第一篇：比爾蓋茨哈佛唐靜翻譯

[來源:新東方 作者:唐靜]

一

9月1日。

昨天接到新東方石編輯的約稿電話的時候,烈日高照,我正在報國寺的舊書攤與雜貨店老板鏖戰(zhàn),因為一本1925年的英語詞典,他要四十,我只給三十。老石說,要我翻譯一篇比爾蓋茨的哈佛演講稿,而且說,在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上已經(jīng)有現(xiàn)成的譯文,只要我看看就行。

對蓋茨,我懂得是誰,可是不認(rèn)識,沒見過。讀過他的演講稿并不多,僅停留在“懂得”的程度;再加上繁忙的暑假課程昨天剛結(jié)束,今天又來了事情;那邊廂高檔教育出版社的編輯約了半個月的關(guān)于翻譯教程的論文都沒有開頭,這邊廂又來要翻譯一篇有“譯文”的翻譯作業(yè)。我實在是害怕翻譯這種已經(jīng)有“譯文”的東東,這么多年來的翻譯實踐和教學(xué)經(jīng)驗告訴我,做翻譯難,改翻譯更難,要超越1個正確的譯文,則難上加難。起首,別人已經(jīng)有1個譯文在那里,你的翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換思維,可能就會被他牽著走,找不到詞,瞎琢磨。其次,仔細(xì)想來,要深入地去研究1個舉世矚目的“巨頭”,就金錢、就事業(yè)、就人格,無論是什么他都是“巨頭”,理解他的思想,翻譯他的文章,整出1個能夠見人的譯文來,俺心虛。

可是,N年前,因為找翻譯資料,俺欠下了老石和另1個編輯趙露的人情,答應(yīng)請他和趙露去吃飯,他們也沒有時間。既然派活來了,似乎是我還比較喜歡做的活。我認(rèn)了。

詞典的價也不講了,再慌忙尋覓了點魯迅的德文版的《中國小說史略》,回家。

從昨天晚上八點左右,坐到pc前,到今天的凌晨三點,我沒有起來過;繼而今天早上起床后,我沒有洗臉,繼續(xù)坐到pc前,到現(xiàn)鄙人午一點,沒有困倦意,沒有饑餓感,只有思緒。

二

初讀蓋茨的演講,覺得這哥們兒真能搞,這不就是一典型的“新東方精神”嘛,和咱老俞差不多。都喜歡開涮,都喜歡自嘲;喜歡搞笑,狂能“忽悠”。你看,演講開場的時候,就跟老俞喜歡拿王強和小平開涮一樣,蓋茨先拿校長開涮:President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust。注意稱號啊,“校長博克師長教師,前任校長魯?shù)撬固?和接替職務(wù)的福斯特”。哪有這樣的啊,我退休了你不要點名,行不?干嗎非要當(dāng)著那么多人,絕對是要說我是“在任,前任,照舊接替職務(wù)”。這還不算,要開始說話,得四處打圓場,蓋茨深諳此道,再說“校董事會的各位董事,校務(wù)監(jiān)督委員會的各位委員,各位老師,各位家長”。而更特長的是,他還得要更多的人喝彩,所以,強調(diào)一下“and especially, the graduates(尤其是,諸位畢業(yè)生)”。

開涮結(jié)束,再自嘲一番,且聽:

I’ve been waiting more than 30 years to say t你好s: “Dad, I always told you I’d come back and get my degree.”(我一直等了三十多年,現(xiàn)在終于可謂了:“爸,我老跟你說,我會回來拿到我的學(xué)位的!”)I want to thank Harvard for t你好s timely honor.I’ll be changing my job next year ? and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.(感謝哈佛實時地給我這個榮譽。來歲,我就要換工作(譯者注:從微軟公司退休)??我終于可以在簡歷上寫我有1個大學(xué)學(xué)歷,這真是正確啊。)

啥意思,“回來拿學(xué)位”,“換工作”,典型的修飾手法——按捺陳述。這揮手法和老俞差不多,先說自己考了N年北大,再說自己是“插秧能手”,再說自己是“怕老婆”,還說自己是“失敗者,被北大開除”。蓋茨的作法如出一轍:

我為在座的各位畢業(yè)生而鼓掌,你們拿到學(xué)位可比我輕松多了。而我,之所以高興,是因為哈佛的校報稱我是“哈佛大學(xué)歷史上最樂成的失學(xué)生”。我想這大概使我有資歷代表我這一類特殊的學(xué)生在此致辭——在所有的失敗者中,我做得最好。同時,我也想讓大家也懂得,我就是阿誰讓史蒂夫 三

9月2日

夜色茫茫,到此刻停筆,算足我的所有翻譯時間,應(yīng)該是花了八個小時左右?？墒?這兩天,除了翻譯這篇演講稿,我什么也沒有做。網(wǎng)絡(luò)上另一名朋友阮一峰,就是老石最早給我提供英語譯文的譯者,說他翻譯花了兩個晚上,估計時間也差不多吧。我一一參考過他的譯文,也一一比對了英語原文。他的譯筆,偶有疵瑕,可是相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確。不敢妄加評論,說說我自己的翻譯吧。沒錯,蓋茨這篇演講辭可謂令人叫絕。從最初的調(diào)侃自嘲為演講鋪下輕松的基調(diào);到中間冷靜的提出問題,從而話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),擺出1個發(fā)人深省的問題;然后,再客不雅的闡發(fā)問題,告之于人們處理完成問題的方法;最后號召哈佛的諸位畢業(yè)生去迎接挑戰(zhàn),處理完成問題。一路讀來,文章層次分明,有主有次;有血有肉,有空泛的論述,有短小的故事;;遣詞精確,有調(diào)侃的口語,有論述的長句,有精練的短句,有大段的排比,還有簡略可是發(fā)人深省的設(shè)問。所以,掌握其原文氣勢派頭,譯出原作的風(fēng)姿并不容易。我的基本翻譯策略依然是:準(zhǔn)確忠厚,適當(dāng)歸化。

四

說準(zhǔn)確忠厚,這是任何翻譯的前提。不可胡編濫造,不可肆意增減少。好比,在一開始翻譯稱號的時候,我就犯難了。原文是:

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates: 首次下手,我翻譯成這個樣子:

譯文一:校長博克,前校長魯?shù)撬固?即將上任的校長福斯特。

可是,稍微一讀,感覺不對。因為咱們中國人在演講的時候,似乎不會吧人分成這個樣子來叫。因為無論是在任的、退休的、接替職務(wù)的,我們都會尊敬的稱號其為“校長”。(或者中國人的作法,一般是退休的,就不請了。)于是乎,我又改成這個樣子:

譯文二:博克校長,魯?shù)撬固剐ｉL,福斯特校長。

這樣一來,倒是勉強符合漢語的習(xí)慣稱謂了。可是,原文的那幾個former和incoming怎么辦?不準(zhǔn)確啊。想來想去,為了準(zhǔn)確,同時讓演講稿具有可讀性,我有試圖翻譯成:

譯文三:校長博克師長教師,前校長魯?shù)撬固箮熼L教師,即將上任的校長福斯特女士。

這樣,讀起來似乎稍微好點。只是把他們的性別增加上去了。可是,這種增加其性別稱謂的作法,明顯有悖于原文;不單如此,據(jù)說那位福斯特女士尤其不喜歡人家叫她“女校長”,而是喜歡叫她為“校長”。

不得已,實在仔細(xì)想想原文,或許當(dāng)初蓋茨師長教師就是為了調(diào)侃故意而為之,要把他們?nèi)齻€分個清楚。既如此,那就讓譯文不通順,所以,我爽性照搬原文,對譯如下,這樣似乎更“搞笑”:

譯文四:校長博克,前任校長魯?shù)撬固?接替職務(wù)校長福斯特。

稱謂的最后,是演講人面對的更多的大眾,所以,演講人強調(diào)了一下:and especially, the graduates:

我開始也直譯成:尤其是,各位畢業(yè)同學(xué)。

可是,讀來讀去,總覺得差那么一點味道,需要把當(dāng)時調(diào)侃的輕松心情和對聽眾的尊重合理傳達。于是念念有詞的想了半天“尤其是,特別是,尤其是,特別是,各位畢業(yè)同學(xué),各位畢業(yè)生,諸位畢業(yè)同學(xué),諸位畢業(yè)生”。最后,照舊選擇了:特別是,諸位畢業(yè)生。

又如:

It took me decades to find out.實在,要理解這個句子非常簡略,要翻譯也非常簡略。

我開始翻譯為:

譯文一:我花了幾十年,才弄清楚了。

譯文二:花了我?guī)资?我才我發(fā)現(xiàn)了問題。

譯文三:幾十年后,我才懂得。

譯文四:幾十年了,我才明白。

4個譯文,當(dāng)初似乎還想到了更多,可是我選擇了最后1個。為什么? 因為前邊是在一陣調(diào)侃之后,開始要陳述自己在哈佛的一大遺憾。且稍微看看中文:

可是,仔細(xì)地回想過往,我確實有一大遺憾。

我離開哈佛的時候,底子沒有意識到這個世界是何等的不平等——人類在健康、財富和機遇上的鴻溝大得驚人,這一切使無數(shù)人陷入了絕望。就是在哈佛,我吸收到了很多關(guān)于政治和經(jīng)濟的新思想。我也接觸到了很多科學(xué)上的新進展。

可是,人類最大的進步并不在于這些巨大的發(fā)現(xiàn)本身,而是在于我們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)用這些發(fā)現(xiàn)去消除社會的不平等征象。無論是建立人民有參與國事的權(quán)的政治制度,照舊健全公共的教育體制,無論是提供杰出的醫(yī)療保健,照舊創(chuàng)造廣泛的經(jīng)濟機會——消除社會不公始末是人類最大的成績。

我離開校園的時候,底子不懂得在這個國度里,有數(shù)一百萬的年輕人無法獲得教育的機會;底子不懂得在一些發(fā)展中國度,有數(shù)一百萬的人民生活在無以言表的赤貧和疾病之中

經(jīng)過了大段的句子,經(jīng)過了幾個排比,提出了一系列問題之后。演講人一聲悲哀的嘆息:It took me decades to find out.顯然,“幾十年了,我才明白。”似乎更能準(zhǔn)確的表達作者的心境。五

說“適當(dāng)歸化”,因為畢竟是演講詞,原文作者用詞極其洗練,相當(dāng)精確,除了開始的調(diào)侃和自嘲和后面講故事的時候,多用口語文體以外;后面有大量的排比和設(shè)問,辭藻略顯華麗。所以,我翻譯的時候,在準(zhǔn)確忠厚的前提下,只管即便歸化成為一篇合格的漢語演講詞。

如:

They say: “Inequity has been with us since the beginning, and will be with us till the end – because people just ? don’t ? care.” I completely disagree.I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.我這樣翻譯了:

他們說:“不平等征象是我們生而有之、老也將存的問題——因為人們對這個問題漠不體貼。”對此,我不以為然。

我認(rèn)為,不是我們漠不體貼,而是我們束身無策。

實在,用“生而有之、老也將存”和“漠不體貼、束身無策”來處理。我猶豫了一下,可是,我照舊選擇了這樣處理。因為,這樣并不違背原文的意思,倒能讓演講詞讀起來上口。

又如:

and at the 關(guān)了 of the letter she said: “From those to whom much is given, much is expected.”

這是蓋茨的母親在他們結(jié)婚頭幾天寫給他妻子的一封信,主要是要告訴他們要多為別人著想,多為別人做事情,要勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任。那時候,蓋茨已經(jīng)考上哈佛,他的母親在身患癌癥后傳達給她子孫的信息。

我開始翻譯為:

譯文一:得到得多,期望就多。

這個譯文很容易引起歧義?！暗玫降枚?期望就多”,似乎感覺,我得到的還不夠,我還要更多。所以,稍微修改了一下:

譯文二:被給予的越多,期望就越大。

這樣似乎更不當(dāng)帖。仔細(xì)闡發(fā)了原文,實在,英語句子的原文是在說,1個恩既然已經(jīng)被給予了很多,就應(yīng)該被別人期望做出更多的事情來,他的責(zé)任就更多。(如果硬譯的話,便是這樣的意思了。)仔細(xì)比對上下文,我發(fā)現(xiàn),這層意思是準(zhǔn)確的,是完全忠厚于原文的。于是,我就斗膽的翻譯為:

譯文三:天賦于斯,大任在肩。

可是,后來再翻譯下文的時候,發(fā)現(xiàn)原文作者進一步闡述了這個問題,而且重復(fù)引用到了此中的兩個關(guān)鍵詞given和expected。所以,為了下文行文的方便,我又翻譯為:

譯文四:天賦于斯,大任在肩,得到越多,期望更大。

這個“期望”就不會引起歧義,因為上文有“大任在肩”限定,這個“期望”就用了漢語的“主動布局陳述被動”的方式翻譯出來了。似乎還比較滿意。

六

盡管如此,依然惶恐。無論怎樣,我是翻譯出來,好與欠好,讀者評價,同時,就教于各位同行。可是,我能說,我是把原文的每個單詞都思量過,而且,大多數(shù),都不只思量過一次。

這就是翻譯。

第二篇：比爾蓋茨哈佛演講稿

idn’t care, but because we didn’t know what to do.if we had known how to help, we would have acted.此刻在這個院子里的所有人，生命中總有這樣或那樣的時刻，目睹人類的悲劇，感到萬分傷心。但是我們什么也沒做，并非我們無動于衷，而是因為我們不知道做什么和怎么做。如果我們知道如何做是有效的，那么我們就會采取行動。

the barrier to change is not too little caring;it is too much complexity.改變世界的阻礙，并非人類的冷漠，而是世界實在太復(fù)雜。

to turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the impact.but complexity blocks all three steps.為了將關(guān)心轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾袆?，我們需要找到問題，發(fā)現(xiàn)解決辦法的方法，評估后果。但是世界的復(fù)雜性使得所有這些步驟都難于做到。

even with the advent of the internet and 24-hour news, it is still a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problems.when an airplane crashes, officials immediately call a press conference.they promise to investigate, determine the cause, and prevent similar crashes in the future.即使有了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和24小時直播的新聞臺，讓人們真正發(fā)現(xiàn)問題所在，仍然十分困難。當(dāng)一架飛機墜毀了，官員們會立刻召開新聞發(fā)布會，他們承諾進行調(diào)查、找到原因、防止將來再次發(fā)生類似事故。

but if the officials were brutally honest, they would say: “of all the people in the world who died today from preventable causes, one half of one percent of them were on this plane.we’re determined to do everything possible to solve the problem that took the lives of the one half of one percent.”

但是如果那些官員敢說真話，他們就會說：“在今天這一天，全世界所有可以避免的死亡之中，只有0.5%的死者來自于這次空難。我們決心盡一切努力，調(diào)查這個0.5%的死亡原因?！?/p>

the bigger problem is not the plane crash, but the millions of preventable deaths.顯然，更重要的問題不是這次空難，而是其他幾百萬可以預(yù)防的死亡事件。

we don’t read much about these deaths.the media covers what’s new – and millions of people dying is nothing new.so it stays in the background, where it’s easier to ignore.but even when we do see it or read about it, it’s difficult to keep our eyes on the problem.it’s hard to look at suffering if the situation is so complex that we don’t know how to help.and so we look away.我們并沒有很多機會了解那些死亡事件。媒體總是報告新聞，幾百萬人將要死去并非新聞。如果沒有人報道，那么這些事件就很容易被忽視。另一方面，即使 我們確實目睹了事件本身或者看到了相關(guān)報道，我們也很難持續(xù)關(guān)注這些事件?？粗耸芸嗍橇钊送纯嗟?，何況問題又如此復(fù)雜，我們根本不知道如何去幫助他 人。所以我們會將臉轉(zhuǎn)過去。

if we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution.就算我們真正發(fā)現(xiàn)了問題所在，也不過是邁出了第一步，接著還有第二步：那就是從復(fù)雜的事件中找到解決辦法。

finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring.if we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks “how can i help?,” then we can get action – and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted.but complexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who cares — and that makes it hard for their caring to matter.如果我們要讓關(guān)心落到實處，我們就必須找到解決辦法。如果我們有一個清晰的和可靠的答案，那么當(dāng)任何組織和個人發(fā)出疑問“如何我能提供幫助”的時 候，我們就能采取行動。我們就能夠保證不浪費一丁點全世界人類對他人的關(guān)心。但是，世界的復(fù)雜性使得很難找到對全世界每一個有愛心的人都有效的行動方法，因此人類對他人的關(guān)心往往很難產(chǎn)生實際效果。

cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already have — whether it’s something sophisticated, like a drug, or something simpler, like a bednet.從這個復(fù)雜的世界中找到解決辦法，可以分為四個步驟：確定目標(biāo)，找到最高效的方法，發(fā)現(xiàn)適用于這個方法的新技術(shù)，同時最聰明地利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)，不管它是復(fù)雜的藥物，還是最簡單的蚊帳。

the aids epidemic offers an example.the broad goal, of course, is to end the disease.the highest-leverage approach is prevention.the ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with a single dose.so governments, drug companies, and foundations fund vaccine research.but their work is likely to take more than a decade, so in the meantime, we have to work with what we have in hand – and the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behavior.艾滋病就是一個例子。總的目標(biāo)，毫無疑問是消滅這種疾病。最高效的方法是預(yù)防。最理想的技術(shù)是發(fā)明一種疫苗，只要注射一次，就可以終生免疫。所以，政府、制藥公司、基金會應(yīng)該資助疫苗研究。但是，這樣研究工作很可能十年之內(nèi)都無法完成。因此，與此同時，我們必須使用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)，目前最有效的預(yù)防方法 就是設(shè)法讓人們避免那些危險的行為。

pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again.this is the pattern.the crucial thing is to never stop thinking and working – and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th century – which is to surrender to complexity and quit.要實現(xiàn)這個新的目標(biāo)，又可以采用新的四步循環(huán)。這是一種模式。關(guān)鍵的東西是永遠不要停止思考和行動。我們千萬不能再犯上個世紀(jì)在瘧疾和肺結(jié)核上犯過的錯誤，那時我們因為它們太復(fù)雜，而放棄了采取行動。

the final step – after seeing the problem and finding an approach – is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so that others learn from your efforts.在發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和找到解決方法之后，就是最后一步——評估工作結(jié)果，將你的成功經(jīng)驗或者失敗經(jīng)驗傳播出去，這樣其他人就可以從你的努力中有所收獲。

you have to have the statistics, of course.you have to be able to show that a program is vaccinating millions more children.you have to be able to show a decline in the number of children dying from these diseases.this is essential not just to improve the program, but also to help draw more investment from business and government.當(dāng)然，你必須有一些統(tǒng)計數(shù)字。你必須讓他人知道，你的項目為幾百萬兒童新接種了疫苗。你也必須讓他人知道，兒童死亡人數(shù)下降了多少。這些都是很關(guān)鍵的，不僅有利于改善項目效果，也有利于從商界和政府得到更多的幫助。

but if you want to inspire people to participate, you have to show more than numbers;you have to convey the human impact of the work – so people can feel what saving a life means to the families affected.但是，這些還不夠，如果你想激勵其他人參加你的項目，你就必須拿出更多的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字；你必須展示你的項目的人性因素，這樣其他人就會感到拯救一個生命，對那些處在困境中的家庭到底意味著什么。

i remember going to davos some years back and sitting on a global health panel that was discussing ways to save millions of lives.millions!think of the thrill of saving just one person’s life – then multiply that by millions.… yet this was the most boring panel i’ve ever been on – ever.so boring even i couldn’t bear it.幾年前，我去瑞士達沃斯旁聽一個全球健康問題論壇，會議的內(nèi)容有關(guān)于如何拯救幾百萬條生命。天哪，是幾百萬！想一想吧，拯救一個人的生命已經(jīng)讓人何等激動，現(xiàn)在你要把這種激動再乘上幾百萬倍……但是，不幸的是，這是我參加過的最最乏味的論壇，乏味到我無法強迫自己聽下去。

what made that experience especially striking was that i had just come from an event where we were introducing version 13 of some piece of software, and we had people jumping and shouting with excitement.i love getting people excited about software – but why can’t we generate even more excitement for saving lives?

那次經(jīng)歷之所以讓我難忘，是因為之前我們剛剛發(fā)布了一個軟件的第13個版本，我們讓觀眾激動得跳了起來，喊出了聲。我喜歡人們因為軟件而感到激動，那么我們?yōu)槭裁床荒軌蜃屓藗円驗槟軌蛘壬械礁蛹幽兀?/p>

you can’t get people excited unless you can help them see and feel the impact.and how you do that – is a complex question.除非你能夠讓人們看到或者感受到行動的影響力，否則你無法讓人們激動。如何做到這一點，并不是一件簡單的事。

still, i’m optimistic.yes, inequity has been with us forever, but the new tools we have to cut through complexity have not been with us forever.they are new – they can help us make the most of our caring – and that’s why the future can be different from the past.同前面一樣，在這個問題上，我依然是樂觀的。不錯，人類的不平等有史以來一直存在，但是那些能夠化繁為簡的新工具，卻是最近才出現(xiàn)的。這些新工具可以幫助我們，將人類的同情心發(fā)揮最大的作用，這就是為什么將來同過去是不一樣的。

the defining and ongoing innovations of this age – biotechnology, the computer, the internet – give us a chance we’ve never had before to end extreme poverty and end death from preventable disease.這個時代無時無刻不在涌現(xiàn)出新的革新——生物技術(shù)，計算機，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)——它們給了我們一個從未有過的機會，去終結(jié)那些極端的貧窮和非惡性疾病的死亡。

sixty years ago, george marshall came to this commencement and announced a plan to assist the nations of post-war europe.he said: “i think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation.it is virtually impossible at this distance to grasp at all the real significance of the situation.”

六十年前，喬治?馬歇爾也是在這個地方的畢業(yè)典禮上，宣布了一個計劃，幫助那些歐洲國家的戰(zhàn)后建設(shè)。他說：“我認(rèn)為，困難的一點是這個問題太復(fù)雜，報紙和電臺向公眾源源不斷地提供各種事實，使得大街上的普通人極端難于清晰地判斷形勢。事實上，經(jīng)過層層傳播，想要真正地把握形勢，是根本不可能的?！?/p>

thirty years after marshall made his address, as my class graduated without me, technology was emerging that would make the world smaller, more open, more visible, less distant.馬歇爾發(fā)表這個演講之后的三十年，我那一屆學(xué)生畢業(yè)，當(dāng)然我不在其中。那時，新技術(shù)剛剛開始萌芽，它們將使得這個世界變得更小、更開放、更容易看到、距離更近。

the emergence of low-cost personal computers gave rise to a powerful network that has transformed opportunities for learning and communicating.低成本的個人電腦的出現(xiàn)，使得一個強大的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有機會誕生，它為學(xué)習(xí)和交流提供了巨大的機會。

the magical thing about this network is not just that it collapses distance and makes everyone your neighbor.it also dramatically increases the number of brilliant minds we can have working together on the same problem – and that scales up the rate of innovation to a staggering degree.網(wǎng)絡(luò)的神奇之處，不僅僅是它縮短了物理距離，使得天涯若比鄰。它還極大地增加了懷有共同想法的人們聚集在一起的機會，我們可以為了解決同一個問題，一起共同工作。這就大大加快了革新的進程，發(fā)展速度簡直快得讓人震驚。

at the same time, for every person in the world who has access to this technology, five people don’t.that means many creative minds are left out of this discussion---smart people with practical intelligence and relevant experience who don’t have the technology to hone their talents or contribute their ideas to the world.與此同時，世界上有條件上網(wǎng)的人，只是全部人口的六分之一。這意味著，還有許多具有創(chuàng)造性的人們，沒有加入到我們的討論中來。那些有著實際的操作經(jīng)驗和相關(guān)經(jīng)歷的聰明人，卻沒有技術(shù)來幫助他們，將他們的天賦或者想法與全世界分享。

we need as many people as possible to have access to this technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another.they are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger, poverty, and desperation george marshall spoke of 60 years ago.我們需要盡可能地讓更多的人有機會使用新技術(shù)，因為這些新技術(shù)正在引發(fā)一場革命，人類將因此可以互相幫助。新技術(shù)正在創(chuàng)造一種可能，不僅是政府，還 包括大學(xué)、公司、小機構(gòu)、甚至個人，能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)問題所在、能夠找到解決辦法、能夠評估他們努力的效果，去改變那些馬歇爾六十年前就說到過的問題——饑餓、貧 窮和絕望。

members of the harvard family: here in the yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.

第三篇：比爾蓋茨哈佛演講稿

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates: I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this: “Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my degree.”

I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor.I'll be changing my job next year…and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees.For my part, I'm just happy that the Crimson has called me “Harvard's most successful dropout.” I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class…I did the best of everyone who failed.But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school.I'm a bad influence.That's why I was invited to speak at your graduation.If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be here today.Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me.Academic life was fascinating.I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn't even signed up for.And dorm life was terrific.I lived up at Radcliffe, in Currier House.There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn't worry about getting up in the morning.That's how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group.We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.Radcliffe was a great place to live.There were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types.That combination offered me the best odds, if you know what I mean.This is Where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn't guarantee success.One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call From Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world's first personal computers.I offered to sell them software.I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me.Instead they said: “We're not quite ready, come see us in a month,” which was a good thing, because we hadn't written the software yet.From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft.What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence.It could be exhilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging.It was an amazing privilege…and though I left early, I was transformed by my years at Harvard, the friendships I made, and the ideas I worked on.But taking a serious look back…I do have one big regret.I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world--the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country.And I knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing countries.It took me decades to find out.You graduates came to Harvard at a different time.You know more about the world's inequities than the classes that came before.In your years here, I hope you've had a chance to think about how--in this age of accelerating technology--we can finally take on these inequities, and we can solve them.Imagine, just for the sake of discussion, that you had a few hours a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a cause--and you wanted to spend that time and money Where it would have the greatest impact in saving and improving lives.Where would you spend it?

For Melinda and for me, the challenge is the same: how can we do the most good for the greatest number with the resources we have.During our discussions on this question, Melinda and I read an article about the millions of children who were dying every year in poor countries From diseases that we had long ago made harmless in this country.Measles, malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis B, yellow fever.One disease I had never even heard of, rotavirus, was killing half a million kids each year ? none of them in the United States.We were shocked.We had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save them.But it did not.For under a dollar, there were interventions that could save lives that just weren't being delivered.If you believe that every life has equal value, it's revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not.We said to ourselves: “This can't be true.But if it is true, it deserves to be the priority of our giving.””So we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it.We asked: “How could the world let these children die?”

The answer is simple, and harsh.The market did not reward saving the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidize it.So the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and no voice in the system.But you and I have both.We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop a more creative capitalism ? if we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit, or at least make a living, serving people who aresuffering From the worst inequities.We also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money in ways that better reflect the values of the people who pay the taxes.If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the world.This task is open-ended.It can never be finished.But a conscious effort to answer this challenge will change the world.I am optimistic that we can do this, but I talk to skeptics who claim there is no hope.They say: “Inequity has been with us since the beginning, and will be with us till the end ? because people just…don't…care.” I completely disagree.I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.All of us here in this Yard, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothing--not because we didn't care, but because we didn't know what to do.If we had known how to help, we would have acted.The barrier to change is not too little caring;it is too much complexity.To turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the impact.But complexity blocks all three steps.If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution.Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring.If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks “How can I help?,” then we can get action--and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted.But complexity makes it hard to mark a path ofaction for everyone who cares--and that makes it hard for their caring to matter.Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already have--whether it's something sophisticated, like a drug, or something simpler, like a bednet.The AIDS epidemic offers an example.The broad goal, of course, is to end the disease.The highest-leverage approach is prevention.The ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with a single dose.So governments, drug companies, and foundations fund vaccine research.But their work is likely to take more than a decade, so in the meantime, we have to work with what we have in hand--and the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behavior.Pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again.This is the pattern.The crucial thing is to never stop thinking and working--and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th century--which is to surrender to complexity and quit.The final step--after seeing the problem and finding an approach--is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so that others learn From your efforts.You have to have the statistics, of course.You have to be able to show that a program is vaccinating millions more children.You have to be able to show a decline in the number of children dying From these diseases.This is essential not just to improve the program, but also to help draw more investment From business and government.But if you want to inspire people to participate, you have to show more thannumbers;you have to convey the human impact of the work ? so people can feel what saving a life means to the families affected.The defining and ongoing innovations of this age--biotechnology, the computer, the Internet--give us a chance we've never had before to end extreme poverty and end death From preventable disease.The emergence of low-cost personal computers gave rise to a powerful network that has transformed

opportunities

for

learning

and communicating.The magical thing about this network is not just that it collapses distance and makes everyone your neighbor.It also dramatically increases the number of brilliant minds we can have working together on the same problem--and that scales up the rate of innovation to a staggering degree.At the same time, for every person in the world who has access to this technology, five people don't.That means many creative minds are left out of this discussion--smart people with practical intelligence and relevant experience who don't have the technology to hone their talents or contribute their ideas to the world.We need as many people as possible to have access to this technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another.They are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger, poverty, and desperation George Marshall spoke of 60 years ago.Members of the Harvard Family: Here in the Yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.What for? There is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world.But can we do more? Can Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name?

Let me make a request of the deans and the professors--the intellectual leaders here at Harvard: As you hire new faculty, award tenure, review curriculum, and determine degree requirements, please ask yourselves: Should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems? Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world's worst inequities? Should Harvard students learn about the depth of global poverty…the prevalence of world hunger…the scarcity of clean water…the girls kept out of school…the children who die From diseases we can cure? Should the world's most privileged people learn about the lives of the world's least privileged?

These are not rhetorical questions--you will answer with your policies.When you consider what those of us here in this Yard have been given--in talent, privilege, and opportunity--there is almost no limit to what the world has a right to expect From us.In line with the promise of this age, I want to exhort each of the graduates here to take on an issue--a complex problem, a deep inequity, and become a specialist on it.If you make it the focus of your career, that would be phenomenal.But you don't have to do that to make an impact.For a few hours every week, you can use the growing power of the Internet to get informed, find others with the same interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut through them.Don't let complexity stop you.Be activists.Take on the big inequities.It will be one of the great experiences of your lives.You graduates are coming of age in an amazing time.As you leave Harvard, you have technology that members of my class never had.You have awareness of global inequity, which we did not have.And with that awareness, you likely also have an informed conscience that will torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change with very little effort.You have more than we had;you must start sooner, and carry on longer.Knowing what you know, how could you not? And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30 years From now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy.I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the world's deepest inequities…on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity.

第四篇：比爾蓋茨哈佛演講

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates:

尊敬的Bok校長，Rudenstine前校長，即將上任的Faust校長，哈佛集團的各位成員，監(jiān)管理事會的各位理事，各位老師，各位家長，各位同學(xué)：

I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this: “Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my degree.”

有一句話我等了三十年，現(xiàn)在終于可以說了：“老爸，我總是跟你說，我會回來拿到我的學(xué)位的！”

I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor.I'll be changing my job next year … and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.我要感謝哈佛大學(xué)在這個時候給我這個榮譽。明年，我就要換工作了（注：指從微軟公司退休）??我終于可以在簡歷上寫我有一個本科學(xué)位，這真是不錯啊。

I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees.For my part, I'm just happy that the Crimson has called me “Harvard's most successful dropout.” I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class … I did the best of everyone who failed.我為今天在座的各位同學(xué)感到高興，你們拿到學(xué)位可比我簡單多了。哈佛的校報稱我是“哈佛大學(xué)歷史上最成功的輟學(xué)生”。我想這大概使我有資格代表我這一類學(xué)生發(fā)言??在所有的失敗者里，我做得最好。

But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school.I'm a bad influence.That's why I was invited to speak at your graduation.If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be here today.但是，我還要提醒大家，我使得Steve Ballmer（注：微軟總經(jīng)理）也從哈佛商學(xué)院退學(xué)了。因此，我是個有著惡劣影響力的人。這就是為什么我被邀請來在你們的畢業(yè)典禮上演講。如果我在你們?nèi)雽W(xué)歡迎儀式上演講，那么能夠堅持到今天在這里畢業(yè)的人也許會少得多吧。

Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me.Academic life was fascinating.I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn't even signed up for.And dorm life was terrific.I lived up at Radcliffe, in Currier House.There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn't worry about getting up in the morning.That's how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group.We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.對我來說，哈佛的求學(xué)經(jīng)歷是一段非凡的經(jīng)歷。校園生活很有趣，我常去旁聽我沒選修的課。哈佛的課外生活也很棒，我在Radcliffe過著逍遙自在的日子。每天我的寢室里總有很多人

一直待到半夜，討論著各種事情。因為每個人都知道我從不考慮第二天早起。這使得我變成了校園里那些不安分學(xué)生的頭頭，我們互相粘在一起，做出一種拒絕所有正常學(xué)生的姿態(tài)。

Radcliffe was a great place to live.There were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types.That combination offered me the best odds, if you know what I mean.This is where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn't guarantee success.Radcliffe是個過日子的好地方。那里的女生比男生多，而且大多數(shù)男生都是理工科的。這種狀況為我創(chuàng)造了最好的機會，如果你們明白我的意思?？上У氖?，我正是在這里學(xué)到了人生中悲傷的一課：機會大，并不等于你就會成功。

One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world's first personal computers.I offered to sell them software.我在哈佛最難忘的回憶之一，發(fā)生在1975年1月。那時，我從宿舍樓里給位于Albuquerque的一家公司打了一個電話，那家公司已經(jīng)在著手制造世界上第一臺個人電腦。我提出想向他們出售軟件。

I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me.Instead they said: “We're not quite ready, come see us in a month,” which was a good thing, because we hadn't written the software yet.From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft.我很擔(dān)心，他們會發(fā)覺我是一個住在宿舍的學(xué)生，從而掛斷電話。但是他們卻說：“我們還沒準(zhǔn)備好，一個月后你再來找我們吧。”這是個好消息，因為那時軟件還根本沒有寫出來呢。就是從那個時候起，我日以繼夜地在這個小小的課外項目上工作，這導(dǎo)致了我學(xué)生生活的結(jié)束，以及通往微軟公司的不平凡的旅程的開始。

What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence.It could be exhilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging.It was an amazing privilege – and though I left early, I was transformed by my years at Harvard, the friendships I made, and the ideas I worked on.不管怎樣，我對哈佛的回憶主要都與充沛的精力和智力活動有關(guān)。哈佛的生活令人愉快，也令人感到有壓力，有時甚至?xí)械叫箽?，但永遠充滿了挑戰(zhàn)性。生活在哈佛是一種吸引人的特殊待遇??雖然我離開得比較早，但是我在這里的經(jīng)歷、在這里結(jié)識的朋友、在這里發(fā)展起來的一些想法，永遠地改變了我。

But taking a serious look back … I do have one big regret.但是，如果現(xiàn)在嚴(yán)肅地回憶起來，我確實有一個真正的遺憾。

I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world – the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.我離開哈佛的時候，根本沒有意識到這個世界是多么的不平等。人類在健康、財富和機遇上的不平等大得可怕，它們使得無數(shù)的人們被迫生活在絕望之中。

I learned a lot here at Harvard about new ideas in economics and politics.I got great exposure to the advances being made in the sciences.But humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries – but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.我在哈佛學(xué)到了很多經(jīng)濟學(xué)和政治學(xué)的新思想。我也了解了很多科學(xué)上的新進展。但是，人類最大的進步并不來自于這些發(fā)現(xiàn)，而是來自于那些有助于減少人類不平等的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates:

尊敬的Bok校長，Rudenstine前校長，即將上任的Faust校長，哈佛集團的各位成員，監(jiān)管理事會的各位理事，各位老師，各位家長，各位同學(xué)：

I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this: “Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my degree.”

有一句話我等了三十年，現(xiàn)在終于可以說了：“老爸，我總是跟你說，我會回來拿到我的學(xué)位的！”

I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor.I'll be changing my job next year … and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.我要感謝哈佛大學(xué)在這個時候給我這個榮譽。明年，我就要換工作了（注：指從微軟公司退休）??我終于可以在簡歷上寫我有一個本科學(xué)位，這真是不錯啊。

I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees.For my part, I'm just happy that the Crimson has called me “Harvard's most successful dropout.” I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class … I did the best of everyone who failed.我為今天在座的各位同學(xué)感到高興，你們拿到學(xué)位可比我簡單多了。哈佛的校報稱我是“哈佛大學(xué)歷史上最成功的輟學(xué)生”。我想這大概使我有資格代表我這一類學(xué)生發(fā)言??在所有的失敗者里，我做得最好。

But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school.I'm a bad influence.That's why I was invited to speak at your graduation.If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be here today.但是，我還要提醒大家，我使得Steve Ballmer（注：微軟總經(jīng)理）也從哈佛商學(xué)院退學(xué)了。因此，我是個有著惡劣影響力的人。這就是為什么我被邀請來在你們的畢業(yè)典禮上演講。如果我在你們?nèi)雽W(xué)歡迎儀式上演講，那么能夠堅持到今天在這里畢業(yè)的人也許會少得多吧。

Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me.Academic life was fascinating.I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn't even signed up for.And dorm life was terrific.I lived up at Radcliffe, in Currier House.There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn't worry about getting up in the morning.That's how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group.We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.對我來說，哈佛的求學(xué)經(jīng)歷是一段非凡的經(jīng)歷。校園生活很有趣，我常去旁聽我沒選修的課。哈佛的課外生活也很棒，我在Radcliffe過著逍遙自在的日子。每天我的寢室里總有很多人一直待到半夜，討論著各種事情。因為每個人都知道我從不考慮第二天早起。這使得我變成了校園里那些不安分學(xué)生的頭頭，我們互相粘在一起，做出一種拒絕所有正常學(xué)生的姿態(tài)。

Radcliffe was a great place to live.There were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types.That combination offered me the best odds, if you know what I mean.This is where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn't guarantee success.Radcliffe是個過日子的好地方。那里的女生比男生多，而且大多數(shù)男生都是理工科的。這種狀況為我創(chuàng)造了最好的機會，如果你們明白我的意思?？上У氖?，我正是在這里學(xué)到了人生中悲傷的一課：機會大，并不等于你就會成功。

One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world's first personal computers.I offered to sell them software.我在哈佛最難忘的回憶之一，發(fā)生在1975年1月。那時，我從宿舍樓里給位于Albuquerque的一家公司打了一個電話，那家公司已經(jīng)在著手制造世界上第一臺個人電腦。我提出想向他們出售軟件。

I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me.Instead they said: “We're not quite ready, come see us in a month,” which was a good thing, because we hadn't written the software yet.From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft.我很擔(dān)心，他們會發(fā)覺我是一個住在宿舍的學(xué)生，從而掛斷電話。但是他們卻說：“我們還沒準(zhǔn)備好，一個月后你再來找我們吧?！边@是個好消息，因為那時軟件還根本沒有寫出來呢。

就是從那個時候起，我日以繼夜地在這個小小的課外項目上工作，這導(dǎo)致了我學(xué)生生活的結(jié)束，以及通往微軟公司的不平凡的旅程的開始。

What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence.It could be exhilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging.It was an amazing privilege – and though I left early, I was transformed by my years at Harvard, the friendships I made, and the ideas I worked on.不管怎樣，我對哈佛的回憶主要都與充沛的精力和智力活動有關(guān)。哈佛的生活令人愉快，也令人感到有壓力，有時甚至?xí)械叫箽猓肋h充滿了挑戰(zhàn)性。生活在哈佛是一種吸引人的特殊待遇??雖然我離開得比較早，但是我在這里的經(jīng)歷、在這里結(jié)識的朋友、在這里發(fā)展起來的一些想法，永遠地改變了我。

But taking a serious look back … I do have one big regret.但是，如果現(xiàn)在嚴(yán)肅地回憶起來，我確實有一個真正的遺憾。

I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world – the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.我離開哈佛的時候，根本沒有意識到這個世界是多么的不平等。人類在健康、財富和機遇上的不平等大得可怕，它們使得無數(shù)的人們被迫生活在絕望之中。

I learned a lot here at Harvard about new ideas in economics and politics.I got great exposure to the advances being made in the sciences.But humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries – but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.我在哈佛學(xué)到了很多經(jīng)濟學(xué)和政治學(xué)的新思想。我也了解了很多科學(xué)上的新進展。但是，人類最大的進步并不來自于這些發(fā)現(xiàn)，而是來自于那些有助于減少人類不平等的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

第五篇：新東方唐靜總結(jié)翻譯單詞

08年

46)believe, assert, claim, argue, assume, maintain, contend, point out, be convinced that, accept, prove, demonstrate, validate, state, scribe, tell, show, consider, opine, difficulty, difficult, compensate, compensate for, advantage, advantageous, advance, force, strength, power, thus, therefore, hence, enable, detect, detector, error, mistake, false, flaw, shortcoming, reason, reasoned, reasoning, reasonable, observe, observation, observer;

47)follow, pure, purely, abstract, concrete, limit, confine, certain;

48)as well, as well as, found, charge, change, critics, criticize, critical, criticism, while;

49)add, addition, in addition, additional, tradition, traditional, humble, humbly, perhaps, possible, possibly, probable, probably, superior, superior to, super, inferior, inferior to, common, ordinary, banal, notice, attention, escape, carefully, careful, care, take care of;

50)loss, lose(lost), at a loss, take a loss, injurious, injure, injury, intellect, intellectual, intelligence, wisdom, moral, virtue, virtually, virtual, character, characterize, characteristic;

07年

46)legal, law, preserve, conserve, institution, constitution, view, view…as, regard…as, take…as, see…as, special, specialize, specific, especial, especially;peculiar, peculiar to, particular, particularly, rather than, necessary, essential, essence, critical, significant, significance, equipment, equip, facility;

47)link, connect, connection, on the other, on the other hand, on the one hand, concept, notion, real, reality, in a way, in a manner, in a form, parallel, parallel to, journal, journalist, base, basic, basis, comment, comment on, cover;

48)idea, profound, profoundly, far-reaching, citizen, rest on/upon, rely on, depend on/upon, responsible, responsibility, be held responsible for, response, media, news media, news agency, establish, established, establishment, convention;

49)grasp, have a grasp of, command, have a good command of, feature, competent, competition, competitive, compete，50)reaction, react, action, in action, interaction, enhance, promotion, promote, preferable, prefer, infer, confer, favor, flavor, favorite, judge, judgment, make judgments of;

06年

46)define, definition, define…as…, select, elect, individual, active, activity, primary, duty, thinking, thought;

47)analogous, analogous to, analyze, analysis, function, obligation, be obliged to do sth., be obliged to sb., obligate, be obligated to do sth., clear, course, cause, lead to, reveal, decision, decisive, decide;

48)exclude, exclusive, include, conclude, conclusion, contribute, contribution, contribute to, make contribution to, distribute, distribution, accomplishment, accomplish, complete, solution, solve, resolve, be charged with, approach, aspect, inspect, expect, respect, expect, task;

49)code, rule, dedicate, dedicate to, govern, government, energy, conduct, conduction, production, produce, explore, exploration;more than, less than, no more than, no less than, more than +數(shù)字, more than +名詞/動詞, more than +形容詞/副詞, no more than=no any more than;

50)independent, independence, interdependence, reflect, reflection, make reflection on, earn, involve, salary;05年

46)television, means, feeling, convey, connect, nation, create, invent, event, recent;

47)multi-media, increase, increasingly, bring, publish, in relation to, relation, relate, related to, concern, concerning;

48)alone, only, survive, underline, undergo, undertake, undermine, state, statistics, loss, take a loss, at a loss，49)identify, identity, respect, expect, aspect, represent, present, presentation, fabricate, fabric, continent, task, demand, choose, choice, strategic, policy;

50)deal with, deal, challenge, scale, on…scale, exaggeration, it is no exaggeration to say…, unite, unity, divide;

04年

61)structure, instruction, instrument, construction, process, procedure, schedule, real, reality, realize, diversity, diverse, philosophy, philosopher;

62)grateful, gratitude, different from, vanish, abolish, assimilate, similar, native, local;

63)describe, description, strike, striking, remark, remarkable, accuse, accuse…of…, data, date;

64)interested in, relationship, relative, relatively, determine, habit, habitual, though;

65)come to, believe in, a sort of, linguistics, physics, psychology, aesthetics, art, fine art, archaeology, anthropology, economy, psychiatry, law, media, cross-culture, mathematics, math, physician, chemistry, humanity, form, formula, formulate, grammar, pattern, produce, consequence, consequently;

03年

61)furthermore, further, ability, able, enable, inability, modify, change, charge, exchange, environment, deteriorate, subject, reject, refuse, fancy;

62)branch, inquire, acquire, require, endeavor, order, disorder, system, passion, seek, scientific, science, phenomenon;

63)combine, integrate, integration, perspective, unique, distinct, distinctly;

64)complex, complicated, sophisticated, include, conclude, exclude, conclusion, custom, consume, consumer.Simple, simplicity, implicit, explicit;

65)make…possible, research;

02年

61)almost, behavior, trait, trace;

62)explain, explanation, explanatory, item, hard, remain, obscure;

63)evolution, revolution, innovation, invention, invest, investigation, recognize;

64)possess, possession, govern, government, theory, essential, credit, achieve, achievement, conduct, conduction;

65)until, till, issue, 01年

71)chat, host, hold, pollution, containment;

72)personality, personnel, personal, relax, relaxation, recreation, digital;

73)breakthrough, break out, breakout, out-break, outset, take place, discover;

74)ultimate, terminate, termination, century, millennium, decade, thousands of, hundreds of, for the better part of decade, half, quarter, triple, double;

75)home, demotic, exotic, apply, apply to, application, appliance, control, operate, operation, cooperation, corporation, company;

2000年

71)condition, situation, circumstance, situate, vary, varying, various, variety, variety of, expert;

72)obvious, ambiguous, be bound up with, bind, efficient, efficiency, industry, agriculture, horticulture, in turn, effort, all kinds;

73)owing to, remarkable, mass, communication, community, expose, be exposed to, introduce, for the reason given above;

74)pattern, spread, or so;

75)stress, migrate, migration, arise from, arise, rise, give rise to, raise，1999年

71)while, almost, historian, history, practice, conform, conform to, inform, uniform, attempt;

72)valid, validate, validity, discipline, code, rule, intern, extern, quarrel, among;

73)transfer, transparent, augment, argument, design, interpret, interpretation, evidence, evident;

74)agreement, refer to, in general, generally, generally speaking, largely, appropriate, inappropriate;

75)equal, equally, equate, equate…with, source, resource, activity, animate, animation;1998年

71)look into, exist, exit, existence, resident, residence, citizen;

72)giant, enormous, virtually, virtual, virtue, put forward, propose, dominant;

73)report, finding;

74)triumph;

75)odd, sound, inflation, inflate, plausible, elementary, primary;

1997年

71)actually, in fact, account, accountant;

72)contract, entitle, title, entitlement;

73)discuss, discussion, consider, consideration, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, extend, extend to, treat;

74)relevant, extreme, choose, choice;

75)encourage, instinct;

1996年

71)cause, complete, result, result from, result in, to some extent, accelerate;

72)trend, detail, in detail;

73)support, an amount of, goal, immediate;

74)elegant, elegance, in principle, principal, fascinate, delight;

75)standard, criterion;

1995年

71)target, attack, in doing sth., divert, diversion, competent, incompetent, competition, competitive;

72)predict, prediction, reliable, skill;

73)experiment, experience, avail, available, comparative, compare, contrast;

74)quality, precise;

75)favorable, favor;youngster, tell;

1994年

71)not so much…as, as…as, not so…as, through, insight, welfare, health, worth, genius, improve, tool;

72)contend, as we call it, number, numerable, innumerable, expand, a series of, direction, direct;

73)ignore, careless, fundamental;

74)revolve;

75)finance, financial, vice versa, etc, et al.