會(huì)了技能需要一個(gè)偉大的藝術(shù)家,到了1480年代,他開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)自己的畫(huà)作。不幸的是在這個(gè)時(shí)間繪畫(huà)并不總是提供一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的收入,所以年輕的達(dá)芬奇開(kāi)發(fā)他的繪畫(huà)技能賺取的錢(qián)在其他方面。他學(xué)會(huì)了設(shè)計(jì)無(wú)論他的雇主想要的:城市、運(yùn)河、橋梁或武器。

達(dá)芬奇可能感興趣的機(jī)器當(dāng)他還是個(gè)孩子。他的一些早期的圖紙清楚地顯示各種機(jī)器零件如何工作。學(xué)習(xí)期間,在Verrochio,萊昂納多觀測(cè)和使用各種各樣的機(jī)器。通過(guò)研究和繪畫(huà),萊昂納多獲得知識(shí)關(guān)于他們的設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)。藝術(shù)家達(dá)芬奇的時(shí)候知道如何構(gòu)建和修復(fù)許多熟悉的類(lèi)型的機(jī)器,但似乎沒(méi)有人想到發(fā)明新技術(shù)。

然而,萊昂納多是不同的。他開(kāi)發(fā)了一種新的態(tài)度對(duì)待機(jī)器。他意識(shí)到,通過(guò)理解每個(gè)單獨(dú)的機(jī)器工作的一部分,他可以改善它們,把它們以不同的方式來(lái)改善現(xiàn)有的機(jī)器。這樣他開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)器沒(méi)有人曾經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)的。他開(kāi)始寫(xiě)第一部系統(tǒng)的解釋和機(jī)器的工作部件的機(jī)結(jié)合在整個(gè)。他的繪畫(huà)技巧使他產(chǎn)生清晰的圖紙他的機(jī)械的想法很容易。甚至超過(guò)五百年后的今天,他的許多設(shè)計(jì)仍然可以被用來(lái)創(chuàng)建完美的工作機(jī)器。

對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō),最有趣的部分是使用機(jī)械齒輪(齒輪)。基于齒輪,他想出了許多設(shè)計(jì),包括自行車(chē),一架直升機(jī),“汽車(chē)”和一些武器當(dāng)然。

同時(shí)使得發(fā)明萊昂納多也畫(huà)。那些認(rèn)識(shí)他的人的一個(gè)最好的認(rèn)可他的特殊能力和描述他在這些話(huà):

“最奇妙的禮物似乎給特定的人類(lèi)。有時(shí),不可思議地,他們都可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在一個(gè)個(gè)體,這是所有男人看到和承認(rèn)對(duì)于達(dá)芬奇、展示了??一個(gè)特殊的恩典在他做的每一件事。他的天賦是如此罕見(jiàn),他掌握了任何主題,他將注意力轉(zhuǎn)他可能是一個(gè)科學(xué)家,如果他沒(méi)有那么熟練的在其他領(lǐng)域。”

今天我們認(rèn)為達(dá)芬奇是一個(gè)偉大的畫(huà)家,但如果他從來(lái)都不是一個(gè)畫(huà)家,我們?nèi)匀桓兄x他為最偉大的發(fā)明家之一,他的時(shí)間。