第一篇：胡錦濤在黨的十七大上的報告及解讀

高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟 為奪取全面建設小康社會新勝利而奮斗

━━在中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會上的報告

（2007年10月15日）

胡錦濤

【目錄】

一、過去五年的工作

二、改革開放的偉大歷史進程

三、深入貫徹落實科學發展觀

四、實現全面建設小康社會奮斗目標的新要求

五、促進國民經濟又好又快發展

六、堅定不移發展社會主義民主政治

七、推動社會主義文化大發展大繁榮

八、加快推進以改善民生為重點的社會建設

九、開創國防和軍隊現代化建設新局面

十、推進“一國兩制”實踐和祖國和平統一大業

十一、始終不渝走和平發展道路

十二、以改革創新精神全面推進黨的建設新的偉大工程

同志們：

現在，我代表第十六屆中央委員會向大會作報告。中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會，是在我國改革發展關鍵階段召開的一次十分重要的大會。大會的主題是：高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導，深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，繼續解放思想，堅持改革開放，推動科學發展，促進社會和諧，為奪取全面建設小康社會新勝利而奮斗。

中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，是當代中國發展進步的旗幟，是全黨全國各族人民團結奮斗的旗幟。解放思想是發展中國特色社會主義的一大法寶，改革開放是發展中國特色社會主義的強大動力，科學發展、社會和諧是發展中國特色社會主義的基本要求，全面建設小康社會是黨和國家到2020年的奮斗目標，是全國各族人民的根本利益所在。

當今世界正在發生廣泛而深刻的變化，當代中國正在發生廣泛而深刻的變革。機遇前所未有，挑戰也前所未有，機遇大于挑戰。全黨必須堅定不移地高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗臶，帶領人民從新的歷史起點出發，抓住和用好重要戰略機遇期，求真務實，銳意進取，繼續全面建設小康社會、加快推進社會主義現代化，完成時代賦予的崇高使命。

一、過去五年的工作

十六大以來的五年是不平凡的五年。面對復雜多變的國 際環境和艱巨繁重的改革發展任務，黨帶領全國各族人民，高舉鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想偉大旗臶，戰勝各種困難和風險，開創了中國特色社會主義事業新局面，開拓了馬克思主義中國化新境界。

十六大確立“三個代表”重要思想的指導地位，作出全面建設小康社會的戰略決策。為貫徹十六大精神，中央召開七次全會，分別就深化機構改革、完善社會主義市場經濟體制、加強黨的執政能力建設、制定“十一五”規劃、構建社會主義和諧社會等關系全局的重大問題作出決定和部署，提出并貫徹科學發展觀等重大戰略思想，推動黨和國家工作取得新的重大成就。

經濟實力大幅提升。經濟保持平穩快速發展，國內生產總值年均增長百分之十以上，經濟效益明顯提高，財政收入連年顯著增加，物價基本穩定。社會主義新農村建設扎實推進，區域發展協調性增強。創新型國家建設進展良好，自主創新能力較大提高。能源、交通、通信等基礎設施和重點工程建設成效顯著。載人航天飛行成功實現。能源資源節約和生態環境保護取得新進展。“十五”計劃勝利完成，“十一五”規劃進展順利。

改革開放取得重大突破。農村綜合改革逐步深化，農業稅、牧業稅、特產稅全部取消，支農惠農政策不斷加強。國有資產管理體制、國有企業和金融、財稅、投資、價格、科 技等領域改革取得重大進展。非公有制經濟進一步發展。市場體系不斷健全，宏觀調控繼續改善，政府職能加快轉變。進出口總額大幅增加，實施“走出去”戰略邁出堅實步伐，開放型經濟進入新階段。

人民生活顯著改善。城鄉居民收入較大增加，家庭財產普遍增多。城鄉居民最低生活保障制度初步建立，貧困人口基本生活得到保障。居民消費結構優化，衣食住行用水平不斷提高，享有的公共服務明顯增強。

民主法制建設取得新進步。政治體制改革穩步推進。人民代表大會制度、中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度、民族區域自治制度不斷完善，基層民主活力增強。人權事業健康發展。愛國統一戰線發展壯大。中國特色社會主義法律體系基本形成，依法治國基本方略切實貫徹。行政管理體制、司法體制改革不斷深化。

文化建設開創新局面。社會主義核心價值體系建設扎實推進，馬克思主義理論研究和建設工程成效明顯。思想道德建設廣泛開展，全社會文明程度進一步提高。文化體制改革取得重要進展，文化事業和文化產業快速發展，人民精神文化生活更加豐富。全民健身和競技體育取得新成績。

社會建設全面展開。各級各類教育迅速發展，農村免費義務教育全面實現。就業規模日益擴大。社會保障體系建設進一步加強。抗擊非典取得重大勝利，公共衛生體系和基本 醫療服務不斷健全，人民健康水平不斷提高。社會管理逐步完善，社會大局穩定，人民安居樂業。

國防和軍隊建設取得歷史性成就。中國特色軍事變革加速推進，裁減軍隊員額二十萬任務順利完成，軍隊革命化、現代化、正規化建設全面加強，履行新世紀新階段歷史使命能力顯著提高。

港澳工作和對臺工作進一步加強。香港、澳門保持繁榮穩定，與內地經貿關系更加緊密。兩岸政黨交流成功開啟，人員往來和經濟文化交流達到新水平。制定反分裂國家法，堅決維護國家主權和領土完整。

全方位外交取得重大進展。堅持獨立自主的和平外交政策，各項外交工作積極開展，同各國的交流合作廣泛加強，在國際事務中發揮重要建設性作用，為全面建設小康社會爭取了良好國際環境。

黨的建設新的偉大工程扎實推進。黨的執政能力建設和先進性建設深入進行。理論創新和理論武裝卓有成效。保持共產黨員先進性教育活動取得重大成果。黨內民主不斷擴大。領導班子和干部隊伍建設特別是干部教育培訓取得重要進展，人才工作進一步加強，干部人事制度改革和組織制度創新不斷深入。黨風廉政建設和反腐敗斗爭成效明顯。

在看到成績的同時，也要清醒認識到，我們的工作與人民的期待還有不小差距，前進中還面臨不少困難和問題，突 出的是：經濟增長的資源環境代價過大；城鄉、區域、經濟社會發展仍然不平衡；農業穩定發展和農民持續增收難度加大；勞動就業、社會保障、收入分配、教育衛生、居民住房、安全生產、司法和社會治安等方面關系群眾切身利益的問題仍然較多，部分低收入群眾生活比較困難；思想道德建設有待加強；黨的執政能力同新形勢新任務不完全適應，對改革發展穩定一些重大實際問題的調查研究不夠深入；一些基層黨組織軟弱渙散；少數黨員干部作風不正，形式主義、官僚主義問題比較突出，奢侈浪費、消極腐敗現象仍然比較嚴重。我們要高度重視這些問題，繼續認真加以解決。

總起來說，這五年，是改革開放和全面建設小康社會取得重大進展的五年，是我國綜合國力大幅提升和人民得到更多實惠的五年，是我國國際地位和影響顯著提高的五年，是黨的創造力、凝聚力、戰斗力明顯增強和全黨全國各族人民團結更加緊密的五年。實踐充分證明，十六大和十六大以來中央作出的各項重大決策是完全正確的。

五年來的成就，是全黨全國各族人民共同奮斗的結果。我代表中共中央，向全國各族人民，向各民主黨派、各人民團體和各界愛國人士，向香港特別行政區同胞、澳門特別行政區同胞和臺灣同胞以及廣大僑胞，向一切關心和支持中國現代化建設的各國朋友，表示衷心的感謝！

二、改革開放的偉大歷史進程 我們即將迎來改革開放三十周年。一九七八年，我們黨召開具有重大歷史意義的十一屆三中全會，開啟了改革開放歷史新時期。從那時以來，中國共產黨人和中國人民以一往無前的進取精神和波瀾壯闊的創新實踐，譜寫了中華民族自強不息、頑強奮進新的壯麗史詩，中國人民的面貌、社會主義中國的面貌、中國共產黨的面貌發生了歷史性變化。

改革開放是黨在新的時代條件下帶領人民進行的新的偉大革命，①目的就是要解放和發展社會生產力，實現國家現代化，讓中國人民富裕起來，振興偉大的中華民族；②就是要推動我國社會主義制度自我完善和發展，賦予社會主義新的生機活力，建設和發展中國特色社會主義；③就是要在引領當代中國發展進步中加強和改進黨的建設，保持和發展黨的先進性，確保黨始終走在時代前列（這三個目的，即發展經濟、鞏固和完善社會主義制度、加強和改進黨的建設，揭示了改革開放的歷史地位和偉大貢獻）。

我們要永遠銘記，改革開放偉大事業，是在以毛澤東同志為核心的黨的第一代中央領導集體創立毛澤東思想，帶領全黨全國各族人民建立新中國、取得社會主義革命和建設偉大成就以及艱辛探索社會主義建設規律取得寶貴經驗的基礎上進行的。新民主主義革命的勝利，社會主義基本制度的建立，為當代中國一切發展進步奠定了根本政治前提和制度基礎（以毛澤東同志為核心的第一代中央領導集體，為我們黨 開啟改革開放歷史新時期奠定了根本政治前提和制度基礎）。

我們要永遠銘記，改革開放偉大事業，是以鄧小平同志為核心的黨的第二代中央領導集體帶領全黨全國各族人民開創的。面對十年“文化大革命”造成的危難局面，黨的第二代中央領導集體堅持解放思想、實事求是，以巨大的政治勇氣和理論勇氣，科學評價毛澤東同志和毛澤東思想（不科學評價毛澤東同志和毛澤東思想，就無法作出改革開放科學決策），徹底否定“以階級斗爭為綱”的錯誤理論和實踐，作出把黨和國家工作中心轉移到經濟建設上來、實行改革開放的歷史性決策，確立社會主義初級階段基本路線，吹響走自己的路、建設中國特色社會主義的時代號角，創立鄧小平理論，指引全黨全國各族人民在改革開放的偉大征程上闊步前進。

我們要永遠銘記，改革開放偉大事業，是以江澤民同志為核心的黨的第三代中央領導集體帶領全黨全國各族人民繼承、發展并成功推向二十一世紀的。從十三屆四中全會到十六大，受命于重大歷史關頭的黨的第三代中央領導集體，高舉鄧小平理論偉大旗臶，堅持改革開放、與時俱進，在國內外政治**、經濟風險等嚴峻考驗面前，依靠黨和人民，捍衛中國特色社會主義，創建社會主義市場經濟新體制，開創全面開放新局面，推進黨的建設新的偉大工程，創立“三個代表”重要思想，繼續引領改革開放的航船沿著正確方向破浪前進。十六大以來，我們以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導，順應國內外形勢發展變化，抓住重要戰略機遇期，發揚求真務實、開拓進取精神，堅持理論創新和實踐創新，著力推動科學發展、促進社會和諧，完善社會主義市場經濟體制，在全面建設小康社會實踐中堅定不移地把改革開放偉大事業繼續推向前進。

新時期最鮮明的特點是改革開放。從農村到城市、從經濟領域到其他各個領域（這是改革的順序），全面改革的進程勢不可當地展開了；從沿海到沿江沿邊，從東部到中西部（這是開放的順序），對外開放的大門毅然決然地打開了。這場歷史上從未有過的大改革大開放，極大地調動了億萬人民的積極性，使我國成功實現了從高度集中的計劃經濟體制到充滿活力的社會主義市場經濟體制、從封閉半封閉到全方位開放的偉大歷史轉折。今天，一個面向現代化、面向世界、面向未來的社會主義中國巍然屹立在世界東方。

新時期最顯著的成就是快速發展。我們黨實施現代化建設“三步走”戰略，帶領人民艱苦奮斗，推動我國以世界上少有的速度持續快速發展起來。我國經濟從一度瀕于崩潰的邊緣發展到總量躍至世界第四、進出口總額位居世界第三，人民生活從溫飽不足發展到總體小康，農村貧困人口從兩億五千多萬減少到兩千多萬，政治建設、文化建設、社會建設取得舉世矚目的成就。中國的發展，不僅使中國人民穩定地 走上了富裕安康的廣闊道路，而且為世界經濟發展和人類文明進步作出了重大貢獻。

新時期最突出的標志是與時俱進。我們黨堅持馬克思主義的思想路線，不斷探索和回答什么是社會主義、怎樣建設社會主義（鄧小平理論），建設什么樣的黨、怎樣建設黨（“三個代表”重要思想），實現什么樣的發展、怎樣發展（科學發展觀）等重大理論和實際問題，不斷推進馬克思主義中國化，堅持并豐富黨的基本理論（中國特色社會主義理論）、基本路線（一個中心、兩個基本點）、基本綱領（黨在社會主義初級階段建設有中國特色社會主義市場經濟、民主政治、先進文化、和諧社會的基本目標和基本政策）、基本經驗（改革開放30年來的“十個結合”）。社會主義和馬克思主義在中國大地上煥發出勃勃生機，給人民帶來更多福祉，使中華民族大踏步趕上時代前進潮流、迎來偉大復興的光明前景。

事實雄辯地證明，改革開放是決定當代中國命運的關鍵抉擇，是發展中國特色社會主義、實現中華民族偉大復興的必由之路；只有社會主義才能救中國，只有改革開放才能發展中國、發展社會主義、發展馬克思主義。

改革開放作為一場新的偉大革命，不可能一帆風順，也不可能一蹴而就。最根本的是，改革開放符合黨心民心、順應時代潮流，方向和道路是完全正確的，成效和功績不容否定，停頓和倒退沒有出路。在改革開放的歷史進程中，我們黨把堅持馬克思主義基本原理同推進馬克思主義中國化結合起來，把堅持四項基本原則同堅持改革開放結合起來，把尊重人民首創精神同加強和改善黨的領導結合起來，把堅持社會主義基本制度同發展市場經濟結合起來，把推動經濟基礎變革同推動上層建筑改革結合起來，把發展社會生產力同提高全民族文明素質結合起來，把提高效率同促進社會公平結合起來，把堅持獨立自主同參與經濟全球化結合起來，把促進改革發展同保持社會穩定結合起來，把推進中國特色社會主義偉大事業同推進黨的建設新的偉大工程結合起來（這“十個結合”是改革開放的基本經驗），取得了我們這樣一個十幾億人口的發展中大國擺脫貧困、加快實現現代化、鞏固和發展社會主義的寶貴經驗。

改革開放以來我們取得一切成績和進步的根本原因，歸結起來就是：開辟了中國特色社會主義道路，形成了中國特色社會主義理論體系。高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗臶，最根本的就是要堅持這條道路和這個理論體系。

中國特色社會主義道路，就是在中國共產黨領導下，立足基本國情，以經濟建設為中心，堅持四項基本原則，堅持改革開放，解放和發展社會生產力，鞏固和完善社會主義制度，建設社會主義市場經濟、社會主義民主政治、社會主義先進文化、社會主義和諧社會，建設富強民主文明和諧的社 會主義現代化國家。中國特色社會主義道路之所以完全正確、之所以能夠引領中國發展進步，關鍵在于我們既堅持了科學社會主義的基本原則，又根據我國實際和時代特征賦予其鮮明的中國特色。在當代中國，堅持中國特色社會主義道路，就是真正堅持社會主義。

中國特色社會主義理論體系，就是包括鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想以及科學發展觀等重大戰略思想在內的科學理論體系。這個理論體系，堅持和發展了馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想，凝結了幾代中國共產黨人帶領人民不懈探索實踐的智慧和心血，是馬克思主義中國化最新成果，是黨最可寶貴的政治和精神財富，是全國各族人民團結奮斗的共同思想基礎。中國特色社會主義理論體系是不斷發展的開放的理論體系。《共產黨宣言》發表以來近一百六十年的實踐證明，馬克思主義只有與本國國情相結合、與時代發展同進步、與人民群眾共命運，才能煥發出強大的生命力、創造力、感召力。在當代中國，堅持中國特色社會主義理論體系，就是真正堅持馬克思主義。

實踐永無止境，創新永無止境。全黨同志要倍加珍惜、長期堅持和不斷發展黨歷經艱辛開創的中國特色社會主義道路和中國特色社會主義理論體系，堅持解放思想、實事求是、與時俱進，勇于變革、勇于創新，永不僵化、永不停滯，不為任何風險所懼，不被任何干擾所惑，使中國特色社會主義 道路越走越寬廣，讓當代中國馬克思主義放射出更加燦爛的真理光芒。

三、深入貫徹落實科學發展觀

在新的發展階段繼續全面建設小康社會、發展中國特色社會主義（兩者順序不能顛倒。全面建設小康社會是中國特色社會主義發展進程中的一個階段性目標），必須堅持以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導，深入貫徹落實科學發展觀。

科學發展觀，①是對黨的三代中央領導集體關于發展的重要思想的繼承和發展，是馬克思主義關于發展的世界觀和方法論的集中體現，②是同馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想既一脈相承又與時俱進的科學理論，③是我國經濟社會發展的重要指導方針，是發展中國特色社會主義必須堅持和貫徹（注：還不是長期堅持的）的重大戰略思想。（標識之一說明科學發展觀是用來指導發展的，之二是闡明科學發展觀是馬克思主義中國化的最新成果，之三闡明了科學發展觀的重大作用）

科學發展觀，是立足社會主義初級階段基本國情，總結我國發展實踐，借鑒國外發展經驗，適應新的發展要求提出來的。進入新世紀新階段，我國發展呈現一系列新的階段性特征，主要是：經濟實力顯著增強，同時生產力水平總體上還不高，自主創新能力還不強，長期形成的結構性矛盾和粗 放型增長方式尚未根本改變；社會主義市場經濟體制初步建立，同時影響發展的體制機制障礙依然存在，改革攻堅面臨深層次矛盾和問題；人民生活總體上達到小康水平，同時收入分配差距拉大趨勢還未根本扭轉，城鄉貧困人口和低收入人口還有相當數量，統籌兼顧各方面利益難度加大；協調發展取得顯著成績，同時農業基礎薄弱、農村發展滯后的局面尚未改變，縮小城鄉、區域發展差距和促進經濟社會協調發展任務艱巨；社會主義民主政治不斷發展、依法治國基本方略扎實貫徹，同時民主法制建設與擴大人民民主和經濟社會發展的要求還不完全適應，政治體制改革需要繼續深化；社會主義文化更加繁榮，同時人民精神文化需求日趨旺盛，人們思想活動的獨立性、選擇性、多變性、差異性明顯增強，對發展社會主義先進文化提出了更高要求；社會活力顯著增強，同時社會結構、社會組織形式、社會利益格局發生深刻變化，社會建設和管理面臨諸多新課題；對外開放日益擴大，同時面臨的國際競爭日趨激烈，發達國家在經濟科技上占優勢的壓力長期存在，可以預見和難以預見的風險增多，統籌國內發展和對外開放要求更高。（總結這八個方面階段性特征歸結起來就是，發展水平還比較低，還不夠平衡、協調，發展的可持續性不強，“五個統籌”任務艱巨）

這些情況表明，經過新中國成立以來特別是改革開放以來的不懈努力，我國取得了舉世矚目的發展成就，從生產力 到生產關系、從經濟基礎到上層建筑都發生了意義深遠的重大變化，但我國仍處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段的基本國情沒有變，人民日益增長的物質文化需要同落后的社會生產之間的矛盾這一社會主要矛盾沒有變。當前我國發展的階段性特征，是社會主義初級階段基本國情在新世紀新階段的具體表現。強調認清社會主義初級階段基本國情，不是要妄自菲薄、自甘落后，也不是要脫離實際、急于求成，而是要堅持把它作為推進改革、謀劃發展的根本依據。我們必須始終保持清醒頭腦，立足社會主義初級階段這個最大的實際，科學分析我國全面參與經濟全球化的新機遇新挑戰，全面認識工業化、信息化、城鎮化、市場化、國際化深入發展的新形勢新任務，深刻把握我國發展面臨的新課題新矛盾（注意：這“五化”的順序本身的因果關系，不能顛倒。同時新增加的信息化內容，既是黨對發展形勢的新把握，也是對發展任務的新要求），更加自覺地走科學發展道路，奮力開拓中國特色社會主義更為廣闊的發展前景。

科學發展觀，第一要義是發展，核心是以人為本，基本要求是全面協調可持續，根本方法是統籌兼顧（新的總結。過去的提法是前三項）。

——必須堅持把發展作為黨執政興國的第一要務。發展，對于全面建設小康社會、加快推進社會主義現代化，具有決定性意義。要牢牢扭住經濟建設這個中心，堅持聚精會神搞 建設、一心一意謀發展，不斷解放和發展社會生產力。更好實施科教興國戰略、人才強國戰略、可持續發展戰略，著力把握發展規律、創新發展理念、轉變發展方式、破解發展難題，提高發展質量和效益（這就是又好又快發展的核心內容。過去的提法是“轉變發展觀念，創新發展模式，提高發展質量”），實現又好又快發展，為發展中國特色社會主義打下堅實基礎。努力實現以人為本、全面協調可持續的科學發展，實現各方面事業有機統一、社會成員團結和睦的和諧發展，實現既通過維護世界和平發展自己、又通過自身發展維護世界和平的和平發展。

——必須堅持以人為本。全心全意為人民服務是黨的根本宗旨，黨的一切奮斗和工作都是為了造福人民。要始終把實現好、維護好、發展好最廣大人民的根本利益作為黨和國家一切工作的出發點和落腳點，尊重人民主體地位，發揮人民首創精神，保障人民各項權益，走共同富裕道路，促進人的全面發展，做到發展為了人民、發展依靠人民、發展成果由人民共享。

——必須堅持全面協調可持續發展。要按照中國特色社會主義事業總體布局，全面推進經濟建設、政治建設、文化建設、社會建設，促進現代化建設各個環節、各個方面相協調，促進生產關系與生產力、上層建筑與經濟基礎相協調。堅持生產發展、生活富裕、生態良好的文明發展道路，建設 資源節約型、環境友好型社會，實現速度和結構質量效益相統一、經濟發展與人口資源環境相協調，使人民在良好生態環境中生產生活，實現經濟社會永續發展。（這部分講的是如何實現科學發展）

——必須堅持統籌兼顧。要正確認識和妥善處理中國特色社會主義事業中的重大關系，統籌城鄉發展、區域發展、經濟社會發展、人與自然和諧發展、國內發展和對外開放，統籌中央和地方關系，統籌個人利益和集體利益、局部利益和整體利益、當前利益和長遠利益，充分調動各方面積極性。（上述三個統籌講的是如何實現和諧發展）統籌國內國際兩個大局，樹立世界眼光，加強戰略思維，善于從國際形勢發展變化中把握發展機遇、應對風險挑戰，營造良好國際環境（這個統籌講的是如何實現和平發展）。既要總攬全局、統籌規劃，又要抓住牽動全局的主要工作、事關群眾利益的突出問題，著力推進、重點突破。（注意這四個統籌與原來的“五個統籌”的區別）

深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，要求我們始終堅持“一個中心、兩個基本點”的基本路線。黨的基本路線是黨和國家的生命線，是實現科學發展的政治保證。以經濟建設為中心是興國之要，是我們黨、我們國家興旺發達和長治久安的根本要求；四項基本原則是立國之本，是我們黨、我們國家生存發展的政治基石；改革開放是強國之路，是我們黨、我們國 家發展進步的活力源泉。要堅持把以經濟建設為中心同四項基本原則、改革開放這兩個基本點統一于發展中國特色社會主義的偉大實踐，任何時候都決不能動搖。

深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，要求我們積極構建社會主義和諧社會。社會和諧是中國特色社會主義的本質屬性。科學發展和社會和諧是內在統一的。沒有科學發展就沒有社會和諧，沒有社會和諧也難以實現科學發展（科學發展與社會和諧的辯證關系）。構建社會主義和諧社會是貫穿中國特色社會主義事業全過程的長期歷史任務，是在發展的基礎上正確處理各種社會矛盾的歷史過程和社會結果（新提法）。要通過發展增加社會物質財富、不斷改善人民生活，又要通過發展保障社會公平正義、不斷促進社會和諧。實現社會公平正義是中國共產黨人的一貫主張，是發展中國特色社會主義的重大任務。要按照民主法治、公平正義、誠信友愛、充滿活力、安定有序、人與自然和諧相處的總要求和共同建設、共同享有的原則（這是十七大報告的新提法，中央構建和諧社會的決定沒有得出這一原則），著力解決人民最關心、最直接、最現實的利益問題，努力形成全體人民各盡其能、各得其所而又和諧相處的局面，為發展提供良好社會環境。

深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，要求我們繼續深化改革開放。要把改革創新精神貫徹到治國理政各個環節，毫不動搖地堅持改革方向，提高改革決策的科學性，增強改革措施的協調 性。要完善社會主義市場經濟體制，推進各方面體制改革創新，加快重要領域和關鍵環節改革步伐，全面提高開放水平，著力構建充滿活力、富有效率、更加開放、有利于科學發展的體制機制，為發展中國特色社會主義提供強大動力和體制保障。要堅持把改善人民生活作為正確處理改革發展穩定關系的結合點，使改革始終得到人民擁護和支持。

深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，要求我們切實加強和改進黨的建設。要站在完成黨執政興國使命的高度，把提高黨的執政能力、保持和發展黨的先進性，體現到領導科學發展、促進社會和諧上來，落實到引領中國發展進步、更好代表和實現最廣大人民的根本利益上來，使黨的工作和黨的建設更加符合科學發展觀的要求，為科學發展提供可靠的政治和組織保障。

全黨同志要全面把握科學發展觀的科學內涵和精神實質，增強貫徹落實科學發展觀的自覺性和堅定性，著力轉變不適應不符合科學發展觀的思想觀念，著力解決影響和制約科學發展的突出問題，把全社會的發展積極性引導到科學發展上來，把科學發展觀貫徹落實到經濟社會發展各個方面。

四、實現全面建設小康社會奮斗目標的新要求 我們已經朝著十六大確立的全面建設小康社會的目標邁出了堅實步伐，今后要繼續努力奮斗，確保到2020年實現全面建成小康社會的奮斗目標。我們必須適應國內外形勢的新變化，順應各族人民過上更好生活的新期待，把握經濟社會發展趨勢和規律，堅持中國特色社會主義經濟建設、政治建設、文化建設、社會建設的基本目標和基本政策構成的基本綱領，在十六大確立的全面建設小康社會目標的基礎上對我國發展提出新的更高要求。

——增強發展協調性，努力實現經濟又好又快發展。轉變發展方式取得重大進展，在優化結構、提高效益、降低消耗、保護環境的基礎上，實現人均國內生產總值到2020年比2000年翻兩番（2000年我國人均GDP為7858元,折合856美元；2006年為16084元,折合2010美元。按十七大的翻兩番目標，應是3500美元，今后至2020年的年均增長為5.4%；十六大報告確定的是超過3000美元。若至2020年的年均增長7.5%，到2020年我國經濟總量將達58萬億元，約合7.2萬億美元[按2006年匯率計]。按2020年總人口14.5億計算，人均約為5000美元。）。社會主義市場經濟體制更加完善。自主創新能力顯著提高，科技進步對經濟增長的貢獻率大幅上升，進入創新型國家行列。居民消費率穩步提高，形成消費、投資、出口協調拉動的增長格局。城鄉、區域協調互動發展機制和主體功能區布局基本形成。社會主義新農村建設取得重大進展。城鎮人口比重明顯增加。

——擴大社會主義民主，更好保障人民權益和社會公平正義。公民政治參與有序擴大。依法治國基本方略深入落實，全社會法制觀念進一步增強，法治政府建設取得新成效。基層民主制度更加完善。政府提供基本公共服務能力顯著增強。

——加強文化建設，明顯提高全民族文明素質。社會主義核心價值體系深入人心，良好思想道德風尚進一步弘揚。覆蓋全社會的公共文化服務體系基本建立，文化產業占國民經濟比重明顯提高、國際競爭力顯著增強，適應人民需要的文化產品更加豐富。

——加快發展社會事業，全面改善人民生活。現代國民教育體系更加完善，終身教育體系基本形成，全民受教育程度和創新人才培養水平明顯提高。社會就業更加充分。覆蓋城鄉居民的社會保障體系基本建立，人人享有基本生活保障。合理有序的收入分配格局基本形成，中等收入者占多數，絕對貧困現象基本消除。人人享有基本醫療衛生服務。社會管理體系更加健全。

——建設生態文明，基本形成節約能源資源和保護生態環境的產業結構、增長方式、消費模式。循環經濟形成較大規模，可再生能源比重顯著上升。主要污染物排放得到有效控制，生態環境質量明顯改善。生態文明觀念在全社會牢固樹立。

到2020年全面建設小康社會目標實現之時，我們這個歷史悠久的文明古國和發展中社會主義大國，將成為工業化基 本實現、綜合國力顯著增強、國內市場總體規模位居世界前列的國家，成為人民富裕程度普遍提高、生活質量明顯改善、生態環境良好的國家，成為人民享有更加充分民主權利、具有更高文明素質和精神追求的國家，成為各方面制度更加完善、社會更加充滿活力而又安定團結的國家，成為對外更加開放、更加具有親和力、為人類文明作出更大貢獻的國家。

今后五年是全面建設小康社會的關鍵時期。我們要堅定信心，埋頭苦干，為全面建成惠及十幾億人口的更高水平的小康社會打下更加牢固的基礎。

五、促進國民經濟又好又快發展

實現未來經濟發展目標，關鍵要在加快轉變經濟發展方式、完善社會主義市場經濟體制方面取得重大進展。要大力推進經濟結構戰略性調整，更加注重提高自主創新能力、提高節能環保水平、提高經濟整體素質和國際競爭力（這“三個提高”便是對如何轉變發展方式的最好解釋，也是與增長方式的質的區別）。要深化對社會主義市場經濟規律的認識，從制度上更好發揮市場在資源配臵中的基礎性作用，形成有利于科學發展的宏觀調控體系。

（一）提高自主創新能力，建設創新型國家。這是國家發展戰略的核心，是提高綜合國力的關鍵。要堅持走中國特色自主創新道路，把增強自主創新能力貫徹到現代化建設各個方面（這是總體要求，以下是具體內容）。認真落實國家中 長期科學和技術發展規劃綱要，加大對自主創新投入，著力突破制約經濟社會發展的關鍵技術。加快建設國家創新體系，支持基礎研究、前沿技術研究、社會公益性技術研究。加快建立以企業為主體、市場為導向、產學研相結合的技術創新體系，引導和支持創新要素向企業集聚，促進科技成果向現實生產力轉化。深化科技管理體制改革，優化科技資源配臵，完善鼓勵技術創新和科技成果產業化的法制保障、政策體系、激勵機制、市場環境。實施知識產權戰略。充分利用國際科技資源。進一步營造鼓勵創新的環境，努力造就世界一流科學家和科技領軍人才，注重培養一線的創新人才，使全社會創新智慧競相迸發、各方面創新人才大量涌現。

（二）加快轉變經濟發展方式，推動產業結構優化升級。這是關系國民經濟全局緊迫而重大的戰略任務。要堅持走中國特色新型工業化道路，堅持擴大國內需求特別是消費需求的方針，促進經濟增長由主要依靠投資、出口拉動向依靠消費、投資、出口協調拉動轉變，由主要依靠第二產業帶動向依靠第一、第二、第三產業協同帶動轉變，由主要依靠增加物質資源消耗向主要依靠科技進步、勞動者素質提高、管理創新轉變（這是總體要求）。發展現代產業體系，大力推進信息化與工業化融合，促進工業由大變強，振興裝備制造業，淘汰落后生產能力；提升高新技術產業，發展信息、生物、新材料、航空航天、海洋等產業；發展現代服務業，提高服 務業比重和水平；加強基礎產業基礎設施建設，加快發展現代能源產業和綜合運輸體系。確保產品質量和安全。鼓勵發展具有國際競爭力的大企業集團。

（三）統籌城鄉發展，推進社會主義新農村建設。解決好農業、農村、農民問題，事關全面建設小康社會大局，必須始終作為全黨工作的重中之重（這是意義）。要加強農業基礎地位，走中國特色農業現代化道路，建立以工促農、以城帶鄉長效機制，形成城鄉經濟社會發展一體化新格局（這是總體要求）。堅持把發展現代農業、繁榮農村經濟作為首要任務，加強農村基礎設施建設，健全農村市場和農業服務體系。加大支農惠農政策力度，嚴格保護耕地，增加農業投入，促進農業科技進步，增強農業綜合生產能力，確保國家糧食安全。加強動植物疫病防控，提高農產品質量安全水平。以促進農民增收為核心，發展鄉鎮企業，壯大縣域經濟，多渠道轉移農民就業。提高扶貧開發水平。深化農村綜合改革，推進農村金融體制改革和創新，改革集體林權制度。堅持農村基本經營制度，穩定和完善土地承包關系，按照依法自愿有償原則，健全土地承包經營權流轉市場，有條件的地方可以發展多種形式的適度規模經營。探索集體經濟有效實現形式，發展農民專業合作組織，支持農業產業化經營和龍頭企業發展。培育有文化、懂技術、會經營的新型農民，發揮億萬農民建設新農村的主體作用。

（四）加強能源資源節約和生態環境保護，增強可持續發展能力。堅持節約資源和保護環境的基本國策，關系人民群眾切身利益和中華民族生存發展。必須把建設資源節約型、環境友好型社會放在工業化、現代化發展戰略的突出位置，落實到每個單位、每個家庭。要完善有利于節約能源資源和保護生態環境的法律和政策，加快形成可持續發展體制機制。落實節能減排工作責任制。開發和推廣節約、替代、循環利用和治理污染的先進適用技術，發展清潔能源和可再生能源，保護土地和水資源，建設科學合理的能源資源利用體系，提高能源資源利用效率。發展環保產業。加大節能環保投入，重點加強水、大氣、土壤等污染防治，改善城鄉人居環境。加強水利、林業、草原建設，加強荒漠化石漠化治理，促進生態修復。加強應對氣候變化能力建設，為保護全球氣候作出新貢獻。

（五）推動區域協調發展，優化國土開發格局。縮小區域發展差距，必須注重實現基本公共服務均等化，引導生產要素跨區域合理流動。要繼續實施區域發展總體戰略，深入推進西部大開發，全面振興東北地區等老工業基地，大力促進中部地區崛起，積極支持東部地區率先發展（這幾句話中前面的四個字，與十六大報告的敘述相比，語氣推進了不少，也顯示了幾年來這幾方面工作的的大進步）。加強國土規劃，按照形成主體功能區的要求，完善區域政策，調整經濟布局。遵循市場經濟規律，突破行政區劃界限，形成若干帶動力強、聯系緊密的經濟圈和經濟帶。重大項目布局要充分考慮支持中西部發展，鼓勵東部地區帶動和幫助中西部地區發展。加大對革命老區、民族地區、邊疆地區、貧困地區發展扶持力度。幫助資源枯竭地區實現經濟轉型。更好發揮經濟特區、上海浦東新區、天津濱海新區在改革開放和自主創新中的重要作用。走中國特色城鎮化道路，按照統籌城鄉、布局合理、節約土地、功能完善、以大帶小的原則，促進大中小城市和小城鎮協調發展。以增強綜合承載能力為重點，以特大城市為依托，形成輻射作用大的城市群，培育新的經濟增長極。

（六）完善基本經濟制度，健全現代市場體系。①堅持和完善公有制為主體、多種所有制經濟共同發展的基本經濟制度，毫不動搖地鞏固和發展公有制經濟，毫不動搖地鼓勵、支持、引導非公有制經濟發展，堅持平等保護物權，形成各種所有制經濟平等競爭、相互促進新格局。②深化國有企業公司制股份制改革，健全現代企業制度，優化國有經濟布局和結構，增強國有經濟活力、控制力、影響力。深化壟斷行業改革，引入競爭機制，加強政府監管和社會監督。加快建設國有資本經營預算制度。完善各類國有資產管理體制和制度。推進集體企業改革，發展多種形式的集體經濟、合作經濟。③推進公平準入，改善融資條件，破除體制障礙，促進個體、私營經濟和中小企業發展。以現代產權制度為基礎，發展混合所有制經濟。④加快形成統一開放競爭有序的現代市場體系，發展各類生產要素市場，完善反映市場供求關系、資源稀缺程度、環境損害成本的生產要素和資源價格形成機制，規范發展行業協會和市場中介組織，健全社會信用體系。

（七）深化財稅、金融等體制改革，完善宏觀調控體系。圍繞推進基本公共服務均等化和主體功能區建設，完善公共財政體系。深化預算制度改革，強化預算管理和監督，健全中央和地方財力與事權相匹配的體制，加快形成統一規范透明的財政轉移支付制度，提高一般性轉移支付規模和比例，加大公共服務領域投入。完善省以下財政體制，增強基層政府提供公共服務能力。實行有利于科學發展的財稅制度，建立健全資源有償使用制度和生態環境補償機制。推進金融體制改革，發展各類金融市場，形成多種所有制和多種經營形式、結構合理、功能完善、高效安全的現代金融體系。提高銀行業、證券業、保險業競爭力。優化資本市場結構，多渠道提高直接融資比重。加強和改進金融監管，防范和化解金融風險。完善人民幣匯率形成機制，逐步實現資本項目可兌換。深化投資體制改革，健全和嚴格市場準入制度。完善國家規劃體系。發揮國家發展規劃、計劃、產業政策在宏觀調控中的導向作用，綜合運用財政、貨幣政策，提高宏觀調控水平。（改革的三大部分：財稅體制、金融體制和投資體制）

（八）拓展對外開放廣度和深度，提高開放型經濟水平。堅持對外開放的基本國策，把“引進來”和“走出去”更好結合起來，擴大開放領域，優化開放結構，提高開放質量，完善內外聯動、互利共贏、安全高效的開放型經濟體系，形成經濟全球化條件下參與國際經濟合作和競爭新優勢。深化沿海開放，加快內地開放，提升沿邊開放，實現對內對外開放相互促進。加快轉變外貿增長方式，立足以質取勝，調整進出口結構，促進加工貿易轉型升級，大力發展服務貿易。創新利用外資方式，優化利用外資結構，發揮利用外資在推動自主創新、產業升級、區域協調發展（注：這是十七大的新提法）等方面的積極作用。創新對外投資和合作方式，支持企業在研發、生產、銷售等方面開展國際化經營，加快培育我國的跨國公司和國際知名品牌。積極開展國際能源資源互利合作。實施自由貿易區戰略，加強雙邊多邊經貿合作。采取綜合措施促進國際收支基本平衡。注重防范國際經濟風險。

實現國民經濟又好又快發展，必將進一步增強我國經濟實力，彰顯社會主義市場經濟的強大生機活力。

六、堅定不移發展社會主義民主政治

人民民主是社會主義的生命。發展社會主義民主政治是我們黨始終不渝的奮斗目標。改革開放以來，我們積極穩妥推進政治體制改革，我國社會主義民主政治展現出更加旺盛的生命力。政治體制改革作為我國全面改革的重要組成部分，必須隨著經濟社會發展而不斷深化，與人民政治參與積極性不斷提高相適應。要堅持中國特色社會主義政治發展道路，堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機統一，堅持和完善人民代表大會制度、中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度、民族區域自治制度以及基層群眾自治制度（這是黨的代表大會報告第一次把“基層群眾自治制度”納入我國根本政治制度內容，以前是前三項。這說明，基層群眾自治制度決不會改變。這也體現了中國式的民主是集選舉民主、協商民主、自治民主于一體的民主），不斷推進社會主義政治制度自我完善和發展。

深化政治體制改革，必須堅持正確政治方向，以保證人民當家作主為根本，以增強黨和國家活力、調動人民積極性為目標，擴大社會主義民主，建設社會主義法治國家，發展社會主義政治文明。要堅持黨總攬全局、協調各方的領導核心作用，提高黨科學執政、民主執政、依法執政水平，保證黨領導人民有效治理國家；堅持國家一切權力屬于人民，從各個層次、各個領域擴大公民有序政治參與，最廣泛地動員和組織人民依法管理國家事務和社會事務、管理經濟和文化事業；堅持依法治國基本方略，樹立社會主義法治理念，實現國家各項工作法治化，保障公民合法權益；堅持社會主義政治制度的特點和優勢，推進社會主義民主政治制度化、規范化、程序化，為黨和國家長治久安提供政治和法律制度保 障。

（一）擴大人民民主，保證人民當家作主。人民當家作主是社會主義民主政治的本質和核心。①要健全民主制度，豐富民主形式，拓寬民主渠道，依法實行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理、民主監督，保障人民的知情權、參與權、表達權、監督權。②支持人民代表大會依法履行職能，善于使黨的主張通過法定程序成為國家意志；保障人大代表依法行使職權，密切人大代表同人民的聯系，建議逐步實行城鄉按相同人口比例選舉人大代表；加強人大常委會制度建設，優化組成人員知識結構和年齡結構。③支持人民政協圍繞團結和民主兩大主題履行職能，推進政治協商、民主監督、參政議政制度建設；把政治協商納入決策程序，完善民主監督機制，提高參政議政實效；加強政協自身建設，發揮協調關系、匯聚力量、建言獻策、服務大局的重要作用（這是對政協自身工作的定位）。④堅持各民族一律平等，保證民族自治地方依法行使自治權。⑤推進決策科學化、民主化，完善決策信息和智力支持系統，增強決策透明度和公眾參與度，制定與群眾利益密切相關的法律法規和公共政策原則上要公開聽取意見。⑥加強公民意識教育，樹立社會主義民主法治、自由平等、公平正義理念（這是公民意識內容）。⑦支持工會、共青團、婦聯等人民團體依照法律和各自章程開展工作，參與社會管理和公共服務，維護群眾合法權益（這是對工青婦工 作的新要求）。

（二）發展基層民主，保障人民享有更多更切實的民主權利。人民依法直接行使民主權利，管理基層公共事務和公益事業，實行自我管理、自我服務、自我教育、自我監督，對干部實行民主監督，是人民當家作主最有效、最廣泛的途徑，必須作為發展社會主義民主政治的基礎性工程重點推進。要健全基層黨組織領導的充滿活力的基層群眾自治機制，擴大基層群眾自治范圍，完善民主管理制度，把城鄉社區建設成為管理有序、服務完善、文明祥和的社會生活共同體。①全心全意依靠工人階級，完善以職工代表大會為基本形式的企事業單位民主管理制度，推進廠務公開，支持職工參與管理，維護職工合法權益。②深化鄉鎮機構改革，加強基層政權建設，完善政務公開、村務公開等制度，實現政府行政管理與基層群眾自治有效銜接和良性互動（鄉鎮政府與村委會管理上的銜接問題。注意，鄉政府是行政命令式管理方式，村委會是村民自治管理方式）。③發揮社會組織在擴大群眾參與、反映群眾訴求方面的積極作用，增強社會自治功能（這是針對新階段大量存在的“社會人”的管理問題）。

（三）全面落實依法治國基本方略，加快建設社會主義法治國家。依法治國是社會主義民主政治的基本要求。要堅持科學立法、民主立法，完善中國特色社會主義法律體系（十六大報告提出到2010年形成中國特色社會主義法律體系。十

七大報告總結中說，“中國特色社會主義法律體系基本形成”，故這里用“完善”一詞）。加強憲法和法律實施，堅持公民在法律面前一律平等，維護社會公平正義，維護社會主義法制的統一、尊嚴、權威。推進依法行政。深化司法體制改革，優化司法職權配臵，規范司法行為，建設公正高效權威的社會主義司法制度，保證審判機關、檢察機關依法獨立公正地行使審判權、檢察權。加強政法隊伍建設，做到嚴格、公正、文明執法。深入開展法制宣傳教育，弘揚法治精神，形成自覺學法守法用法的社會氛圍。尊重和保障人權，依法保證全體社會成員平等參與、平等發展的權利（這一提法體現了“以人為本”精神，也揭示了我國人權工作發展的新要求，即“平等參與、平等發展”，過去指的是“生存權”）。各級黨組織和全體黨員要自覺在憲法和法律范圍內活動，帶頭維護憲法和法律的權威。

（四）壯大愛國統一戰線，團結一切可以團結的力量（這一部分是新提法，表明了構建和諧社會關系在中國特色社會主義中的重要性）。促進政黨關系、民族關系、宗教關系、階層關系（新提法）、海內外同胞關系（“五大關系”）的和諧，對于增進團結、凝聚力量具有不可替代的作用。①要貫徹長期共存、互相監督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共的方針，加強同民主黨派合作共事，支持民主黨派和無黨派人士更好履行參政議政、民主監督職能，選拔和推薦更多優秀黨外干部擔任領

導職務。②牢牢把握各民族共同團結奮斗、共同繁榮發展的主題，保障少數民族合法權益，鞏固和發展平等團結互助和諧（“和諧”一詞為新增）的社會主義民族關系。③全面貫徹黨的宗教工作基本方針，發揮宗教界人士和信教群眾在促進經濟社會發展中的積極作用。④鼓勵新的社會階層人士積極投身中國特色社會主義建設。⑤認真貫徹黨的僑務政策，支持海外僑胞、歸僑僑眷關心和參與祖國現代化建設與和平統一大業。

（五）加快行政管理體制改革，建設服務型政府（從職能、職責和領導職數等方面予以規范）。行政管理體制改革是深化改革的重要環節。要抓緊制定行政管理體制改革總體方案，著力轉變職能、理順關系、優化結構、提高效能，形成權責一致、分工合理、決策科學、執行順暢、監督有力的行政管理體制（十六大的提法是“行為規范、運轉協調、公正透明、廉潔高效”。比較而言，現在的提法更具操作性）。健全政府職責體系，完善公共服務體系，推行電子政務，強化社會管理和公共服務。加快推進政企分開、政資分開、政事分開、政府與市場中介組織分開，規范行政行為，加強行政執法部門建設，減少和規范行政審批，減少政府對微觀經濟運行的干預。規范垂直管理部門和地方政府的關系。加大機構整合力度，探索實行職能有機統一的大部門體制，健全部門間協調配合機制。精簡和規范各類議事協調機構及其辦事

機構，減少行政層次，降低行政成本，著力解決機構重疊、職責交叉、政出多門問題。統籌黨委、政府和人大、政協機構設置，減少領導職數，嚴格控制編制。加快推進事業單位分類改革。

（六）完善制約和監督機制，保證人民賦予的權力始終用來為人民謀利益。確保權力正確行使，必須讓權力在陽光下運行。要堅持用制度管權、管事、管人，建立健全決策權、執行權、監督權既相互制約又相互協調的權力結構和運行機制（這是具有中國特色的“三權”運作機制）。健全組織法制和程序規則（保證科學決策、民主決策），保證國家機關按照法定權限和程序行使權力、履行職責。完善各類公開辦事制度，提高政府工作透明度和公信力。重點加強對領導干部特別是主要領導干部、人財物管理使用、關鍵崗位的監督，健全質詢、問責、經濟責任審計、引咎辭職、罷免等制度。落實黨內監督條例，加強民主監督，發揮好輿論監督作用，增強監督合力和實效。

社會主義愈發展，民主也愈發展。在發展中國特色社會主義的歷史進程中，中國共產黨人和中國人民一定能夠不斷發展具有強大生命力的社會主義民主政治。

七、推動社會主義文化大發展大繁榮

當今時代，文化越來越成為民族凝聚力和創造力的重要源泉、越來越成為綜合國力競爭的重要因素，豐富精神文化

生活越來越成為我國人民的熱切愿望（這是意義）。要堅持社會主義先進文化前進方向，興起社會主義文化建設新高潮，激發全民族文化創造活力，提高國家文化軟實力（這是總體要求），使人民基本文化權益得到更好保障，使社會文化生活更加豐富多彩，使人民精神風貌更加昂揚向上（這是目標）。

（一）建設社會主義核心價值體系，增強社會主義意識形態的吸引力和凝聚力。社會主義核心價值體系是社會主義意識形態的本質體現。要鞏固馬克思主義指導地位，堅持不懈地用馬克思主義中國化最新成果武裝全黨、教育人民，用中國特色社會主義共同理想凝聚力量，用以愛國主義為核心的民族精神和以改革創新為核心的時代精神鼓舞斗志，用社會主義榮辱觀引領風尚，鞏固全黨全國各族人民團結奮斗的共同思想基礎。①大力推進理論創新，不斷賦予當代中國馬克思主義鮮明的實踐特色、民族特色、時代特色。開展中國特色社會主義理論體系宣傳普及活動，推動當代中國馬克思主義大眾化。推進馬克思主義理論研究和建設工程，深入回答重大理論和實際問題，培養造就一批馬克思主義理論家特別是中青年理論家（怎樣建設）。②切實把社會主義核心價值體系融入國民教育和精神文明建設全過程，轉化為人民的自覺追求。積極探索用社會主義核心價值體系引領社會思潮的有效途徑，主動做好意識形態工作，既尊重差異、包容多樣，又有力抵制各種錯誤和腐朽思想的影響（怎樣為民所用）。③

繁榮發展哲學社會科學，推進學科體系、學術觀點、科研方法創新，鼓勵哲學社會科學界為黨和人民事業發揮思想庫作用，推動我國哲學社會科學優秀成果和優秀人才走向世界（怎樣走向世界）。

（二）建設和諧文化，培育文明風尚。和諧文化是全體人民團結進步的重要精神支撐。①要積極發展新聞出版、廣播影視、文學藝術事業，堅持正確導向，弘揚社會正氣。重視城鄉、區域文化協調發展，著力豐富農村、偏遠地區、進城務工人員的精神文化生活。加強網絡文化建設和管理，營造良好網絡環境（公益文化建設）。②大力弘揚愛國主義、集體主義、社會主義思想，以增強誠信意識為重點，加強社會公德、職業道德、家庭美德、個人品德建設，發揮道德模范榜樣作用，引導人們自覺履行法定義務、社會責任、家庭責任。加強和改進思想政治工作，注重人文關懷和心理疏導，用正確方式處理人際關系。動員社會各方面共同做好青少年思想道德教育工作，為青少年健康成長創造良好社會環境（思想道德建設）。③深入開展群眾性精神文明創建活動，完善社會志愿服務體系，形成男女平等、尊老愛幼、互愛互助、見義勇為的社會風尚。弘揚科學精神，普及科學知識（精神文明創建）。廣泛開展全民健身運動。辦好2008年奧運會、殘奧會和2010年世博會。

（三）弘揚中華文化，建設中華民族共有精神家園。中

華文化是中華民族生生不息、團結奮進的不竭動力。①要全面認識祖國傳統文化，取其精華，去其糟粕，使之與當代社會相適應、與現代文明相協調，保持民族性，體現時代性。②加強中華優秀文化傳統教育，運用現代科技手段開發利用民族文化豐厚資源。③加強對各民族文化的挖掘和保護，重視文物和非物質文化遺產保護，做好文化典籍整理工作。④加強對外文化交流，吸收各國優秀文明成果，增強中華文化國際影響力。

（四）推進文化創新，增強文化發展活力。在時代的高起點上推動文化內容形式、體制機制、傳播手段創新，解放和發展文化生產力，是繁榮文化的必由之路。①（這是總體要求，闡明推進文化創新的根本要求和宗旨）要堅持為人民服務、為社會主義服務的方向和百花齊放、百家爭鳴的方針，貼近實際、貼近生活、貼近群眾，始終把社會效益放在首位，做到經濟效益與社會效益相統一。創作更多反映人民主體地位和現實生活、群眾喜聞樂見的優秀精神文化產品。②（文化體制改革的總體要求）深化文化體制改革，完善扶持公益性文化事業、發展文化產業、鼓勵文化創新的政策，營造有利于出精品、出人才、出效益的環境。③（扶持公益性文化事業）堅持把發展公益性文化事業作為保障人民基本文化權益的主要途徑，加大投入力度，加強社區和鄉村文化設施建設。④（發展文化產業）大力發展文化產業，實施重大文化

產業項目帶動戰略，加快文化產業基地和區域性特色文化產業群建設，培育文化產業骨干企業和戰略投資者，繁榮文化市場，增強國際競爭力。⑤（鼓勵文化創新）運用高新技術創新文化生產方式，培育新的文化業態，加快構建傳輸快捷、覆蓋廣泛的文化傳播體系。設立國家榮譽制度，表彰有杰出貢獻的文化工作者。

中華民族偉大復興必然伴隨著中華文化繁榮興盛。要充分發揮人民在文化建設中的主體作用，調動廣大文化工作者的積極性，更加自覺、更加主動地推動文化大發展大繁榮，在中國特色社會主義的偉大實踐中進行文化創造，讓人民共享文化發展成果。

（注：十七大報告在文化方面的新亮點有三：一是首次在黨的代表大會上向全黨發出了“推動社會主義文化大發展大繁榮”、“興起社會主義文化建設新高潮”的號召；二是首次明確把文化作為“國家軟實力”提出來；三是強調加強對外文化交流，吸收人類優秀文化成果，提高中華文化影響力。）

八、加快推進以改善民生為重點的社會建設

社會建設與人民幸福安康息息相關。必須在經濟發展的基礎上，更加注重社會建設，著力保障和改善民生，推進社會體制改革，擴大公共服務，完善社會管理，促進社會公平正義，努力使全體人民學有所教、勞有所得、病有所醫、老有所養、住有所居，推動建設和諧社會（就業是民生之本，38 分配是民心所系，社保是民安所在）。

（一）優先發展教育，建設人力資源強國。教育是民族振興的基石，教育公平是社會公平的重要基礎。要全面貫徹黨的教育方針，堅持育人為本、德育為先，實施素質教育，提高教育現代化水平，培養德智體美全面發展的社會主義建設者和接班人，辦好人民滿意的教育。優化教育結構，促進義務教育均衡發展，加快普及高中階段教育，大力發展職業教育，提高高等教育質量。重視學前教育，關心特殊教育。更新教育觀念，深化教學內容方式、考試招生制度、質量評價制度等改革，減輕中小學生課業負擔，提高學生綜合素質。堅持教育公益性質，加大財政對教育投入，規范教育收費，扶持貧困地區、民族地區教育，健全學生資助制度，保障經濟困難家庭、進城務工人員子女平等接受義務教育。加強教師隊伍建設，重點提高農村教師素質。鼓勵和規范社會力量興辦教育。發展遠程教育和繼續教育，建設全民學習、終身學習的學習型社會。

（二）實施擴大就業的發展戰略，促進以創業帶動就業。就業是民生之本。要堅持實施積極的就業政策，加強政府引導，完善市場就業機制，擴大就業規模，改善就業結構。完善支持自主創業、自謀職業政策，加強就業觀念教育，使更多勞動者成為創業者。健全面向全體勞動者的職業教育培訓制度，加強農村富余勞動力轉移就業培訓。建立統一規范的

人力資源市場，形成城鄉勞動者平等就業的制度。完善面向所有困難群眾的就業援助制度，及時幫助零就業家庭解決就業困難。積極做好高校畢業生就業工作。規范和協調勞動關系，完善和落實國家對農民工的政策，依法維護勞動者權益。

（三）深化收入分配制度改革，增加城鄉居民收入。合理的收入分配制度是社會公平的重要體現。要堅持和完善按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存的分配制度，健全勞動、資本、技術、管理等生產要素按貢獻參與分配的制度，初次分配和再分配都要處理好效率和公平的關系，再分配更加注重公平（注：十六大報告是講初次分配要注重效率，再分配要注重公平）。逐步提高居民收入在國民收入分配中的比重，提高勞動報酬在初次分配中的比重。著力提高低收入者收入，逐步提高扶貧標準和最低工資標準，建立企業職工工資正常增長機制和支付保障機制。創造條件讓更多群眾擁有財產性收入。保護合法收入，調節過高收入，取締非法收入。擴大轉移支付，強化稅收調節，打破經營壟斷，創造機會公平，整頓分配秩序，逐步扭轉收入分配差距擴大趨勢。

（四）加快建立覆蓋城鄉居民的社會保障體系，保障人民基本生活。社會保障是社會安定的重要保證。要以社會保險、社會救助、社會福利為基礎，以基本養老、基本醫療、最低生活保障制度為重點，以慈善事業、商業保險為補充，加快完善社會保障體系。促進企業、機關、事業單位基本養

老保險制度改革，探索建立農村養老保險制度。全面推進城鎮職工基本醫療保險、城鎮居民基本醫療保險、新型農村合作醫療制度建設。完善城鄉居民最低生活保障制度，逐步提高保障水平。完善失業、工傷、生育保險制度。提高統籌層次，制定全國統一的社會保險關系轉續辦法（這對穩定外來務工人員就業尤其重要）。采取多種方式充實社會保障基金，加強基金監管，實現保值增值。健全社會救助體系。做好優撫安臵工作。發揚人道主義精神，發展殘疾人事業。加強老齡工作。強化防災減災工作。健全廉租住房制度，加快解決城市低收入家庭住房困難。

（五）建立基本醫療衛生制度，提高全民健康水平。健康是人全面發展的基礎，關系千家萬戶幸福。要堅持公共醫療衛生的公益性質，堅持預防為主、以農村為重點、中西醫并重，實行政事分開、管辦分開、醫藥分開、營利性和非營利性分開，強化政府責任和投入，完善國民健康政策，鼓勵社會參與，建設覆蓋城鄉居民的公共衛生服務體系、醫療服務體系、醫療保障體系、藥品供應保障體系，為群眾提供安全、有效、方便、價廉的醫療衛生服務。完善重大疾病防控體系，提高突發公共衛生事件應急處臵能力。加強農村三級衛生服務網絡和城市社區衛生服務體系建設，深化公立醫院改革。建立國家基本藥物制度，保證群眾基本用藥。扶持中醫藥和民族醫藥事業發展。加強醫德醫風建設，提高醫療服

務質量。確保食品藥品安全。堅持計劃生育的基本國策，穩定低生育水平，提高出生人口素質。開展愛國衛生運動，發展婦幼衛生事業。

（六）完善社會管理，維護社會安定團結。社會穩定是人民群眾的共同心愿，是改革發展的重要前提。要健全黨委領導、政府負責、社會協同、公眾參與的社會管理格局，健全基層社會管理體制。最大限度激發社會創造活力，最大限度增加和諧因素，最大限度減少不和諧因素。妥善處理人民內部矛盾，完善信訪制度，健全黨和政府主導的維護群眾權益機制。重視社會組織建設和管理。加強流動人口服務和管理。堅持安全發展，強化安全生產管理和監督，有效遏制重特大安全事故。完善突發事件應急管理機制。健全社會治安防控體系，加強社會治安綜合治理，深入開展平安創建活動，改革和加強城鄉社區警務工作，依法防范和打擊違法犯罪活動，保障人民生命財產安全。完善國家安全戰略，健全國家安全體制，高度警惕和堅決防范各種分裂、滲透、顛覆活動，切實維護國家安全。

和諧社會要靠全社會共同建設。我們要緊緊依靠人民，調動一切積極因素，努力形成社會和諧人人有責、和諧社會人人共享的生動局面。

九、開創國防和軍隊現代化建設新局面

國防和軍隊建設，在中國特色社會主義事業總體布局中

占有重要地位。必須站在國家安全和發展戰略全局的高度，統籌經濟建設和國防建設，在全面建設小康社會進程中實現富國和強軍的統一。

全面履行黨和人民賦予的新世紀新階段軍隊歷史使命，必須堅持以毛澤東軍事思想、鄧小平新時期軍隊建設思想、江澤民國防和軍隊建設思想為指導，把科學發展觀作為國防和軍隊建設的重要指導方針，貫徹新時期軍事戰略方針，加快中國特色軍事變革，做好軍事斗爭準備，提高軍隊應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的能力，堅決維護國家主權、安全、領土完整，為維護世界和平貢獻力量。

軍隊革命化、現代化、正規化建設是統一的整體，必須全面加強、協調推進。要始終堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和人民軍隊的根本宗旨，深入進行軍隊歷史使命、理想信念、戰斗精神和社會主義榮辱觀教育，大力弘揚聽黨指揮、服務人民、英勇善戰的優良傳統。堅持科技強軍，按照建設信息化軍隊、打贏信息化戰爭的戰略目標，加快機械化和信息化復合發展，積極開展信息化條件下軍事訓練，全面建設現代后勤，加緊培養大批高素質新型軍事人才，切實轉變戰斗力生成模式。堅持依法治軍、從嚴治軍，完善軍事法規，加強科學管理。

適應世界軍事發展新趨勢和我國發展新要求，推進軍事理論、軍事技術、軍事組織、軍事管理創新。調整改革軍隊

體制編制和政策制度，逐步形成一整套既有中國特色又符合現代軍隊建設規律的科學的組織模式、制度安排和運作方式。調整改革國防科技工業體制和武器裝備采購體制，提高武器裝備研制的自主創新能力和質量效益。建立和完善軍民結合、寓軍于民的武器裝備科研生產體系、軍隊人才培養體系和軍隊保障體系，堅持勤儉建軍，走出一條中國特色軍民融合式發展路子。深入研究新的歷史條件下建軍治軍特點規律和人民戰爭戰略戰術，繁榮和發展軍事科學。

增強全民國防觀念，完善國防動員體系，加強國防動員建設，提高預備役部隊和民兵建設質量。加強人民武裝警察部隊建設，更好履行維護國家安全和社會穩定、保障人民安居樂業的職責使命。堅持擁軍優屬、擁政愛民，積極開展軍民共建，鞏固軍政軍民團結。各級黨組織、政府和人民群眾要一如既往支持國防和軍隊建設，軍隊要繼續為經濟社會發展作貢獻。

十、推進“一國兩制”實踐和祖國和平統一大業 香港、澳門回歸祖國以來，“一國兩制”實踐日益豐富。“一國兩制”是完全正確的，具有強大生命力。按照“一國兩制”實現祖國和平統一，符合中華民族根本利益。

保持香港、澳門長期繁榮穩定是黨在新形勢下治國理政面臨的重大課題。我們將堅定不移地貫徹“一國兩制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”、高度自治的方針，嚴格按照特別行政

區基本法辦事；全力支持特別行政區政府依法施政，著力發展經濟、改善民生、推進民主；鼓勵香港、澳門各界人士在愛國愛港、愛國愛澳旗臶下和衷共濟，促進社會和睦；加強內地與香港、澳門交流合作，實現優勢互補、共同發展；積極支持香港、澳門開展對外交往，堅決反對外部勢力干預香港、澳門事務。香港同胞、澳門同胞完全有智慧有能力管理好、建設好香港、澳門，香港、澳門已經并將繼續為國家現代化建設發揮重要作用，偉大祖國永遠是香港、澳門繁榮穩定的堅強后盾。

解決臺灣問題、實現祖國完全統一，是全體中華兒女的共同心愿。我們將遵循“和平統一、一國兩制”的方針和現階段發展兩岸關系、推進祖國和平統一進程的八項主張，堅持一個中國原則決不動搖，爭取和平統一的努力決不放棄，貫徹寄希望于臺灣人民的方針決不改變，反對“臺獨”分裂活動決不妥協，牢牢把握兩岸關系和平發展的主題，真誠為兩岸同胞謀福祉、為臺海地區謀和平，維護國家主權和領土完整，維護中華民族根本利益。

堅持一個中國原則，是兩岸關系和平發展的政治基礎。盡管兩岸尚未統一，但大陸和臺灣同屬一個中國的事實從未改變。中國是兩岸同胞的共同家園，兩岸同胞理應攜手維護好、建設好我們的共同家園。臺灣任何政黨，只要承認兩岸同屬一個中國，我們都愿意同他們交流對話、協商談判，什

么問題都可以談。我們鄭重呼吁，在一個中國原則的基礎上，協商正式結束兩岸敵對狀態，達成和平協議，構建兩岸關系和平發展框架，開創兩岸關系和平發展新局面。

十三億大陸同胞和兩千三百萬臺灣同胞是血脈相連的命運共同體。凡是對臺灣同胞有利的事情，凡是對維護臺海和平有利的事情，凡是對促進祖國和平統一有利的事情，我們都會盡最大努力做好。我們理解、信賴、關心臺灣同胞，將繼續實施和充實惠及廣大臺灣同胞的政策措施，依法保護臺灣同胞的正當權益，支持海峽西岸和其他臺商投資相對集中地區經濟發展。兩岸同胞要加強交往，加強經濟文化交流，繼續拓展領域、提高層次，推動直接“三通”，使彼此感情更融洽、合作更深化，為實現中華民族偉大復興而共同努力。

當前，“臺獨”分裂勢力加緊進行分裂活動，嚴重危害兩岸關系和平發展。兩岸同胞要共同反對和遏制“臺獨”分裂活動。中國主權和領土完整不容分割。任何涉及中國主權和領土完整的問題，必須由包括臺灣同胞在內的全中國人民共同決定。我們愿以最大誠意、盡最大努力實現兩岸和平統一，絕不允許任何人以任何名義任何方式把臺灣從祖國分割出去。

兩岸統一是中華民族走向偉大復興的歷史必然。海內外中華兒女緊密團結、共同奮斗，祖國完全統一就一定能夠實現。

十一、始終不渝走和平發展道路

當今世界正處在大變革大調整之中。和平與發展仍然是時代主題，求和平、謀發展、促合作已經成為不可阻擋的時代潮流。世界多極化不可逆轉，經濟全球化深入發展，科技革命加速推進，全球和區域合作方興未艾，國與國相互依存日益緊密，國際力量對比朝著有利于維護世界和平方向發展，國際形勢總體穩定。

同時，世界仍然很不安寧。霸權主義和強權政治依然存在，局部沖突和熱點問題此起彼伏，全球經濟失衡加劇，南北差距拉大，傳統安全威脅和非傳統安全威脅相互交織，世界和平與發展面臨諸多難題和挑戰。

共同分享發展機遇，共同應對各種挑戰，推進人類和平與發展的崇高事業，事關各國人民的根本利益，也是各國人民的共同心愿。我們主張，各國人民攜手努力，推動建設持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。為此，應該遵循聯合國憲章宗旨和原則，恪守國際法和公認的國際關系準則，在國際關系中弘揚民主、和睦、協作、共贏精神。政治上相互尊重、平等協商，共同推進國際關系民主化；經濟上相互合作、優勢互補，共同推動經濟全球化朝著均衡、普惠、共贏方向發展；文化上相互借鑒、求同存異，尊重世界多樣性，共同促進人類文明繁榮進步；安全上相互信任、加強合作，堅持用和平方式而不是戰爭手段解決國際爭端，共同維護世界和平

穩定；環保上相互幫助、協力推進，共同呵護人類賴以生存的地球家園。

當代中國同世界的關系發生了歷史性變化，中國的前途命運日益緊密地同世界的前途命運聯系在一起。不管國際風云如何變幻，中國政府和人民都將高舉和平、發展、合作旗臶，奉行獨立自主的和平外交政策，維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，恪守維護世界和平、促進共同發展的外交政策宗旨。

中國將始終不渝走和平發展道路。這是中國政府和人民根據時代發展潮流和自身根本利益作出的戰略抉擇。中華民族是熱愛和平的民族，中國始終是維護世界和平的堅定力量。我們堅持把中國人民的利益同各國人民的共同利益結合起來，秉持公道，伸張正義。我們堅持國家不分大小、強弱、貧富一律平等，尊重各國人民自主選擇發展道路的權利，不干涉別國內部事務，不把自己的意志強加于人。中國致力于和平解決國際爭端和熱點問題，推動國際和地區安全合作，反對一切形式的恐怖主義。中國奉行防御性的國防政策，不搞軍備競賽，不對任何國家構成軍事威脅。中國反對各種形式的霸權主義和強權政治，永遠不稱霸，永遠不搞擴張。中國將始終不渝奉行互利共贏的開放戰略。我們將繼續以自己的發展促進地區和世界共同發展，擴大同各方利益的匯合點，在實現本國發展的同時兼顧對方特別是發展中國家

的正當關切。我們將繼續按照通行的國際經貿規則，擴大市場準入，依法保護合作者權益。我們支持國際社會幫助發展中國家增強自主發展能力、改善民生，縮小南北差距。我們支持完善國際貿易和金融體制，推進貿易和投資自由化便利化，通過磋商協作妥善處理經貿摩擦。中國決不做損人利己、以鄰為壑的事情。

中國堅持在和平共處五項原則的基礎上同所有國家發展友好合作。我們將繼續同發達國家加強戰略對話，增進互信，深化合作，妥善處理分歧，推動相互關系長期穩定健康發展。我們將繼續貫徹與鄰為善、以鄰為伴的周邊外交方針，加強同周邊國家的睦鄰友好和務實合作，積極開展區域合作，共同營造和平穩定、平等互信、合作共贏的地區環境。我們將繼續加強同廣大發展中國家的團結合作，深化傳統友誼，擴大務實合作，提供力所能及的援助，維護發展中國家的正當要求和共同利益。我們將繼續積極參與多邊事務，承擔相應國際義務，發揮建設性作用，推動國際秩序朝著更加公正合理的方向發展。我們將繼續開展同各國政黨和政治組織的交流合作，加強人大、政協、軍隊、地方、民間團體對外交往，增進中國人民和各國人民的相互了解和友誼。

中國發展離不開世界，世界繁榮穩定也離不開中國。中國人民將繼續同各國人民一道，為實現人類的美好理想而不懈努力。

十二、以改革創新精神全面推進黨的建設新的偉大工程 中國特色社會主義事業是改革創新的事業。黨要站在時代前列帶領人民不斷開創事業發展新局面，必須以改革創新精神加強自身建設，始終成為中國特色社會主義事業的堅強領導核心。

我們黨已經成立八十六年，在全國執政五十八年，擁有七千多萬黨員，黨的自身建設任務比過去任何時候都更為繁重。黨領導的改革開放既給黨注入巨大活力，也使黨面臨許多前所未有的新課題新考驗。世情、國情、黨情的發展變化，決定了以改革創新精神加強黨的建設既十分重要又十分緊迫。（黨的建設的總體要求）必須把黨的執政能力建設和先進性建設作為主線，堅持黨要管黨、從嚴治黨，貫徹為民、務實、清廉的要求，以堅定理想信念為重點加強思想建設，以造就高素質黨員、干部隊伍為重點加強組織建設，以保持黨同人民群眾的血肉聯系為重點加強作風建設，以健全民主集中制為重點加強制度建設，以完善懲治和預防腐敗體系為重點加強反腐倡廉建設，使黨始終成為立黨為公、執政為民，求真務實、改革創新，艱苦奮斗、清正廉潔，富有活力、團結和諧的馬克思主義執政黨。

（一）深入學習貫徹中國特色社會主義理論體系，著力用馬克思主義中國化最新成果武裝全黨。思想理論建設是黨的根本建設，黨的理論創新引領各方面創新。要按照建設學

第二篇：讀胡錦濤在黨的十七大上的報告有感

毛澤東思想和中國特色 社會主義理論體系概論

讀胡錦濤在黨的十七大上的報告有感

外語系英語08-1

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讀胡錦濤在黨的十七大上的報告有感

胡錦濤總書記在中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會上的報告，從十二個方面總述了：過去五年的工作；改革開放的偉大歷史進程；深入貫徹落實科學發展觀；實現全面建設小康社會奮斗目標的新要求；促進國民經濟又好又快發展；堅定不移發展社會主義民主政治；推動社會主義文化大發展大繁榮；加快推進以改善民生為重點的社會建設；開創國防和軍隊現代化建設新局面；推進“一國兩制”實踐和祖國和平統一大業；始終不渝走和平發展道路；以改革創新精神全面推進黨的建設新的偉大工程。

我認為，這次報告的核心內容是實現全面建設小康社會奮斗目標的新要求，具體手段是在經濟方面深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，促進國民經濟又好又快發展；政治方面堅定不移發展社會主義民主政治，推進“一國兩制”實踐和祖國和平統一大業；文化方面推動社會主義文化大發展大繁榮；這些手段都是為實現全面建設小康社會這一目標服務的。

胡錦濤再次聲明科學發展觀，第一要義是發展，核心是以人為本，基本要求是全面協調可持續，根本方法是統籌兼顧。——必須堅持把發展作為 ——必須堅持統籌兼顧。黨執政興國的第一要務。——必須堅持以人為本。——必須堅持全面協調可持續發展。這要求全黨著力解決影響和制約科學發展的突出問題，把全社會的發展積極性引導到科學發展上來，把科學發展觀貫徹落實到經濟社會發展各個方面。胡錦濤說: 我們已經朝著十六大確立的全面建設小康社會的目標邁出了堅實步伐，今后要繼續努力奮斗，確保到2020年實現全面建成小康社會的奮斗目標。而這對我國發展提出新的更高要求：——增強發展協調性，努力實現經濟又好又快發展。——擴大社會主義民主，更好保障人民權益和社會公平正義。——加強文化建設，明顯提高全民族文明素質。——加快發展社會事業，全面改善人民生活。——建設生態文明，基本形成節約能源資源和保護生態環境的產業結構、增長方式、消費模式。這一目標和要求可謂是為我國的下一步發展指明了道路。但從現在發展的實際情況來看，我國的經濟發展總量大大超過了既定目標，但還遠遠稱不上又好又快發展，能源節約型和生態環保型發展模式尚未形成。究其原因，我認為是一些地方干部的思想并未和黨的要求達成一致，政績行，數字型發展模式深入其心；再者，黨的監察力度不夠。我認為這些因素是地方發展不給力的真正原因。

促進國民經濟又好又快發展是胡錦濤總書記提出的經濟發展新思路。主要包括一下幾個方面：

（一）提高自主創新能力，建設創新型國家。

（二）加快轉變經濟發展方式，推動產業結構優化升級。（三）統籌城鄉發展，推進社會主義新農村建設。

（四）加強能源資源節約和生態環境保護，增強可持續發展能力。

（五）推動區域協調發展，優化國土開發格局。

（六）完善基本經濟制度，健全現代市場體系。

（七）深化財稅、金融等體制改革，完善宏觀調控體系。

（八）拓展對外開放廣度和深度，提高開放型經濟水平。經濟發展水平是我國綜合國力的重要體現。從鄧小平時代到如今，各屆領導人始終堅定不移的緊抓經濟，極大提升了我國的綜合國力。但伴隨著我國今年經濟的不斷進步，許多新問題，矛盾不斷出現：如貧富差距不斷擴大，地區發展嚴重脫節，經濟政治文化發展水平不一致。這類問題成為我國目前亟待解決的問題。

以胡錦濤為首的這屆政府帶動我國經濟政治發展水平不斷提高，國際地位得以提升，得到了全國人民以及世界各國的肯定。隨著我國發展水平的不斷提高，在黨的領導下，和諧社會不再是夢想。以上是我對胡錦濤總書記在中共十七大上的報告的淺顯認識。

第三篇：胡錦濤在十七大上的講話英文版

中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會報告 英文版

2008-01-28

HOLD HIGH THE GREAT BANNER OF SOCIALISM WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS AND STRIVE FOR NEW VICTORIES IN BUILDING A MODERATELY PROSPEROUS SOCIETY IN ALL RESPECTS

Report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on October 15, 2007

Hu Jintao

Comrades, Now I would like to make a report to the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)on behalf of the Sixteenth Central Committee.The Seventeenth Congress is one of vital importance being held at a crucial stage of China’s reform and development.The theme of the congress is to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, continue to emancipate the mind, persist in reform and opening up, pursue development in a scientific way, promote social harmony, and strive for new victories in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.The great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the banner guiding development and progress in contemporary China and rallying the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country in our common endeavor.Emancipating the mind is a magic instrument for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, reform and opening up provide a strong driving force for developing it, and scientific development and social harmony are basic requirements for developing it.Building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is a goal for the Party and the state to reach by 2020, and represents the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups.The world today is undergoing extensive and profound changes, and contemporary China is going through a wide-ranging and deep-going transformation.This brings us unprecedented opportunities as well as unprecedented challenges, with the former outweighing the latter.The whole Party must unswervingly hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and lead the people in starting from this new historical point, grasping and making the most of the important period of strategic opportunities, staying realistic and pragmatic, forging ahead with determination, continuing to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerate socialist modernization, and accomplishing the lofty mission bestowed by the times.I.The Work of the Past Five Years

The five years since the Sixteenth Congress was an extraordinary period.In order to accomplish the arduous tasks of reform and development in a complicated and volatile international situation, the Party led the people of all ethnic groups in holding high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, overcoming difficulties and risks, creating a new situation in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and attaining a new realm in adapting Marxism to conditions in China.At its Sixteenth Congress the Party established the important thought of Three Represents as its guide and made the strategic decision to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects.In order to implement

the guiding principles of the congress, the Central Committee convened seven plenary sessions, at which it made decisions on and arrangements for major issues of overall significance such as deepening institutional restructuring, improving the socialist market economy, strengthening the governance capability of the Party, drawing up the Eleventh Five-Year Plan(2006-10), and building a harmonious socialist society;and it formulated and applied the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts.All this helped the Party and the state score great new achievements.Economic strength increased substantially.The economy sustained steady and rapid growth.The GDP expanded by an annual average of over 10%.Economic performance improved significantly, national revenue rose markedly year by year, and prices were basically stable.Efforts to build a new socialist countryside yielded solid results, and development among regions became more balanced.The endeavor to make China an innovative nation registered good progress, with considerable improvement in the country’s capacity for independent innovation.Notable achievements were scored in the construction of infrastructure including energy, transport and telecommunications facilities and other key projects.Manned spaceflights were successfully conducted.Fresh progress was registered in energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation.The Tenth Five-Year Plan(2001-05)was fulfilled successfully and implementation of the eleventh is in smooth progress.Major breakthroughs were made in reform and opening up.Comprehensive reforms in rural areas gradually deepened;agricultural tax, livestock tax and taxes on special agricultural products were rescinded throughout the country;and policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers.Significant headway was made in reform of the state assets management system, state-owned enterprises, banking, public finance, taxation, investment, pricing, and the system for managing science and technology.The non-public sector of the economy grew stronger.A sound market system was being put in place, macroeconomic regulation continued to improve, and transformation of government functions was accelerated.The total volume of imports and exports increased sharply.Solid steps were taken in implementing the “go

global” strategy, and the open economy entered a new stage of development.Living standards improved significantly.Both urban and rural incomes increased considerably, and most families had more property than before.The system of subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents was basically in place, guaranteeing basic living conditions for the poor.Residents improved their consumption patterns, had increasingly better food, clothing, housing, transport and other daily necessities, and enjoyed markedly improved public services.Fresh progress was registered in improving democracy and the legal system.Political restructuring progressed steadily.Constant improvement was made in the system of people’s congresses, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC and the system of regional ethnic autonomy.Primary-level democracy increased its vitality.The cause of human rights witnessed sound development.The patriotic united front grew stronger.A socialist law system with Chinese characteristics was basically in place.The rule of law was effectively implemented as a fundamental principle.Reform of the government administration system and the judicial system continued to deepen.A new situation was created in cultural development.Efforts to establish the system of socialist core values made steady headway and marked achievements were scored in the Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory.Extensive efforts were made to raise ideological and ethical standards and the whole of society became more culturally advanced.Cultural restructuring made important progress, cultural programs and the cultural industry developed rapidly, and the people enjoyed a richer cultural life.Fresh progress was made in public fitness programs and competitive sports.Social development proceeded in an all-round way.Education of various kinds and at different levels developed rapidly.Free compulsory education was made available in all rural areas.More job opportunities were created.The social security system was strengthened.The battle against SARS came to a great victory.The public health system and basic medical care constantly improved, contributing to better health of the

people.Social management improved step by step.Social stability was ensured and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment.Historic achievements were scored in the development of national defense and the armed forces.The revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics was accelerated.The armed forces were reduced by 200,000 troops.Efforts were intensified in all respects to make the armed forces more revolutionary, modernized and standardized, which notably increased their capacity to accomplish their historical missions at this new stage in the new century.Work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan affairs was intensified.Hong Kong and Macao maintained their prosperity and stability and developed closer economic partnership with the mainland.Political parties on both sides of the Taiwan Straits started communication, and cross-Straits visits as well as economic and cultural exchanges reached a new high.The Anti-Secession Law was enacted to resolutely safeguard China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.Major progress was made in all-directional diplomacy.Pursuing an independent foreign policy of peace, China energetically carried out diplomatic activities, enhanced exchanges and cooperation with other countries in various fields and played a major constructive role in international affairs.This created a favorable international environment for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.The great new undertaking to build the Party made solid progress.Endeavors to strengthen the Party’s governance capability and vanguard nature were intensified.Efforts to make theoretical innovations and arm Party members with the achievements proved successful.The campaign to educate Party members to preserve their vanguard nature yielded substantial results.Intra-Party democracy continued to expand.Major headway was made in strengthening the Party’s leading bodies and the ranks of its cadres, and especially in educating and training cadres.Work in relation to talented personnel was strengthened.Efforts were stepped up to reform the cadre and personnel system and make innovations in the organizational system.Remarkable results were achieved in improving the Party’s style of work, upholding integrity and combating corruption.While recognizing our achievements, we must be well aware that they still fall short of the expectations of the people and that there are still quite a few difficulties and problems on our way forward.The outstanding ones include the following: Our economic growth is realized at an excessively high cost of resources and the environment.There remains an imbalance in development between urban and rural areas, among regions, and between the economy and society.It has become more difficult to bring about a steady growth of agriculture and continued increase in farmers’ incomes.There are still many problems affecting people’s immediate interests in areas such as employment, social security, income distribution, education, public health, housing, work safety, administration of justice and public order;and some low-income people lead a rather difficult life.More efforts are needed to promote ideological and ethical progress.The governance capability of the Party falls somewhat short of the need to deal with the new situation and tasks.In-depth investigations and studies have yet to be conducted on some major practical issues related to reform, development and stability.Some primary Party organizations are weak and lax.A small number of Party cadres are not honest and upright, their formalism and bureaucratism are quite conspicuous, and extravagance, waste, corruption and other undesirable behavior are still serious problems with them.We must pay close attention to these problems and continue our efforts to solve them.To sum up, the past five years was a period in which substantial progress was made in reform, opening up and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.During this period, China’s overall strength grew considerably and the people enjoyed more tangible benefits.China’s international standing and influence rose notably.The creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the Party increased significantly, and the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups became more united.Facts have proved that the major policy decisions made by the Central Committee at and since the Sixteenth Congress are perfectly correct.Our achievements over the past five years are attributed to the concerted efforts of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups.On behalf of the Central Committee, I wish to express our heartfelt thanks to the people of all ethnic groups, the democratic parties, people’s

organizations and patriots from all walks of life, to our compatriots in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao and in Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese nationals, and to our foreign friends who care about and support China’s modernization drive!

II.The Great Historical Course of Reform and Opening Up

We will soon be celebrating the 30th anniversary of the start of reform and opening up.In 1978, the Party held the historic Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, which ushered in the new historical period of reform and opening up.Since then, the Chinese Communists and the Chinese people have, in an indomitable enterprising spirit and with their spectacular practice of innovation, composed a new epic recounting the Chinese nation’s ceaseless efforts to make progress and become stronger, and historic changes have taken place in the visages of the Chinese people, socialist China and the CPC.Reform and opening up represent a great new revolution carried on by the people under the Party’s leadership in a new era to release and develop the productive forces, modernize the country, bring prosperity to the Chinese people and achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation;to promote the self-improvement and development of China’s socialist system, inject new vitality into socialism, and build and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics;and to improve the building of the Party as it leads contemporary China in development and progress, preserve and enhance its vanguard nature, and ensure that it is always in the forefront of the times.We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was conducted on a foundation laid by the Party’s first generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Mao Zedong at its core, which founded Mao Zedong Thought, led the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in establishing the People’s Republic and scoring great achievements in our socialist revolution and construction, and gained invaluable experience in its painstaking exploration for laws governing socialist construction.The victory in the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of the basic system of socialism provided the

fundamental political prerequisite and institutional basis for every inch of development and progress in contemporary China.We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was initiated by the Party’s second generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at its core leading the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the endeavor.In a precarious situation left by the “cultural revolution”(1966-76), the second generation of central collective leadership, persisting in emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and displaying immense political and theoretical courage, made a scientific appraisal of Comrade Mao Zedong and Mao Zedong Thought, thoroughly repudiated the erroneous theory and practice of “taking class struggle as the key link,” and made the historic policy decision to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the state onto economic development and introduce reform and opening up.It established the basic line for the primary stage of socialism, sounded the clarion call of the times for taking our own road and building socialism with Chinese characteristics, founded Deng Xiaoping Theory, and led the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in striding forward on the great journey of reform and opening up.We must never forget that the great cause of reform and opening up was carried on, developed and successfully carried into the 21st century by the Party’s third generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Jiang Zemin at its core leading the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups on this mission.From the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee through the Sixteenth Congress, the third generation of central collective leadership, which took over the helm at a critical historical juncture, held high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, pressed ahead with reform and opening up and kept up with the times.Relying on the Party and the people, it stood the severe tests of political turbulences and economic risks at home and abroad, safeguarded socialism with Chinese characteristics, initiated the new, socialist market economy and ushered in a new phase of all-round opening up;and it advanced the great new undertaking to build the Party, founded the important thought of Three Represents, and steered the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right course.Since the Sixteenth Congress, we have followed the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, kept up with new developments and changes in and outside China, grasped the strategic opportunities in this important period, promoted the truth-seeking, pragmatic and pioneering spirit and persisted in innovation in both theory and practice.We have worked hard to promote scientific development and social harmony, improved the socialist market economy, and resolutely carried forward the great cause of reform and opening up in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Reform and opening up constitute the most salient feature of the new period.From the countryside to the cities and from the economic to other areas, the process of sweeping reform has unfolded with irresistible momentum.From the coastal areas to areas along the Yangtze River and the borders, and from the eastern to the central and western regions, the door has been resolutely opened to the outside world.This great undertaking of reform and opening up, never seen before in history, has greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of Chinese people and brought about China’s historic transformation from a highly centralized planned economy to a robust socialist market economy, and from a closed or semi-closed state to all-round opening up.Today socialist China is standing rock-firm in the East, oriented toward modernization, the world and the future.Rapid development represents the most remarkable achievement in the new period.The Party has been implementing the three-step strategy for modernization, leading the people in working hard to promote China’s sustained rapid development at a rate rarely seen in the world.China’s economy, once on the verge of collapse, has grown to rank as the fourth largest in the world, and its import and export volume, the third biggest.The Chinese people, once inadequately fed and clad, are leading a fairly comfortable life on the whole.The impoverished population in rural areas has dropped from more than 250 million to just over 20 million.The country’s achievements in political, cultural and social development have captured world attention.China’s development has not only enabled its people to move steadily toward prosperity and happiness, but also

contributed substantially to the growth of the world economy and the progress of human civilization.Keeping up with the times is the most prominent hallmark of the new period.Adhering to the Marxist ideological line, the Party has been constantly seeking answers to major theoretical and practical questions such as what socialism is and how to build it, what kind of party we must build and how to build it, and what kind of development China should achieve and how to achieve it.The Party has been constantly adapting Marxism to conditions in China, and adhering to and enriching its own basic theory, line, program and experience.Socialism and Marxism have shown great vitality on Chinese soil, brought more benefits to the people, and enabled the Chinese nation to catch up with the trend of the times in great strides and see the bright future of national rejuvenation.Facts have incontrovertibly proved that the decision to begin reform and opening up is vital to the destiny of contemporary China, that reform and opening up are the only way of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and rejuvenating the Chinese nation, that only socialism can save China and that only reform and opening up can develop China, socialism and Marxism.As a great new revolution, reform and opening up are not to be plain sailing or be accomplished overnight.Essentially they accord with the aspirations of the Party membership and the people and keep up with the trend of the times.The orientation and path of reform and opening up are entirely correct, and their merits and achievements can never be negated.To stop or reverse reform and opening up would only lead to a blind alley.In the historical course of reform and opening up, the Party has combined adhering to the basic tenets of Marxism with adapting it to Chinese conditions, upholding the Four Cardinal Principles? with adhering to the reform and opening up policy, respecting the people’s pioneering initiative with strengthening the Party’s leadership, adhering to the basic system of socialism with developing the market economy, effecting changes in the economic base with promoting reform of the superstructure, developing the productive forces with improving the cultural and ethical quality of the whole nation, raising efficiency with promoting social equity, pursuing independent development with taking part in economic

globalization, promoting reform and development with maintaining social stability, and advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics with making progress in the great new undertaking to build the Party.In this course the Party has gained invaluable experience in eliminating poverty, accelerating modernization, and consolidating and developing socialism in a large developing country of over one billion people.To sum up, the fundamental reason behind all our achievements and progress since the reform and opening up policy was introduced is that we have blazed a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and established a system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Essentially, to hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics means to keep to this path and uphold this system.Taking the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics means we will, under the leadership of the CPC and in light of China’s basic conditions, take economic development as the central task, adhere to the Four Cardinal Principles and persevere in reform and opening up, release and develop the productive forces, consolidate and improve the socialist system, develop the socialist market economy, socialist democracy, an advanced socialist culture and a harmonious socialist society, and make China a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious modern socialist country.The main reason this path is completely correct and can lead China to development and progress is that we have adhered to the basic tenets of scientific socialism and in the meantime added to them distinct Chinese characteristics in light of China’s conditions and the features of the times.In contemporary China, to stay true to socialism means to keep to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics constitute a system of scientific theories including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts.This system represents the Party’s adherence to and development of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought and embodies the wisdom and hard work of several

generations of Chinese Communists leading the people in carrying out tireless explorations and practices.It is the latest achievement in adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions, the Party’s invaluable political and intellectual asset, and the common ideological foundation for the concerted endeavor of the people of all ethnic groups.It is an open system that keeps developing.Practices since the publication of the Communist Manifesto nearly 160 years ago have proved that only when Marxism is integrated with the conditions of a specific country, advances in step with the times and is tied to the destiny of the people can it demonstrate its strong vitality, creativity and appeal.In contemporary China, to stay true to Marxism means to adhere to the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.There is no end to practice or innovation.All Party members must cherish the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which the Party explored and created after going through all the hardships, keep to the path and uphold the system for a long time to come and constantly develop them.We must continue to emancipate our minds, seek truth from facts, keep up with the times, make bold changes and innovations, stay away from rigidity or stagnation, fear no risks, never be confused by any interference, broaden our path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and ensure that the truth of Marxism of contemporary China shines even more brightly.III.Thoroughly Applying the Scientific Outlook on Development

To continue to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics at the new stage of development, we must follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development.The Scientific Outlook on Development is a continuation and development of the important thoughts on development advanced by the previous three generations of central collective leadership of the CPC and a concentrated expression of the Marxist world outlook and methodology

with regard to development.It is a scientific theory that is in the same line as Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and keeps up with the times.It is an important guiding principle for China’s economic and social development and a major strategic thought that we must uphold and apply in developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.In light of the basic reality that China is in the primary stage of socialism, the Scientific Outlook on Development has been formulated to meet new requirements of development by analyzing China’s own practice and drawing on the experience of other countries in development.At this new stage in the new century, China’s development shows a series of new features which are mainly as follows: The economic strength has increased markedly, but the overall productivity remains low, the capacity for independent innovation is weak, and the longstanding structural problems and the extensive mode of growth are yet to be fundamentally addressed.The socialist market economy is basically in place, but there remain structural and institutional obstacles slowing down development, and further reform in difficult areas is confronted with deep-seated problems.A relatively comfortable standard of living has been achieved for the people as a whole, but the trend of a growing gap in income distribution has not been thoroughly reversed, there are still a considerable number of impoverished and low-income people in both urban and rural areas, and it has become more difficult to accommodate the interests of all sides.Efforts to balance development have yielded remarkable results, but the foundation of agriculture remains weak, the rural areas still lag behind in development, and we face an arduous task to narrow the urban-rural and interregional gaps in development and promote balanced economic and social development.Socialist democracy has continued to develop and we have made steady progress in implementing the rule of law as a fundamental principle, but efforts to improve democracy and the legal system fall somewhat short of the need to expand people’s democracy and promote economic and social development, and political restructuring has to be deepened.Socialist culture is thriving as never before, but the people have growing cultural needs and have become more independent, selective, changeable and diverse in thinking, setting higher requirements for the

development of an advanced socialist culture.Our society has become evidently more dynamic, but profound changes have taken place in the structure of society, in the way society is organized and in the pattern of social interests, and many new issues have emerged in social development and management.China is opening wider to the outside world, but international competition is becoming increasingly acute, pressure in the form of the economic and scientific dominance of developed countries will continue for a long time to come, both predictable and unpredictable risks are increasing, and the need to balance domestic development and opening to the outside world is greater than ever.All this shows that through the unremitting efforts we have made since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949, particularly since the introduction of the reform and opening up policy, China has scored achievements in development that have captured world attention, and experienced far-reaching changes in the productive forces and the relations of production, as well as in the economic base and the superstructure.However, the basic reality that China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time to come has not changed, nor has Chinese society’s principal contradiction – the one between the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and the low level of social production.The current features of development in China are a concrete manifestation of that basic reality at this new stage in the new century.Stressing recognition of the basic reality is not meant to belittle ourselves, wallow in backwardness, or encourage unrealistic pursuit of quick results.Rather, such recognition will serve as the basis of our endeavor to advance reform and plan for development.We must always remain sober-minded, base our efforts on the most significant reality that China is in the primary stage of socialism, scientifically analyze the new opportunities and challenges arising from China’s full involvement in economic globalization, fully understand the new situation and tasks in China’s advance toward an industrialized, information-based, urbanized, market-oriented and internationalized country, have a good grasp of the new issues and problems we face in development, follow more conscientiously the path of scientific

development, and strive to open up a broader vista for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.The Scientific Outlook on Development takes development as its essence, putting people first as its core, comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development as its basic requirement, and overall consideration as its fundamental approach.– We must regard development as the top priority of the Party in governing and rejuvenating the country.Development is of decisive significance for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and speeding up socialist modernization.We must firmly commit ourselves to the central task of economic development, concentrate on construction and development, and keep releasing and developing the productive forces.We must better implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation with trained personnel and the strategy of sustainable development.We must grasp the law of development, make innovations in our thinking, transform the mode of development, crack hard issues and raise quality and efficiency to achieve sound and rapid development, so that we can lay a solid foundation for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.We must strive for scientific development by putting people first and making it comprehensive, balanced and sustainable;we must strive for harmonious development by integrating all undertakings and promoting unity and amity among all members of society;and we must strive for peaceful development in the course of which China develops itself by safeguarding world peace and contributes to world peace by developing itself.– We must always put people first.Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of the Party, and its every endeavor is for the well-being of the people.We must always make sure that the aim and outcome of all the work of the Party and the state is to realize, safeguard and expand the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.We must respect the principal position of the people in the country’s political life, give play to their creativity, protect their rights and interests, take the path of prosperity for all and promote their

all-round development, to ensure that development is for the people, by the people and with the people sharing in its fruits.– We must pursue comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development.In accordance with the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, we will promote all-round economic, political, cultural and social development, coordinate all links and aspects of our modernization drive, and balance the relations of production with the productive forces and the superstructure with the economic base.We must adopt an enlightened approach to development that results in expanded production, a better life and sound ecological and environmental conditions, and build a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society that coordinates growth rate with the economic structure, quality and efficiency, and harmonizes economic growth with the population, resources and the environment, so that our people will live and work under sound ecological and environmental conditions and our economy and society will develop in a sustainable way.– We must persist in overall consideration.We need to correctly understand and handle the major relationships in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and balance urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, relations between man and nature, and domestic development and opening to the outside world.We must take into overall consideration the relationships between the central and local authorities, between personal and collective interests, between interests of the part and those of the whole, and between immediate and long-term interests, so as to fully arouse the initiative of all sides.We must take both the domestic and international situations into consideration, develop a global and strategic perspective, be good at seizing opportunities for development and coping with risks and challenges in a changing world, and work for a favorable international environment.While planning our work from an overall perspective, we need to work hard to make breakthroughs on the key issues that affect the overall situation and on the major problems that affect public interests.To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must always adhere to the Party’s basic line of taking economic development as the central task and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles and the reform and opening up policy, known as “one central task and two basic

points.” As the lifeblood of the Party and the country, this basic line provides the political guarantee for scientific development.Taking economic development as the central task is vital to invigorating our nation and is the fundamental requirement for the robust growth and lasting stability of the Party and the nation.The Four Cardinal Principles are the very foundation for building our country and the political cornerstone for the survival and development of the Party and the nation.Reform and opening up are the path to a stronger China and the source of vitality for the Party and the nation in development and progress.We will continue to apply the line of “one central task and two basic points” in its entirety in our great endeavor to develop socialism with Chinese characteristics;we will never deviate from this line.To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must work energetically to build a harmonious socialist society.Social harmony is an essential attribute of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Scientific development and social harmony are integral to each other and neither is possible without the other.Building a harmonious socialist society is a historical mission throughout the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, as well as a historical process and the social outcome of correctly handling various social problems on the basis of development.It is through development that we will increase the material wealth of society and constantly improve people’s lives, and it is again through development that we will guarantee social equity and justice and constantly promote social harmony.To realize social equity and justice is the Chinese Communists’ consistent position and a major task of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.In accordance with the general requirements for democracy and the rule of law, equity and justice, honesty and fraternity, vigor and vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature and the principle of all the people building and sharing a harmonious socialist society, we will spare no effort to solve the most specific problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people and strive to create a situation in which all people do their best, find their proper places in society and

live together in harmony, so as to provide a favorable social environment for development.To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must continue to deepen reform and opening up.We need to incorporate the spirit of reform and innovation into all links of governance, unswervingly adhere to the orientation of reform, and have more scientific decision-making and better coordinated measures for reform.We will improve the socialist market economy, promote institutional reform and innovation in various sectors, accelerate reform in important fields and crucial links, improve opening up in all respects and make our systems and mechanisms full of vigor, highly efficient, more open and conducive to scientific development, so as to provide a powerful driving force and an institutional guarantee for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.We will always take improving people’s lives as a pivotal task in balancing reform, development and stability and ensure that our reform always has the endorsement and support of the people.To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must strengthen our efforts to build the Party in earnest.As is required by the Party’s lofty mission of governing and rejuvenating the nation, our efforts to improve the Party’s governance capability and maintain and develop its vanguard nature must serve our task of directing scientific development, promoting social harmony, guiding development and progress in China and better representing and realizing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.In this way, the Party’s work and our efforts to build the Party will better meet the requirement of the Scientific Outlook on Development and provide a reliable political and organizational guarantee for scientific development.All Party members must fully understand the content and grasp the essence of the Scientific Outlook on Development, be more conscious and determined in applying it, change notions that are not in line with it, work hard to solve major problems that affect or constrain scientific development, direct the whole society’s enthusiasm for development to scientific development, and apply this outlook to every aspect of economic and social development.IV.New Requirements for Attaining the Goal of Building

a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects

We have made steady progress toward the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects set at the Sixteenth Congress, and we will continue to work hard to ensure its attainment by 2020.In keeping with changes in domestic and international situations and in light of the expectations of the people of all ethnic groups for a better life, we must follow the trend and laws of economic and social development, uphold the basic program consisting of the basic objectives and policies for economic, political, cultural and social development under socialism with Chinese characteristics, and set new and higher requirements for China’s development on the basis of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects set at the Sixteenth Congress.– Promote balanced development to ensure sound and rapid economic growth.The development pattern will be significantly transformed.We will quadruple the per capita GDP of the year 2000 by 2020 through optimizing the economic structure and improving economic returns while reducing consumption of resources and protecting the environment.The socialist market economy will be improved.We will greatly enhance our capacity for independent innovation, enabling scientific and technological advancement to contribute much more to economic growth and making China an innovative country.The ratio of consumption to GDP will increase steadily, and consumption, investment and export will be coordinated to boost economic growth.A mechanism for urban and rural areas and for different regions to have balanced and interactive development and a layout of development priority zones will be basically in place.Efforts to build a new socialist countryside will make significant headway.The proportion of urban residents will notably increase.– Expand socialist democracy and better safeguard the people’s rights and interests as well as social equity and justice.Citizens’ participation in political affairs will expand in an orderly way.The rule

of law will be carried out more thoroughly as a fundamental principle, public awareness of law will be further enhanced, and fresh progress will be made in government administration based on the rule of law.Primary-level democracy will be improved.The government will markedly enhance its capability of providing basic public services.– Promote cultural development and notably enhance the cultural and ethical quality of the whole nation.Socialist core values will prevail among the people, and fine ideological and ethical trends will be encouraged.A basic system of public cultural services will cover the whole society, the cultural industry will account for much more of the national economy and become more competitive internationally, and a more abundant supply of cultural products will be available to meet the people’s needs.– Accelerate the development of social programs and improve every aspect of the people’s well-being.The modern system of national education will be further improved, a basic system for lifelong education will be in place, the educational attainment of the whole nation will rise to a much higher level, and the training of innovative personnel will be improved markedly.Employment will be further expanded.A basic system of social security will cover both urban and rural residents so that everyone is assured of basic living standards.A reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution will be basically in place, with middle-income people making up the majority and absolute poverty basically eliminated.Everyone will have access to basic medical and health services.The system of social management will be further improved.– Promote a conservation culture by basically forming an energy-and resource-efficient and environment-friendly structure of industries, pattern of growth and mode of consumption.We will have a large-scale circular economy and considerably increase the proportion of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption.The discharge of major pollutants will be brought under effective control and the ecological and environmental quality will improve notably.Awareness of conservation will be firmly established in the whole of society.When the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is attained by 2020, China, a large developing socialist country

with an ancient civilization, will have basically accomplished industrialization, with its overall strength significantly increased and its domestic market ranking as one of the largest in the world.It will be a country whose people are better off and enjoy markedly improved quality of life and a good environment.Its citizens will have more extensive democratic rights, show higher ethical standards and look forward to greater cultural achievements.China will have better institutions in all areas and Chinese society will have greater vitality coupled with stability and unity.The country will be still more open and friendly to the outside world and make greater contributions to human civilization.The following five years will be a crucial period for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.We must enhance our confidence and work hard to lay a more solid foundation for success in building a moderately prosperous society of a higher level in all respects to the benefit of over one billion people.V.Promoting Sound and Rapid Development of the National Economy

To attain the objectives for economic development, it is essential to significantly accelerate the transformation of the development pattern and improve the socialist market economy.We need to vigorously push forward strategic economic restructuring and make greater efforts to improve China’s capacity for independent innovation as well as energy and environmental conservation, and to enhance the overall quality of the economy and its international competitiveness.We need to deepen our understanding of the laws governing the socialist market economy, introduce institutions to give better play to the basic role of market forces in allocating resources, and form a system of macroeconomic regulation conducive to scientific development.1.Enhance China’s capacity for independent innovation and make China an innovative country.This is the core of our national development strategy and a crucial link in enhancing the overall national strength.We need to keep to the path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics and improve our capacity for independent innovation in

all areas of modernization.We need to conscientiously implement the Outline of the National Program for Long-and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development(2006-20), increase spending on independent innovation, and make breakthroughs in key technologies vital to our economic and social development.We will speed up forming a national innovation system and support basic research, research in frontier technology and technological research for public welfare.We will step up our efforts to establish a market-oriented system for technological innovation, in which enterprises play the leading role and which combines the efforts of enterprises, universities and research institutes, and guide and support the concentration of factors of innovation in enterprises, thereby promoting the translation of scientific and technological advances into practical productive forces.We will deepen reform of the system for managing science and technology, optimize the allocation of relevant resources, and improve the legal guarantee, policy system, incentive mechanism and market conditions to encourage technological innovation and the application of scientific and technological achievements in production.We will implement the strategy for intellectual property rights.We will make the best use of international resources of science and technology.We will continue to create conditions conducive to innovation, work to train world-class scientists and leaders in scientific and technological research, attach great importance to training innovative personnel in the frontline of production, inspire the creative wisdom of the whole society and bring forth large numbers of innovative personnel in all areas.2.Accelerate transformation of the mode of economic development and promote upgrading of the industrial structure.This is a pressing strategic task vital to the national economy as a whole.We must keep to the new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics, pursue the policy of boosting domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, and propel three transitions in the mode of economic growth: the transition from relying mainly on investment and export to relying on a well coordinated combination of consumption, investment and export, the transition from secondary industry serving as the major driving force to primary, secondary and tertiary industries jointly driving economic

growth, and the transition from relying heavily on increased consumption of material resources to relying mainly on advances in science and technology, improvement in the quality of the workforce and innovation in management.We will develop a modern industrial system, integrate IT application with industrialization, push our large industries to grow stronger, invigorate the equipment manufacturing industry, and eliminate outdated production capacities.We will upgrade new-and high-technology industries and develop information, biotechnology, new materials, aerospace, marine and other industries.We will develop the modern service industry and raise the level of the service sector and its share in the economy.We will step up efforts to improve basic industries and infrastructure and accelerate development of a modern energy industry and a comprehensive transport system.We will ensure the quality and safety of products.We will encourage formation of internationally competitive conglomerates.3.Balance urban and rural development and build a new socialist countryside.As resolution of issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers has an overall impact on building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, we must always make it a top priority in the work of the whole Party.We will strengthen the position of agriculture as the foundation of the national economy, take a path of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics, set up a permanent mechanism of industry promoting agriculture and urban areas helping rural areas, and form a new pattern that integrates economic and social development in urban and rural areas.We will continue to take developing modern agriculture and invigorating the rural economy as a primary task, strengthen infrastructure in rural areas, and improve the system of rural markets and that of services for agriculture.We will increase policy measures to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers, strictly protect arable land, increase spending on agriculture, promote advances in agriculture-related science and technology, and improve overall agricultural production capacity to ensure food security for the nation.We will intensify efforts to prevent and control animal and plant epidemic diseases and improve the quality and safety of agricultural products.To increase farmers’ income, we will develop rural enterprises，expand county economies, and transfer rural labor out of farming through various channels.We will enhance poverty reduction through development.We will deepen the comprehensive rural reform, promote reform and innovation in the rural banking system, and reform the system of collective forest rights.We will uphold the basic system for rural operations, stabilize and improve land contract relations, improve the market for transferring land contract and management rights in accordance with the law and on a voluntary and compensatory basis, and develop various forms of appropriate large-scale operations where conditions permit.We will explore effective forms of collective economic operations, develop specialized farmers’ cooperatives, and support the industrialized operation of agriculture and the development of leading agribusinesses.We will train a new type of farmers who are educated and understand both agricultural techniques and business management, and encourage hundreds of millions of farmers to play the major role in building a new countryside.4.Improve energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation and enhance China’s capacity for sustainable development.Adhering to the basic state policy of conserving resources and the environment is vital to the immediate interests of the people and the survival and development of the Chinese nation.We must give prominence to building a resource-conserving, environment-friendly society in our strategy for industrialization and modernization and get every organization and family to act accordingly.We will improve laws and policies to promote energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation, and speed up the formation of systems and mechanisms for sustainable development.We will implement the responsibility system for conserving energy and reducing emissions.We will develop and extend advanced and appropriate technologies for conserving, substituting and recycling energy and resources and for controlling pollution, develop clean and renewable energy sources, protect land and water resources and set up a scientific, rational system for using energy and resources more efficiently.We will develop environmental conservation industries.We will increase spending on energy and environmental conservation with the focus on intensifying prevention and control of water, air and soil

pollution and improving the living environment for both urban and rural residents.We will improve water conservancy, forestry and grasslands, intensify efforts to bring desertification under control and prevent the spread of stony deserts, and promote restoration of the ecosystems.We will enhance our capacity to respond to climate change and make new contributions to protecting the global climate.5.Promote balanced development among regions and improve the pattern of land development.To narrow the gap in development among regions, we must work to ensure their equal access to basic public services and guide a rational flow of factors of production between regions.Following the general strategy for regional development, we will continue to carry out large-scale development of the western region, rejuvenate northeast China and other old industrial bases in an all-round way, boost the development of the central region and support the eastern region in taking the lead in development.We will strengthen land planning, improve policies for regional development and adjust the geographical distribution of economic operations in accordance with the requirement to form development priority zones.In compliance with the laws governing the market economy, we will work beyond administrative divisions to form a number of close-knit economic rims and belts that will provide a strong impetus to the development of other areas.In locating major projects, we must give full consideration to supporting development of the central and western regions and encourage the eastern region to help them develop.We will give more support to the development of old revolutionary base areas, ethnic autonomous areas, border areas and poverty-stricken areas.We will help transform the economies of areas where natural resources are exhausted.We will have the special economic zones, the Pudong New Area in Shanghai and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin play a major role in reform, opening up and independent innovation.Taking a path of urbanization with Chinese characteristics, we will promote balanced development of large, medium-sized and small cities and towns on the principle of balancing urban and rural development, ensuring rational distribution, saving land, providing a full range of functions and getting larger cities to help smaller ones.Focusing on increasing the overall carrying capacity of cities, we will form city clusters with megacities as the core so that

they can boost development in other areas and become new poles of economic growth.6.Improve the basic economic system and the modern market system.We need to uphold and improve the basic economic system in which public ownership is dominant and different economic sectors develop side by side, unwaveringly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector, ensure equal protection of property rights, and create a new situation in which all economic sectors compete on an equal footing and reinforce each other.We will deepen the reform to introduce the corporate and shareholding systems in state-owned enterprises, improve the modern corporate structure and optimize the distribution and structure of the state sector of the economy to enhance its dynamism, dominance and influence.We will deepen the reform of monopoly industries by introducing competition, and strengthen government regulation and public oversight of them.We will accelerate development of a budget system for managing state capital and improve systems and regulations for managing all types of state assets.We will press ahead with the reform of collectively-owned enterprises and develop various forms of collective and cooperative economic operations.We will promote equitable market access, improve the financing environment and remove institutional barriers in order to promote development of individually-owned businesses and private companies as well as small and medium-sized enterprises.We will develop the economic sector of mixed ownership based on the modern system of property rights.We will accelerate the formation of a modern market system that is unified and open and that allows orderly competition, develop markets for factors of production, improve the pricing mechanism for factors of production and resources to reflect changes in market supply and demand, resource scarcities and environmental costs, regulate and develop industry associations and market-based intermediaries, and improve the social credibility system.7.Deepen fiscal, taxation and financial restructuring and improve macroeconomic regulation.We will improve the public finance system as we work to ensure equal access to basic public services and establish development priority zones.We need to deepen reform of the

budget system, tighten budgetary management and oversight, improve the system whereby both the central and local governments have financial resources proportionate to their duties and responsibilities, accelerate the establishment of a unified, standardized and transparent system for transfer payments, enlarge the size and proportion of general transfer payments, and increase input in public services.We will improve fiscal systems at and below the provincial level to enhance the capacity of county and township governments to provide public services.We will adopt fiscal and taxation systems conducive to scientific development and set up sound compensation systems for use of resources and for damage to the ecological environment.We will proceed with financial reforms to develop various types of financial markets and build a modern financial system that is inclusive of different forms of ownership and different ways of operation and that features a reasonable structure, complete functions, efficiency and security.We will make our banking, securities and insurance industries more competitive.We will improve the structure of the capital market and raise the proportion of direct financing through multiple channels.We will strengthen financial supervision and control, and forestall and defuse financial risks.We will improve the RMB exchange rate regime and gradually make the RMB convertible under capital accounts.We will deepen reform of the investment system and improve and strictly enforce market access rules.We will improve the state planning system.We will give play to the guiding role of national development plans, programs and industrial policies in macroeconomic regulation and combine the use of fiscal and monetary policies to improve macroeconomic regulation.8.Expand opening up in scope and depth and improve our open economy.Adhering to the basic state policy of opening up, we will better integrate our “bring in” and “go global” strategies, expand the areas of opening up, optimize its structure, raise its quality, and turn our open economy into one in which domestic development and opening to the outside world interact and Chinese businesses and their foreign counterparts engage in win-win cooperation, and one that features security and efficiency, in order to gain new advantages for China in international economic cooperation and competition amid economic

globalization.We will deepen the opening up of coastal areas, accelerate that of inland areas and upgrade that of border areas, so that opening up at home and opening to the outside world will promote each other.We will expedite transformation of the growth mode of foreign trade, stress quality, adjust the mix of imports and exports, promote transformation and upgrading of processing trade, and energetically develop service trade.We will make innovations in the way of using foreign capital, improve the structure of foreign investment utilized, and let the use of foreign capital play a positive role in facilitating independent innovation, industrial upgrading and balanced development among regions.We will make innovations in our way of overseas investment and cooperation, support domestic enterprises in carrying out international operations of R&D, production and marketing, and accelerate the growth of Chinese multinational corporations and Chinese brand names in the world market.We will vigorously carry out mutually beneficial international cooperation in energy and resources.We will implement a strategy of free trade zones and expand bilateral and multilateral trade and economic cooperation.We will adopt comprehensive measures to maintain a basic equilibrium in the balance of payments.We must guard against international economic risks.By ensuring sound and rapid growth of the economy, we will further enhance China’s economic strength, and enable our socialist market economy to exhibit its great vitality.VI.Unswervingly Developing Socialist Democracy

People’s democracy is the lifeblood of socialism.The Party has been consistently pursuing the goal of developing socialist democracy.Since China began its reform and opening up, we have made vigorous yet steady efforts to promote political restructuring, and socialist democracy has demonstrated greater vitality in the country.As an important part of the overall reform, political restructuring must be constantly deepened along with economic and social development to adapt to the growing enthusiasm of the people for participation in political affairs.We must keep to the path of political development under socialism with Chinese

characteristics, and integrate the leadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country, and the rule of law.We must uphold and improve the system of people’s congresses, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of self-governance at the primary level of society.All this will promote continuous self-improvement and development of the socialist political system.In deepening political restructuring, we must keep to the correct political orientation.On the basis of ensuring the people’s position as masters of the country, we will expand socialist democracy, build a socialist country under the rule of law and develop socialist political civilization to enhance the vitality of the Party and the state and arouse the initiative of the people.We must uphold the Party’s role as the core of leadership in directing the overall situation and coordinating the efforts of all quarters, and improve its capacity for scientific, democratic and law-based governance to ensure that the Party leads the people in effectively governing the country.We must ensure that all power of the state belongs to the people, expand the citizens’ orderly participation in political affairs at each level and in every field, and mobilize and organize the people as extensively as possible to manage state and social affairs as well as economic and cultural programs in accordance with the law.We must uphold the rule of law as a fundamental principle and adopt the socialist concept of law-based governance to ensure that all work of the state is based on the law and that the legitimate rights and interests of citizens are safeguarded.We must maintain the features and advantages of the socialist political system and define institutions, standards and procedures for socialist democracy to provide political and legal guarantees of lasting stability for the Party and the country.1.Expand people’s democracy and ensure that they are masters of the country.The essence and core of socialist democracy are that the people are masters of the country.We need to improve institutions for democracy, diversify its forms and expand its channels, and we need to carry out democratic election, decision-making, administration and oversight in accordance with the law to guarantee the people’s rights

to be informed, to participate, to be heard, and to oversee.We must support people’s congresses in performing their functions pursuant to law and effectively turn the Party’s propositions into the will of the state through legal procedures.We must ensure that deputies to people’s congresses exercise their functions and powers in accordance with the law and maintain close ties with the general public.We propose that both urban and rural areas gradually adopt the same ratio of deputies to the represented population in elections of deputies to people’s congresses.We must strengthen the institutions of standing committees of people’s congresses and improve their membership composition in terms of intellectual background and age.We will support the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)in performing its functions centered on the two major themes of unity and democracy and improve the system of political consultation, democratic oversight, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs.We will incorporate political consultation in decision-making procedures, improve democratic oversight and ensure that the CPPCC participates in the deliberation and administration of state affairs more effectively.The CPPCC is encouraged to improve itself and play its important role in coordinating relations, pooling strengths, making proposals and serving the overall interests of the country.We must ensure equality among all ethnic groups and guarantee the right of ethnic autonomous areas to exercise autonomy pursuant to law.To ensure scientific and democratic decision-making, we will improve the information and intellectual support for it, increase its transparency and expand public participation in it.In principle, public hearings must be held for the formulation of laws, regulations and policies that bear closely on the interests of the public.We need to step up education about citizenship and establish socialist concepts of democracy, the rule of law, freedom, equality, equity and justice.We support trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations and other people’s organizations in functioning in accordance with the law and their respective charters, participating in social management and public services and helping protect the people’s legitimate rights and interests.2.Develop primary-level democracy and ensure that the people enjoy democratic rights in a more extensive and practical way.The most effective and extensive way for the people to be masters of the country is that they directly exercise their democratic rights in accordance with the law to manage public affairs and public service programs at the primary level, practice self-management, self-service, self-education and self-oversight, and exercise democratic oversight over cadres.Such practices must be emphasized and promoted as the groundwork for developing socialist democracy.We need to improve the dynamic mechanism of people’s self-governance at the primary level under the leadership of primary Party organizations, expand the scope of self-governance, and improve the institution for democratic management, with a view to turning urban and rural neighborhoods into communities of social life that are well managed, supported by complete services, and filled with civility and harmony.We must rely wholeheartedly on the working class, improve the democratic management system in enterprises and public institutions with workers’ conferences as its basic form and increase transparency in factory affairs to support workers’ participation in management and to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.We need to deepen institutional reforms at the town and township level to strengthen government authorities there and improve the systems for transparency in government and village affairs to bring about effective connection and beneficial interaction between government administration and primary-level self-governance.We also encourage social organizations to help expand the participation by the public and report on their petitions to improve the self-governance capability of society.3.Comprehensively implement the rule of law as a fundamental principle and speed up the building of a socialist country under the rule of law.The rule of law constitutes the essential requirement of socialist democracy.We must persist in scientific and democratic legislation to improve the socialist law system with Chinese characteristics.We will strengthen the enforcement of the Constitution and laws, ensure that all citizens are equal before the law, and safeguard social equity and justice and the consistency, sanctity and authority of the socialist legal system.We need to carry out government administration in accordance with the law.We need to deepen the reform of the judiciary system, optimize the distribution of judicial functions and powers, standardize judicial practices, and build a fair, efficient and authoritative socialist judiciary system to ensure that courts and procuratorates exercise their respective powers independently and impartially in accordance with the law.We need to improve the overall quality of judicial, procuratorial and public security personnel to ensure that law enforcement is strict, impartial and civilized.We need to step up the education campaign to increase public awareness of law, and promote the spirit of the rule of law, creating a social environment in which people study, abide by and apply laws of their own accord.We must respect and safeguard human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law.Party organizations at all levels and all Party members must act under the Constitution and laws on their own initiative and take the lead in upholding the authority of the Constitution and laws.4.Expand the patriotic united front and unite with all forces that can be united.Promoting harmony in relations between political parties, between ethnic groups, between religions, between social strata, and between our compatriots at home and overseas plays an irreplaceable role in enhancing unity and pooling strengths.Acting on the principle of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing of both good and bad times, we will strengthen our cooperation with the democratic parties, support them and personages without party affiliation in better performing their functions of participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs and democratic oversight, and select and recommend a greater number of outstanding non-CPC persons for leading positions.Keeping in mind the objective of all ethnic groups working together for common prosperity and development, we must guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities, and strengthen and develop socialist ethnic relations based on equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony.We will fully implement the Party’s basic principle for its work related to religious affairs and bring into play the positive role of religious personages and believers in promoting economic and social development.We encourage members of emerging social

strata to take an active part in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.We will conscientiously follow the Party’s policy on overseas Chinese affairs and support overseas Chinese nationals, returned overseas Chinese and their relatives in caring about and participating in the modernization drive and the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland.5.Accelerate the reform of the administrative system and build a service-oriented government.The administrative reform is an important part of the efforts to deepen China’s overall reform.We must lose no time in working out a master plan for it, with the focus on changing functions, straightening out relations, optimizing the setup and raising efficiency, and bring about a system which matches powers with responsibilities, divides work in a rational way, fosters scientific decision-making, and ensures smooth enforcement and effective oversight.We need to improve the government responsibility system and the public service system, promote e-government and strengthen social management and public services.We will accelerate the separation of the functions of the government from those of enterprises, state assets management authorities, public institutions and market-based intermediaries, standardize administrative practices, strengthen administrative law-enforcement agencies, reduce the number of matters requiring administrative examination and approval and standardize such procedures, and reduce government intervention in microeconomic operations.We will standardize the relationship between local departments directly under central government organs and local governments.We will step up our efforts to streamline government organs, explore ways to establish greater departments with integrated functions, and improve the mechanism of coordination and collaboration between government departments.We will downsize and standardize various organs for deliberation and coordination and their working offices, cut down levels of administration, minimize its costs, and address the problems of overlapping organizations and functions and conflicting policies from different departments.We will give overall consideration to the setup of Party committees and governments as well as that of people’s congresses and CPPCC committees, reduce the number of their leading positions and strictly control their

staffing.We will step up the restructuring of different categories of public institutions.6.Improve the mechanism of restraint and oversight and ensure that power entrusted by the people is always exercised in their interests.Power must be exercised in the sunshine to ensure that it is exercised correctly.We must have institutions to govern power, work and personnel, and establish a sound structure of power and a mechanism for its operation in which decision-making, enforcement and oversight powers check each other and function in coordination.We will improve organic laws and rules of procedure to ensure that state organs exercise their powers and perform their functions and responsibilities within their statutory jurisdiction and in accordance with legal procedures.We will improve the open administrative system in various areas and increase transparency in government work, thus enhancing the people’s trust in the government.We will focus on tightening oversight over leading cadres and especially principal ones, over the management and use of human, financial and material resources, and over key positions.We will improve the systems of inquiries, accountability, economic responsibility auditing, resignation and recall.We will implement the intra-Party oversight regulations, strengthen democratic oversight and give scope to the oversight role of public opinion, pooling forces of oversight from all sides to make it more effective.Democracy will keep developing along with the progress of socialism.In the historical course of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, Chinese Communists and the Chinese people will surely advance socialist democracy that is full of vitality.VII.Promoting Vigorous Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture

In the present era, culture has become a more and more important source of national cohesion and creativity and a factor of growing significance in the competition in overall national strength, and the Chinese people have an increasingly ardent desire for a richer cultural life.We must keep to the orientation of advanced socialist culture, bring about a new upsurge in socialist cultural development, stimulate the

cultural creativity of the whole nation, and enhance culture as part of the soft power of our country to better guarantee the people’s basic cultural rights and interests, enrich the cultural life in Chinese society and inspire the enthusiasm of the people for progress.1.Build up the system of socialist core values and make socialist ideology more attractive and cohesive.The system of socialist core values represents the essence of socialist ideology.We must consolidate the guiding position of Marxism, persistently arm the whole Party with and educate the people in the latest achievements in adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions, rally the people with our common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, inspire the people with patriotism-centered national spirit and with the spirit of the times centering on reform and innovation, guide social ethos with the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace, and solidify the common ideological basis of the joint endeavor of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups.We will make every effort to carry out theoretical innovation and give Marxism of contemporary China distinct characters of practice, of the Chinese nation and of the times.We will publicize the theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and take Marxism of contemporary China to the general public.We will carry on the Project to Study and Develop Marxist Theory to provide in-depth answers to major theoretical and practical questions and to bring up a group of Marxist theoreticians, especially young and middle-aged ones.We will incorporate the socialist core values into all stages of national education and the entire process of cultural and ethical progress to make them the targets pursued by the people of their own accord.We will explore effective ways of letting the system of socialist core values guide trends of thought and take the initiative in ideological work, respecting divergence and allowing diversity while effectively resisting the influence of erroneous and decadent ideas.We will develop philosophy and social sciences, promoting innovation in academic disciplines, academic viewpoints and research methods.We encourage people working in these fields to serve as a think tank for the cause of the Party and the people, and we will introduce related outstanding achievements and distinguished scholars to the world arena.2.Foster a culture of harmony and cultivate civilized practices.A culture of harmony provides important intellectual support for the unity and progress of all our people.We must step up the development of the press, publishing, radio, film, television, literature and art, give correct guidance to the public and foster healthy social trends.We must balance cultural development between urban and rural areas and among different regions, focusing on enriching the cultural life in rural and remote areas and of rural migrant workers in cities.We will strengthen efforts to develop and manage Internet culture and foster a good cyber environment.We will promote patriotism, collectivism and socialist ideology.With the emphasis on enhancing people’s awareness of integrity, we will promote social ethics, professional codes of conduct, family virtues and individual morality, let paragons of virtue serve as role models for society, and guide people in conscientiously carrying out legal obligations and social and family responsibilities.We will strengthen and improve our ideological and political work, paying attention to compassionate care and psychological counseling and correctly handling interpersonal relations.We will mobilize all sectors of society in doing a good job of ideological and moral education among young people and create a favorable environment for their healthy development.We will carry out intensive activities to promote cultural and ethical progress among the public, improve the system of voluntary public services, and encourage practices such as upholding gender equality, respecting the elderly, caring for the young, showing concern for and helping each other and coming to the rescue of others even at risk to oneself.We will promote the scientific spirit and spread scientific knowledge.We will launch extensive public fitness programs and ensure the success of the 2008 Olympic Games and the Paralympics in Beijing and the 2010 World Exposition in Shanghai.3.Promote Chinese culture and build the common spiritual home for the Chinese nation.Chinese culture has been an unfailing driving force for the Chinese nation to keep its unity and make progress from generation to generation.We must have a comprehensive understanding of traditional Chinese culture, keep its essence and discard its dross to enable it to fit in with present-day society, stay in harmony with modern

civilization, keep its national character and reflect changes of the times.We will further publicize the fine traditions of Chinese culture and use modern means of science and technology to exploit the rich resources of our national culture.We will explore and better protect the cultures of all ethnic groups, attach great importance to the protection of cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage and do a good job collating ancient books and records.We will also strengthen international cultural exchanges to draw on the fine achievements of foreign cultures and enhance the influence of Chinese culture worldwide.4.Stimulate cultural innovation and enhance the vitality of cultural development.The only way to invigorate culture is to promote innovation in its content and form, its structure and mechanism, and its means of dissemination from the high starting point of our times and release and develop its productive forces.We must keep to the orientation of serving the people and socialism, uphold the principle of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and maintain close contact with reality, life and the public.We must always give top priority to social benefits and try to ensure both good economic returns and social benefits.We must create more excellent, popular works that reflect the people’s principal position in the country and their real life.We must deepen cultural restructuring and improve the policies for supporting nonprofit cultural programs, developing the cultural industry and encouraging cultural innovation, so as to create favorable conditions for producing fine works, outstanding personnel and good results.We must continue to develop nonprofit cultural programs as the main approach to ensuring the basic cultural rights and interests of the people, increase spending on such programs, and build more cultural facilities in urban communities and rural areas.We must vigorously develop the cultural industry, launch major projects to lead the industry as a whole, speed up development of cultural industry bases and clusters of cultural industries with regional features, nurture key enterprises and strategic investors, create a thriving cultural market and enhance the industry’s international competitiveness.We will use new and high technology to create new ways of producing cultural works, foster new forms of operation in the cultural industry and accelerate the

establishment of a dissemination system featuring fast communication and wide coverage.We will establish a national system of honors for outstanding cultural workers.The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will definitely be accompanied by the thriving of Chinese culture.We will give full scope to the principal position of the people in cultural development, arouse the enthusiasm of cultural workers, promote vigorous development and prosperity of culture more conscientiously and actively, and create cultural works in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, so that the people will share in the benefits of cultural development.VIII.Accelerating Social Development with the Focus

on Improving People’s Livelihood

Social development is closely related to the people’s well-being.More importance must therefore be attached to social development on the basis of economic growth to ensure and improve people’s livelihood, carry out social restructuring, expand public services, improve social management and promote social equity and justice.We must do our best to ensure that all our people enjoy their rights to education, employment, medical and old-age care, and housing, so as to build a harmonious society.1.Give priority to education and turn China into a country rich in human resources.Education is the cornerstone of national rejuvenation, and equal access to education provides an important underpinning for social equity.We must implement the Party’s educational policy to the letter, focus on educating students with top priority given to cultivating their moral integrity, improve their overall quality, modernize the educational system, and train socialist builders and successors who have all-round attainments in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic education.All this is designed to run education to the satisfaction of the people.We will optimize the educational structure, promote balanced development of compulsory education, move faster toward universal access to senior secondary education, vigorously develop vocational education, and improve the quality of higher education.We will also attach

importance to pre-school education and care about special education.We will update our views on education and deepen reform in curricula, modes of instruction, the systems of examination and enrollment, and the system for evaluating educational quality.We will ease the study load of primary and secondary school students and improve their overall quality.We will continue to run education on a nonprofit basis, increase government spending on education, regulate the collection of education-related fees, support the development of education in poverty-stricken and ethnic autonomous areas, improve the system of financial aid to students, and ensure that children from poor families and of rural migrant workers in cities enjoy equal access to compulsory education as other children.We will build up the ranks of teachers, with the emphasis on improving the quality of teachers in rural areas.We will encourage and regulate educational programs run by nongovernmental sectors.Distance learning and continuing education will be promoted to make ours a society in which every citizen is committed to learning and pursues lifelong learning.2.Implement a development strategy that promotes job creation and encourage entrepreneurship to create more employment opportunities.Employment is vital to people’s livelihood.We will continue to follow a proactive employment policy, strengthen government guidance, improve the market mechanism for employment, create more jobs and improve the employment structure.We will improve policies to encourage people to start businesses or find jobs on their own and promote a healthy attitude toward employment so that more people in the labor force will launch their own businesses.We will improve vocational education and training for the labor force and intensify pre-employment training for surplus labor transferred from rural areas.We will establish a unified, standardized labor market and a mechanism that ensures equal employment opportunities for both urban and rural residents.We will improve employment assistance to the needy and make it a priority to help zero-employment families to have job opportunities.We will do our best to help college graduates find jobs.We will regulate and coordinate labor relations, improve and implement government policies concerning rural migrant workers in cities, and protect the rights and interests of every worker in accordance with the law.3.Deepen reform of the income distribution system and increase the income of urban and rural residents.Equitable income distribution is an important indication of social equity.We will adhere to and improve the system whereby distribution according to work remains the predominant mode and coexists with various other modes.We will improve the distribution system to allow factors of production such as labor, capital, technology and managerial expertise to have a rightful share according to their respective contribution.A proper balance will be struck between efficiency and equity in both primary distribution and redistribution, with particular emphasis on equity in redistribution.We will gradually increase the share of personal income in the distribution of national income, and raise that of work remuneration in primary distribution.Vigorous efforts will be made to raise the income of low-income groups, gradually increase poverty-alleviation aid and the minimum wage, and set up a mechanism of regular pay increases for enterprise employees and a mechanism for guaranteeing payment of their salaries.Conditions will be created to enable more citizens to have property income.We will protect lawful incomes, regulate excessively high incomes and ban illegal gains.We will increase transfer payments, intensify the regulation of incomes through taxation, break business monopolies, create equal opportunities, and overhaul income distribution practices with a view to gradually reversing the growing income disparity.4.Accelerate the establishment of a social security system covering both urban and rural residents and guarantee their basic living conditions.Social security is an important guarantee of social stability.We will step up the building of a sound social security system that is based on social insurance, assistance and welfare, with basic old-age pension, basic medical care and subsistence allowances as its backbone, and supplemented by charity and commercial insurance.We will promote reform of basic old-age insurance systems in enterprises, Party and government organs and public institutions and explore ways to set up an old-age insurance system in rural areas.We will promote the development of basic medical insurance systems for urban workers and residents and a new type of cooperative medical care system in rural areas.We will improve the system of subsistence allowances for both urban and rural

residents and gradually increase such allowances.We will improve the systems of unemployment, workers’ compensation and maternity insurances.We will upgrade management of social security funds to higher-level authorities and work out unified methods for transferring social security accounts nationwide.We will provide more social security funds through various means and strengthen their oversight and management to maintain and increase their value.We will improve social assistance.We will do a good job providing special assistance to families of martyrs and servicemen and helping demobilized military personnel return to civilian life.We will promote programs for the disabled in a humanitarian spirit.We will develop more programs for the elderly.We will intensify our efforts in disaster prevention and reduction.We will improve the low-rent housing system and speed up resolution of the housing difficulties of low-income families in urban areas.5.Establish a basic medical and health care system and improve the health of the whole nation.Health provides the foundation for people’s all-round development and has a direct bearing on the happiness of each family.We must maintain the public welfare nature of public medical and health care services, always put disease prevention first, center on rural areas and attach equal importance to traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.We will separate government administration from medical institutions, management from operation, medical care from pharmaceuticals, and for-profit from nonprofit operations.We will increase government responsibilities and spending, improve the national health policy, and encourage greater participation of nongovernmental sectors so as to develop systems of public health services, medical services, medical security and medicine supply to provide both urban and rural residents with safe, effective, convenient and affordable medical and health services.We will improve the system to prevent and control the outbreak of major diseases and enhance our capacity to respond to public health emergencies.We will improve the three-tier rural health care network spanning the county, township and village and the urban community-based health care system, and deepen reform of public hospitals.We will set up a national system for basic pharmaceuticals to ensure their supply.We will support the development of traditional Chinese medicine

and the folk medicines of ethnic minorities.We will work harder to improve the professional ethics and style of work of health workers and the quality of medical services.We must ensure food and drug safety.We will adhere to the basic state policy of family planning, keep the birthrate low and make the newborns healthier.We will launch patriotic sanitation campaigns and develop health care programs for women and children.6.Improve social management and safeguard social stability and unity.Social stability is the common aspiration of the people and an important prerequisite for reform and development.We need to improve the structure of social management comprising Party committee leadership, government responsibility, nongovernmental support and public participation, and improve the system of social management at the primary level.We will stimulate the creativity of society to the greatest extent, maximize factors conducive to harmony and minimize those detrimental to it.We will properly handle contradictions among the people, improve the system for handling complaints in the form of letters and visits from the public, and strengthen the mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of the people in which the Party and the government play the leading role.We will attach importance to the development and management of social organizations.We will improve services for and management of the floating population.We must ensure safe development by strengthening management and oversight of work safety and taking effective measures to prevent serious or exceptionally serious accidents.We will improve the mechanism of emergency management.We will improve the crime prevention and control system, maintain law and order through comprehensive measures, launch intensive campaigns to ensure public security, reform and step up community policing in both urban and rural areas, and prevent and crack down on crime in accordance with the law to protect people’s lives and property.We will improve the strategy and mechanism for national security, and keep high vigilance against and resolutely forestall separatist, infiltrative and subversive activities in various forms to safeguard national security.It requires joint efforts of the whole society to build a harmonious society.We must therefore rely firmly on the people and

mobilize all positive factors to create a lively situation in which everyone is duty-bound to work for and benefits from social harmony.IX.Opening Up New Prospects for Modernization of

National Defense and the Armed Forces

To strengthen national defense and the armed forces occupies an important place in the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Bearing in mind the overall strategic interests of national security and development, we must take both economic and national defense development into consideration and make our country prosperous and our armed forces powerful while building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.For the armed forces to fully carry out the historical missions assigned by the Party and the people at this new stage in the new century, we must always follow the guidance of Mao Zedong’s military thinking, Deng Xiaoping’s thinking on building the armed forces in the new period and Jiang Zemin’s thinking on building national defense and the armed forces, and take the Scientific Outlook on Development as an important guiding principle for strengthening national defense and the armed forces.We must implement the military strategy for the new period, accelerate the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics, ensure military preparedness, and enhance the military’s capability to respond to various security threats and accomplish diverse military tasks.We are determined to safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and territorial integrity and help maintain world peace.To make the armed forces more revolutionary, modernized and standardized is an integrated endeavor, and balanced progress must be made in all the three aspects.We must always adhere to the fundamental principle of the Party exercising absolute leadership over the armed forces and the fundamental purpose of the armed forces serving the people.We will educate the military in its historical missions, ideals, beliefs, combat-ready spirit and the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace, and ensure that it carries forward its fine traditions of following the Party’s orders, serving the people and fighting valiantly and skillfully.We must build strong armed forces through science and technology.To attain the strategic objective of building computerized armed forces and winning IT-based warfare, we will accelerate composite development of mechanization and computerization, carry out military training under IT-based conditions, modernize every aspect of logistics, intensify our efforts to train a new type of high-caliber military personnel in large numbers and change the mode of generating combat capabilities.We must run the armed forces in accordance with the law, enforce strict discipline, improve relevant laws and regulations and strengthen scientific management.In keeping with the new trends in world military affairs and the new requirements of China’s development, we must promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization and management.We will adjust and reform the structure, staffing, policies and institutions of the armed forces to gradually develop a complete set of scientific modes of organization, institutions and ways of operation with Chinese characteristics and in conformity with the laws governing the development of modern armed forces.We will adjust and reform the systems of defense-related science, technology and industry and of weapons and equipment procurement, and enhance our capacity for independent innovation in R&D of weapons and equipment with better quality and cost-effectiveness.We will establish sound systems of weapons and equipment research and manufacturing, military personnel training and logistics that integrate military with civilian purposes and combine military efforts with civilian support, build the armed forces through diligence and thrift, and blaze a path of development with Chinese characteristics featuring military and civilian integration.We will enrich and develop military sciences by carefully studying the features and laws of building and running the armed forces and the strategies and tactics for people’s war under the new historical conditions.We will raise the people’s awareness of national defense, strengthen national defense mobilization by improving the mobilization system, and enhance the quality of the reserves and the militia.We will strengthen the People’s Armed Police so that it can better fulfill its duties of safeguarding national security and social stability and

ensuring that the people live and work in peace.We must ensure that the government and the people support the military and give preferential treatment to the families of servicemen and martyrs, and that the military supports the government and cherishes the people.We will energetically encourage the military and the people to work together to promote cultural and ethical progress, and consolidate the solidarity between the military and the government and between the military and the people.Party organizations and governments at all levels and the general public will, as always, support efforts to strengthen national defense and the armed forces, and the military will continue to contribute to economic and social development.X.Carrying Forward the Practice of “One Country, Two Systems” and Advancing the Great Cause of Peaceful National Reunification

Since the return of Hong Kong and Macao to the motherland, more and more experience has been gained in putting into practice the principle of “one country, two systems.” The principle is perfectly correct and full of vigor.To realize China’s peaceful reunification on this principle accords with the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation.A major task the Party faces in running the country in the new circumstances is to ensure long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao.We will unswervingly implement the principle of “one country, two systems,” under which Hong Kong people administer Hong Kong and Macao people administer Macao with a high degree of autonomy, and act in strict accordance with the basic laws of the two special administrative regions.We will render full support to the governments of the two regions in their administration in accordance with the law and in their efforts to promote economic growth, improve people’s lives and advance democracy.We encourage people from all walks of life in Hong Kong and Macao to work with one accord to promote social amity under the banner of love for the motherland and devotion to their respective regions.We will increase exchanges and cooperation between the mainland and the two regions so that they can draw on each other’s strengths and develop side by side.We will actively support the two regions in their external exchanges and firmly

oppose attempts by any external force to interfere in their affairs.Our compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao, without doubt, have the wisdom and ability to successfully administer and develop their regions.Both regions have played and will continue to play an important role in China’s modernization drive, and the great motherland will always provide them with strong backing for their prosperity and stability.To resolve the Taiwan question and achieve complete national reunification is a common aspiration of all sons and daughters of the Chinese nation.We will uphold the principle of “peaceful reunification and one country, two systems” and the eight-point proposal for developing the relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits and advancing the process of peaceful national reunification in the present stage.We will never waver in our commitment to the one-China principle, never abandon our efforts to achieve peaceful reunification, never change the policy of placing our hopes on the people in Taiwan and never compromise in our opposition to the secessionist activities aimed at “Taiwan independence.” With a firm grasp of the theme of peaceful development of cross-Straits relations, we will sincerely work for the well-being of our compatriots on both sides of the Straits and for peace in the Taiwan Straits region, and safeguard China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation.Upholding the one-China principle constitutes the political basis for peaceful development of cross-Straits relations.Although the mainland and Taiwan are yet to be reunified, the fact that they belong to one and the same China has never changed.China is the common homeland for the compatriots on both sides of the Straits, who have every reason to join hands to safeguard and develop this homeland.We are ready to conduct exchanges, dialogue, consultations and negotiations with any political party in Taiwan on any issue as long as it recognizes that both sides of the Straits belong to one and the same China.Here we would like to make a solemn appeal: On the basis of the one-China principle, let us discuss a formal end to the state of hostility between the two sides, reach a peace agreement, construct a framework for peaceful development of cross-Straits relations, and thus usher in a new phase of peaceful development.The 1.3 billion people on the mainland and the 23 million people in Taiwan are of the same blood and share a common destiny.We will make every effort to achieve anything that serves the interests of our Taiwan compatriots, contributes to the maintenance of peace in the Taiwan Straits region, and facilitates peaceful national reunification.We understand, trust and care about our compatriots in Taiwan, and we will, therefore, continue to implement and enrich the policies and measures that benefit them, protect their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, and support economic development on the west shore of the Straits in Fujian Province and in other areas where Taiwan investment is concentrated.The compatriots on both sides of the Straits need to increase contacts, strengthen economic and cultural exchanges in more areas and at higher levels and push for the resumption of direct links of mail, transport and trade, so that they will develop greater empathy and closer cooperation and work together for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.At present, the forces for “Taiwan independence” are stepping up their secessionist activities, seriously jeopardizing the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations.The compatriots on both sides need to work together to oppose and contain such activities.China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division, and any matter in this regard must be decided by the entire Chinese people including our Taiwan compatriots.We are willing to make every effort with the utmost sincerity to achieve peaceful reunification of the two sides, and will never allow anyone to separate Taiwan from the motherland in any name or by any means.The two sides of the Straits are bound to be reunified in the course of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.With close solidarity and concerted efforts of all Chinese people at home and overseas, the complete reunification of the motherland will surely be achieved.XI.Unswervingly Following the Path of Peaceful Development

The world today is undergoing tremendous changes and adjustments.Peace and development remain the main themes of the present era, and

pursuit of peace, development and cooperation has become an irresistible trend of the times.The progress toward a multipolar world is irreversible, economic globalization is developing in depth, and the scientific and technological revolution is gathering momentum.Global and regional cooperation is in full swing, and countries are increasingly interdependent.The international balance of power is changing in favor of the maintenance of world peace, and the overall international situation is stable.At the same time, the world remains far from tranquil.Hegemonism and power politics still exist, local conflicts and hotspot issues keep emerging, imbalances in the world economy are worsening, the North-South gap is widening, and traditional and nontraditional threats to security are intertwined.All this poses difficulties and challenges to world peace and development.Sharing opportunities for development and rising to challenges together so as to further the noble cause of peace and development of humanity bear on the fundamental interests of the people of all countries and meet their common aspirations.We maintain that the people of all countries should join hands and strive to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.To this end, all countries should uphold the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, observe international law and universally recognized norms of international relations, and promote democracy, harmony, collaboration and win-win solutions in international relations.Politically, all countries should respect each other and conduct consultations on an equal footing in a common endeavor to promote democracy in international relations.Economically, they should cooperate with each other, draw on each other’s strengths and work together to advance economic globalization in the direction of balanced development, shared benefits and win-win progress.Culturally, they should learn from each other in the spirit of seeking common ground while shelving differences, respect the diversity of the world, and make joint efforts to advance human civilization.In the area of security, they should trust each other, strengthen cooperation, settle international disputes by peaceful means rather than by war, and work together to safeguard peace and stability in the world.On environmental

issues, they should assist and cooperate with each other in conservation efforts to take good care of the Earth, the only home of human beings.Historic changes have occurred in the relations between contemporary China and the rest of the world, resulting in ever closer interconnection between China’s future and destiny and those of the world.Whatever changes take place in the international situation, the Chinese government and people will always hold high the banner of peace, development and cooperation, pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, safeguard China’s interests in terms of sovereignty, security and development, and uphold its foreign policy purposes of maintaining world peace and promoting common development.China will unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development.This is a strategic choice the Chinese government and people have made in light of the development trend of the times and their own fundamental interests.The Chinese nation is a peace-loving people, and China is always a staunch force safeguarding world peace.We are committed to combining the interests of the Chinese people with the common interests of the people of other countries, and always stand for fairness and justice.We maintain that all countries, big and small, strong and weak, rich and poor, are equal.We respect the right of the people of all countries to independently choose their own development path.We will never interfere in the internal affairs of other countries or impose our own will on them.China works for peaceful settlement of international disputes and hotspot issues, promotes international and regional security cooperation, and opposes terrorism in any form.China follows a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, and it does not engage in arms race or pose a military threat to any other country.China opposes all forms of hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion.China will unswervingly follow a win-win strategy of opening up.We will continue to contribute to regional and global development through our own development, and expand the areas where our interests meet with those of various sides.While securing our own development, we will accommodate the legitimate concerns of other countries, especially other developing countries.We will increase market access in accordance with

internationally recognized economic and trade rules, and protect the rights and interests of our partners in accordance with the law.We support international efforts to help developing countries enhance their capacity for independent development and improve the lives of their people, so as to narrow the North-South gap.We support efforts to improve international trade and financial systems, advance the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and properly resolve economic and trade frictions through consultation and collaboration.China will never seek benefits for itself at the expense of other countries or shift its troubles onto others.China is committed to developing friendship and cooperation with all other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.For developed countries, we will continue to strengthen strategic dialogue, enhance mutual trust, deepen cooperation and properly manage differences to promote long-term, stable and sound development of bilateral relations.For our neighboring countries, we will continue to follow the foreign policy of friendship and partnership, strengthen good-neighborly relations and practical cooperation with them, and energetically engage in regional cooperation in order to jointly create a peaceful, stable regional environment featuring equality, mutual trust and win-win cooperation.For other developing countries, we will continue to increase solidarity and cooperation with them, cement traditional friendship, expand practical cooperation, provide assistance to them within our ability, and uphold the legitimate demands and common interests of developing countries.We will continue to take an active part in multilateral affairs, assume our due international obligations, play a constructive role, and work to make the international order fairer and more equitable.We will also continue to conduct exchanges and cooperation with the political parties and organizations of other countries, and strengthen the external exchanges of people’s congresses, CPPCC committees, the armed forces, localities and people’s organizations to enhance mutual understanding and friendship between the Chinese people and the people of other countries.China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, nor can the world enjoy prosperity and stability without China.The Chinese

第四篇：黨的十七大教育精神解讀

黨的十七大教育精神解讀

——訪國家教育發展研究中心主任張力 “優先發展教育，建設人力資源強國。教育是民族振興的基石，教育公平是社會公平的重要基礎。要全面貫徹黨的教育方針，堅持育人為本、德育為先，實施素質教育，提高教育現代化水平，培養德智體美全面發展的社會主義建設者和接班人，辦好人民滿意的教育。優化教育結構，促進義務教育均衡發展，加快普及高中階段教育，大力發展職業教育，提高高等教育質量。重視學前教育，關心特殊教育。更新教育觀念，深化教學內容方式、考試招生制度、質量評價制度等改革，減輕中小學生課業負擔，提高學生綜合素質。堅持教育公益性質，加大財政對教育投入，規范教育收費，扶持貧困地區、民族地區教育，健全學生資助制度，保障經濟困難家庭、進城務工人員子女平等接受義務教育。加強教師隊伍建設，重點提高農村教師素質。鼓勵和規范社會力量興辦教育。發展遠程教育和繼續教育，建設全民學習、終身學習的學習型社會。”

——(摘自黨的十七大報告)

在全國教育系統深入學習貫徹黨的十七大報告精神的形勢下，本刊記者專訪了國家教育發展研究中心主任張力教授，請其就十七大報告中有關教育問題談了學習體會。記者：張主任，您好，我們注意到十五大把教育放在經濟建設中，十六大把教育放在文化建設中，而十七大將其放到社會建設中，對此您是如何理解的?

張力：你好，我認為，十七大報告關于教育的部署，相比十五大和十六大的一個突出變化，是將教育放在社會建設之中。對這一問題，應結合從十六屆六中全會決定到十七大報告對社會主義經濟、政治、文化、社會建設“四位一體”的新格局來理解。“四位一體”格局其中一個深刻涵義是，當我國經濟發展到一定階段以后，勢必要讓全體社會成員共享改革發展成果。加強社會建設，改革社會體制，更多地重視和改進民生，將讓廣大人民群眾得到實惠。把教育擺在社會建設中進行戰略部署，就是這一思想的重要體現，它絲毫沒有降低教育的戰略地位，而且更加切合老百姓的切身利益。

記者：十七大報告關于教育部分的標題是“優先發展教育、建設人力資源強國”，應該如何理解這兩者關系?

張力：改革開放30年來，黨中央高度重視教育與人力資源開發問題，從以鄧小平同志和江澤民同志為核心的第二、三代黨中央領導集體，再到以胡錦濤同志為總書記的黨中央，可以清晰地看到，堅持把教育擺在優先發展的地位，努力把沉重的人口負擔轉化為人力資源的巨大優勢，這一一脈相承、一以貫之、與時俱進的戰略思路。這在歷次黨的代表大會報告中都得到了充分體現。胡錦濤總書記在2006年中央政治局第34次集體學習時就強調了建設人力資源強國的構想，為十七大報告奠定了重要的理論和政策基礎。

人力資源強國，需要高素質的勞動力和專門人才支撐，優先發展教育，是建設人力資源強國的關鍵環節。改革開放以來我國教育事業取得了跨越式發展，15歲以上人口和新增勞動力的受教育程度都達到歷史最好水平，為我國提升綜合國力和國際競爭力做出重要貢獻。但是我們也要看到，國際人力資源開發競爭非常激烈，許多歐美、亞洲國家非常重視本國人力資源開發，紛紛出臺中近期戰略。韓國把很多部合并成人力資源開發部，印度早就整合了人力資源行政管理。我們建設人力資源強國剛剛起步，需要政府、學校和社會的共同努力，也需要教育與人口、就業、衛生、社會保障等領域的協調發展。

記者：十七大報告提出教育公平是社會公平的重要基礎，要辦好人民滿意的教育，您認為目前在這方面的進展如何?

張力：促進教育公平、辦好人民滿意的教育，是著力保障和改善民生、構建社會主義和諧社會一項帶有全局性的任務。教育公平是個非常復雜的概念，與平均、均衡、平等不能完全劃等號，它的核心是公共資源的配置規則問題。我國促進教育公平最突出的進展是，各級各類教育迅速發展，學齡人口受教育機會不斷擴大，原來沒有學上的孩子能夠有學上。現在，全國農村已經免除義務教育階段學雜費，2008年秋季城市也要免。去年3700多萬貧困生領到免費教科書，今年全國農村義務教育全面提供免費教科書。原來中職貧困生資助覆蓋面不到10％，現在一下子擴大到90％；高校貧困生資助體系進一步健全，每年約有400多萬大學生得到國家資助。男女生的比例趨于平衡，中學階段女生接近50％，大學女生是48％，這些數據在國際上看都是很不錯的，農村戶口大學生比例也在50％以上了。總體上，我國教育公平的推進成效顯著。

記者：剛才您談到了我國在教育公平方面取得的巨大成績，但是我們也注意到許多報刊媒體依然在大聲呼吁促進教育公平。您認為目前我國在教育公平方面還存在哪些困難和問題?

張力：我國是發展中的人口大國，在促進教育公平方面還有很長的路要走。首先，教育總供給還不能很好滿足現代化建設的需要，優質資源供求矛盾比較突出，城鄉之間、區域之間教育差距還很明顯。其次，政府教育投入依然不足，部分教育資源的配置使用缺乏有效監督。我國財政性教育經費占GDP的比重一直在3％上下徘徊，這一指標的世界平均水平在上世紀90年代就已達到4％，最近增加到4.5％。如果我們能夠盡快達到4％，教育發展會更

順利。按照《教育法》規定，“教育財政撥款的增長應當高于財政經常性收入的增長”，實際上，沒能做到這一增長的省份近年來超過一半。許多省份并沒有把財政增量切出更多份額用于發展教育。因此，胡錦濤總書記指出，“經濟社會發展規劃要優先安排教育發展，財政資金要優先保障教育投入，公共資源要優先滿足教育和人力資源開發需要”，這主要是對政府提出的要求。當前，迫切需要把黨政部門的教育責任制度化，使“要把促進教育公平作為國家的基本教育政策”落到實處。

記者：促進教育公平的要求和步驟，在不同地區是否有所區別?

張力：是的，促進教育公平，既要盡力而為，又要量力而行，而且要因地制宜。國際上有個說法，第一步，讓盡可能多的人受盡可能多的教育；第二步，讓所有人受基本教育，讓更多人受更多教育；第三步，讓所有人受盡可能多的教育。現在我國的犬多數地區處于第一步，如果義務教育免費程度得到進一步提高，我們就可以向第二步邁進，這點發達地區有條件率先達到。但是，全國要達到第三步，還需要奮斗幾十年。在這個過程中，政府要拿出更多錢支持教育，但是公民一生的學習需求是多樣化的，不可能完全由政府買單，所以，政府不能推卸法定責任，但也要避免把胃口吊得太高。當前，最主要的是解決義務教育均衡發展問題。這方面需要政府做的事，一要繼續加大財政投入；二要完善成本標準，穩定合理收費水平；三要堅決制止亂收費；四要強調扶貧助弱。當然，在非義務教育階段，能不能探索實現形式的多樣化，還需要實踐。現在的優先次序是保障基本公共教育服務的公平。

記者：從1999年中央發布《關于深化教育改革全面推進素質教育的決定》至今已近十年，十七大報告再次強調實施素質教育，對此您怎么看?

張力：全面貫徹黨的教育方針，實施素質教育，提高教育現代化水平，是新的發展階段教育工作始終堅持的主題，這是胡錦濤總書記多次強調的。素質教育是一個社會系統工程，僅靠教育系統努力不夠，必須形成政府和全社會高度共識和自覺行動。我個人的體會是，第一，實施素質教育，是促進人的全面發展的基礎性工作，是落實科學發展觀的重要環節之一。第二，實施素質教育，是政府、學校和全社會的共同事業。第三，實施素質教育，就是打造更高質量的教育，關鍵在高素質教師。第四，實施素質教育，要和提高教育現代化水平緊密聯系。第五，實施素質教育，治本之策是建設全民學習、終身學習的學習型社會。

記者：十七大報告提出“更新教育觀念，深化教學內容方式、考試招生制度、質量評價制度等改革，減輕中小學生課業負擔，提高學生綜合素質”等要求，您能闡釋一下其主要意義嗎?

張力：黨的代表大會政治報告對教學內容方式、考試招生制度和質量評價制度等改革予以關注，是對教育系統提出的更高要求，需要我們結合貫徹黨的教育方針和實施素質教育，統籌規劃，抓緊落實。這是今后一段時期教育工作的重點。其中，減輕中小學生課業負擔問題，雖然建國以來發了很多文件，但首次寫入黨代會政治報告，可見這既是新形勢下的老問題，又有其新的特點。目前，大家有一個共識，所謂中小學生“減負”有“兩刀”必須劃，第一刀，“中”學不包括普通高中，也不包括中等職業學校，僅指減輕初中、小學課業負擔。隨著義務教育均衡發展的深入，小學、初中不應有沉重課業負擔，但各國在普通高中和中等職業教育方面都沒有籠統地提出減輕課業負擔。第二刀，減什么負擔?能夠讓學生德智體美全面發展，有利于他們身心睡眠健康的內容活動，不應看作負擔；如果是死記硬背、追逐考試的負擔，絕對應該減輕。

記者：十七大報告提出優化教育結構的重點是什么，怎么看待職業教育的定位?

張力：十七大報告提出的優化教育結構的要求，需要在很長時段內進行部署。一是義務教育實現從區域內到區域間的均衡發展，將是向基本公共教育服務均等化邁出的堅實一步；二是加快普及高中階段教育，將擴大“后義務教育”階段的入學機會，顯著改善新增勞動力的結構，有關部門預計到2020年，全國新增勞動力的90％應是高中階段以上畢業生，10％是初中以下畢業生；三是大力發展職業教育，提高高等教育質量，將在很大程度上解決人民群眾所關心的教育有用性和就業出路的問題；四是學前教育、特殊教育得到關心和重視，將滿足人民群眾特別是農民群眾過上小康生活的新期待；五是遠程教育和繼續教育繼續發展，將為終身學習提供良好的條件。

大力發展職業教育，既是我國優化教育結構的重點之一，也是世界各國教育政策的要點。聯合國教科文等國際組織的2015年《達喀爾行動綱領》對全民教育的倡導，并沒有僅限于普及義務教育，它還涉及很多成人的知識技能要求，這都跟職業教育密切相關。我一直認為，當全民教育進入新的階段后，“有質量的全民教育”、“保障全民基本技能”和“全民終身教育”將成為三個不可缺少的政策支柱。近年來，我國高中階段普職招生比趨于大體相當，高職在校生占高等教育半壁江山，都是可喜現象，表明在高中階段教育普及化、高等教育大眾化兩大進程中，職業教育扮演著越來越重要的角色，其今后的定位將更加清晰。

記者：按照十七大報告的要求，我國職業教育是否也面臨著提高現代化水平的問題?張力：是的，我覺得，提高職業教育的現代化水平，至少有三點需要探討和實踐。一是密切關注公民謀生需求。21世紀的中國不僅是轉變經濟增長方式，而是還要轉變經濟發展方式，走中國特色的新型工業化道路、農業現代化道路、城鎮化道路。在這樣復雜的外部需

求環境下，需要職業教育迅速做出反應。同時，隨著市場經濟體制、企業產權邊界、市場行為規范的更加清晰，勞動力就業壓力巨大，彈性就業增多，也對職業教育提出了新的要求。而且，隨著中等收入者逐漸占據多數，職業教育也需要逐步升級，循序漸進地推進高等教育的職業化。

二是因地制宜淡化學習者身份。發達國家調查表明，人們參與終身學習的最大動力還是謀職謀生，職業教育如果可以滿足這一需求，就能持續發展。所以，在終身學習制度框架下，職業教育辦出特色，滿足社會各階層需求，勢必成為職業教育生存與發展的首要問題。三是培養模式應該更加靈活多樣。2020年前后我國高中和大學學齡人口同時處于低谷期，為調整教育結構提供了有利時機。職業教育應抓住機遇，形成更加靈活多樣的培養模式，真正置身于學習型社會鏈條之中，成為公共學習資源平臺。總之，黨的十七大報告對教育事業提出了新的更高要求，我們堅信，教育系統一定能夠在人才培養、科技創新、社會服務、文化建設等各個方面發揮出特別的優勢，做出更大的貢獻。

(本刊記者車明朝)

張力，現任教育部教育發展研究中心主任、研究員。20世紀80年代中期以來的主要研究領域是宏觀教育政策，參與起草黨中央國務院《中國教育改革和發展綱要》(1993年)及《實施意見》(1994年)、《關于深化教育改革全面推進素質教育的決定》(1999年)，1998年、2002年任教育部兩輪《教育振興行動計劃》起草組負責人。2006年8月29日為中央政治局第34次集體學習進行了教育體制改革問題講解，調研報告曾為黨的代表大會及全會文件起草提供參考。主持多項全國教育科研重點項目，發表百余篇論文報告，成果獲全國和省部級十余次獎勵，1993年被國務院批準為政府特殊津貼專家。兼任北京師范大學博士生導師、北京大學等七所大學兼職教授、全國教科規劃戰略學科組長、北京市政府顧問、中國教育發展戰略學會常務副會長等。

（原載于《中國職業技術教育》2008年第8期）

第五篇：黨十七大五中全會報告內容

中共中央關于制定國民經濟和社會發展

第十二個五年規劃的建議

（2010年10月18日中國共產黨第十七屆中央委員會第五次全體會議通過）

“十二五”時期（二０一一年至二０一五年），是全面建設小康社會的關鍵時期，是深化改革開放、加快轉變經濟發展方式的攻堅時期。深刻認識并準確把握國內外形勢新變化新特點，科學制定“十二五”規劃，對于繼續抓住和用好我國發展的重要戰略機遇期、促進經濟長期平穩較快發展，對于奪取全面建設小康社會新勝利、推進中國特色社會主義偉大事業，具有十分重要的意義。

一、加快轉變經濟發展方式，開創科學發展新局面。

（1）“十一五”時期經濟社會發展取得巨大成就。“十一五”時期是我國發展史上極不平凡的五年。面對國內外環境的復雜變化和重大風險挑戰，我們黨團結帶領全國各族人民，緊緊抓住發展這個黨執政興國的第一要務，貫徹落實黨的理論和路線方針政策，實施正確而有力的宏觀調控，充分發揮我國社會主義制度的政治優勢，充分發揮市場在資源配臵中的基礎性作用，使國家面貌發生新的歷史性變化。我們有效應對國際金融危機巨大沖擊，保持了經濟平穩較快發展良好態勢，并為長遠可持續發展奠定了重要基礎。我們戰勝了汶川特大地震等重大自然災害，成功舉辦了北京奧運會和上海世博會，勝利完成了“十一五”規劃確定的主要目標和任務。經過五年努力奮斗，我國社會生產力快速發展，綜合國力大幅提升，人民生活明顯改善，國際地位和影響力顯著提高，社會主義經濟建設、政治建設、文化建設、社會建設以及生態文明建設和黨的建設取得重大進展，譜寫了中國特色社會主義事業新篇章。五年取得的成績來之不易，積累的經驗彌足珍貴，創造的精神財富影響深遠。

（2）“十二五”時期經濟社會發展的國內外環境。當前和今后一個時期，世情、國情繼續發生深刻變化，我國經濟社會發展呈現新的階段性特征。綜合判斷國際國內形勢，我國發展仍處于可以大有作為的重要戰略機遇期，既面臨難得的歷史機遇，也面對諸多可以預見和難以預見的風險挑戰。我們要增強機遇意識和憂患意識，科學把握發展規律，主動適應環境變化，有效化解各種矛盾，更加奮發有為地推進我國改革開放和社會主義現代化建設。當今世界，和平、發展、合作仍是時代潮流，世界多極化、經濟全球化深入發展，世界經濟政治格局出現新變化，科技創新孕育新突破，國際環境總體上有利于我國和平發展。同時，國際金融危機影響深

遠，世界經濟增長速度減緩，全球需求結構出現明顯變化，圍繞市場、資源、人才、技術、標準等的競爭更加激烈，氣候變化以及能源資源安全、糧食安全等全球性問題更加突出，各種形式的保護主義抬頭，我國發展的外部環境更趨復雜。我們必須堅持以更廣闊的視野，冷靜觀察，沉著應對，統籌國內國際兩個大局，把握好在全球經濟分工中的新定位，積極創造參與國際經濟合作和競爭新優勢。

從國內看，工業化、信息化、城鎮化、市場化、國際化深入發展，人均國民收入穩步增加，經濟結構轉型加快，市場需求潛力巨大，資金供給充裕，科技和教育整體水平提升，勞動力素質改善，基礎設施日益完善，體制活力顯著增強，政府宏觀調控和應對復雜局面能力明顯提高，社會保障體系逐步健全，社會大局保持穩定，我們完全有條件推動經濟社會發展和綜合國力再上新臺階。同時，必須清醒地看到，我國發展中不平衡、不協調、不可持續問題依然突出，主要是，經濟增長的資源環境約束強化，投資和消費關系失衡，收入分配差距較大，科技創新能力不強，產業結構不合理，農業基礎仍然薄弱，城鄉區域發展不協調，就業總量壓力和結構性矛盾并存，社會矛盾明顯增多，制約科學發展的體制機制障礙依然較多。我們必須科學判斷和準確把握發展趨勢，充分利用各種有利條件，加快解決突出矛盾和問題，集中力量辦好自己的事情。

（3）制定“十二五”規劃的指導思想。制定“十二五”規劃，必須高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗臶，以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導，深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，適應國內外形勢新變化，順應各族人民過上更好生活新期待，以科學發展為主題，以加快轉變經濟發展方式為主線，深化改革開放，保障和改善民生，鞏固和擴大應對國際金融危機沖擊成果，促進經濟長期平穩較快發展和社會和諧穩定，為全面建成小康社會打下具有決定性意義的基礎。

以科學發展為主題，是時代的要求，關系改革開放和現代化建設全局。我國是擁有十三億人口的發展中大國，仍處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段，發展仍是解決我國所有問題的關鍵。在當代中國，堅持發展是硬道理的本質要求，就是堅持科學發展，更加注重以人為本，更加注重全面協調可持續發展，更加注重統籌兼顧，更加注重保障和改善民生，促進社會公平正義。

以加快轉變經濟發展方式為主線，是推動科學發展的必由之路，符合我國基本國情和發展階段性新特征。加快轉變經濟發展方式是我國經濟社會領域的一場深刻變革，必須貫穿經濟社會發展全過程和各領域，提高發展的全面性、協調性、可持

續性，堅持在發展中促轉變、在轉變中謀發展，實現經濟社會又好又快發展。基本要求是：

——堅持把經濟結構戰略性調整作為加快轉變經濟發展方式的主攻方向。構建擴大內需長效機制，促進經濟增長向依靠消費、投資、出口協調拉動轉變。加強農業基礎地位，提升制造業核心競爭力，發展戰略性新興產業，加快發展服務業，促進經濟增長向依靠第一、第二、第三產業協同帶動轉變。統籌城鄉發展，積極穩妥推進城鎮化，加快推進社會主義新農村建設，促進區域良性互動、協調發展。

——堅持把科技進步和創新作為加快轉變經濟發展方式的重要支撐。深入實施科教興國戰略和人才強國戰略，充分發揮科技第一生產力和人才第一資源作用，提高教育現代化水平，增強自主創新能力，壯大創新人才隊伍，推動發展向主要依靠科技進步、勞動者素質提高、管理創新轉變，加快建設創新型國家。

——堅持把保障和改善民生作為加快轉變經濟發展方式的根本出發點和落腳點。完善保障和改善民生的制度安排，把促進就業放在經濟社會發展優先位臵，加快發展各項社會事業，推進基本公共服務均等化，加大收入分配調節力度，堅定不移走共同富裕道路，使發展成果惠及全體人民。

——堅持把建設資源節約型、環境友好型社會作為加快轉變經濟發展方式的重要著力點。深入貫徹節約資源和保護環境基本國策，節約能源，降低溫室氣體排放強度，發展循環經濟，推廣低碳技術，積極應對氣候變化，促進經濟社會發展與人口資源環境相協調，走可持續發展之路。

——堅持把改革開放作為加快轉變經濟發展方式的強大動力。堅定推進經濟、政治、文化、社會等領域改革，加快構建有利于科學發展的體制機制。實施互利共贏的開放戰略，與國際社會共同應對全球性挑戰、共同分享發展機遇。

（4）“十二五”時期經濟社會發展主要目標。“十二五”規劃要具有戰略性、前瞻性、指導性，與應對國際金融危機沖擊重大部署緊密銜接，與到二０二０年實現全面建設小康社會奮斗目標緊密銜接。綜合考慮未來發展趨勢和條件，今后五年經濟社會發展的主要目標是：

——經濟平穩較快發展。價格總水平基本穩定，就業持續增加，國際收支趨向基本平衡，經濟增長質量和效益明顯提高。

——經濟結構戰略性調整取得重大進展。居民消費率上升，服務業比重和城鎮化水平提高，城鄉區域發展的協調性增強。經濟增長的科技含量提高，單位國內生

產總值能源消耗和二氧化碳排放大幅下降，主要污染物排放總量顯著減少，生態環境質量明顯改善。

——城鄉居民收入普遍較快增加。努力實現居民收入增長和經濟發展同步、勞動報酬增長和勞動生產率提高同步，低收入者收入明顯增加，中等收入群體持續擴大，貧困人口顯著減少，人民生活質量和水平不斷提高。

——社會建設明顯加強。覆蓋城鄉居民的基本公共服務體系逐步完善，全民受教育程度穩步提升，全民族思想道德素質、科學文化素質和健康素質不斷提高。社會主義民主法制更加健全，人民權益得到切實保障。文化事業和文化產業加快發展。社會管理制度趨于完善，社會更加和諧穩定。

——改革開放不斷深化。財稅金融、要素價格、壟斷行業等重要領域和關鍵環節改革取得明顯進展，政府職能加快轉變，政府公信力和行政效率進一步提高。對外開放廣度和深度不斷拓展，互利共贏開放格局進一步形成。經過全國人民共同努力奮斗，要使我國轉變經濟發展方式取得實質性進展，綜合國力、國際競爭力、抵御風險能力顯著提高，人民物質文化生活明顯改善，全面建成小康社會的基礎更加牢固。

二、堅持擴大內需戰略，保持經濟平穩較快發展

堅持擴大內需特別是消費需求的戰略，必須充分挖掘我國內需的巨大潛力，著力破解制約擴大內需的體制機制障礙，加快形成消費、投資、出口協調拉動經濟增長新局面

（5）加強和改善宏觀調控。鞏固和擴大應對國際金融危機沖擊成果是“十二五”時期的重要任務。要處理好保持經濟平穩較快發展、調整經濟結構和管理通脹預期的關系，保持宏觀經濟政策的連續性和穩定性，增強針對性和靈活性，提高宏觀調控的科學性和預見性，防范各類潛在風險，避免經濟大的起落。把短期調控政策和長期發展政策有機結合起來，加強各項政策協調配合，促進經濟平穩較快發展。

（6）建立擴大消費需求的長效機制。把擴大消費需求作為擴大內需的戰略重點，進一步釋放城鄉居民消費潛力，逐步使我國國內市場總體規模位居世界前列。要積極穩妥推進城鎮化，大力發展服務業和中小企業，增加就業創業機會。要完善收入分配制度，合理調整國民收入分配格局，著力提高城鄉中低收入居民收入，增強居民消費能力。要增加政府支出用于改善民生和社會事業比重，擴大社會保障制度覆蓋面，逐步完善基本公共服務體系，形成良好的居民消費預期。要加強市場流

通體系建設，發展新型消費業態，拓展新興服務消費，完善鼓勵消費的政策，改善消費環境，保護消費者權益，積極促進消費結構升級。要合理引導消費行為，發展節能環保型消費品，倡導與我國國情相適應的文明、節約、綠色、低碳消費模式。

（7）調整優化投資結構。發揮投資對擴大內需的重要作用，保持投資合理增長，優化投資結構，完善投資體制機制，提高投資質量和效益，有效拉動經濟增長。“十二五”前期要確保國家擴大內需的重點在建和續建項目順利完成并發揮效益。發揮產業政策作用，引導投資進一步向民生和社會事業、農業農村、科技創新、生態環保、資源節約等領域傾斜。堅持區別對待、分類指導，引導投資更多投向中西部地區。嚴格執行投資項目用地、節能、環保、安全等準入標準，有效遏制盲目擴張和重復建設。促進投資消費良性互動，把擴大投資和增加就業、改善民生有機結合起來，創造最終需求。明確界定政府投資范圍，加強和規范地方政府融資平臺管理，防范投資風險。規范國有企業投資行為，注重提高經濟效益和社會效益。鼓勵擴大民間投資，放寬市場準入，支持民間資本進入基礎產業、基礎設施、市政公用事業、社會事業、金融服務等領域。

三、推進農業現代化，加快社會主義新農村建設

在工業化、城鎮化深入發展中同步推進農業現代化，是“十二五”時期的一項重大任務，必須堅持把解決好農業、農村、農民問題作為全黨工作重中之重，統籌城鄉發展，堅持工業反哺農業、城市支持農村和多予少取放活方針，加大強農惠農力度，夯實農業農村發展基礎，提高農業現代化水平和農民生活水平，建設農民幸福生活的美好家園。

（8）加快發展現代農業。堅持走中國特色農業現代化道路，把保障國家糧食安全作為首要目標，加快轉變農業發展方式，提高農業綜合生產能力、抗風險能力、市場競爭能力。實施全國新增千億斤糧食生產能力規劃，加大糧食主產區投入和利益補償。嚴格保護耕地，加快農村土地整理復墾，大規模建設旱澇保收高標準農田。推進農業科技創新，健全公益性農業技術推廣體系，發展現代種業，加快農業機械化。完善現代農業產業體系，發展高產、優質、高效、生態、安全農業，促進園藝產品、畜產品、水產品規模種養，加快發展設施農業和農產品加工業、流通業，促進農業生產經營專業化、標準化、規模化、集約化。推進現代農業示范區建設。發展節水農業。推廣清潔環保生產方式，治理農業面源污染。

（9）加強農村基礎設施建設和公共服務。按照推進城鄉經濟社會發展一體化 的要求，搞好社會主義新農村建設規劃，加快改善農村生產生活條件。農村基礎設施建設要以水利為重點，大幅增加投入，完善建設和管護機制，推進小型病險水庫除險加固，加快大中型灌區配套改造，搞好抗旱水源工程建設，完善農村小微型水利設施，全面加強農田水利建設。繼續推進農村電網改造，加強農村飲水安全工程、公路、沼氣建設，繼續改造農村危房，實施農村清潔工程，開展農村環境綜合整治。提高農村義務教育質量和均衡發展水平，推進農村中等職業教育免費進程。加強農村三級醫療衛生服務網絡建設。完善農村社會保障體系，逐步提高保障標準。深入推進開發式扶貧，逐步提高扶貧標準，加大扶貧投入，加快解決集中連片特殊困難地區的貧困問題，有序開展移民扶貧，實現農村低保制度與扶貧開發政策有效銜接。

（10）拓寬農民增收渠道。提高農民職業技能和創收能力，多渠道增加農民收入。鼓勵農民優化種養結構、提高效益，完善農產品市場體系和價格形成機制，健全農業補貼等支持保護制度，增加農民生產經營收入。引導農產品加工業在產區布局，發展農村非農產業，壯大縣域經濟，促進農民轉移就業，增加工資性收入。

（11）完善農村發展體制機制。堅持和完善農村基本經營制度，現有農村土地承包關系保持穩定并長久不變，在依法自愿有償和加強服務基礎上完善土地承包經營權流轉市場，發展多種形式的適度規模經營，支持農民專業合作社和農業產業化龍頭企業發展，加快健全農業社會化服務體系，提高農業經營組織化程度。完善城鄉平等的要素交換關系，促進土地增值收益和農村存款主要用于農業農村。按照節約用地、保障農民權益的要求推進征地制度改革，積極穩妥推進農村土地整治，完善農村集體經營性建設用地流轉和宅基地管理機制。深化農村信用社改革，鼓勵有條件的地區以縣為單位建立社區銀行，發展農村小型金融組織和小額信貸，健全農業保險制度，改善農村金融服務。深化農村綜合改革，推進集體林權和國有林區林權制度改革，完善草原承包經營制度。認真總結統籌城鄉綜合配套改革試點經驗，積極探索解決農業、農村、農民問題新途徑。

四、發展現代產業體系，提高產業核心競爭力

堅持走中國特色新型工業化道路，必須適應市場需求變化，根據科技進步新趨勢，發揮我國產業在全球經濟中的比較優勢，發展結構優化、技術先進、清潔安全、附加值高、吸納就業能力強的現代產業體系。

（12）改造提升制造業。制造業發展重點是優化結構，改善品種質量，增強產業配套能力，淘汰落后產能。發展先進裝備制造業，調整優化原材料工業，改造提

升消費品工業，促進制造業由大變強。完善依托國家重點工程發展重大技術裝備政策，提高基礎工藝、基礎材料、基礎元器件研發和系統集成水平。支持企業技術改造，增強新產品開發能力和品牌創建能力。合理引導企業兼并重組，提高產業集中度，發展擁有國際知名品牌和核心競爭力的大中型企業，提升小企業專業化分工協作水平，促進企業組織結構優化。

（13）培育發展戰略性新興產業。科學判斷未來市場需求變化和技術發展趨勢，加強政策支持和規劃引導，強化核心關鍵技術研發，突破重點領域，積極有序發展新一代信息技術、節能環保、新能源、生物、高端裝備制造、新材料、新能源汽車等產業，加快形成先導性、支柱性產業，切實提高產業核心競爭力和經濟效益。發揮國家重大科技專項的引領支撐作用，實施產業創新發展工程，加強財稅金融政策支持，推動高技術產業做強做大。

（14）加快發展服務業。把推動服務業大發展作為產業結構優化升級的戰略重點，建立公平、規范、透明的市場準入標準，探索適合新型服務業態發展的市場管理辦法，調整稅費和土地、水、電等要素價格政策，營造有利于服務業發展的政策和體制環境。大力發展生產性服務業和生活性服務業，積極發展旅游業。拓展服務業新領域，發展新業態，培育新熱點，推進規模化、品牌化、網絡化經營。推動特大城市形成以服務經濟為主的產業結構。

（15）加強現代能源產業和綜合運輸體系建設。推動能源生產和利用方式變革，構建安全、穩定、經濟、清潔的現代能源產業體系。加快新能源開發，推進傳統能源清潔高效利用，在保護生態的前提下積極發展水電，在確保安全的基礎上高效發展核電，加強電網建設，發展智能電網，完善油氣管網，擴大油氣戰略儲備。按照適度超前原則，統籌各種運輸方式發展，構建便捷、安全、高效的綜合運輸體系。推進國家運輸通道建設，基本建成國家快速鐵路網和高速公路網，發展高速鐵路，加強省際通道和國省干線公路建設，積極發展水運，完善港口和機場布局，改革空域管理體制。

（16）全面提高信息化水平。推動信息化和工業化深度融合，加快經濟社會各領域信息化。發展和提升軟件產業。積極發展電子商務。加強重要信息系統建設，強化地理、人口、金融、稅收、統計等基礎信息資源開發利用。實現電信網、廣播電視網、互聯網“三網融合”，構建寬帶、融合、安全的下一代國家信息基礎設施。推進物聯網研發應用。以信息共享、互聯互通為重點，大力推進國家電子政務網絡

建設，整合提升政府公共服務和管理能力。確保基礎信息網絡和重要信息系統安全。

（17）發展海洋經濟。堅持陸海統籌，制定和實施海洋發展戰略，提高海洋開發、控制、綜合管理能力。科學規劃海洋經濟發展，發展海洋油氣、運輸、漁業等產業，合理開發利用海洋資源，加強漁港建設，保護海島、海岸帶和海洋生態環境。保障海上通道安全，維護我國海洋權益。

五、促進區域協調發展，積極穩妥推進城鎮化

實施區域發展總體戰略和主體功能區戰略，構筑區域經濟優勢互補、主體功能定位清晰、國土空間高效利用、人與自然和諧相處的區域發展格局，逐步實現不同區域基本公共服務均等化。堅持走中國特色城鎮化道路，科學制定城鎮化發展規劃，促進城鎮化健康發展。

（18）實施區域發展總體戰略。堅持把深入實施西部大開發戰略放在區域發展總體戰略優先位臵，給予特殊政策支持，發揮資源優勢和生態安全屏障作用，加強基礎設施建設和生態環境保護，大力發展科技教育，支持特色優勢產業發展。加大支持西藏、新疆和其他民族地區發展力度，扶持人口較少民族發展。全面振興東北地區等老工業基地，發揮產業和科技基礎較強的優勢，完善現代產業體系，促進資源枯竭地區轉型發展。大力促進中部地區崛起，發揮承東啟西的區位優勢，改善投資環境，壯大優勢產業，發展現代產業體系，強化交通運輸樞紐地位。積極支持東部地區率先發展，發揮對全國經濟發展的支撐作用，在更高層次參與國際經濟合作和競爭，在轉變經濟發展方式、調整經濟結構和自主創新中走在全國前列。加強和完善跨區域合作機制，消除市場壁壘，促進要素流動，引導產業有序轉移。實行地區互助政策，開展多種形式對口支援。加大對革命老區、民族地區、邊疆地區、貧困地區扶持力度。更好發揮經濟特區、上海浦東新區、天津濱海新區在改革開放中先行先試的重要作用。加快沿邊地區開發開放，加強國際通道、邊境城市和口岸建設，深入實施興邊富民行動。

（19）實施主體功能區戰略。按照全國經濟合理布局的要求，規范開發秩序，控制開發強度，形成高效、協調、可持續的國土空間開發格局。對人口密集、開發強度偏高、資源環境負荷過重的部分城市化地區要優化開發。對資源環境承載能力較強、集聚人口和經濟條件較好的城市化地區要重點開發。對影響全局生態安全的重點生態功能區要限制大規模、高強度的工業化城鎮化開發。對依法設立的各級各類自然文化資源保護區和其他需要特殊保護的區域要禁止開發。基本形成適應主體

功能區要求的法律法規、政策和規劃體系，完善績效考核辦法和利益補償機制，引導各地區嚴格按照主體功能定位推進發展。

（20）完善城市化布局和形態。按照統籌規劃、合理布局、完善功能、以大帶小的原則，遵循城市發展客觀規律，以大城市為依托，以中小城市為重點，逐步形成輻射作用大的城市群，促進大中小城市和小城鎮協調發展。科學規劃城市群內各城市功能定位和產業布局，緩解特大城市中心城區壓力，強化中小城市產業功能，增強小城鎮公共服務和居住功能，推進大中小城市交通、通信、供電、供排水等基礎設施一體化建設和網絡化發展。

（21）加強城鎮化管理。要把符合落戶條件的農業轉移人口逐步轉為城鎮居民作為推進城鎮化的重要任務。大城市要加強和改進人口管理，中小城市和小城鎮要根據實際放寬外來人口落戶條件。注重在制度上解決好農民工權益保護問題。合理確定城市開發邊界，提高建成區人口密度，防止特大城市面積過度擴張。城市規劃和建設要注重以人為本、節地節能、生態環保、安全實用、突出特色、保護文化和自然遺產，強化規劃約束力，加強城市公用設施建設，預防和治理“城市病”。

加強土地、財稅、金融政策調節，加快住房信息系統建設，完善符合國情的住房體制機制和政策體系，合理引導住房需求。強化各級政府職責，加大保障性安居工程建設力度，加快棚戶區改造，發展公共租賃住房，增加中低收入居民住房供給。加強市場監管，規范房地產市場秩序，抑制投機需求，促進房地產業平穩健康發展。

六、加快建設資源節約型、環境友好型社會，提高生態文明水平

面對日趨強化的資源環境約束，必須增強危機意識，樹立綠色、低碳發展理念，以節能減排為重點，健全激勵和約束機制，加快構建資源節約、環境友好的生產方式和消費模式，增強可持續發展能力。

（22）積極應對全球氣候變化。把大幅降低能源消耗強度和二氧化碳排放強度作為約束性指標，有效控制溫室氣體排放。合理控制能源消費總量，抑制高耗能產業過快增長，提高能源利用效率。強化節能目標責任考核，完善節能法規和標準，健全節能市場化機制和對企業的激勵與約束，實施重點節能工程，推廣先進節能技術和產品，加快推行合同能源管理，抓好工業、建筑、交通運輸等重點領域節能。調整能源消費結構，增加非化石能源比重。提高森林覆蓋率，增加蓄積量，增強固碳能力。加強適應氣候變化特別是應對極端氣候事件能力建設。建立完善溫室氣體排放和節能減排統計監測制度，加強氣候變化科學研究，加快低碳技術研發和應用，逐步建立碳排放交易市場。堅持共同但有區別的責任原則，積極開展應對全球氣候變化國際合作。

（23）大力發展循環經濟。以提高資源產出效率為目標，加強規劃指導、財稅金融等政策支持，完善法律法規，實行生產者責任延伸制度，推進生產、流通、消費各環節循環經濟發展。加快資源循環利用產業發展，加強礦產資源綜合利用，鼓勵產業廢物循環利用，完善再生資源回收體系和垃圾分類回收制度，推進資源再生利用產業化。開發應用源頭減量、循環利用、再制造、零排放和產業鏈接技術，推廣循環經濟典型模式。

（24）加強資源節約和管理。落實節約優先戰略，全面實行資源利用總量控制、供需雙向調節、差別化管理。加強能源和礦產資源地質勘查、保護、合理開發，形成能源和礦產資源戰略接續區，建立重要礦產資源儲備體系。完善土地管理制度，強化規劃和計劃管控，嚴格用途管制，健全節約土地標準，加強用地節地責任和考核。高度重視水安全，建設節水型社會，健全水資源配臵體系，強化水資源管理和有償使用，鼓勵海水淡化，嚴格控制地下水開采。

（25）加大環境保護力度。以解決飲用水不安全和空氣、土壤污染等損害群眾健康的突出環境問題為重點，加強綜合治理，明顯改善環境質量。落實減排目標責任制，強化污染物減排和治理，增加主要污染物總量控制種類，加快城鎮污水、垃圾處理設施建設，加大重點流域水污染防治力度，有效控制城市大氣、噪聲污染，加強重金屬、危險廢物、土壤污染治理，強化核與輻射監管能力。嚴格污染物排放標準和環境影響評價，強化執法監督，健全重大環境事件和污染事故責任追究制度。完善環境保護科技和經濟政策，建立健全污染者付費制度，建立多元環保投融資機制，大力發展環保產業。

（26）加強生態保護和防災減災體系建設。堅持保護優先和自然恢復為主，從源頭上扭轉生態環境惡化趨勢。實施重大生態修復工程，鞏固天然林保護、退耕還林還草、退牧還草等成果，推進荒漠化、石漠化綜合治理，保護好草原和濕地。加快建立生態補償機制，加強重點生態功能區保護和管理，增強涵養水源、保持水土、防風固沙能力，保護生物多樣性。加強水利基礎設施建設，推進大江大河支流、湖泊和中小河流治理，增強城鄉防洪能力。加快建立地質災害易發區調查評價體系、監測預警體系、防治體系、應急體系。加大重點區域地質災害治理力度，加強救援隊伍建設，提高物資保障水平。推行自然災害風險評估，科學安排危險區域生產和

生活設施的合理避讓。

七、深入實施科教興國戰略和人才強國戰略，加快建設創新型國家

推動我國經濟發展更多依靠科技創新驅動，必須全面落實國家中長期科技、教育、人才規劃綱要，大力提高科技創新能力，加快教育改革發展，發揮人才資源優勢，為加快轉變經濟發展方式、實現全面建設小康社會奮斗目標奠定堅實科技和人力資源基礎。

（27）增強科技創新能力。堅持自主創新、重點跨越、支撐發展、引領未來的方針，增強共性、核心技術突破能力，促進科技成果向現實生產力轉化。加快推進國家重大科技專項，深入實施知識創新和技術創新工程。把科技進步與產業結構優化升級、改善民生緊密結合起來，增強原始創新、集成創新和引進消化吸收再創新能力，在現代農業、裝備制造、生態環保、能源資源、信息網絡、新型材料、安全健康等領域取得新突破，在核心電子器件、極大規模集成電路、系統軟件、轉基因新品種、新藥創制等領域攻克一批核心關鍵技術。加強基礎前沿研究，在生命科學、空間海洋、地球科學、納米科技等領域搶占未來科技競爭制高點。

（28）完善科技創新體制機制。深化科技體制改革，加強科學研究與高等教育有機結合，建設國家創新體系，強化基礎性、前沿性技術和共性技術研究平臺建設，加強軍民科技資源集成融合，推進各具特色的區域創新體系建設，鼓勵發展科技中介服務，深化科研經費管理制度改革，完善科技成果評價獎勵制度。重點引導和支持創新要素向企業集聚，加快建立以企業為主體、市場為導向、產學研相結合的技術創新體系。增強科研院所和高校創新動力，鼓勵大型企業加大研發投入，激發中小企業創新活力，發揮企業家和科技領軍人才在科技創新中的重要作用。鼓勵發明創造。強化支持企業創新和科研成果產業化的財稅金融政策，加大政府對基礎研究的投入，推進重大科技基礎設施建設和開放共享，促進科技和金融結合，培育和發展創業風險投資。實施知識產權戰略，完善知識產權法律制度，加強知識產權創造、運用、保護、管理。

（29）加快教育改革發展。全面貫徹黨的教育方針，保障公民依法享有受教育的權利，辦好人民滿意的教育。按照優先發展、育人為本、改革創新、促進公平、提高質量的要求，深化教育教學改革，推動教育事業科學發展。全面推進素質教育，遵循教育規律和學生身心發展規律，堅持德育為先、能力為重，促進學生德智體美全面發展。積極發展學前教育，鞏固提高義務教育質量和水平，加快普及高中階段

教育，大力發展職業教育，全面提高高等教育質量，加快發展繼續教育，支持民族教育、特殊教育發展，建設全民學習、終身學習的學習型社會。創新人才培養體制、教育管理體制、辦學體制，改革教學內容、教學方法、質量評價、考試招生制度。促進教育公平，合理配臵公共教育資源，重點向農村、邊遠貧困、民族地區傾斜，加快縮小教育差距。健全國家資助制度，扶助家庭經濟困難學生完成學業。加強師德師風建設，提高教師業務水平，鼓勵優秀人才終身從教。增加教育投入，鼓勵引導社會力量興辦教育，以加強薄弱環節和關鍵領域為重點，實施重大教育改革和發展項目。

（30）建設人才強國。堅持黨管人才原則，堅持服務發展、人才優先、以用為本、創新機制、高端引領、整體開發的指導方針，加強現代化建設需要的各類人才隊伍建設，充分發揮國內人才作用，積極引進和用好海外高層次人才。建立健全政府宏觀管理、市場有效配臵、單位自主用人、人才自主擇業的體制機制，形成多元化投入格局，明顯提高人力資本投資比重。營造尊重人才的社會環境、平等公開和競爭擇優的制度環境，促進優秀人才脫穎而出。改進人才管理方式，落實國家重大人才政策，抓好重大人才工程，推動人才事業全面發展。

八、加強社會建設，建立健全基本公共服務體系

著力保障和改善民生，必須逐步完善符合國情、比較完整、覆蓋城鄉、可持續的基本公共服務體系，提高政府保障能力，推進基本公共服務均等化。加強社會管理能力建設，創新社會管理機制，切實維護社會和諧穩定。

（31）促進就業和構建和諧勞動關系。實施更加積極的就業政策，大力發展勞動密集型產業、服務業和小型微型企業，多渠道開發就業崗位，鼓勵自主創業，促進充分就業。健全統一規范靈活的人力資源市場，為勞動者提供優質高效的就業服務。加強職業培訓和擇業觀念教育，提高勞動者就業能力，把解決高校畢業生、農村轉移勞動力、城鎮就業困難人員就業問題作為工作重點。做好退役軍人就業工作。加強勞動執法，完善勞動爭議處理機制，改善勞動條件，保障勞動者權益。發揮政府、工會和企業作用，努力形成企業和職工利益共享機制，建立和諧勞動關系。

（32）合理調整收入分配關系。堅持和完善按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存的分配制度。初次分配和再分配都要處理好效率和公平的關系，再分配更加注重公平。努力提高居民收入在國民收入分配中的比重，提高勞動報酬在初次分配中的比重。創造條件增加居民財產性收入。健全擴大就業增加勞動收入的發展環境和制

度條件，促進機會公平。逐步提高最低工資標準，保障職工工資正常增長和支付。規范分配秩序，加強稅收對收入分配的調節作用，有效調節過高收入，努力扭轉城鄉、區域、行業和社會成員之間收入差距擴大趨勢。完善公務員工資制度，深化事業單位收入分配制度改革。

（33）健全覆蓋城鄉居民的社會保障體系。堅持廣覆蓋、保基本、多層次、可持續方針，加快推進覆蓋城鄉居民的社會保障體系建設。實現新型農村社會養老保險制度全覆蓋，完善實施城鎮職工和居民養老保險制度，實現基礎養老金全國統籌。推動機關事業單位養老保險制度改革。進一步做實養老保險個人賬戶，實現跨省可接續。擴大社會保障覆蓋范圍，逐步提高保障標準。發展企業年金和職業年金。發揮商業保險補充性作用。實現城鄉社會救助全覆蓋。積極穩妥推進養老基金投資運營。大力發展慈善事業。加強社會保障信息網絡建設，推進社會保障卡應用，實現精確管理。

（34）加快醫療衛生事業改革發展。按照保基本、強基層、建機制的要求，增加財政投入，深化醫藥衛生體制改革，調動醫務人員積極性，把基本醫療衛生制度作為公共產品向全民提供，優先滿足群眾基本醫療衛生需求。加強公共衛生服務體系建設，擴大國家基本公共衛生服務項目。健全覆蓋城鄉居民的基本醫療保障體系，逐步提高保障標準。建立和完善以國家基本藥物制度為基礎的藥品供應保障體系，確保藥品質量和安全，加強城鄉醫療衛生服務體系建設，新增醫療衛生資源重點向農村和城市社區傾斜，加強醫學人才特別是全科醫生培養，完善鼓勵全科醫生長期在基層服務政策。積極穩妥推進公立醫院改革，探索形成各類城市醫院和基層醫療機構合理分工和協作格局。堅持中西醫并重，支持中醫藥事業發展。積極防治重大傳染病、慢性病、職業病、地方病和精神疾病。鼓勵社會資本以多種形式舉辦醫療機構，促進有序競爭，加強監管，提高服務質量和效率，滿足群眾多樣化醫療衛生需求。

（35）全面做好人口工作。堅持計劃生育基本國策，逐步完善政策，促進人口長期均衡發展。提高生殖健康水平，改善出生人口素質，遏制出生人口性別比偏高趨勢。堅持男女平等，切實保障婦女合法權益，加強未成年人保護，發展婦女兒童事業。積極應對人口老齡化，注重發揮家庭和社區功能，優先發展社會養老服務，培育壯大老齡服務事業和產業。支持殘疾人事業發展，健全殘疾人服務體系。

（36）加強和創新社會管理。按照健全黨委領導、政府負責、社會協同、公眾

參與的社會管理格局的要求，加強社會管理法律、體制、能力建設。完善法律法規和政策，健全基層管理和服務體系，加強和改進基層黨組織工作，發揮群眾組織和社會組織作用，提高城鄉社區自治和服務功能，形成社會管理和服務合力。健全黨和政府主導的維護群眾權益機制，完善人民調解、行政調解、司法調解聯動的工作體系，整合各方面力量，建立調處化解矛盾糾紛綜合平臺。暢通和規范群眾訴求表達、利益協調、權益保障渠道，建立重大工程項目建設和重大政策制定的社會穩定風險評估機制，正確處理人民內部矛盾，把各種不穩定因素化解在基層和萌芽狀態。加大公共安全投入，加強安全生產，健全對事故災難、公共衛生事件、食品安全事件、社會安全事件的預防預警和應急處臵體系。做好流動人口服務管理，加強特殊人群幫教管理和服務工作，加大社會管理薄弱環節整治力度。完善社會治安防控體系，加強城鄉社區警務、群防群治等基層基礎建設，加強政法隊伍建設，嚴格公正廉潔執法，增強公共安全和社會治安保障能力，加強重點地區社會治安綜合治理。嚴密防范、依法打擊各種違法犯罪活動，切實保障人民生命財產安全。

九、推動文化大發展大繁榮，提升國家文化軟實力

文化是一個民族的精神和靈魂，是國家發展和民族振興的強大力量，必須堅持社會主義先進文化前進方向，弘揚中華文化，建設和諧文化，發展文化事業和文化產業，滿足人民群眾不斷增長的精神文化需求，充分發揮文化引導社會、教育人民、推動發展的功能，建設中華民族共有精神家園，增強民族凝聚力和創造力。

（37）提高全民族文明素質。建設社會主義核心價值體系，加強走中國特色社會主義道路和實現中華民族偉大復興的理想信念教育，倡導愛國守法和敬業誠信，構建傳承中華傳統美德、符合社會主義精神文明要求、適應社會主義市場經濟的道德和行為規范。深入推進社會公德、職業道德、家庭美德、個人品德建設，不斷拓展群眾性精神文明創建活動，廣泛開展志愿服務。弘揚科學精神，加強人文關懷，注重心理疏導，培育奮發進取、理性平和、開放包容的社會心態。提倡修身律己、尊老愛幼、勤勉做事、平實做人，推動形成我為人人、人人為我的社會氛圍。強化職業操守，支持創新創業，鼓勵勞動致富，發揚團隊精神。凈化社會文化環境，保護青少年身心健康。綜合運用教育、法律、行政、輿論手段，引導人們知榮辱、講正氣、盡義務，形成扶正祛邪、懲惡揚善的社會風氣。

（38）推進文化創新。適應群眾文化需求新變化新要求，弘揚主旋律，提倡多樣化，使精神文化產品和社會文化生活更加豐富多彩。立足當代中國實踐，傳承優

秀民族文化，借鑒世界文明成果，反映人民主體地位和現實生活，提高文化產品質量，創作生產更多思想深刻、藝術精湛、群眾喜聞樂見的文化精品。推進學科體系、學術觀點、科研方法創新，繁榮發展哲學社會科學。深化文化體制改革，創新文化生產和傳播方式，解放和發展文化生產力，增強文化發展活力。

（39）繁榮發展文化事業和文化產業。堅持一手抓公益性文化事業、一手抓經營性文化產業，始終把社會效益放在首位，實現經濟效益和社會效益有機統一。以農村基層和中西部地區為重點，繼續實施文化惠民工程，基本建成公共文化服務體系。廣泛開展群眾性文化活動。加強重要新聞媒體建設，重視互聯網等新興媒體建設、運用、管理，把握正確輿論導向，提高傳播能力。加強基層文化隊伍建設。扶持公益性文化事業，加強文化遺產保護。在政府引導下發揮市場機制積極作用，培育骨干文化企業和戰略投資者，鼓勵和引導非公有制經濟進入，發展新型文化業態，增強多元化供給能力，滿足多樣化社會需求，繁榮社會主義文化市場，推動文化產業成為國民經濟支柱性產業。加強對外宣傳和文化交流，創新文化“走出去”模式，增強中華文化國際競爭力和影響力。大力開展全民健身運動，增強人民體質，提高競技運動水平，振奮民族精神。

十、加快改革攻堅步伐，完善社會主義市場經濟體制

改革是加快轉變經濟發展方式的強大動力，必須以更大決心和勇氣全面推進各領域改革。更加重視改革頂層設計和總體規劃，明確改革優先順序和重點任務，進一步調動各方面改革積極性，尊重群眾首創精神，大力推進經濟體制改革，積極穩妥推進政治體制改革，加快推進文化體制、社會體制改革，不斷完善社會主義市場經濟體制，使上層建筑更加適應經濟基礎發展變化，為科學發展提供有力保障。

（40）堅持和完善基本經濟制度。堅持公有制為主體、多種所有制經濟共同發展的基本經濟制度，營造各種所有制經濟依法平等使用生產要素、公平參與市場競爭、同等受到法律保護的體制環境。推進國有經濟戰略性調整，健全國有資本有進有退、合理流動機制。加快國有大型企業改革。深化壟斷行業改革。完善各類國有資產管理體制。健全國有資本經營預算和收益分享制度。支持和引導非公有制經濟發展，鼓勵非公有制企業參與國有企業改革。

（41）推進行政體制改革。進一步轉變政府職能，深化行政審批制度改革，加快推進政企分開，減少政府對微觀經濟活動的干預，加快建設法治政府和服務型政府。繼續優化政府結構、行政層級、職能責任，降低行政成本，堅定推進大部門制

改革，在有條件的地方探索省直接管理縣（市）的體制。健全科學決策、民主決策、依法決策機制，推進政務公開，增強公共政策制定透明度和公眾參與度，加強行政問責制，改進行政復議和行政訴訟，完善政府績效評估制度，提高政府公信力。

（42）加快財稅體制改革。積極構建有利于轉變經濟發展方式的財稅體制。在合理界定事權基礎上，按照財力與事權相匹配的要求，進一步理順各級政府間財政分配關系。增加一般性轉移支付規模和比例，加強縣級政府提供基本公共服務財力保障。完善預算編制和執行管理制度，提高預算完整性和透明度。改革和完善稅收制度。擴大增值稅征收范圍，相應調減營業稅等稅收，合理調整消費稅范圍和稅率結構，完善有利于產業結構升級和服務業發展的稅收政策。逐步建立健全綜合和分類相結合的個人所得稅制度。繼續推進費改稅，全面改革資源稅，開征環境保護稅，研究推進房地產稅改革。逐步健全地方稅體系，賦予省級政府適當稅政管理權限。

（43）深化金融體制改革。構建逆周期的金融宏觀審慎管理制度框架。穩步推進利率市場化改革，完善以市場供求為基礎的有管理的浮動匯率制度，改進外匯儲備經營管理，逐步實現人民幣資本項目可兌換。加強金融監管協調，建立健全系統性金融風險防范預警體系和處臵機制。參與國際金融準則新一輪修訂，提升我國金融業穩健標準。建立存款保險制度。深化政策性銀行體制改革。健全國有金融資產管理體制。完善地方政府金融管理體制。

（44）深化資源性產品價格和要素市場改革。理順煤、電、油、氣、水、礦產等資源類產品價格關系，完善重要商品、服務、要素價格形成機制。加快多層次資本市場體系建設，顯著提高直接融資比重。積極發展債券市場，穩步發展場外交易市場和期貨市場。健全土地、資本、勞動力、技術、信息等要素市場，加快社會信用體系建設，完善市場法規和監管體制，規范市場秩序。

（45）加快社會事業體制改革。積極穩妥推進科技、教育、文化、衛生、體育等事業單位分類改革。培育扶持和依法管理社會組織，支持、引導其參與社會管理和服務。改革基本公共服務提供方式，引入競爭機制，擴大購買服務，實現提供主體和提供方式多元化。推進非基本公共服務市場化改革，增強多層次供給能力，滿足群眾多樣化需求。

十一、實施互利共贏的開放戰略，進一步提高對外開放水平

適應我國對外開放由出口和吸收外資為主轉向進口和出口、吸收外資和對外投資并重的新形勢，必須實行更加積極主動的開放戰略，不斷拓展新的開放領域和空

間，擴大和深化同各方利益的匯合點，完善更加適應發展開放型經濟要求的體制機制，有效防范風險，以開放促發展、促改革、促創新。

（46）優化對外貿易結構。繼續穩定和拓展外需，保持現有出口競爭優勢，加快培育以技術、品牌、質量、服務為核心競爭力的新優勢，延長加工貿易國內增值鏈，推進市場多元化，大力發展服務貿易，促進出口結構轉型升級。發揮進口對宏觀經濟平衡和結構調整的重要作用，促進貿易收支基本平衡。

（47）提高利用外資水平。利用外資要優化結構、豐富方式、拓寬渠道、提高質量，注重完善投資軟環境，切實保護投資者合法權益。加大智力、人才和技術引進工作力度，鼓勵外資企業在華設立研發中心，借鑒國際先進管理理念、制度、經驗，促進體制創新和科技創新。擴大金融、物流等服務業對外開放，發展服務外包，穩步開放教育、醫療、體育等領域，引進優質資源，提高服務業國際化水平。

（48）加快實施“走出去”戰略。按照市場導向和企業自主決策原則，引導各類所有制企業有序到境外投資合作。發展海外工程承包，擴大農業國際合作，深化國際能源資源互利合作，積極開展有利于改善當地民生的項目合作。逐步發展我國大型跨國公司和跨國金融機構，提高國際化經營水平。擴大人民幣在跨境貿易和投資中的作用。做好海外投資環境研究，強化投資項目的科學評估。提高綜合統籌能力，完善跨部門協調機制，加強實施“走出去”戰略的宏觀指導和服務。維護我國海外權益，防范各類風險。

（49）積極參與全球經濟治理和區域合作。推動國際經濟體系改革，促進國際經濟秩序朝著更加公正合理的方向發展。推動建立均衡、普惠、共贏的多邊貿易體制，反對各種形式的保護主義。引導和推動區域合作進程，加快實施自由貿易區戰略，深化同新興市場國家和發展中國家的務實合作，增加對發展中國家的經濟援助。

十二、全黨全國各族人民團結起來，為實現“十二五”規劃而奮斗

（50）充分發揮黨的領導核心作用。黨的領導是實現“十二五”時期經濟社會發展目標的根本保證，必須加強黨的執政能力建設和先進性建設，不斷提高黨領導經濟社會發展能力和水平。各級黨委要準確把握發展趨勢，科學謀劃發展藍圖，努力創新發展模式，加強對發展的統籌協調，切實提高發展質量。推進學習型黨組織建設，加強和改進干部教育培訓，注重實踐鍛煉，增強領導班子和領導干部推動科學發展、促進社會和諧能力。深化干部人事制度改革，創新和完善干部選拔任用機制，健全領導班子和領導干部考核評價制度，形成有利于科學發展的用人導向。

（51）加強社會主義政治文明建設。堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機統一，發展社會主義民主政治，保障人民知情權、參與權、表達權、監督權。堅持和完善人民代表大會制度、中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度、民族區域自治制度以及基層群眾自治制度。鞏固和壯大最廣泛的愛國統一戰線。發揮工會、共青團、婦聯等人民團體作用。切實做好民族和宗教工作，加強民族團結進步教育。全面落實依法治國基本方略，完善中國特色社會主義法律體系，維護法制權威，推進依法行政、公正廉潔執法，加強普法教育，形成人人學法守法的良好社會氛圍，加快建設社會主義法治國家。加強人權保障，促進人權事業全面發展。

（52）加強國防和軍隊現代化建設。在全面建設小康社會進程中實現富國和強軍的統一，將國防和軍隊現代化建設融入國家經濟社會發展進程。堅持以毛澤東軍事思想、鄧小平新時期軍隊建設思想、江澤民國防和軍隊建設思想為指導，把科學發展觀作為國防和軍隊建設的重要指導方針，貫徹新時期軍事戰略方針，全面加強軍隊革命化、現代化、正規化建設，加快軍隊機械化信息化復合發展，提高以打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務能力。深化國防和軍隊改革，優化領導管理體制，健全聯合作戰指揮體制，發展新型作戰力量，推動軍事理論、軍事技術、軍事組織、軍事管理創新。堅持軍民融合式發展路子，完善武器裝備科研生產體系、軍隊人才培養體系、軍隊保障體系和國防動員體系。建設現代化武裝警察力量。深化全民國防教育，加強后備力量建設，密切軍政軍民團結。

（53）保持香港、澳門長期繁榮穩定。堅定不移貫徹“一國兩制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”、高度自治的方針，嚴格按照特別行政區基本法辦事，全力支持特別行政區行政長官和政府依法施政。加強內地和香港、澳門交流合作，繼續實施更緊密經貿關系安排。深化粵港澳合作，促進區域經濟發展。支持香港鞏固和提升國際金融、貿易、航運中心地位，增強產業創新能力，推動經濟社會協調發展。支持澳門建設世界旅游休閑中心，促進經濟適度多元發展。

（54）推進兩岸關系和平發展和祖國統一大業。堅持“和平統一、一國兩制”的方針和現階段發展兩岸關系、推進祖國和平統一進程的八項主張，全面貫徹推動兩岸關系和平發展重要思想和六點意見，牢牢把握兩岸關系和平發展主題，反對“臺獨”分裂活動。鞏固兩岸關系發展基礎，推進兩岸交往機制化進程，構建兩岸關系和平發展框架。深化兩岸經濟合作，落實兩岸經濟合作框架協議，促進雙向投資，加強新興產業、金融等現代服務業合作。積極擴大兩岸各界往來，加強兩岸文化、教育等領域交流合作，依法保護臺灣同胞正當權益。充分發揮海峽西岸經濟區在推進兩岸交流合作中的先行先試作用。

（55）積極創造有利的外部環境。高舉和平、發展、合作旗臶，奉行獨立自主的和平外交政策，堅持走和平發展道路，堅持互利共贏的開放戰略，維護我國主權、安全、發展利益，同世界各國一道推動建設持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。擴大同發達國家的交流合作，增進相互信任，提高合作水平。深化同周邊國家的睦鄰友好和務實合作，維護地區和平穩定，促進共同發展繁榮。加強同發展中國家的團結合作，深化傳統友誼，維護共同利益。深入開展多邊外交，積極參加國際合作。維護我國海外公民和企業正當權益。加強公共外交，廣泛開展民間友好交往，推動人文交流，增進中國人民同各國人民相互了解和友誼。

（56）全黨同志要充分發揮推動科學發展、促進社會和諧的先鋒模范作用。全體共產黨員要堅定不移貫徹黨的理論和路線方針政策，牢固樹立科學發展理念，積極落實加快轉變經濟發展方式決策部署。切實加強黨的基層組織建設，深入開展創先爭優活動，帶領廣大群眾推動經濟社會又好又快發展。各級領導干部要堅持全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨，堅持黨的群眾路線，始終保持同人民群眾的血肉聯系，樹立正確政績觀，努力做出經得起實踐、人民、歷史檢驗的實績。嚴明黨的政治紀律，健全對中央重大決策部署執行情況紀律保障機制，確保中央政令暢通。加強反腐倡廉建設，推進反腐倡廉制度創新，嚴格執行黨風廉政建設責任制，深化黨性黨風黨紀教育，加強領導干部廉潔自律和嚴格管理，嚴格權力運行制約和監督，加大查辦違紀違法案件工作力度。大力弘揚黨的光榮傳統和優良作風，謙虛謹慎，不驕不躁，艱苦奮斗，勤儉節約，真抓實干，堅決反對形式主義、官僚主義，以優良黨風凝聚黨心民心，形成推進中國特色社會主義事業的強大力量。

全黨同志和全國各族人民要緊密團結在以胡錦濤同志為總書記的黨中央周圍，高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗臶，解放思想、實事求是、與時俱進、開拓創新，為實現國民經濟和社會發展第十二個五年規劃和全面建設小康社會宏偉目標而奮斗！