第一篇:2012年考博英語翻譯課程講義(全)
2012年通用考博英語翻譯講義
考博翻譯的重要性
1、考博英語difficult。
2、考博翻譯最難做。(1)翻譯是主觀題。
(2)做翻譯需要單詞基礎(chǔ),語法基礎(chǔ),閱讀基礎(chǔ)和強大的漢語功底。
例:本次旅行有北京、上海等地。
This trip/travel/tour includes Beijing and Shanghai.(3)各所學校的命題非常不穩(wěn)定。
英譯漢
考博翻譯的概述
翻譯你做過嗎?
做翻譯不是看翻譯
Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在聯(lián)系不同的民族和國家方面,電視或許以前從來沒有像在最近歐洲事件中其如此大的作用。
在聯(lián)系不同的民族和國家方面,電視像在最近歐洲事件中起的作用之大前所未見。
怎么做英譯漢
One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers.If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden.Remedial supply action could not be further delayed.Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs.When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply.As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased;a rise in price encourages users to economize.Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, education and religion.Although the foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence.Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage.Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society.Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism;but the most significant of them all was humanism.In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as emphasis on the human values.It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man.The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic.They strove for a smooth and elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man's nature.翻譯的步驟:
一、畫豎線
目的:初步斷開句子結(jié)構(gòu),化繁為簡
原則:
1、拆出主句,分清從句;
2、拆出主干,分清修飾;
最佳方式:找斷句點
(1)連詞;(2)引導詞;(3)介詞;(4)分詞;(5)to;(6)標點符號;
(79)We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment;the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few;and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.二、寫漢字:以每一小節(jié)作為單位來寫漢字
目的:初步了解每一個小結(jié)構(gòu)的意思;
(79)We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment;the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few;and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.三、連漢字
目的:把每一小節(jié)連接成為通順的句子;需要適當?shù)卣{(diào)整順序,或者把一些不通順的詞語替換掉。
調(diào)整順序的本源是英語的結(jié)構(gòu)和修飾關(guān)系。
替換漢語詞語的本源是依據(jù)英語的基本詞義和上下文的意譯。
(79)We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment;the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few;and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.因此,我們接受和歡迎環(huán)境的巨大不平等;生意、工業(yè)和商業(yè)集中在少數(shù)人手中和少數(shù)人之間的競爭法則,這作為我們自己必須適應的條件,因為這不僅僅對人類今后的進步有益。因此,我們接受和歡迎環(huán)境的巨大不平等;工商貿(mào)集中在少數(shù)人手中以及少數(shù)人之間的競爭法則,這作為我們自己必須適應的條件,因為這不僅僅對人類今后的進步有益。(最終)3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind.but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.我們的大腦很容易記住許多特定歷史時期的事實,但是選擇和鑒別重大事實卻是更為艱難的事情并且取決于我們自己的觀點。
英漢翻譯技巧
一、詞意選擇,適當引申
(1)分析詞根和詞綴來翻譯(2)分析詞性來翻譯(3)分析上下文來翻譯
(4)結(jié)合漢語習慣和固定搭配來翻譯
二、適當增加
翻譯成漢語后,在不改變英語意思的前提下,適當增加詞語,使句子更通順。
三、適當減少
四、適當重復
可以適當重復出原文省略的部分,或者把并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的相同部分重復出來。We don't retreat , we never have and never will.我們不會退卻,我們從來沒有后退過,今后也決不會退卻。
五、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換
把英語的詞性變換成漢語的其他詞性來翻譯。六、四字成語
練習
Passage 3 71.The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No.1 health problem in the U.S.today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don't know how to think about health and illness.在醫(yī)學院擔任十二年教師,我所得到的主要印象是:當今美國的首要健康問題甚至比艾滋和癌癥更為嚴重的是美國人不知該怎樣對待健康和疾病。
考博翻譯的標準
1、準確
2、通順
準確是前提,其次求通順,另外檢查譯文的方式是多讀譯文。
定語從句前置的翻譯
1、定語從句前置
即把定語從句翻譯到它修飾的先行詞的前面,并習慣用“的”來連接。
Passage 3 72.We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.我們害怕最糟糕的事情發(fā)生,期望最糟糕的事情發(fā)生,從而招致了最糟糕的事情發(fā)生,其結(jié)果是我們美國正逐漸成為一個弱者和疑病癥患者的民族,一個自我診斷的社會,而不能對輕微的日常癥狀和那些需要專業(yè)護理的癥狀加以區(qū)分。
Passage 10 1.Genuine love is more likely to involve a process of “growing” in love rather than “falling” in love.This may sound terribly unromantic to some who are used to hearing talk about “falling in love” or being “head over heels in love.”
真愛更可能是一個萌生愛意的過程,而并非是墜入愛河。對于那些聽慣了一見鐘情,愛得神魂顛倒的人來說,這或許太不浪漫了。
Passage 14 2.In reality, the way one experiences old age is contingent upon circumstances of late-life events(in what order they occur, how they occur, when they occur)and the social supports one receives: adequate finances, shelter, medical care, social roles, religious support, recreation.事實上,一個人老年的經(jīng)歷如何,取決于晚年事件發(fā)生的環(huán)境和一個人所獲得的社會支持:前者包括這些事件發(fā)生的先后順序,怎樣發(fā)生的,和何時發(fā)生的,后者包括足夠的財力、住宿條件、醫(yī)療保障、社會地位、宗教支持、娛樂活動。
Passage 15 2.It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of human behavior in any culture;and abnormality, is a term for the segment that particular civilization does not use.正常術(shù)語主要是用來指在任何文化中,社會所解釋的那部分人類行為,而變態(tài)術(shù)語主要是用來指特定文化所不能接受的那部分人類行為。
代詞指代
1、直接對應
2、指代明確
3、用“這”等替代
Passage 15 3.Its variability among different people is essentially a function of the variability of the behavior patterns that different societies have created for themselves, and can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior.不同人之間正常行為的可變性主要是由不同社會為其自己所設立的行為模式的可變性所決定的,并且絕對不能完全脫離了文化的制度化的行為模式來加以考慮。
如果定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,信息負載量不大,翻譯時前置。
定語從句后置的翻譯
如果定語從句太復雜或里面包含的內(nèi)容太多時,需要后置。
1.Contemporary technological reporting is full of notions of electronic communities in which people interact across regions or entire continents.地區(qū)之間甚至是整個大陸之間人們通過電子技術(shù)交流而構(gòu)成電子社區(qū),這種概念在現(xiàn)代技術(shù)報告中比比皆是
2.For example, electronic communication filters out and alters much of the subtlety, warmth, contextuality, and so on that seem important to fully human, morally engaged interaction.例如,電子交流過濾并且改變了大多數(shù)的細微的心理差別,情緒的熱烈程度,周圍的環(huán)境等等,而這些似乎對于那些完全人性化涉及道德的交流來說顯得非常重要
Born to Win
Each human being is born as something new, something that never existed before.Each is born with the capacity to win at life.Each person has a unique way of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and thinking.Each has his or her own unique potentials---capabilities and limitations.Each can be a significant, thinking, aware, and creative being---a productive person, a winner.每個人生來就是一個先前從未存在過的嶄新個體,他在人生中成功立業(yè)的能力與生俱來。每個人都以其獨特的方式觀察,輕輕觸摸,體味和思索大千世界。每個人都可以憑自己的努力成為一個有價值,有頭腦,有感悟和有創(chuàng)造性的人即成功者。(5分)人皆生而為新為前所未有則存在。人皆生而為贏。人皆有其特例獨行之方式去審視,聆聽,觸摸,品味及思考因而都具備獨特的潛質(zhì)能力和局限。人皆能舉足輕重,思慮明達,洞察秋毫,富有創(chuàng)意,成就功業(yè)(8分)
人人皆生而為新,生于世而亙古未見。人人皆生而為贏,富于思而受用終生。人人皆特例獨行所見,所聞,所感,所說,所品,所思異彩紛呈。人人皆卓爾不凡,知其所能,查其所限。人人皆是舉足輕重,思慮明達,洞察秋毫,富有創(chuàng)意,人人皆是卓越的天才,人人兼具王者的風范。(10分)
72.For individual sportsmen, pilots and drivers, speed had the status of a privileged substance to which, in those early days, only a minority had full access.Mechanized speed made men, and a few women, into heroes, and it remains a commodity to which males, in particular, are attracted.對于個體的運動員,飛行員和駕駛員來說,速度具有一種特權(quán)的財富地位,在早期只有少數(shù)人才完全有辦法獲得這種地位。機械化的速度使得男性以及少數(shù)女性成為了英雄,速度儼然成為了一種商品,尤其是男性對此趨之若鶩。I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.我曾經(jīng)碰到這樣的一些人,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)在談話過程中可能出現(xiàn)的所有話題他們都能夠提供事實和數(shù)據(jù)來加以支持,但是他們的觀點相當令人驚愕。
否定結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯
(一)部分否定:
代詞或者副詞,all/both/every.../many/entirely/altogether/absolutely/wholly
completely+not
并非所有...;并不是都...例:All that glitters not gold.Both the windows are not open.Everybody does not believe the rumour.(二)全部否定:
never/no/not/none/nobody/nothing/nowhere/neither/nor/not at all
He is no professor.None of my friends smoke.Our great motherland has never before being so prosperous as it is today.(三)雙重否定:是指同一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞,即否定之否定
not...not
No spaceship can't be loaded with man.(四)注意具有否定意義的詞
The specification lacks detail.The error in calculation escape the accountant.far from
The newspaper...are far from...beyond
He is anything but scholar.The machine is working none the worse.might as well 小結(jié):
如果定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)復雜,信息負載量比較大,翻譯到先行詞前面不通順的話需要后置。這時可以和主句脫離單獨成句,但常常需要重復先行詞或者用代詞重復。
狀語從句的翻譯
狀語從句的翻譯方法
英語中的狀語從句可以直接翻譯,但一般要把時間、條件、讓步和原因狀語從句翻譯到主句之前。
3.Infatuation often entails feelings of insecurity whenever the “l(fā)overs” are separated;feelings of doubt, fickleness, uncertainty, and fear of loss often accompany infatuation.一旦相愛的雙方分開,癡情經(jīng)常伴隨而來的是不安全的感覺;懷疑,朝三暮四,猶豫不決,患得患失經(jīng)常伴隨癡情而來。
4.Infatuation tends to be more manipulative than love because a lasting feeling of relationship probably has not developed, so that the individuals are still concerned mainly about their own needs and satisfactions.癡情之所以比愛情更具有操控性,是因為一種長久的感情關(guān)系或許還沒有建立,這樣一來相愛的雙方個人都仍然主要關(guān)注的是他們各自的需要和滿足感。
2.If man's mind cannot be turned into a logic-machine, neither can it function properly as a great emotional sponge, to be squeezed at will.如果人類的思維不能成為一臺邏輯機器的話,那么它也不能成為一塊巨大的感情海綿可以任意的擠壓。
Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's own personality and one's life.(1)死亡是戲劇般的,一次性的危機,然而衰老則是一天天一年年的與內(nèi)外強大力量抗爭的過程,一個苦樂參半的過程,逐漸適應自己的性格和自己的生活。
特殊句型的翻譯——被動結(jié)構(gòu)
1.首先可以主賓顛倒
2.其次可以用讓,給,叫,受到,得到,加以,得以,為...所,由...來,是...的等代 替,但必要的時候增加人們或者有人等泛指的主語,少用被字。The process of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of the life cycle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young.(3)人們把變老的過程以及最后的死亡最終認為是生命周期的自然進化,老年人完成了他們的壽數(shù)給年輕人讓路
特殊句型的翻譯——形式主語
It is.....形式主語可以當作詞組翻譯到句子最開頭,用據(jù).../有人.../...的是 It is reported that...It is taken that...It is noticed that...It is important that...It can not be denied that...It can be said whitout exaggeration that...可以先翻譯后面部分
這是...的 It is difficult to do translation.It is important that...5.For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year, revolving losses running into millions of pounds.These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage.The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year.例如,據(jù)報道英國的企業(yè)每年遭受大約30起重大的災難。其中包含損失高達數(shù)百萬英鎊。這些是由機械故障和人為的過失所引起的并不包括以欺詐和破壞等形式所引起的人為的濫用。僅僅在英國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的軟件中其損失的代價,據(jù)保守的估計就多達每年9億美元。
特殊句型的翻譯——there be 句型
先翻譯英語的狀語再加有
There is a temple on the hill.在山上有一座廟。There is cup on the table.桌上有一杯子。
There are two monks in the temple.廟里有兩個和尚。增加人們,大家,我們等漢語的泛指主語 There is no agreement.直接翻譯為漢語的無主句
3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection ofsignificant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.在特定的歷史時期有很多事實能夠輕易的被灌入到我們的大腦。但在鑒別和選擇重要事實方面卻是更加重要的事情,并且取決于每個人的觀點或態(tài)度。
練習的角度: 拿到句子之后,5分鐘左右模擬考試寫下漢字 十分鐘以上查閱詞典,分析英語,修改漢語 5分鐘以上對照譯文鞏固成果 閱讀文章的翻譯: 15-20分鐘模考
翻譯英語文章 再做一遍題 對答案 鞏固成果
漢譯英
常見錯誤分析
多數(shù)事情是不能沒有朋友而獨自享受的,但是閱讀卻是可以的。
Few things can be enjoyed without friends,but reading is an exception.中美貿(mào)易之所以能迅速發(fā)展,根本原因在于?
19世紀的精神生活比任何時代的精神生活都要復雜,這是由以下幾個原因:
第一,有關(guān)地區(qū)比以前大了,美國和俄羅斯作出了重大貢獻;
第二,一項新興的事物的主要源泉的科學取得的新的勝利,特別是在生物學、有
機化學、地質(zhì)學等方面。
The spiritual life is more complex than ?
大自然對人的恩賜,無論貧富,一律平等,所以人們對大自然全部一致并深深地依賴著。尤其在鄉(xiāng)間,上千年來,人們一直以不變的方式生活著:種植莊稼和葡萄,釀酒和飲酒,喂牛和擠奶,除草和栽花;在周末去教堂祈禱和做禮拜;在節(jié)日到廣場拉琴、跳舞和唱歌??往日的田園依舊是今日的溫馨家園。這樣,每個地方都有自己的傳說。風俗也就延傳了下來。All people are blessed by nature,rich and poor alike.That account for their deep rooted attachment to her,especially in the countryside where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.They grow crops and grapes,brew the wine that they drink,raise cows for milk,and weed their garden for cultivation of flowers.On weekends they go to church,and on holidays they go to play music,while singing and dancing in open squares.Thus their olden homeland remain as sweet as ever each with a unique folk law from which its custom have derived.容易犯的錯誤:
1.詞匯錯誤
詞的理解偏差
詞的上下搭配
各學校考博題目的來源,這對我當老師非常有用,但對你們學生沒有多大作用
已經(jīng)整理好的學校有:北航,北師大,財科所,首師大,政法,黨校,中科院,人大,社科院,美院,民大,但對學生沒有多大作用
你們學生需要的是句子分析,怎么去做翻譯
考博的題并不比考研的題難,所以也可以做考研的題目來練習
2.詞語順序的錯誤
3.語篇錯誤
逐字翻譯,畫蛇添足
重復不當,不合習慣
斷句不當,割裂語篇
漢譯英翻譯的三步策略
漢譯英翻譯的錯誤:
詞匯:詞的理解偏差,詞的上下搭配錯,詞語順序上的錯,割裂語篇 漢譯英翻譯的三步策略:
1、什么是句子?
A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark.Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.一個句子就是一組詞,在書面語中,每一個句子首詞的第一個字母大寫,句末用句號、問號或者感嘆號;大多數(shù)句子有主語和謂語。結(jié)論1
英語的句子中,大多數(shù)句子都有主語和謂語。那么漢英翻譯,只要我們能把漢語轉(zhuǎn)變成為準確通順的英語,就需要搭建英語的主語和謂語等句式結(jié)構(gòu)。
除了主語和謂語之外,當然還有修飾語。
所以,定主語、找謂語、加修飾就成了漢英翻譯的最簡單,最有效,最不容易犯錯誤的方法。
漢英翻譯三步策略 1.定主語 2.找謂語 3.加修飾
你知道我們圖書館所訂購書籍的數(shù)量嗎? 定主語:你 you 找謂語:知道數(shù)量嗎?know the number? 加修飾:知道書籍的數(shù)量,知道圖書館所訂購書籍的數(shù)量 Do you know the number of the books ordered by our library?
漢譯英翻譯——定主語
大多數(shù)英語句子都有主語和謂語
most sentences contain subject and verb 英語本身語法非常嚴謹,邏輯非常嚴密的特點,所以,在漢英翻譯中,主語的確定就是成功構(gòu)建英語句式結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵,也是保證英語譯文和漢語原文功能對等的關(guān)鍵。1.確定原文的主語為譯文主語 Passage 12,2(社科院04年)
當前,國際形勢正經(jīng)歷著自冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以后最復雜、最深刻的變化。
At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.Passage 12,2(社科院04年)
和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國人民面前的兩大課題。Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.Passage 1,5(社科院02年)
我們正努力教育公民不要像西方國家那樣過度消費,比如使用過多的空調(diào)、私人汽車、以及隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。
We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will.如今我們有許多不同的選擇:除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外,還有營養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。(武漢大學04年)
Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.若原文主語為動詞,需要變?yōu)閯用~或者不定式
Passage 2,4(社科院03年)
幫助真正的窮人,要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價值。幫助下層社會的人重新回到社會主流中來,符合所有人的利益。
Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.Passage 2,5(社科院03年)
推進現(xiàn)代化建設、完成祖國統(tǒng)一、維護世界和平與促進共同發(fā)展,是中國人民在新世紀的三大歷史任務。
To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.2.重新確定主語
A.確定原文的賓語為譯文的主語
偉大藝術(shù)的美學鑒賞和偉大的科學觀念的理解都需要智慧。(中國科學院02年3月考博英語翻譯試題)
Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.Passage 1,1(社科院02年)
為了保證國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展,我們必須加快國有企業(yè)的改革步伐。
The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.Passage 1,3(社科院02年)
目前在中國正進行著一場意義深遠的社會和經(jīng)濟改革。(同上)
At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.中國的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.B.增加主語——增加泛指的主語:we, one, you Passage 8(人民大學02年)
然而,要想了解一個人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實際能力如何,考試是考不出名堂來的。
But examinations are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.凡事應該適度,適度是最安全的。(天津大學01年)
One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.C.增加主語——增加it(多用it):在英語中,代詞it作主語的情況非常多。因為這個代詞表示的意義非常豐富,它可以表示漢語中的氣候、天氣、時間等無主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三點了(It's 3 o'clock now)等,當然,它還可以充當強調(diào)句和形式主語句型的主語。
學好翻譯是很困難的It is difficult to learn translation well.自從理查德·尼克松(Richard Nixon)同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來已經(jīng)有30年了。(武漢大學03年)It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.漢譯英翻譯——找謂語
找謂語的方法:
1、漢語的動詞沒有人稱、時態(tài)、數(shù)和語態(tài)的變化;英語的動詞有人稱、時態(tài)、數(shù)和語態(tài)的變化;多關(guān)注主謂一致原則,多注意英語句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。
2、漢語是明顯的動作性語言,多數(shù)句子都有明顯的謂語動詞;英語中只有動詞才能充當謂語。
3、漢語中有名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、主謂短語和介詞短語充當謂語,有是字句;英語中用系表結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯。
4、漢語有連動式;英語沒有兩個動作直接疊加的情況。(1)用and連接并列謂語的動作;(2)用非謂語動詞連接;(3)用介詞短語代替動作。
5、漢語的謂語有兼語式;英文中用主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語來翻譯。
句型:請某人做某事;讓某人做某事;叫某人做某事
6、漢語中少用被字句;
漢語中有:把、受、讓、給、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、為...所、由...來、是...的,等時,英語多用被動句翻譯。
7、漢語有存現(xiàn)句;
英語多用 There be 句型翻譯。
例:過去的五十年不是發(fā)明創(chuàng)新的黃金時期。
The past fifty years was not the gold age for invention and innovation.Passage 2 1.實行改革開放以來改變了過去封閉半封閉狀態(tài),提高了我國經(jīng)濟水平。
Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.Passage 8 迄今為止,教育工作還沒有找到比考試更有效、更可靠的方法,著實有點離奇。
So far, there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education, which seems kind of queer.我相信,中國加入世貿(mào)組織后,外商參與中國投資活動的機會將越來越多,自身發(fā)展的空間也越來越大。
I believe that, after China's entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investment activities in China and lager space for their own development.投資規(guī)模偏大。
The investment scale is too large.很多道路太窄。
Many roads are too narrow.Passage 13 此外,對于那些剛剛脫貧的人們,他們目前的生活狀況必須改善。
Furthermore, the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.Passage 5 “學習”也許意味著對一系列細小而不相關(guān)的行為按新的順序重新排列。
Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.美國的經(jīng)濟體制主要是圍繞私人企業(yè)和市場為導向建立起來的。
The economy system of USA is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.Passage 13 他們的生產(chǎn)和生活狀況沒有從根本上被改變。
Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.Passage 12 各國的人權(quán)問題主要由各國政府和人民自己來解決,世界的人權(quán)問題要由世界各國政府和人民共同參與來解決。
Each country's human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people, while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together.Passage 4 我們花很少的錢就能夠買到一份日報。
The fact that we spend very little money to buy a piece of daily.市政府去年啟動了一項凈空工程,關(guān)閉了大氣污染嚴重的企業(yè)。
The municipal government started an air decontamination project at the end of last year closing the enterprises that course heavy pollution.從社會總體、長遠的利益出發(fā),政府可以運用稅收、轉(zhuǎn)移支付等方式適當調(diào)節(jié)收入分配差距,扶助弱勢群體,維護整個社會的和諧、穩(wěn)定
From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives, the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.漢譯英翻譯——加修飾
定語修飾語和狀語修飾語,主要有三種:單個單詞、短語、從句。
1、加單詞:單詞作定語一般在中心詞前;而作狀語可在最開頭,可在動詞前,還可在句末。例:一個春天的傍晚,父母在園中設宴。
On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden.2、加短語:介詞短語、分詞短語和不定式短語作定語總是在名詞后面,作狀語的位置十分靈活,介詞短語作定語最適合修飾名詞,動詞修飾名詞時,一般用不定式短語作定語,介乎期間的用分詞;作狀語時,介詞短語一般表時間和地點,分詞短語一般表伴隨和原因,不定式短語表目的。
3、加從句:
例:因此,我們的苦悶基本上比西方人微小微少,因為苦悶的強弱是隨著欲望和野心的大小而轉(zhuǎn)移的。Therefore we suffer less depression than the westerns because the degree of our suffering varing with that of our desire and ambition.Passage 8 各學科的發(fā)展日新月異,令人稱奇,但衡量知識、能力的方法卻依然如故,非常原始。Contrast to the rapid and astonishing development in various subjects, the way of measuring knowledge and ability remains as before, rather primitive.Passage 8 盡管有不少人認定,考試能衡量出一個人的知識水平,但實際情況恰恰相反,這是有目共睹的。
Though some people believe that exams could weigh one's knowledge level, the truth is just the opposite, as is obvious to all.Passage 8 要想考察一個人死記硬背的本事和在極大壓力下快速答題的技巧,考試或許是個不錯的辦法。Exams may be a not-so-bad solution to test the ability to remember something by rote or to answer questions quickly yet under great pressure.然而,要想了解一個人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實際能力如何,考試是考不出名堂來的。
but they are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.
第二篇:考博英語翻譯易考詞組匯總
2016/11/17 2017年考博英語翻譯易考詞組
2017年考博英語翻譯易考詞組
1.be determined by 由…所決定 2.have something to do with 與…有關(guān) 3.be central to sth.是…的核心
4.in contrast/by contrast與此相反 5.be due to 由于(常做表語)6.be deprived of 被剝奪 7.respond to 對…作出反應 8.as the basis of 依據(jù)/根據(jù) 9.be born with 天生具有 10.In contrast 相比之下 11.shut off 關(guān)上,停止,切斷
12.in any case=at any rate 不管怎樣,無論如何;in no case 決不13.or so 大概,大約 14.at the rate of 以…的速率 15.take time 花費時間
16.be likely to 可能;傾向于 17.result in 導致
18.not nearly 遠不能;遠非
19.head into走向;陷入(危機)20.in the matter of 關(guān)于;就…而言 21.make…possible 使…成為可能
22.combine…with 把……和…結(jié)合起來;加上
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23.in the fashion of 以…方式
24.such…as 像…一樣
25.refer to…提到;談到
26.agreement on 一致意見
27.be comparable to 和…相當;猶如 28.in terms of 根據(jù);按照;在…方面 29.on the whole 總體來說;大體上看
30.draw a conclusion 得出結(jié)論
31.have the attitude towards 對…的態(tài)度 32.only if 只要
33.the same…as 與…一樣
34.by lack of=for lack of 因為缺乏
35.nothing but 只不過是 36.by means of 通過;借助于 37.by the help of 通過…的幫助
38.in a sort of sense 從某種意義上來說
39.manage to do sth.設法做到 40.extract …from 從……提煉出 41.out of…起源;來源;根據(jù) 42.build up 建立;樹立 43.by no means 絕不
44.be compared with 與……相比 45.a sort of 某種
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46.set…… in motion開始;
47.differ in…在…方面不同
48.go through 經(jīng)歷;經(jīng)受;仔細檢查
49.in the one case =on the one hand
50.in the course of the day=during the day 51.a train of=a series of=an array of=a variety of 52.revolve around 圍繞…轉(zhuǎn);以…為中心 53.not so much…as 與其說…不如說… 54.because of 由于 55.move forward 向前發(fā)展 56.in short 簡而言之;總之 57.as we call it 我們所謂的
58.the reach of science 科學能夠到達的范圍 59.a series of 一系列 60.over the years 多年以來 61.turn…on…轉(zhuǎn)向,朝向 62.rather than 而不是
63.at the expense of=at the cost of 以…為代價 64.vice versa反之亦然 65.depend on 取決于 66.driving force 驅(qū)動力 67.social inequality 社會不公 68.in doing sth 在…過程中
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69.divert…from 把…從…轉(zhuǎn)移 70.lie with 取決于;在于
71.be validated by 被…驗證/證實 72.whether…or 是……還是
73.depend upon…and on 取決于…還取決于… 74.depend upon…and upon 取決于…還取決于… 75.such…as 例如,象這種的 76.in general 通常;大體上;一般而言 77.for example 比如
78.compensate for 補償;賠償
79.underprivileged youngster 貧困的/下層社會的年輕人80.grow up 長大
81.under…circumstances 在…環(huán)境下 82.be results of 由于… 83.social needs 社會需求 84.to some extent 在一定程度上 85.come to the conclusion 得出結(jié)論 86.make demand of 對…提出要求 87.scientific establishment 科研機構(gòu)
88.in detail 詳細地
89.a certain amount of 一定數(shù)量的 90.not related to… 與…沒有關(guān)系 91.immediate goals 當前目標
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92.be unable to do 不能夠…
93.in principle 原則上;基本上;一般而言 94.deal with 應付;解決;處理
95.new forms of thought 新的思維方式 96.as well as 和
97.new subjects for thought 新的思維對象/內(nèi)容 98.in the past 過去
99.give rise to sth 導致;引起;使…產(chǎn)生 100.scoial contract 社會合同 101.an agreed account of 共識 102.human rights 人權(quán) 103.leads ……to 導致
104.at the outset 從一開始;開始的時候 105.invite sb.to do sth.使某人認為 106.duties and entitlements 權(quán)利和義務 107.extend to 給與 108.no…at all.根本不是
109.arguing from the view that…以…的角度看 110.different from…… 與…不同
111.in every relevant respect 在所有相關(guān)的方面 112.in action 起作用 113.laugh at 嘲笑
114.even more important 更重要的是
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115.be able to 能夠 116.look into 洞察;觀察 117.put forward 放出;拿出;提出 118.work with 與…共事/合作;起作用 119.close in on 接近,差不多 120.as expected 正如預期的 121.a refinement of 一種更為完美的 122.as…as… 和…一樣 123.conform to 符合;遵照 124.see…as 把…看作
125.less…and more 與其說…不如說… 126.intellectual discipline 知識學科
127.whether…or 是…還是… 128.refer to 指代… 129.peculiar to …特有的
130.appropriate to 適合的;恰當?shù)?131.apply to 適合于;存在于
132.view…as 把…看成;把…當成
133.equate…with 把…等同于…;認為…是 134.speclialized scientists 專家 135.centralized control 中央控制
136.under…conditions在…條件下 137.such as 比如
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138.it is obvious that 很明顯…
139.be bound up with與…聯(lián)系在一起;與…有關(guān)系 140.be directly bound up with 與…直接相關(guān) 141.in turn 依此;輪流;又 142.rest upon…取決于 143.of all kinds 所有種類的… 144.owing to 由于
145.be exposed to sth.暴露于;接觸到 146.be forced to do sth.被迫做…
147.for the reasons given above 由于上述原因 148.far-reaching 意義深遠的;影響很大的 149.spread over 遍布;覆蓋
150.arise from 由…產(chǎn)生的;由…帶來的 151.migration movement 人口流動
152.modern means of transport 現(xiàn)代交通手段 153.population explosion 人口爆炸 154.pollution monitor 污染監(jiān)測器 155.digital age 數(shù)字時代 156.be regarded as…被當成是 157.piece together 拼合;匯聚;綜合 158.hundreds of 數(shù)以百計的 159.around the world 全世界
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160.key breakthroughs and discoveries 重大突破與發(fā)現(xiàn) 161.take place 發(fā)生 162.point out 指出 163.lead to 導致
164.home appliances 家用電器
165.result in 導致
166.man-machine integration 人機一體化 167.behavior science 行為科學 168.human nature 人性 169.natural selction 自然選擇
170.a little more than a hundred yeras 一百多年 171.what is called 所謂的
172.trace…to… 從…尋找根源;從…研究 173.state of mind 心態(tài) 174.and so on諸如此類
175.partly because…and partly because…部分是因為…部分是因為… 176.be held responsible for…被認為應該對…負責 177.be given credit for… 為…受到稱贊 178.with it 隨之
179.cross-cultrual perspective 跨文化的角度 180.concrete research 具體研究 181.subject…to…使…服從于 182.in… manner 以…方式;用…方法 2016/11/17 2017年考博英語翻譯易考詞組
183.seek to 力圖;試圖;設法 184.combined with 加上;連同 185.bring to 加進;使用;采用 186.define…as… 把…定義為 187.makes…possible 使…成為可能 188.language and thought 語言和思維 189.have some connections with…與…有聯(lián)系;190.take root 生根;被牢固樹立 191.be obliged to sb.感激某人 192.die out 滅絕
193.so…that… 如此…以至于
194.accuse sb.of… 指責某人干某事 195.be interested in doing sth.對…感興趣 196.come to 開始;逐漸;進而 197.believe in 相信 198.a sort of某種的
199.habitual thought習慣思維 200.grammatical pattern 語法結(jié)構(gòu)
第三篇:2010年3月中科院考博英語翻譯
The Internet is good at shame.【There are countless Web sites where people can post nasty rants about ex-lovers and rude customers or, worse, push fragile teens over the edge, as in the recent case of a Missouri girl driven to suicide by online bullying】.Now a new site aimed at college students is raising questions about the legality of online rumor mills.【JuicyCampus.com is a rapidly growing gossip site that solicits content with the promise of anonymity.But what began as fun and games—and now has spinoffs on seven college campuses, including Duke University, where it began—has turned ugly and, in many cases, flatly defamatory】.The posts have devolved from innocuous tales of secret crushes to racist tirades and lurid finger-pointing about drug use and sex, often with the alleged culprit identified by first and last name.In one post, a nameless Loyola Marymount University student asks why so many African-Americans and Latinos are enrolled at the school: “I thought the high tuition was supposed to keep the undesirables OUT?”【 It's gotten to the point, says Dan Belzer, a Duke senior who has written about the site for his school's newspaper, where “anyone with a grudge can maliciously attack defenseless students.”】
【And get away with it, too.JuicyCampus—whose Duke-graduate founder, Matt Ivestor, declined to comment for this story—isn't sponsored by the schools it covers, so administrators can't regulate it.】 Neither does the law.Such sites are protected by a federal law that immunizes Web hosts from liability for the musings of their users—as long as the hosts themselves don't modify content.(And firmly establishing the identity of an individual poster would be next to impossible.)The rationale is to protect big companies like AOL from the actions of each and every user.But as a consequence, it means victims of a damaged rep have little legal recourse.“Courts tend to have antiquated understandings of privacy,” says Daniel Solove, an expert in cyberlaw and the author of “The Future of Reputation.” “Until that changes, we're going to see this keep happening.” 【At present, there's only one sure way to rein in a site like JuicyCampus: persuade everyone to stop using it.But you don't need a college degree to figure out that won't happen.】
Part IV Translation(30 minutes, 15 points)Direction: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet II.As we enter the 21st century, the gap between the worlds’s rich and poor is widening, both within and among countries.1)The vast majority of the world's population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its collective wealth, while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing.In 2001 Forbes magazine counted 538 billionaires with a total net worth of 1.7 trillion dollars, while the United Nations identified 2.8 billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day.Overall, the richest 20 percent of the world's people control 86 percent of global income, while the poorest 20 percent control barely one percent.The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome.2)They include environmental destruction—richer nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources, while poorer nations and individuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive.They include migration—people are forced to move in search of adequate resources.And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individuals fight to keep what they have, while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them.3)Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals, they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism.The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex, but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations;the globalization of economies and economic structures, in which poor nations struggle to compete;a growing “digital divide” characterized by lack of access to information technology;inadequate governance and protection of law;and lack of access to education, healthcare, and social safety nets, especially for women and girls.4)Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely, however.With an awareness of the interdependence of our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that threatens to divide the world against itself.And reversing this trend would have powerful and positive impact on our future.5)Bringing the nearly 5 billion people of the less industrialized world into a sustainable economy through “pro-poor” policies would provide a tremendous boost to the world economy, as well as to those people.With increased economic opportunities comes improved access to nutrition, education, and health care.With those comes higher income, greater autonomy—especially for women—and the opportunity to pursue environmentally sound technologies and products.進入21世紀以來,在全球范圍內(nèi),不論是國內(nèi)還是國家之間,貧富差距加大。全球財富中,世界上絕大多數(shù)人所能獲得的份額在日益減少,而少數(shù)幾個富人和富國所獲得的份額卻在穩(wěn)步增長。2001年《福布斯》雜志收錄了資本凈值總額為l.7萬億美元的538位億萬富翁,而聯(lián)合國確認有28億人每天靠不足2美元艱難度日。總的說來,全世界最富裕的20%的人口控制著全球86%的財富,而最貧窮的20%的人El所占的財富僅為1%。
貧富差距日益加大所產(chǎn)生的影響是方方面面的,也是令人擔憂的。其中包括對環(huán)境的破壞:富人和富國因財力充足而過度地消費資源;窮人和窮國為了生存而不得不過度地開發(fā)利用環(huán)境。其次是遷移——人們?yōu)榱藢ふ易銐虻馁Y源而不得不背井離鄉(xiāng)。還有沖突——富人和富國通過對抗以確保對財富的所有權(quán);飽受資源不足之苦的窮人和窮國則通過對抗來獲得他們所需要的資源。貧窮的群體一般都缺乏資金和技術(shù),無力從事大規(guī)模的常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭以達到自己的目的,因此常常訴諸于小型的對抗和恐怖活動。
雖然導致全球貧富差距的原因是多方面的,也是很復雜的,但是其中就包括了有利于工業(yè)化國家的殖民時代的貿(mào)易模式;窮國在其中奮力抗爭的經(jīng)濟和經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)的全球化;由于信息技術(shù)不發(fā)達而逐漸增大的“數(shù)字化差異“;法律管理和保護的不善;教育、醫(yī)療保健、社會安全保障體系的缺乏,尤其是針對婦女和女童的安全保障體系的缺乏。
但是,這些國家和個人不必毫無止境地貧困下去。意識到當今世界需要相互依賴,在共l司的政治愿望的促使下,扭轉(zhuǎn)這種迫使世界違背自身的愿望而分裂的趨勢是有可能的。而扭轉(zhuǎn)這種趨勢對我們的未來會產(chǎn)生積極而有力的影響。
執(zhí)行“扶貧”政策,把來自世界工業(yè)發(fā)展欠發(fā)達地區(qū)的近50億人都納入到一個可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的框架之下,將不僅造福于這50億人,而且將極大地推動世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展機遇的增加,人們獲得的營養(yǎng)、教育和醫(yī)療保健的水平也得以改善。而這些帶來的又是高收入、高度自治——尤其是婦女的高度自治以及追求環(huán)保型技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品的機遇
英語和漢語語言結(jié)構(gòu)和表達習慣有很多差異之處,翻譯時往往不能死扣原文逐詞逐句譯出。一、一些原義并無否定意思的形容詞和別的詞搭配有時可譯成否定句
1.These goods are in short supply.這些貨物供應不足。
2.This equation is far from being complicated.這個方程一定也不復雜。
二、為了使譯文自然流暢,讀起來順口,在一些形容詞前可根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容加上副詞“很”、“最”等字
1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.這是我度過最愉快的一天。
2.It is easy to compress a gas.氣體很容易壓縮。
三、有時可將英語的“形容詞+名詞短語”譯成漢語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
1.She spoke in a high voice.她講話聲音很尖。
2.This engine develops a high torque.這臺發(fā)動機產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)矩很大。
四、如果一個名詞前有幾個形容詞修飾,英譯時應根據(jù)漢語習慣決定其順序
1.a large brick conference hall
一個用磚砌的大會議廳
2.a plastic garden chair
一把在花園里用的塑料椅子
五、英語中一些表示知覺、情感、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞同連系動詞構(gòu)成復合謂語時,翻譯時可將形容詞譯成動詞
1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承擔的責任。
2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.類似的批評在他后來寫的評論美國的文章中屢見不鮮。
3.He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.他誠懇地懺悔過去,并保證永遠不再玩汽車。
六、由于語言習慣不同,英語里的形容詞有時譯成漢語副詞
1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.我要對每一個人都親切、溫順、和善。
2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.他詳盡地問起我自己和我家里的情況。
3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country.再來一次戰(zhàn)爭將徹底毀滅我們這個國家。
從以上幾個方面可以看出,譯好形容詞是使譯文通順、流暢的一個環(huán)節(jié)。
英漢互譯的幾種方法
在翻譯中,針對詞匯空缺現(xiàn)象,在詞匯的借用、引用方面通常采取四種形式: 音譯、直譯、改編、意譯
1.音譯:人名、地名以及一些表示新概念 而本族語里又找不到對成詞來表示時,均可采用 音譯法介紹到譯文語言中去,如: [漢譯英] 磕頭(kowtow),荔枝(litchi); [英譯漢]、engine(引擎),motor(馬達),sofa(沙發(fā)),logic(邏輯)(考試大)
2.直譯: paper tiger(紙老虎),lose face(丟臉),Seeing is believing.(百聞不如一見。)Out of mind,out of sight.(眼不見,心不煩)
3.改編:所謂“改編”指的是音譯或直譯如意 義補充的翻譯,在翻譯的“改編法”中,譯者總 是一方面盡可能保持原文語言的特性,另一方面 更希望譯文含義明朗,使讀者一目了然。
比如,漢語的“班門弄斧”這個成語,可譯成 This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 其中,“魯班”變成了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter” 否則魯班究竟是什么人,不知道典故的外國讀者 就會感到茫然。這類譯法在英譯中比較常見,如巧克力糖(chocolate),鴉片煙(opium),高爾夫球(golf),來福槍(rifle),尼龍布(nylon)
4.意譯法:填補語言中的詞匯、語義空缺,采用“并行法”即意譯法是一種常見的有效方 法。如果某一語言觀象,在譯文語言中只的用意 義相同的不同語言形式即“并行”的詞匯來翻譯 時,那么就等于說譯文語言的形式中存在著一個 “空缺”。比如,有許多詞以及由這些詞代表的思 想概念,最先只存在于某種語言中,當把這些詞 或概念介紹到另一種語言中去時,我們可采取音 譯,直譯法,同時也可采用意譯法,而且意譯譯文 可從語音、語法、語義等方面都合乎譯文語言的 規(guī)范,因此最易為讀者接受。比如: communism,democracy,和proletariat等外來詞變成“共產(chǎn)主義” “民主”和”無產(chǎn)者”時,可以說最先是意譯的結(jié) 果。同時,由于“共產(chǎn)主義”,“無產(chǎn)者”等完全 是按我們漢語的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則,用漢語的構(gòu)詞材料構(gòu)成 的。因此,這種意譯只不過是屬于一種概念的借鑒 而已。
倒裝和分割結(jié)構(gòu)
為了強調(diào)句子的某些部分,或是為了保持句子平衡,英語中常常使用倒裝。大體說來,倒裝可以分為主謂倒裝和非主謂倒裝。主謂倒裝里又分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。在翻譯的時候,既可以按照主謂語的順序翻譯,也可以按照字面意思翻譯。非主謂倒裝只是將強調(diào)部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起強調(diào)作用。翻譯時可以采用順序譯法或是倒序譯法。
1.For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析:本句中 had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 屬于部分倒裝。正常語序為: if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文體中,可以將虛擬條件句中的 if 省略,并將助動詞提前。
譯文:例如,它們(指測試)并不彌補社會的不公,因此不能說明一個貧困青年,要是在比較有利的境況下長大,會有多大才干。
2.Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.分析:該句中 so did bigger crops of babies 屬于語法倒裝。用 so 來代替前述肯定句謂語部分所說情況。
譯文:不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用 —— 而且隨著昔日在 “ 生育高峰期 ” 出生的一代人達到生育年齡,嬰兒的出生數(shù)量增加了,這同樣起了作用。
3.Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.分析:該句的 Much as I have traveled 是一個由 as 引導的讓步狀語從句。相當于 though I have traveled much,但語氣要比后者強。這種結(jié)構(gòu)要求部分倒裝。
譯文:我雖然見多識廣,但還從未見過比她細心的人,不管什么職業(yè)。
4.Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.分析:相信大家對這種結(jié)構(gòu)都不陌生。Only 后加副詞、介詞、狀語從句時要用部分倒裝。但是要注意的是,如果 only 修飾的不是狀語,則不用倒裝。
譯文:只有很好地掌握了語法知識,寫出來的東西才會正確。
5.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.分析:當句首是否定副詞或含有否定詞的詞語時,一般要部分倒裝。
譯文: 1980 年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計資料也不如遠西地區(qū)的更能生動地說明美國人對寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。
6.Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.分析: hardly…when 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示 “ 剛 … 就 …”。含有這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子常將 hardly 置于句首,而采用部分倒裝的語序。此外,hardly 分句中一般采用過去完成時,而 when(或 before)分句中使用過去時。還有,與 hardly…when… 結(jié)構(gòu)類似的用法還有 barely(scarcely)…when…
譯文:他剛開始講,聽眾就打斷了他的話。
7.To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.分析: such…that 結(jié)構(gòu)可將 such 或含有 such 的詞組放在句首,使全句采用部分倒裝。與此用法類似的還有 so…that 結(jié)構(gòu)。
譯文:她在排演中搞得太過分,以致兩名男演員退出不干了。
8.Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析:本句為表語前置,表示強調(diào)。正常語序應為: It is certain that…。
譯文:植物發(fā)育生長的全部基本過程當然是在水中發(fā)生的。
9.We rally should not resent being called paupers.Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.分析:這兩句話是為了使上下文緊密銜接,從而將第二個并列分句的表語前置。
譯文:我們確實不應因為被稱作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋,而且還會繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。
10.Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析:正常語序應為: The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。為使語言生動形象,文學作品中常用這類倒裝。在翻譯時要盡量翻譯出原句的語言效果。這里 bear=carry。
譯文:從擁擠的街道上駛來了一輛劍橋大學最有特色的車,車上坐著學校最著名的人物。
語法關(guān)系密切的兩個句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的現(xiàn)象稱為分割結(jié)構(gòu)。英語中,分割結(jié)構(gòu)的類型是多種多樣的。例如,英語句子的主語和謂語一般都緊密相聯(lián),它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長的結(jié)構(gòu)。但是,在有些情況下,或是為了保持句子的平衡,避免頭重腳輕;或是為了語義嚴密,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,在主語和謂語之間有時也會插入其他成分。此外,還有定語(或定語從句)與其中心詞被分隔;某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔;動詞與其賓語被分隔;介詞與其賓語被分隔等等。總之,英語的分割應遵循尾重原則(應把長而復雜的成分放在句末,使結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱)和句尾信息焦點原則(把新信息,即語意重點放在句末)。同時,在閱讀時要注意找出原來屬于一個整體部分的意義。
1.Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.分析:本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是: Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell.Turner 是美國歷史學家。under a spell :被迷住,著迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語,起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語從句 when they considered women at all 是定語從句 who considered women in the West 中的狀語成分。
譯文:從本世紀初到本世紀中葉從事寫作的小說家和歷史學家只要描寫婦女,就會描述西部婦女,而且都被特納迷住。
2.Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.分析: the claim 和其同位語 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語從句 that Americans often made 分割。同位語從句在翻譯時可按照順序翻譯,將其翻譯為分句。
譯文:美國人常認為,在他們國家,一個人的地位可以從社會最底層上升到社會最上層,亞伯拉罕 " 林肯就是極好的例子。
3.In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.分析:本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是: …there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…” 是過去分詞短語,修飾 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定語動詞不定式 “to succeed” 被 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。
譯文:在最后的八年里,進行了艱苦卓絕的、幾乎是不間斷的談判,其間屢經(jīng)失敗之虞,但最終通過創(chuàng)造性的協(xié)調(diào)和要取得成功的頑強決心 —— 確實有人稱之為前所未有的決心 —— 而渡過難關(guān),取得了勝利。
4.The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.分析: in trying to solve 插在 the problem 和定語從句 which… 之間,起到承上啟下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics 為 investigations 的后置定語,起到分割作用。
譯文:由于剩余價值的發(fā)現(xiàn),使問題明朗化了。而先前,無論資產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟學家還是社會批評家所從事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
5.A better knowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.分析: lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介詞短語 to us 分割。本句選自英國前首相撒切爾夫人 1982 年在中國歡迎宴會上的講話。翻譯時要注意轉(zhuǎn)譯的應用。如把 “better” 譯為副詞 “ 更好地 ”。
譯文:更好地了解中國的文明,將為我們打開一個知識的王國,對這個王國迄今只有神話般的描述。
6.It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States —a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.分析: insistence 后接 upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語 as a first consideration 分割,做進一步說明。該句選自美國前總統(tǒng)羅斯福在 1933 年的就職演說。漢語中動詞用得較多,翻譯時可把名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。
譯文:我們首先應考慮的是,堅持美國國內(nèi)各種因素之間、各個部分之間的相互依賴關(guān)系 —— 即承認體現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的和永遠重要的美國開拓精神。
7.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.分析:連詞 as 引導的比較狀語從句中,it 代替 for two old people to be。to be 后省略了 fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。
譯文:象兩位老人一生中沒有其他什么東西可愛而彼此相愛一樣,老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相愛慕。
8.As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.分析:該句包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy 和 sentiment 是并列結(jié)構(gòu),作 two other reasons 的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句 both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。
譯文:人們隨著日趨年邁,積存物品還有其他兩個原因:一是缺乏體力和精神,兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。
9.Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.考博漢英翻譯重要策略
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一、中的一個悖論 英漢翻譯和翻譯,哪一個更難?
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一、中的一個悖論
英漢翻譯和翻譯,哪一個更難?大多數(shù)人會答曰:漢英翻譯更難。顯然,這看起來是一種合理的問問題的方法,其實并非如此。英漢翻譯和漢英翻譯,沒有哪一個更難和不難的問題,只是因人而異,視個人的水平和翻譯水平而定。那么,為什么大多數(shù)人會有一種明顯的“漢英翻譯比英漢翻譯更難”的感覺呢?有回答這個問題,我們有必要了解一下翻譯的過程。其實,無論是英漢翻譯,還是漢英翻譯,就翻譯的過程而言,只有兩個:一是對原文的理解,二是用譯文來表達。弄明白理解和表達這兩個過程,我們就可以清楚的看到,為什么大多數(shù)人會有一種“漢英翻譯更難”的論調(diào)了。
首先,有必要考查一下英漢翻譯的過程。如果做英漢翻譯的話,我們第一步需要理解英語,然后再把理解到的英語表達成為漢語就可以了。因為英語畢竟是我們的外語,所以大多數(shù)人認為,我們不懂英語是正常的。所以,無論英譯漢這個過程匯總,英語有多難或者有多簡單都沒有,我們可以查閱英語詞典得出比較正確的譯文。然后,換過來,漢譯英則不一樣了。那些認為漢譯英更難的人就認為,明明我們認識漢語,卻不能用地道的英語來翻譯,所以,漢譯英很難做。但是,如果我們這樣來想,在英譯漢的過程中,我們連第一步(理解英語)可能都無法完成;而漢譯英的話,好歹我們能完成翻譯的第一步(理解漢語原文)。沒有人能否認我們中國人,看不懂漢語吧?
既然如此,我們就能夠克服那種長期以后認為“漢英翻譯更難”的心理障礙了。那么如何比較有效的完成漢英翻譯呢?根據(jù)長期以來積累從事翻譯教學的,筆者認為可以從以下三個步驟來著手:
二、漢英翻譯三步之一:定主語 1. 翻譯的單位
在翻譯中,最小的翻譯單位是什么?是篇章嗎?是段落嗎?是句子嗎?是嗎?甚至是音節(jié)嗎?這是一個翻譯理論家長期以來爭論不休的一個話題。現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)翻譯家、翻譯理論家和翻譯實踐家都趨向于以篇章或者是整個問題為基本的翻譯單位。但是,對于初學翻譯的人來說,或者那些根本沒有掌握翻譯的人,要去應付一個翻譯考試的時候,筆者認為,句子可能是最好的翻譯單位。什么是句子?或者具體說來,在漢英翻譯中,要把漢語翻譯成英語,究竟什么是英語的句子? 柯林斯詞典對英語句子的定義是這樣的:A sentence is a group of words which,when they are written down,begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop,question mark or exclamation mark.Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.具體說來,英語的句子可以這樣來定義:一個句子就是一組詞,在書面語中,每一個句子首詞的第一個字母大寫,句末用句號、問號或者感嘆號;大多數(shù)句子有主語和謂語。
根據(jù)英語句子的定義,我們可以清楚的知道,英語的句子中,大多數(shù)句子都有主語和謂語。那么漢英翻譯,只要我們能把漢語轉(zhuǎn)變成為準確通順的英語,就需要搭建英語的主語和謂語等句式結(jié)構(gòu)。而英語本身語法非常嚴謹,邏輯非常嚴密的特點,所以,在漢英翻譯中,主語的確定和謂語的選擇就是成功構(gòu)建英語句式結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵,也是保證英語譯文和漢語原文功能對等的關(guān)鍵。
2. 確定漢語原文的主語為英語譯文的主語
1)把漢語原文中的主語直接翻譯成英語充當譯文的主語,這是一種最簡單、最可靠的對應方法,也是我們做漢英翻譯“定主語”的時候首先應該考慮的方法。如:
例1. 當前,國際正著自冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以后最復雜、最深刻的變化。(中國社會科學院04年考博英語翻譯)
At present,the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2. 和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國人民面前的兩大課題。(同上)
Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.以上兩個例子中,漢語句子的主語是名詞,由于名詞在英語句子中可以直接充當主語,所以在翻譯的時候可以直接對應下來,確定這個名詞為譯文的主語。
2)漢語和英語都有一個共同的特點,就是代詞可以充當主語,所以,我們當然還可以直接選用漢語原文中的代詞來充當英語譯文的主語。如:
例3. 我們正努力教育公民不要像西方國家那樣過度消費,比如使用過多的空調(diào)、私人汽車、以及隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。(中國社會科學院02年考博英語翻譯試題)
We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption,such as the excessive use of air conditioners,private cars and disposable products at will.例4. 如今我們有許多不同的選擇:除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外,還有營養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)、Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food,convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.3)在漢語中,除了上述名詞和代詞可以作主語之外,動詞也可以直接充當主語,英語的動詞原形則不能。可是,我們非常清楚的知道,英語中的動名詞或者動詞不定式形式則可以充當主語。所以,如果我們要確定漢語的動詞主語來充當英語譯文的主語時,必須要使用這個動詞的動名詞形式或者不定式形式。如:
例5. 幫助真正的窮人,要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價值。幫助下層社會的人重新回到社會主流中來,符合所有人的利益。(中國社會科學院03年考博英語翻譯試題)
Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.例6. 推進現(xiàn)代化建設、完成祖國統(tǒng)一、維護世界和平與促進共同發(fā)展,是中國人民在新世紀的三大歷史任務。
To continue to propel the modernization drive,to achieve reunification of the motherland,and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.3. 重新確定主語
由于漢語和英語兩種語言存在著較的的差異,有時候,確定漢語句子的主語為英語譯文句子主語的時候,常常會導致英語句子的邏輯比較混亂,而不能直接對應。所以,這時候,就有必要從原句中挑出其他詞來,充當英語譯文的主語。1)把漢語確定漢語原文的賓語為英語譯文的主語
賓語是動作所及的對象,常常是人或者物。在翻譯中,我們可以選擇漢語原文的賓語來充當英語譯文的主語。但是,在這種情況下,一般需要用英語的被動句式來翻譯。如: 例7. 偉大藝術(shù)的鑒賞和偉大的科學觀念的理解都需要智慧。
Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.(中國科學院02年3月考博英語翻譯試題)
說明:在這個例子中,我們可以看到,漢語的主語太長,如果直接用漢語原文的主語來充當英語譯文的主語,就顯得有點頭重腳輕。這個時候,我們就可以利用“英語句子多用被動句”的特點,確定漢語原文的賓語“智慧”來充當英語譯文的主語。例8. 為了保證國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展,我們必須加快國有企業(yè)的改革步伐。(中國社會科學院02年考博英語翻譯試題)
The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained,rapid and sound development of the national economy. 說明:在這個例子中,漢語原文的主語應該是“我們”。但是,這個我們屬于泛指的,不專門針對某一個人或者某幾個人。當然,一方面,我們可以采用選取漢語原文的“我們”來充當英語譯文的主語,而把這個句子的譯文安排為“We must accelerate?”這樣一個結(jié)構(gòu)。但是,直接選用漢語原文的賓語“國有企業(yè)的改革步伐”來充當英語譯文的主語,并且不提出這個泛指的主語“我們”,更適合英語的表達方式。
例9. 目前在中國正進行著一場意義深遠的社會和經(jīng)濟改革。(同上)
At present,a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in.說明:在這個例子中,漢語是一個無主句。顯然,一方面,我們可以確定漢語的賓語為英語的主語,使用英語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯,避免了需要去找一個動作發(fā)出者來充當主語的情況。
以上例子清楚的說明,選擇漢語原文的賓語充當譯文主語的情況下,通常是需要用英語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯的。但是,并不是說所有確定漢語原文賓語為譯文主語的情況都一定要用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯。如:
例10. 中國的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)Many changes are taking place in China‘s diet style.說明:我們可以看到,上面這個例子中,漢語原文的主語是“中國的飲食方式”,謂語是“發(fā)生”,賓語是“許多變化”。當一旦確定了賓語“許多變化”為英語譯文主語的時候,這個英語譯文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)就可以直接用主動結(jié)構(gòu):Many changes are taking place?。因為在英語中,“變化”與動詞“發(fā)生”的搭配是符合邏輯,而不能說“變化被發(fā)生”。
2)確定漢語原文主語中心詞的修飾語來充當英語譯文的主語
有時候,漢語主語中心詞的修飾語可能是整個句子的突出部分。在翻譯的時候,為了正確傳達原文中突出的,我們就可以把主語中心詞前面的修飾語確定為英語譯文的主語。如: 例11. 中國的飲食文化具有悠久的歷史。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)China has a long history in her diet culture.說明:在這個例子中,漢語的主語是“中國的飲食文化”,其主語中心詞是“文化”。如果確定“文化”為英語譯文的主語,則原來漢語句子只能生硬的轉(zhuǎn)化為“文化具有歷史”這樣的英語結(jié)構(gòu)。所以我們可以把主語中心詞前面的修飾語“中國”確定為英語譯文的主語,這樣一來,整個句子的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)就非常清楚,突出了“中國在飲食文化方面具有悠久的歷史”這個。
例12. 他的身材魁梧,生一副大長方臉,嘴巴闊大,肌膚呈著紫檀色。(選自陳宏薇和李亞丹 新編漢英翻譯教程)
He was a giant of a man with a long square face,a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.說明:在這個例子中,從形式上看,漢語的主語中心詞是“身材”,單似乎隨后的三個部分的內(nèi)容“生一副大長方臉,嘴巴闊大,肌膚呈著紫檀色”都是在說明“他”,而不是“他的身材”。因為我們不能說“他的身材生了一副大長方臉”,所以,我們就確定漢語原文主語中心詞的修飾語“他”來充當英語譯文的主語。
4.增加主語
漢語句法具有開放性和松散性,句子不一定要有主語,因而有許多無主句,如“出太陽了”,“昨晚放了一場電影”等;另外一些句子,在上下文意思清楚的情況下,主語往往承前省略,出現(xiàn)許多主語省略句。在將這些無主句和省略句譯為英語時,必須補出主語,以形成英語譯文中主謂齊備的格局。但是,補出什么作主語是一個十分復雜的問題。譯者必須透徹理解上下文,仔細斟酌原文的確切含義,反復推敲英語的表達方式,才能補出恰當?shù)闹髡Z,否則會歪曲原文的意思。增加主語的方法一般有以下幾種: 1)增加泛指的主語“we,you,one”等。
漢語句子在泛指的時候,顯然可以增加上英語表示泛指的主語。如:
例13. 充分發(fā)揮個體、私營等非公有制經(jīng)濟在促進經(jīng)濟增長、擴大和活躍市場等方面的重要作用。(上海理工大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)
We should take advantage of non public-owned economy,including individual,privately owned etc.,to fulfill it‘s significant effect on accelerating economic improvement,enlarging employment,and flourishing the market.例14. 然而,要想了解一個人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實際如何,考試是考不出名堂來的。(中國人民大學02年考博英語翻譯試題)
But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift,intelligence or practical abilities of a person.
例15. 凡事應該適度,適度是最安全的。(天津大學01年考博英語翻譯試題)
One should be moderate in all things,and moderation is always the safest way.2)增加英語代詞it作主語
在英語中,代詞it作主語的情況非常多。因為這個代詞表示的意義非常豐富,它可以表示漢語中的氣候、天氣、時間等無主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三點了(It’s 3 o’clock now)等,當然,它還可以充當強調(diào)句和形式主語句型的主語。如:
例16. 自從理查德尼克松(Richard Nixon)同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來已經(jīng)有30年了。(武漢大學03年考博英語翻譯試題)
It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.說明:在這個例子中,漢語原文是一個明顯的表示時間的無主句。我們則可以增加英語的代詞it來充當英語譯文的主語。
例17. 大學的研究所才是初步研究學問的所在。(中國人民大學03年考博英語翻譯試題)It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.說明:在這個例子中,漢語的原文主語是“的研究所”。但是如果我們確定“大學的研究所”作為英語譯文的主語,則沒有辦法很好的體現(xiàn)漢語原文的強調(diào)語氣“才是”。所以,我們就可以增加代詞it,用英語的強調(diào)句型來翻譯。
例18. 知道這個答案是有用的??如果你想到英語國家去念大學,或者你想找一份需要英語技能的的話,通過語言考試那就至關(guān)重要了。
It’s useful to know the answer? it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college or university in an English-speaking country,or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.說明:在這個例子中,我們可以非常清楚的看到,漢語原文有非常顯著的用英語代詞it充當形式主語來翻譯的特征:那就是,如果漢語句型通常呈現(xiàn)出“?是很重要/有用/有意義的”等結(jié)構(gòu),或者是“據(jù)說(It is said?),有人認為(It is taken that?)”等結(jié)構(gòu)。
3)增加there be?
顯然,如果漢語原文表達的是“有、存在、出現(xiàn)”等概念,我們則可以用英語的there be?句型來翻譯。如:
例19. 還將有一些生活極端貧困的人們,他們還需要政府的資助。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)
There will still be some people living in extreme poverty,who are still in need of the government‘s financial support.例20. 舉例來說,在早先的法國洞穴繪畫里,早于公元前10,000年的繪畫中沒有人與人打仗的畫面。(大學02年考博英語翻譯試題)
For example,among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10,000 B.C.,there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.從上述分析中我們可以知道,漢語的語言句法和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散,而英語則有非常清楚的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和嚴謹?shù)倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu)。而英語句子基本上是圍繞主語來展開句型結(jié)構(gòu)的,正因此,我們有必要在漢英翻譯中,確定英語的主語。只要確定了漢語原文中用什么來充當英語譯文的主語,我們就基本上能選擇出一個合適的謂語動詞來。可以這么說,英語的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的表現(xiàn)在英語的謂語上,或者說表現(xiàn)在主語和謂語之間的相互制約。所以,謂語的選擇也是漢英翻譯中一個非常重要的問題。
例1. 當前,國際形勢正經(jīng)歷著自冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以后最復雜、最深刻的變化。(中國社會科學院04年考博英語翻譯試題)At present,the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2. 和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國人民面前的兩大課題。(同上)Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the wo rld.以上兩個例子中,漢語句子的主語是名詞,由于名詞在英語句子中可以直接充當主語,所以在翻譯的時候可以直接對應下來,確定這個名詞為譯文的主語。
2)漢語和英語都有一個共同的特點,就是代詞可以充當主語,所以,我們當然還可以直接選用漢語原文中的代詞來充當英語譯文的主語。如:例3. 我們正努力教育公民不要像西方國家那樣過度消費,比如使用過多的空調(diào)、私人汽車、以及隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。(中國社會科學院02年考博英語翻譯試題)We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavio r of over-consumption,such as the excessive use of air conditioners,private cars and disposable products at will.例4. 如今我們有許多不同的選擇:除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外,還有營養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)、Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food,convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.3)在漢語中,除了上述名詞和代詞可以作主語之外,動詞也可以直接充當主語,英語的動詞原形則不能。可是,我們非常清楚的知道,英語中的動名詞或者動詞不定式形式則可以充當主語。所以,如果我們要確定漢語的動詞主語來充當英語譯文的主語時,必須要使用這個動詞的動名詞形式或者不定式形式。如:例5. 幫助真正的窮人,要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價值。幫助下層社會的人重新回到社會主流中來,符合所有人的利益。(中國社會科學院03年考博英語翻譯試題)Helping the truly poo r is much wo rthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.例6. 推進現(xiàn)代化建設、完成祖國統(tǒng)一、維護世界和平與促進共同發(fā)展,是中國人民在新世紀的三大歷史任務。To continue to propel the modernization drive,to achieve reunification of the motherland,and to safeguard wo rld peace and promote common development are the three histo rical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.3. 重新確定主語由于漢語和英語兩種語言存在著較的的差異,有時候,確定漢語句子的主語為英語譯文句子主語的時候,常常會導致英語句子的邏輯比較混亂,而不能直接對應。所以,這時候,就有必要從原句中挑出其他詞來,充當英語譯文的主語。1)把漢語確定漢語原文的賓語為英語譯文的主語賓語是動作所及的對象,常常是人或者物。在翻譯中,我們可以選擇漢語原文的賓語來充當英語譯文的主語。但是,在這種情況下,一般需要用英語的被動句式來翻譯。如:例7. 偉大藝術(shù)的美學鑒賞和偉大的科學觀念的理解都需要智慧。Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic wo rks and in understanding great scientific concepts.(中國科學院02年3月考博英語翻譯試題)說明:在這個例子中,我們可以看到,漢語的主語太長,如果直接用漢語原文的主語來充當英語譯文的主語,就顯得有點頭重腳輕。這個時候,我們就可以利用“英語句子多用被動句”的特點,確定漢語原文的賓語“智慧”來充當英語譯文的主語。
例8. 為了保證國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展,我們必須加快國有企業(yè)的改革步伐。(中國社會科學院02年考博英語翻譯試題)The speed of refo rm of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained,rapid and sound development of the national economy.說明:在這個例子中,漢語原文的主語應該是“我們”。但是,這個我們屬于泛指的,不專門針對某一個人或者某幾個人。當然,一方面,我們可以采用選取漢語原文的“我們”來充當英語譯文的主語,而把這個句子的譯文安排為“We must accelerate?”這樣一個結(jié)構(gòu)。但是,直接選用漢語原文的賓語“國有企業(yè)的改革步伐”來充當英語譯文的主語,并且不提出這個泛指的主語“我們”,更適合英語的表達方式。例9. 目前在中國正進行著一場意義深遠的社會和經(jīng)濟改革。(同上)At present,a sweeping and profound social and economic refo rm is being carried out in China.說明:在這個例子中,漢語是一個無主句。顯然,一方面,我們可以確定漢語的賓語為英語的主語,使用英語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯,避免了需要去找一個動作發(fā)出者來充當主語的情況。
以上例子清楚的說明,選擇漢語原文的賓語充當譯文主語的情況下,通常是需要用英語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯的。但是,并不是說所有確定漢語原文賓語為譯文主語的情況都一定要用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯。如:例10. 中國的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)Many changes are taking place in China‘s diet style.說明:我們可以看到,上面這個例子中,漢語原文的主語是“中國的飲食方式”,謂語是“發(fā)生”,賓語是“許多變化”。當一旦確定了賓語“許多變化”為英語譯文主語的時候,這個英語譯文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)就可以直接用主動結(jié)構(gòu):Many changes are taking place?。因為在英語中,“變化”與動詞“發(fā)生”的搭配是符合邏輯,而不能說“變化被發(fā)生”。
2)確定漢語原文主語中心詞的修飾語來充當英語譯文的主語有時候,漢語主語中心詞的修飾語可能是整個句子的突出部分。在翻譯的時候,為了正確傳達原文中突出的,我們就可以把主語中心詞前面的修飾語確定為英語譯文的主語。如:例11. 中國的飲食文化具有悠久的歷史。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)China has a long histo ry in her diet culture.說明:在這個例子中,漢語的主語是“中國的飲食文化”,其主語中心詞是“文化”。如果確定“文化”為英語譯文的主語,則原來漢語句子只能生硬的轉(zhuǎn)化為“文化具有歷史”這樣的英語結(jié)構(gòu)。所以我們可以把主語中心詞前面的修飾語“中國”確定為英語譯文的主語,這樣一來,整個句子的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)就非常清楚,突出了“中國在飲食文化方面具有悠久的歷史”這個。例12. 他的身材魁梧,生一副大長方臉,嘴巴闊大,肌膚呈著紫檀色。(選自陳宏薇和李亞丹 新編漢英翻譯教程)He was a giant of a man with a long square face,a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.說明:在這個例子中,從形式上看,漢語的主語中心詞是“身材”,單似乎隨后的三個部分的內(nèi)容“生一副大長方臉,嘴巴闊大,肌膚呈著紫檀色”都是在說明“他”,而不是“他的身材”。因為我們不能說“他的身材生了一副大長方臉”,所以,我們就確定漢語原文主語中心詞的修飾語“他”來充當英語譯文的主語。
4.增加主語漢語句法具有開放性和松散性,句子不一定要有主語,因而有許多無主句,如“出太陽了”,“昨晚放了一場電影”等;另外一些句子,在上下文意思清楚的情況下,主語往往承前省略,出現(xiàn)許多主語省略句。在將這些無主句和省略句譯為英語時,必須補出主語,以形成英語譯文中主謂齊備的格局。但是,補出什么作主語是一個十分復雜的問題。譯者必須透徹理解上下文,仔細斟酌原文的確切含義,反復推敲英語的表達方式,才能補出恰當?shù)闹髡Z,否則會歪曲原文的意思。增加主語的方法一般有以下幾種:
1)增加泛指的主語“we,you,one”等。漢語句子在泛指的時候,顯然可以增加上英語表示泛指的主語。如:例13. 充分發(fā)揮個體、私營等非公有制經(jīng)濟在促進經(jīng)濟增長、擴大就業(yè)和活躍市場等方面的重要作用。(上海理工大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)We should take advantage of non public-owned economy,including individual,privately owned etc.,to fulfill it‘s significant effect on accelerating economic improvement,enlarging employment,and flourishing the market.例14. 然而,要想了解一個人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實際能力如何,考試是考不出名堂來的。(中國人民大學02年考博英語翻譯試題)But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift,intelligence o r practical abilities of a person.例15. 凡事應該適度,適度是最安全的。(天津大學01年考博英語翻譯試題)One should be moderate in all things,and moderation is always the safest way.2)增加英語代詞it作主語在英語中,代詞it作主語的情況非常多。因為這個代詞表示的意義非常豐富,它可以表示漢語中的氣候、天氣、時間等無主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三點了(It’s 3 o’clock now)等,當然,它還可以充當強調(diào)句和形式主語句型的主語。如:例16. 自從理查德8226;尼克松(Richard Nixon)同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來已經(jīng)有30年了。(武漢大學03年考博英語翻譯試題)It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.說明:在這個例子中,漢語原文是一個明顯的表示時間的無主句。我們則可以增加英語的代詞it來充當英語譯文的主語。例17. 大學的研究所才是初步研究學問的所在。(中國人民大學03年考博英語翻譯試題)It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research wo rk at a basic level.說明:在這個例子中,漢語的原文主語是“大學的研究所”。但是如果我們確定“大學的研究所”作為英語譯文的主語,則沒有辦法很好的體現(xiàn)漢語原文的強調(diào)語氣“才是”。所以,我們就可以增加代詞it,用英語的強調(diào)句型來翻譯。例18. 知道這個答案是有用的??如果你想到英語國家去念大學,或者你想找一份需要英語技能的工作的話,通過語言考試那就至關(guān)重要了。It’s useful to know the answer? it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college o r university in an English-speaking country,o r if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.說明:在這個例子中,我們可以非常清楚的看到,漢語原文有非常顯著的用英語代詞it充當形式主語來翻譯的特征:那就是,如果漢語句型通常呈現(xiàn)出“?是很重要/有用/有意義的”等結(jié)構(gòu),或者是“據(jù)說(It is said?),有人認為(It is taken that?)”等結(jié)構(gòu)。
3)增加there be?顯然,如果漢語原文表達的是“有、存在、出現(xiàn)”等概念,我們則可以用英語的there be?句型來翻譯。如:例19. 還將有一些生活極端貧困的人們,他們還需要政府的資助。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)There will still be some people living in extreme poverty,who are still in need of the government‘s financial suppo rt.例20. 舉例來說,在早先的法國洞穴繪畫里,早于公元前10,000年的繪畫中沒有人與人打仗的畫面。(復旦大學02年考博英語翻譯試題)Fo r example,among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10,000 B.C.,there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.從上述分析中我們可以知道,漢語的語言句法和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散,而英語則有非常清楚的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和嚴謹?shù)倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu)。而英語句子基本上是圍繞主語來展開句型結(jié)構(gòu)的,正因此,我們有必要在漢英翻譯中,確定英語的主語。只要確定了漢語原文中用什么來充當英語譯文的主語,我們就基本上能選擇出一個合適的謂語動詞來。可以這么說,英語的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的表現(xiàn)在英語的謂語上,或者說表現(xiàn)在主語和謂語之間的相互制約。所以,謂語的選擇也是漢英翻譯中一個非常重要的問題。
三、漢英翻譯三步策略之二:找謂語
在漢語和英語兩種語言的對比中,有一個最顯著的特點:就是漢語中,幾乎所有詞類都可以充當謂語;而英語中則只有動詞才能充當謂語。一般來說,我們在漢英翻譯的過程中,隨著主語的確定,憑我們作為漢語母語的使用者,幾乎總能在漢語原文中,找出一個對應的謂語來。但是,和漢語原文主語對應的謂語,不一定能充當英語譯文的謂語。在弄明白怎么選擇漢語原文中的一個合適的謂語去充當譯文的謂語之前,我們有必要對漢語的謂語和英語的謂語做一個簡單的對比。如圖所示:
區(qū)別漢語的謂語英語的謂語1沒有人稱、時態(tài)、和數(shù)的變化有人稱、時態(tài)、和數(shù)的變化2常常是動詞作謂語只有動詞作謂語3名詞、數(shù)量詞、形容詞等可以作謂語無4少用被動句多用被動句5有“連動式”謂語無6有“兼語式”謂語無
正因為有以上區(qū)別,在我們做漢英翻譯的時候,就可以利用英漢語兩種語言的各自的特點,選擇合適的謂語來翻譯。所以,簡單歸納起來,謂語的選擇主要有以下幾種方式:
1.選擇謂語要注意時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化
由于英語的動詞具有人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化,而漢語沒有這樣的變化方式。所以,在翻譯中,一定要注意這種最基本語法一致原則。一般來說,要確定漢語原文的在譯文中的基本時態(tài),應該沒有問題。因為畢竟?jié)h語是我們的母語,我們對漢語原文的理解水平應該是能把握好時態(tài)這個問題的。但是,一定要在英語譯文中注意不要犯“時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)”這個基本錯誤。如:
例1. 過去的五十年并不是發(fā)明創(chuàng)新的黃金時期。(同等學歷01年漢譯英試題)The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations.說明:在這個例子中,原文雖然有明顯的時間詞提示我們,所選擇的謂語需要用過去時態(tài),但是,大多數(shù)人忽略了謂語動詞需要用單數(shù)的問題,所以必須加以注意。
例2. 實行改革開放以來改變了過去封閉半封閉狀態(tài),提高了我國經(jīng)濟水平。(中國社會科學院03年考博英語翻譯試題)
Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside,its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.說明:在這個例子中,有“以來”這個漢語詞提示我們,在譯文中要用跟過去相關(guān)的時態(tài)。同時漢語原文的謂語“改變了”和“提高了”中的“了”也給我們提示,譯文需要用完成時態(tài)。
2.常常選擇漢語原文的動詞謂語作英語譯文的謂語,但是選擇謂語需要注意“瞻前顧后” 由于漢語中的動詞也常常充當位于成分,既然英語中只有動詞才能作謂語,我們就可以選擇漢語原文的動詞謂語充當英語譯文的謂語。但是,一定要注意的是,由于漢語語言本身“意合”的特點,所以與漢語主語能夠順利搭配的謂語,在英語譯文中則不一定能在邏輯上搭配起來。那么,我們就需要選擇一個和確定好的主語能夠邏輯搭配的謂語,這就需要權(quán)衡,甚至是改變我們前面已經(jīng)確定的主語,重新確定一個和這個謂語動詞能邏輯搭配的主語,并且不改變漢語原文的意義,以利于我們得到一個“準確通順”的譯文。我把這種權(quán)衡并選擇一個合適的謂語的現(xiàn)象叫“瞻前”。同時,所選擇的謂語如果要帶賓語的話,一定要思考謂語動詞和下文的賓語在邏輯上能夠搭配,這也需要權(quán)衡,甚至改變我們已經(jīng)選擇好的謂語動詞。我們這種權(quán)衡并選擇一個合適的謂語的現(xiàn)象叫“顧后”。如:
例3. 中國加入世貿(mào)組織以后,外商參與中國投資活動的機會將越來越多,自身發(fā)展的空間也越來越大。(中國人民大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)
After China’s entry into WTO,more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and larger space for their own development.說明:在這個例子中,漢語原文的主語是“機會”以及“空間”,相應的謂語分別是“越來越多”(more and more)和“越來越大”(larger)。但是,考慮到英語譯文中,opportunity和more,以及space和larger不能構(gòu)成一個合適的主謂關(guān)系,所以,我們需要重新選擇一個謂語。考慮到英語中more可以修飾opportunity,我們就可以確定more opportunities(越來越多的機會)充當主語,同時,按照英語譯文的搭配方式,給增加一個謂語動詞create。這樣,就可以把原文“外商參與中國投資活動的機會將越來越多”這層含義用“越來越多的機會將(被創(chuàng)造)出來給外商參與中國投資活動”這個邏輯順序來翻譯。同樣的方法,也可以解決“自身發(fā)展的空間也越來越大”這個句子。
例4. 迄今為止,教育工作還沒有找到比考試更有效、更可靠的方法。(中國人民大學02年考博英語翻譯試題)
So far,there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.說明:在這個例子中,漢語原文的主語是“教育工作”,謂語是“沒有找到”,賓語中心詞是“方法”。但是如果我們翻譯為“Education hasn’t found the way?”的話,一方面英語譯文中的主謂邏輯搭配不是特別恰當,另一方面,我們也不好安排漢語原文中“比考試更有效、更可靠”這層意義。但是,考慮到漢語原文中出現(xiàn)了“沒有”這個詞,其實是典型的英語There be?句型的標志。所以,我們則需要改變所確定的主語和謂語,用英語There be?句型來翻譯就更適合英語的語言習慣了。
3.對漢語中名詞、數(shù)量詞、形容詞等可以作謂語的情況,一般可以用英語的“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”來翻譯
漢語中,充當謂語的可以是名詞、數(shù)量詞和形容詞等,這個特點是英語不具有的。如“我人,你呢”中的,“北京人”就是漢語名詞作謂語;“他81了”中的數(shù)詞81就是謂語;“今天天氣熱,昨天涼快。”中的“熱”和“涼快”就是形容詞充當謂語。這種情況,其實我們可以從英語的角度來思考的話,英語的名詞、數(shù)量詞和形容詞不能充當謂語,但是可以充當表語,所以英語中的“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”剛好可以解決這些問題。如: 例5. 投資規(guī)模偏大。(四川大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)The investment scale is too large.例6. 很多道路太窄。(天津大學02年考博英語翻譯試題)Many of the roads are too narrow.1. 如果漢語原文有明顯的被動意味,則應該選擇對應的謂語動詞,并且用英語的“被動結(jié)構(gòu)”來翻譯
漢語中,很少使用“被”字句,通常由“受到、得到、加以、得以、為?所、由?來、是?的”等詞來表現(xiàn)被動意味,有時候甚至沒有明顯的標志詞。如果我們在漢英翻譯中,能夠讀出原文中的明顯的被動意味,當然需要選擇對應的謂語動詞來翻譯為英語的“被動句”。如: 例7.
此外,對于那些剛剛脫貧的人們,他們目前的生活狀況必須改善。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)
Furthermore,the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.說明:這個例子中,漢語原文雖然沒有明顯的被動句的標志詞,但是,我們知道“生活狀況必須改善”這個主干結(jié)構(gòu)中,邏輯上應該是“生活狀況必須被改善”。所以,我們需要選擇“改善”這個詞來翻譯為英語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。
例8. “學習”也許意味著對一系列細小而不相關(guān)的行為按新的順序重新排列。(湖北省03年考博英語試題聯(lián)合考試翻譯試題)
Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.例9. 美國的經(jīng)濟體制主要是圍繞著私人企業(yè)和以市場為導向而建立起來的。(四川大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)
The economic system of U.S.A.is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.例10. 他們的生產(chǎn)和生活狀況沒有從根本上被改變。(武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.例11. 各國的人權(quán)問題主要由各國政府和人民自己來解決,世界的人權(quán)問題要由世界各國政府和人民共同參與來解決。(中國社會科學院04年)
Each country‘s human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people,while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together.2. 對漢語的“連動式”特殊句型,可以選擇一個主要動詞作為英語譯文的動詞謂語,其他次要動詞用英語的“非謂語動詞”形式,介詞的形式,或者用“and”來連接幾個動詞 “連動式”是漢語語言的一種特殊句式,是指“謂語由兩個或者兩個以上的動詞構(gòu)成,在動詞短語中沒有停頓,也沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,兩個動詞短語共用一個主語”(劉月華等 《使用現(xiàn)代漢語語法》北京:商務印書館 P.701)。如,“我去問”。“他們結(jié)了帳搬走了”。而在英語中,眾所周知,英語的一個句子只有一個能充當謂語的動詞,絕對不可能兩個動詞連接在一起。這看起來似乎是給我們漢英翻譯增加了障礙。其實不然,因為英語中,動詞除了充當謂語以外,還有所謂的“非謂語動詞”形式。這就給我們解決翻譯漢語“連動式”這個特殊句型提供了一個突破口。
這樣看來,由于原文是漢語,我們作為中國人,在理解漢語的時候,幾個連續(xù)動作中,要找出一個主要動詞來并不困難。我們可以根據(jù)幾個動作發(fā)生的先后來選擇主要謂語動詞,也可以根據(jù)幾個動作之間的關(guān)系來選擇主要動詞。對于次要動詞,一般有以下幾種處理方式: 1)用分詞和不定式等非謂語動詞來翻譯次要動詞,如:
例12. 我們花很少的錢就能夠買到一份日報。(西南財經(jīng)大學04年考博英語翻譯試題)We spend very little money to buy a piece of daily.例13. 市政府于底啟動了一項“凈空”工程,關(guān)閉了大氣污染嚴重的企業(yè)。(首都經(jīng)貿(mào)大學06年考博英語翻譯試題)
The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year,closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.2)用英語的介詞短語可以表達漢語中的動詞概念,如: 例14. 我將乘飛機離開北京。I will leave Beijing by plane.3)用英語“and”連接詞來連接幾個動作
例15. 從社會總體、長遠的利益出發(fā),政府可以運用稅收、轉(zhuǎn)移支付等方式適當調(diào)節(jié)收入分配差距,扶助弱勢群體,維護整個社會的和諧、穩(wěn)定。(財政部財政科研所05年,略有改動)
From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives,the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.說明:很顯然,在漢語原文中,有一系列的動詞。我們可以選擇“運用”作為主要動詞,突顯原文幾個動詞之間的時間先后順序,或者幾個動詞之間的目的關(guān)系。這樣以來,后面的“調(diào)節(jié)”和“扶助”就可以用動詞不定式來翻譯。同時,在“扶助”和“維護”兩個動詞間,當然可以用英語的“and”來連接。3. 對漢語中的“兼語式”特殊句型,可以選擇漢語原文中第一個動詞充當英語譯文的謂語動詞,漢語第一個動詞后面的結(jié)構(gòu)則可以采用“賓語和賓語補足語”的形式來翻譯 “兼語式”也是漢語中的一種特殊句型,是指其“謂語是由一個動賓結(jié)構(gòu)和一個主謂短語套在一起構(gòu)成的,謂語中前一個動賓結(jié)構(gòu)兼作后一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的主語”(劉月華等 《使用現(xiàn)代漢語語法》北京:商務印書館 P.708)。如:“你請他來”這個句子中,主語是“你”,謂語中的第一個動詞“請”所帶的賓語是“他”;而“他”這個賓語又兼作后面動詞“來”的主語。這個結(jié)構(gòu)看起來似乎和英語中的句型沒有太大關(guān)系,但是我們仔細研究就可以知道,漢語的“兼語式”幾乎都應該是的結(jié)構(gòu)。而這個結(jié)構(gòu),剛好契合了英語的“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。所以,我們“一般”可以把漢語的“兼語式”謂語翻譯為英語的““主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)。如: 例16. 疼痛使他喊出了聲。The pain made him cry out.例17. 我等他來。
I am waiting for him to come.
第四篇:北京考博英語輔導班講義
北京考博英語輔導班講義(;不斷增加中)
英語翻譯與寫作常用動賓詞組
一、政治類:
把?捐給慈善機構(gòu) donate ?to charities
把?看成社會公敵 look upon ? as a threat to society 把?列為基本國策 list?..as fundamental national policies 把?作為指導 take? as the guide
把理論和實際結(jié)合起來 integrate theory with practice ? 把握大局 grasp the overall situation
擺脫貧窮落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness
保護婦女權(quán)利不受侵犯 guarantee(protect)women’s rights against infringement
采取各種措施 adopt various measures 參政、議政 participate in the management of State affairs 充滿信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength 打破僵局 break the deadlock 打破禁區(qū) break off a forbidden zone 得出結(jié)論 draw(arrive at, come to reach)a conclusion 鍛造一支人民軍隊 forge a people’s army 對?具有深遠的影響 have a far-reaching impact on 對?做出重要(巨大)貢獻 make important(great, major)contributions to
反對各種形式的恐怖主義 be opposed to all forms of terrorism 反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government 高舉偉大旗幟 hold high the great banner
給?帶來機遇和挑戰(zhàn) present(bring)both opportunities and challenges to
根除(防止,消除)*** root out(prevent, eliminate)corruption 觀察當今世界 observe the present-day world 緩和緊張狀況 ease the tension 回顧奮斗歷程 review the course of struggle 加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform 加強輿論監(jiān)督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion
堅持改革開放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy
堅持統(tǒng)一,反對分裂,增加了解,化解歧見 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences 減輕農(nóng)民負擔 alleviate farmer’s burden 解放思想 emancipate our minds 解決溫飽問題 solve the problem of food and clothing 解決新問題 resolve new problems
進入世界先進行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world 進入新時期 enter a new period 進行和談 hold peace talks
進行戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整 make strategic readjustment 就?接受妥協(xié) accept a compromise on 開發(fā)西部 remake the west 開始生效 go into effect(enter into force)開拓前進 open up new ways forward
科教興國 rejuvenate our country through science and education 理順關(guān)系 rationalize the relationship 履行權(quán)利和義務 perform the responsibilities and obligations 邁出重要的一步 make an important step 熱愛和平love peace 深化改革 deepen the reform 審時度勢 size up the situation
實現(xiàn)發(fā)展繁榮 bring about development and prosperity 實現(xiàn)民族獨立 realize national independence 實現(xiàn)夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes
實現(xiàn)小康目標 achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life
實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation
實行新政策 practice new policies
受到全世界廣泛關(guān)注 attract extensive attention worldwide 縮小差別 bridge(narrow)the gap 完成中華民族的振興大業(yè) implement the revitalization of our nation 維護世界和平maintain world peace
吸收各國文明的先進成果 absorb what is advanced in other civilizations
下放權(quán)力給 delegate the management of...(to...)響應號召 respond to the call 修改法律 amend the laws 宣布?召開 announce the opening of 徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 依法治國 govern the country according to law 引起全國的關(guān)注 arouse the concern of the whole nation 引起全世界廣泛關(guān)注 attract extensive attention worldwide 贏得一個又一個勝利 win one victory after another
在?中起(至關(guān))重要作用 play a major(crucial, an important)role in 增強凝聚力 enhance the rally power
增強綜合國力和國際競爭 enhance comprehensive(overall)national strength and international competitiveness 展望偉大征程 look into the great journey 展現(xiàn)生機和活力 display one’s vigor and vitality 戰(zhàn)勝無數(shù)的困難 overcome numerous difficulties 振興西部 revive the west 振興中華民族 rejuvenate(revitalize)our nation 政企不分 mix up the functions of the government and enterprises 政企分開 separate government functions from enterprise management 政務公開 make government affairs public 主張各國政府采取行動 urge governments of all countries to take action 抓住機遇 seize the opportunity 轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能 transform(shift)the government functions 追求進步 pursue progress 追求真理 seek the truth 走進新時代 march(stride)into the new era.遵紀守法、廉潔奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties 遵循規(guī)則 follow the principles
二、經(jīng)濟類
愛崗敬業(yè) cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work 保持國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的良好勢頭 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy
保持國有股 keep the State-held shares
保證下崗職工的基本生活 guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers 被指控接受賄賂 be accused of accepting bribes 采取不同的辦法 adopt various methods 采取反壟斷措施 take anti-monopoly measures 承擔風險 bear(take)risk 籌集足夠的資金 raise enough funds(capital, proceeds)創(chuàng)收外匯 earn foreign exchange(currency)刺激國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟需求 spur domestic demand 刺激國內(nèi)需求 stimulate domestic demand 從粗放經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧s經(jīng)濟 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy
從國外引進先進技術(shù)和管理 introduce from abroad the advanced technology and
經(jīng)驗 management expertise
促進地區(qū)間的合作 promote regional cooperation 促進改革 promote reform
促進全球經(jīng)濟一體化 foster integration with the global economy 打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering
打假 take strong measures against fake and shoddy products(crack down on counterfeit goods)打破壟斷 break the monopoly 對?提出控告(投訴)lodge complaints against? 對?造成(構(gòu)成)威脅 form(pose)a threat to?
奪回失去的市場 take back lost market
發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢 give full play to one’s advantages 防范和化解金融風險 take precautions against and reduce financial risks 改善投資環(huán)境 improve the environment for investment 趕超先進 surpass the advanced 給?帶來積極影響 bring a more positive impact on?
根據(jù)市場作出調(diào)整 gear ourselves to the market orientation 公證財產(chǎn) notarize the properties
和?達成(簽訂)協(xié)議 reach(sign)an agreement with 和?進一步合作 further cooperation with 和?有合作關(guān)系 have cooperative ties with 活躍市場 enliven the market 集中精力把經(jīng)濟建設搞上去 go all out for economic development 計算出準確的工資水平figure out an exact salary level 加快經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整 speed up economic development and restructuring
加快競爭步伐 accelerate the competition 加快努力 speed up efforts
加強風險防范 prepare oneself against possible risks 加強管理 reinforce the management 減緩通貨緊縮的壓力 ease the seriousness of deflation 減輕?的負擔 reduce(lighten)the burden of(on)
減員增效 downsize for efficiency;cut payroll to improve efficiency 剪彩 cut the ribbon 解除勞動關(guān)系 sever labor relation
解放生產(chǎn)力 emancipate the productive forces(free the productivity)精簡機構(gòu) streamline government organs 竟爭上崗 compete for the post 舉報非法行為 disclose any illegal activities 開辟更多渠道 open more channels 開發(fā)(青睞)中國市場 tap(favor)the Chinese market 開拓市場 exploit markets
控制通貨膨脹 control inflation(keep inflation under control)擴大貧富差距 widen the gap between the rich and the poor 擴大消費市場 expand consumption market 留職停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary
面對可能的壓力和競爭 face possible pressure and competition 牟取暴利 seek excessive profits平衡經(jīng)濟(的發(fā)展)balance economy 取締非法收入 ban unlawful incomes(illegal earnings)
讓?處于同一起跑線 put? on the same platform and at the same starting point
讓位于競爭需要 give way to the need for competition 申請專利 apply for a patent 實現(xiàn)目標 realize the goal 適應?的發(fā)展 adapt oneself to the development of 損失慘重 suffer great losses
縮小不平衡狀態(tài) decrease the imbalance 縮小?間的距離 narrow the gap between 提高公務員工資 raise the salaries of civil servants 提高管理水平raise the management level 提高居民生活 improve residents’ standard of living 調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu) adjust the industrial structure
推廣科研成果 turn laboratory achievements into commercial(mass)production(commercialize laboratory achievements)退還大量錢款 give back an amount of money 脫貧致富 cast(shake, throw)off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity
完善服務 perfect services 為?帶來多種經(jīng)濟和社會效益 bring multiple economic and social benefits to?
為?提供巨大商機 present huge business opportunities 吸收游資 absorb idle fund 吸引外商投資 attract foreign investment 下海 plunge into the commercial sea 陷入困境 land oneself in deep trouble
向?投資巨額資金 invest huge amounts of money into 消滅假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品 wipe out fake products 以經(jīng)濟建設為中心 focus on the central task of economic construction 以質(zhì)量求生存、求發(fā)展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of quality
優(yōu)勝劣汰 select the superior and eliminate the inferior
優(yōu)先發(fā)展公共運輸 give priority to the development of public transportation
有巨大潛力 have huge potential for
與國際市場接軌 integrate with the world market;become integrated into the global market
在?建立分公司 set up branches in 造成很大壓力 pose a big pressure on 造成損失 cause a loss to 增加農(nóng)業(yè)投入 invest more in agriculture 占領(lǐng)市場10% occupy(take, account for)10 percent of the market 招商引資 attract(bid for, invite)investments(from overseas)制訂?法律 make a law of
制定優(yōu)惠政策 work out favorable policy 制造假象 create smoke screens to do
阻礙?的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展
handicap(hamper)the economic development 阻止人才流失 stop the talent flight(brain drain)遵循市場經(jīng)濟的規(guī)律 follow the law of market economy
三、文化生活類
把?列為世界自然文化遺產(chǎn) list ?as a world natural heritage site 擺架子(擺譜兒)put on airs(show off, keep up appearances)保護文化遺產(chǎn) protect cultural heritage(relics)博采各國文化之長 draw on strong point of the cultures of other countries 不注重歷史 neglect history 采取保護態(tài)度 take protective attitude 承擔應有的義務 undertake the due obligations 承前啟后,繼往開來 build on the past and prepare for the future, inherit the past
and usher in the future 充分發(fā)揮知識分子的積極性
give full play to the initiative and creativity of intellectuals 和創(chuàng)造性
觸擊現(xiàn)行法律的盲區(qū) touch a blank area of the existing law 創(chuàng)建衛(wèi)生城市 build a nationally advanced clean city
辭舊迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new(ring out the old year and ring in the new)
從事電子商務工作 conduct e-commerce
促進兒童身心健康發(fā)展 promote the healthy development of children both physically and mentally 促進交流 promote the communication 促進文化市場健康發(fā)展 facilitate the sound development of the markets for cultural products 促進相互了解 enhance(further)mutual understanding 得到群眾的廣泛支持 enjoy grass-root support 抵住?的誘惑 resist the temptation of 對?持歡迎態(tài)度 take a welcoming attitude to 對?情有獨鐘 show special preference(favor)to 發(fā)揮?的聰明才智 develop one’s own talents and wisdom 發(fā)揮潛力 tap one’s potential 繁榮文學藝術(shù) enable literature and art to flourish promote flourishing literature and art 反映中國的燦爛文化 reflect the rich culture of China 放下架子 relinquish haughty airs(get off one’s high horse, throw off one’s airs)
腐蝕人的靈魂 poison one’s mind 改進教學 improve teaching and learning 給學生減負 alleviate the burden on students 和?持相同觀點 share views similar to 互派訪問學者 exchange visiting scholars 激發(fā)旅游熱情 stimulate enthusiasm for traveling 繼承歷史文化優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng) carry on the fine cultural traditions handed from history carry on the fine historical and cultural traditions 加強文化基礎(chǔ)設施建設 build more cultural establishments 講誠信,反欺詐 honor credibility and oppose cheating 交換意見 exchange views(ideas, opinions)教書育人 impart knowledge and educate people 經(jīng)受住暴風雨的考驗 weather the storm
精心編寫教材 compile the textbooks with great care 凈化因特網(wǎng) purify the Net
舉辦文化節(jié)(展覽會)hold(conduct, give)cultural festivals(an exhibition)舉行學術(shù)會議 hold an academic meeting 開創(chuàng)假日經(jīng)濟 initiate Holiday Economy 開發(fā)潛力 exploit one’s potential 開闊視野 widen one’s vision(horizon)開設課程 offer courses 開展對外文化交流 conduct cultural exchange with other countries 開展群眾性文化活動 carry out mass activities on culture 攀登事業(yè)的高峰 climb one’s career ladder 評估學業(yè)成績 evaluate academic scores(achievements)破除迷信 eradicate superstition
普及九年制義務教育 make nine-year compulsory education universal 普及科普知識,傳播科學 popularize scientific and technological knowledge, spread
思想,倡導科學精神 scientific thought and advocate the scientific spirit 啟發(fā)學生 enlighten the students 容納三千名旅客 accommodate 3000 passengers 掃除文盲 eliminate(wipe out)illiteracy 上網(wǎng) get on(have access to, be wired to)Internet 實施以德育為核心、以創(chuàng)新 carry on the quality education centering on moral education
精神和實踐能力為重點的 and emphasizing creativity and practice 素質(zhì)教育
使英語達到更高水平push one’s English to a higher level 受到?的關(guān)注 receive attention from 疏導游客 divert tourists 疏通關(guān)系 lubricate relationships 樹立企業(yè)良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image 刷卡, 劃卡 punch the card;stamp the card 陶冶情操 cultivate one’s taste(temperament)
提倡文明的生活方式 advocate civilized lifestyle(way of life)提高公務員的綜合素質(zhì) improve the overall quality of civil servants 提高全民反毒品的意識 raise the consciousness of the entire people vs.drugs 提高知名度 raise one’s prestige 提供受教育機會 offer a chance of education 通過資格考試 pass qualification examinations 透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì) see through the appearance to perceive the essence 推動人類文明進步 push forward human civilization 挖墻腳 undermine the foundation of sth.(cut the ground from under sb’s feet)
物質(zhì)文明,精神文明一起抓 pay equal attention to(place equal emphasis on)the material progress and cultural(ethical)progress 相互促進 help each other forward 向世界展示中國文化建設 introduce China’s achievements of cultural advancement to 的成就 the world 向?qū)W生傳授知識 impart knowledge to students 消除誤解 clear up misunderstanding 消除愚昧 eliminate ignorance 形成文明、健康、崇尚科學 form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practice 的社會風尚
以全新的面貌進入新世紀 enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look 因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude 引起激烈爭論 spark a hot debate 營造良好的文化環(huán)境 create a healthy cultural environment 影響身心健康 affect physical and psychological health 有力地推動教育的發(fā)展 give a big push to the development of education 與各國人民交往 communicate with people of all countries 增強自我保護意識 strengthen one’s awareness of protecting one’s right 找工作 hunt for a job 值得重視(關(guān)注)deserve one’s attention 制止盜版軟件 control the pirated software 重視(優(yōu)先考慮)教育發(fā)展 give priority to the development of education 重視實用性 place stress on practicality 尊重知識,尊重人才 respect knowledge and respect competent people
四、科技環(huán)保類
幫助減緩全球變暖速度 help slow down the pace of global warming 保持生態(tài)平衡 keep ecological balance 保持水土 preserve soil and water 保護和改善生活和生態(tài)環(huán)境 protect and improve the living environment and the
保護珍稀野生動植物 protect rare wild animals and plants 保留為自然耕地 reserve as natural farmland 采用環(huán)保技術(shù) adopt environmental protection technique 采用新的開采方法 apply new exploitation methods 參加城市重建 participate in the reconstruction of the city 參加環(huán)保運動 take part in environmental protection activities 產(chǎn)生巨大的水文效應 produce great hydrological effects 崇尚綠色生活方式 pursue a “green” life 創(chuàng)造良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境 create a pleasant ecological environment 促進城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展 promote the sustainable development of the city 發(fā)展太陽能 develop solar energy 防治污染 prevent and control pollution 非常注重保護森林 pay great attention to the conservation of forest 改善生態(tài)環(huán)境 improve the eco-environment(ecological environment)關(guān)閉化工廠 close chemical plants 加大污染治理力度 strengthen pollution control 加強城市綠化 strengthen the greening of the city 加強環(huán)境保護 strengthen environmental protection 加強生態(tài)建設 improve the eco-construction 加強水土保持 reinforce the conservation of water and soil 堅持門前三包制度 adhere to “the three responsibilities in the gate area”
減少機動車輛 reduce the number of vehicles 減少浪費 reduce waste 揭開人類生命的奧秘 decode the secret of human life 進一步加快環(huán)保規(guī)劃 further speed up environmental protection plans 禁止露天焚燒 prohibit burning out in the open 開展保護野生動物宣傳教育 advocate to educate the public the protection of wild animals 開展綠色活動 advocate green activities 擴建管道網(wǎng)絡 expand the pipe network 普及環(huán)保知識 popularize environmental protection knowledge 竊取密碼 snatch password 竊取知識產(chǎn)權(quán) lift intellectual property
實行嚴格的機動車排放標準 implement strict vehicle emission standards 使電腦死機 crash computers 使用再生紙 use recycle paper 探索?的奧秘 probe the mysteries of
淘汰或改造燃煤鍋爐 eliminate or convert coal-burning boilers 提高環(huán)境管理水平raise the environmental management level 提高居民的環(huán)保和生態(tài)意識 improve residents’ environmental and ecological awareness
提高清潔能源的比重 increase the supply of clean energy resources 投放電腦病毒 unleash viruses 完善城市基礎(chǔ)設施建設 perfect the construction of urban infrastructure 為大量野生動植物提供棲息地 provide habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants 為人類提供水和食物 supply water and food for human beings 享受國家一級保護 enjoy first-class protection of the State 削減污物排放 decrease the disposal of pollutants 抑制傳染病的傳播 strain the spread of infectious diseases 引發(fā)一系列的問題 result in a series of problems 預防愛滋病蔓延 prevent the widespread of AIDS 增強環(huán)境意識 enhance the awareness of the importance of(raise the consciousness about)environmental protection 戰(zhàn)勝非典 defeat SARS
治理沙地和水土流失問題 tackle the problems of sand and soil erosion 注重節(jié)約資源 attach importance to saving resources
五、人口類
不服從父母 disobey their parents 倡導人力資源管理 advocate the management of human resources 調(diào)查性和婚姻狀況 conduct a survey on sex and marriage 對子女寄予厚望 pin great hopes on their children 反映人們的私生活 reflect people’s private lives 鼓勵創(chuàng)建文明家庭 encourage the idea of “Civilized Families” 過孤獨的生活 lead an isolated life 堅持計劃生育的基本國策 stick to the basic state policy for family planning
進行全國人口普查 carry out national population census
禁止他人作克隆人的實驗 inhibit others from doing human cloning experiments 開辟人類歷史新紀元 start a new chapter in the history of human 控制人口數(shù)量(增長)control the population size(growth)實現(xiàn)向低出生、低死亡、低 bring about a transition to the modern population reproduction
自然增長的現(xiàn)代人口再生 pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and
產(chǎn)類型的轉(zhuǎn)變 low natural growth rate 損害人類社會的道德觀 damage the morality of human society 縮小代溝 narrow the gap 提倡晚婚晚育 encourage late marriage and late childbirth 提出離婚 ask for a divorce 提高人口素質(zhì) improve the population quality 維護和促進人民的生存權(quán) safeguard and promote the people’s rights to subsistence and 和發(fā)展權(quán) development
維護***和不斷改善***狀況 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation
享受優(yōu)越的生活條件 enjoy good living condition 顯示明顯的差異 display a marked difference 優(yōu)化人口結(jié)構(gòu) optimize the population structure 優(yōu)生優(yōu)育 bear and rear better children 占總?cè)丝诘?0% account for 10% of the total population 造成不同的思想和觀念 result in a different ideology and concepts 造福人類和科學 benefit mankind and science 正確處理經(jīng)濟發(fā)展同人口、correctly handle the relationship of economic development
資源、環(huán)境的關(guān)系 versus(with)population,natural resources and environment
征求父母的意見 ask for her parents’ opinion 掙零花錢 earn their pocket money 重視人口老年化問題 pay attention to the problem of an aging population
逐漸削弱長輩的權(quán)威 undermine the authority of the older generation 尊重和保障*** respect and guarantee human rights
六、體育類
避開與?比賽 avoid playing against 標志一個歷史時刻 mark a historic time 表現(xiàn)完美 give some very good performance 剝奪冠軍 strip the gold medal of somebody 采取新的計分方法 adopt a new scoring system 參加火炬接力 participate in the torch-relay 參加熱身賽 take part in a key warm-up game 參加申辦活動 participate in the bidding campaign 超過世界記錄 surpass the world record 成為國家的驕傲 become the pride of the nation 創(chuàng)新世界紀錄 set a new world record 達到國際體育標準 reach the standard for international games 打敗比利時隊 defeat Belgium 打破惡性循環(huán) break the wretched cycle 打破世界紀錄 beat(break, cut)the world record(for ?)擔任中國國家隊主教練 serve as the head coach of the Chinese national team 奪冠 take the crown 反對使用興奮劑 oppose the use of performance-enhancing drugs 符合舉辦奧運會的要求 meet the requirements of hosting the Olympic Games 更具進攻性 become more aggressive 鼓舞隊員的士氣 boost the morale of the team members 獲得認可 gain recognition 獲得團體冠軍 win the team title 激發(fā)中國青年的雄心壯志 fuel the ambitions of Chinese youths 急于獲勝 gain an eagerness to win 建立職業(yè)聯(lián)賽和俱樂部 set up a professional league and clubs 角逐世界杯 compete for the World Cup 滿意抽簽結(jié)果 satisfy with the draw 面對強手 face strong rivals 鳴笛終止比賽 blow a whistle to stop the end of the match 配備各種設施 furnish and equip with all facilities 取得經(jīng)驗 gain experience
取得世界杯決賽資格 qualify for the World Cup finals 確保中國進入決賽 ensure China’s appearance in the final 申奧 bid(apply)for being the host country of the Olympics 失去男子單打冠軍 miss out on men’s singles gold 實現(xiàn)零的突破 fulfill the zero(gold medal, medal, etc)breakthrough 使其他選手相形見絀 dwarf other athletes 使生命煥發(fā)活力 wake up one’s life 使中國以3∶2取勝 give the Chinese a 3-2 victory 提出比賽建議 make comments on the contests 提高中國隊的水平raise the level of the Chinese team 挑選選手 choose players 同教練反應一致 share the same reaction with their coach 為奧林匹克運動做出貢獻 make contribution to the Olympics movement and world peace 衛(wèi)冕世界冠軍 regain world champion
吸引中國大學生優(yōu)秀選手 attract China’s top university players 向世界頂級球隊學習learn from the world’s top teams 與對手較量 take on an opponent 與強隊競爭 compete with strong teams 增進友誼 strengthen friendship 展示技能 demonstrate their skills 展示中國足球的最新發(fā)展 demonstrate(show)the latest development of China’s soccer 支持北京申辦2008年奧運會 support Beijing’s bid for the 2008 Olympic Games 主辦奧運會 host the Olympic Games 主辦中國大學生籃球聯(lián)賽 sponsor the China University Basketball Association league 抓住練習和學習的機會 grasp the chance to practise and learn
第五篇:北京考博英語輔導班講義
北京考博英語輔導班講義
北京考博英語輔導班講義(;不斷增加中)英語翻譯與寫作常用動賓詞組
一、政治類:
把…捐給慈善機構(gòu) donate …to charities
把…看成社會公敵 look upon … as a threat to society 把…列為基本國策 list…..as fundamental national policies 把…作為指導 take… as the guide
把理論和實際結(jié)合起來 integrate theory with practice … 把握大局 grasp the overall situation
擺脫貧窮落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness
保護婦女權(quán)利不受侵犯 guarantee(protect)women’s rights against infringement 采取各種措施 adopt various measures 參政、議政 participate in the management of State affairs 充滿信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength 打破僵局 break the deadlock
打破禁區(qū) break off a forbidden zone 得出結(jié)論 draw(arrive at, come to reach)a conclusion 鍛造一支人民軍隊 forge a people’s army
對…具有深遠的影響 have a far-reaching impact on 對…做出重要(巨大)貢獻 make important(great, major)contributions to 反對各種形式的恐怖主義 be opposed to all forms of terrorism 反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government 高舉偉大旗幟 hold high the great banner
給…帶來機遇和挑戰(zhàn) present(bring)both opportunities and challenges to 根除(防止,消除)*** root out(prevent, eliminate)corruption 觀察當今世界 observe the present-day world 緩和緊張狀況 ease the tension 回顧奮斗歷程 review the course of struggle 加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform 加強輿論監(jiān)督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion
堅持改革開放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy
堅持統(tǒng)一,反對分裂,增加 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase 了解,化解歧見 understanding and iron out differences 減輕農(nóng)民負擔 alleviate farmer’s burden 解放思想 emancipate our minds 解決溫飽問題 solve the problem of food and clothing 解決新問題 resolve new problems
進入世界先進行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world 進入新時期 enter a new period 進行和談 hold peace talks
進行戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整 make strategic readjustment 就…接受妥協(xié) accept a compromise on 開發(fā)西部 remake the west 開始生效 go into effect(enter into force)開拓前進 open up new ways forward
科教興國 rejuvenate our country through science and education 理順關(guān)系 rationalize the relationship
北京考博英語輔導班講義
履行權(quán)利和義務 perform the responsibilities and obligations 邁出重要的一步 make an important step 熱愛和平love peace
深化改革 deepen the reform 審時度勢 size up the situation
實現(xiàn)發(fā)展繁榮 bring about development and prosperity 實現(xiàn)民族獨立 realize national independence 實現(xiàn)夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes
實現(xiàn)小康目標 achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 實行新政策 practice new policies
受到全世界廣泛關(guān)注 attract extensive attention worldwide 縮小差別 bridge(narrow)the gap 完成中華民族的振興大業(yè) implement the revitalization of our nation 維護世界和平maintain world peace
吸收各國文明的先進成果 absorb what is advanced in other civilizations 下放權(quán)力給 delegate the management of...(to...)響應號召 respond to the call 修改法律 amend the laws 宣布…召開 announce the opening of 徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 依法治國 govern the country according to law 引起全國的關(guān)注 arouse the concern of the whole nation 引起全世界廣泛關(guān)注 attract extensive attention worldwide 贏得一個又一個勝利 win one victory after another
在…中起(至關(guān))重要作用 play a major(crucial, an important)role in 增強凝聚力 enhance the rally power
增強綜合國力和國際競爭 enhance comprehensive(overall)national strength and
international competitiveness 展望偉大征程 look into the great journey
展現(xiàn)生機和活力 display one’s vigor and vitality 戰(zhàn)勝無數(shù)的困難 overcome numerous difficulties 振興西部 revive the west 振興中華民族 rejuvenate(revitalize)our nation 政企不分 mix up the functions of the government and enterprises
政企分開 separate government functions from enterprise management 政務公開 make government affairs public 主張各國政府采取行動 urge governments of all countries to take action 抓住機遇 seize the opportunity 轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能 transform(shift)the government functions 追求進步 pursue progress 追求真理 seek the truth 走進新時代 march(stride)into the new era.遵紀守法、廉潔奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties 遵循規(guī)則 follow the principles
二、經(jīng)濟類
北京考博英語輔導班講義
愛崗敬業(yè) cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work 保持國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的良好勢頭 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy
保持國有股 keep the State-held shares
保證下崗職工的基本生活 guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers 被指控接受賄賂 be accused of accepting bribes 采取不同的辦法 adopt various methods 采取反壟斷措施 take anti-monopoly measures 承擔風險 bear(take)risk 籌集足夠的資金 raise enough funds(capital, proceeds)創(chuàng)收外匯 earn foreign exchange(currency)刺激國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟需求 spur domestic demand 刺激國內(nèi)需求 stimulate domestic demand 從粗放經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧s經(jīng)濟 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy 從國外引進先進技術(shù)和管理 introduce from abroad the advanced technology and 經(jīng)驗 management expertise
促進地區(qū)間的合作 promote regional cooperation 促進改革 promote reform
促進全球經(jīng)濟一體化 foster integration with the global economy 打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering
打假 take strong measures against fake and shoddy products(crack down on counterfeit goods)打破壟斷 break the monopoly 對…提出控告(投訴)lodge complaints against… 對…造成(構(gòu)成)威脅 form(pose)a threat to… 奪回失去的市場 take back lost market
發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢 give full play to one’s advantages
防范和化解金融風險 take precautions against and reduce financial risks 改善投資環(huán)境 improve the environment for investment 趕超先進 surpass the advanced 給…帶來積極影響 bring a more positive impact on…
根據(jù)市場作出調(diào)整 gear ourselves to the market orientation 公證財產(chǎn) notarize the properties
和…達成(簽訂)協(xié)議 reach(sign)an agreement with 和…進一步合作 further cooperation with 和…有合作關(guān)系 have cooperative ties with 活躍市場 enliven the market 集中精力把經(jīng)濟建設搞上去 go all out for economic development 計算出準確的工資水平figure out an exact salary level 加快經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整 speed up economic development and restructuring 加快競爭步伐 accelerate the competition 加快努力 speed up efforts
加強風險防范 prepare oneself against possible risks 加強管理 reinforce the management 減緩通貨緊縮的壓力 ease the seriousness of deflation 減輕…的負擔 reduce(lighten)the burden of(on)
減員增效 downsize for efficiency;cut payroll to improve efficiency 剪彩 cut the ribbon
北京考博英語輔導班講義
解除勞動關(guān)系 sever labor relation
解放生產(chǎn)力 emancipate the productive forces(free the productivity)精簡機構(gòu) streamline government organs 竟爭上崗 compete for the post 舉報非法行為 disclose any illegal activities 開辟更多渠道 open more channels 開發(fā)(青睞)中國市場 tap(favor)the Chinese market 開拓市場 exploit markets
控制通貨膨脹 control inflation(keep inflation under control)擴大貧富差距 widen the gap between the rich and the poor 擴大消費市場 expand consumption market 留職停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary
面對可能的壓力和競爭 face possible pressure and competition 牟取暴利 seek excessive profits平衡經(jīng)濟(的發(fā)展)balance economy 取締非法收入 ban unlawful incomes(illegal earnings)
讓…處于同一起跑線 put… on the same platform and at the same starting point 讓位于競爭需要 give way to the need for competition 申請專利 apply for a patent 實現(xiàn)目標 realize the goal 適應…的發(fā)展 adapt oneself to the development of 損失慘重 suffer great losses
縮小不平衡狀態(tài) decrease the imbalance 縮小…間的距離 narrow the gap between
提高公務員工資 raise the salaries of civil servants 提高管理水平raise the management level 提高居民生活 improve residents’ standard of living 調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu) adjust the industrial structure
推廣科研成果 turn laboratory achievements into commercial(mass)production(commercialize laboratory achievements)
退還大量錢款 give back an amount of money 脫貧致富 cast(shake, throw)off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity 完善服務 perfect services 為…帶來多種經(jīng)濟和社會效益 bring multiple economic and social benefits to… 為…提供巨大商機 present huge business opportunities 吸收游資 absorb idle fund 吸引外商投資 attract foreign investment 下海 plunge into the commercial sea 陷入困境 land oneself in deep trouble
向…投資巨額資金 invest huge amounts of money into 消滅假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品 wipe out fake products
以經(jīng)濟建設為中心 focus on the central task of economic construction
以質(zhì)量求生存、求發(fā)展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of quality
優(yōu)勝劣汰 select the superior and eliminate the inferior
優(yōu)先發(fā)展公共運輸 give priority to the development of public transportation 有巨大潛力 have huge potential for
與國際市場接軌 integrate with the world market;become integrated into the global mark
北京考博英語輔導班講義
et
在…建立分公司 set up branches in 造成很大壓力 pose a big pressure on 造成損失 cause a loss to 增加農(nóng)業(yè)投入 invest more in agriculture 占領(lǐng)市場10% occupy(take, account for)10 percent of the market 招商引資 attract(bid for, invite)investments(from overseas)制訂…法律 make a law of
制定優(yōu)惠政策 work out favorable policy 制造假象 create smoke screens to do
阻礙…的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展
handicap(hamper)the economic development 阻止人才流失 stop the talent flight(brain drain)遵循市場經(jīng)濟的規(guī)律 follow the law of market economy
三、文化生活類
把…列為世界自然文化遺產(chǎn) list …as a world natural heritage site 擺架子(擺譜兒)put on airs(show off, keep up appearances)保護文化遺產(chǎn) protect cultural heritage(relics)博采各國文化之長 draw on strong point of the cultures of other countries 不注重歷史 neglect history
采取保護態(tài)度 take protective attitude 承擔應有的義務 undertake the due obligations 承前啟后,繼往開來 build on the past and prepare for the future, inherit the past and usher in the future 充分發(fā)揮知識分子的積極性
give full play to the initiative and creativity of intellectuals 和創(chuàng)造性
觸擊現(xiàn)行法律的盲區(qū) touch a blank area of the existing law 創(chuàng)建衛(wèi)生城市 build a nationally advanced clean city
辭舊迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new(ring out the old
year and ring in the new)
從事電子商務工作 conduct e-commerce
促進兒童身心健康發(fā)展 promote the healthy development of children both physically and mentally 促進交流 promote the communication 促進文化市場健康發(fā)展 facilitate the sound development of the markets for cultural products 促進相互了解 enhance(further)mutual understanding 得到群眾的廣泛支持 enjoy grass-root support 抵住…的誘惑 resist the temptation of
對…持歡迎態(tài)度 take a welcoming attitude to 對…情有獨鐘 show special preference(favor)to
發(fā)揮…的聰明才智 develop one’s own talents and wisdom 發(fā)揮潛力 tap one’s potential
繁榮文學藝術(shù) enable literature and art to flourish promote flourishing literature and art 反映中國的燦爛文化 reflect the rich culture of China 放下架子 relinquish haughty airs(get off one’s high horse, throw off one’s airs)腐蝕人的靈魂 poison one’s mind
改進教學 improve teaching and learning
北京考博英語輔導班講義
給學生減負 alleviate the burden on students 和…持相同觀點 share views similar to 互派訪問學者 exchange visiting scholars 激發(fā)旅游熱情 stimulate enthusiasm for traveling 繼承歷史文化優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng) carry on the fine cultural traditions handed from history carry on the fine historical and cultural traditions 加強文化基礎(chǔ)設施建設 build more cultural establishments 講誠信,反欺詐 honor credibility and oppose cheating 交換意見 exchange views(ideas, opinions)教書育人 impart knowledge and educate people 經(jīng)受住暴風雨的考驗 weather the storm
精心編寫教材 compile the textbooks with great care 凈化因特網(wǎng) purify the Net
舉辦文化節(jié)(展覽會)hold(conduct, give)cultural festivals(an exhibition)舉行學術(shù)會議 hold an academic meeting 開創(chuàng)假日經(jīng)濟 initiate Holiday Economy 開發(fā)潛力 exploit one’s potential
開闊視野 widen one’s vision(horizon)開設課程 offer courses 開展對外文化交流 conduct cultural exchange with other countries 開展群眾性文化活動 carry out mass activities on culture 攀登事業(yè)的高峰 climb one’s career ladder
評估學業(yè)成績 evaluate academic scores(achievements)破除迷信 eradicate superstition
普及九年制義務教育 make nine-year compulsory education universal
普及科普知識,傳播科學 popularize scientific and technological knowledge, spread 思想,倡導科學精神 scientific thought and advocate the scientific spirit 啟發(fā)學生 enlighten the students 容納三千名旅客 accommodate 3000 passengers 掃除文盲 eliminate(wipe out)illiteracy
上網(wǎng) get on(have access to, be wired to)Internet 實施以德育為核心、以創(chuàng)新 carry on the quality education centering on moral education 精神和實踐能力為重點的 and emphasizing creativity and practice 素質(zhì)教育
使英語達到更高水平push one’s English to a higher level 受到…的關(guān)注 receive attention from 疏導游客 divert tourists 疏通關(guān)系 lubricate relationships 樹立企業(yè)良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image 刷卡, 劃卡 punch the card;stamp the card 陶冶情操 cultivate one’s taste(temperament)
提倡文明的生活方式 advocate civilized lifestyle(way of life)提高公務員的綜合素質(zhì) improve the overall quality of civil servants
提高全民反毒品的意識 raise the consciousness of the entire people vs.drugs 提高知名度 raise one’s prestige
提供受教育機會 offer a chance of education 通過資格考試 pass qualification examinations 透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì) see through the appearance to perceive the essence
北京考博英語輔導班講義
推動人類文明進步 push forward human civilization 挖墻腳 undermine the foundation of sth.(cut the ground from under sb’s feet)
物質(zhì)文明,精神文明一起抓 pay equal attention to(place equal emphasis on)the material progress and cultural(ethical)progress 相互促進 help each other forward 向世界展示中國文化建設 introduce China’s achievements of cultural advancement to 的成就 the world 向?qū)W生傳授知識 impart knowledge to students 消除誤解 clear up misunderstanding 消除愚昧 eliminate ignorance 形成文明、健康、崇尚科學 form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practice 的社會風尚
以全新的面貌進入新世紀 enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look 因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude 引起激烈爭論 spark a hot debate 營造良好的文化環(huán)境 create a healthy cultural environment 影響身心健康 affect physical and psychological health 有力地推動教育的發(fā)展 give a big push to the development of education 與各國人民交往 communicate with people of all countries 增強自我保護意識 strengthen one’s awareness of protecting one’s right 找工作 hunt for a job 值得重視(關(guān)注)deserve one’s attention 制止盜版軟件 control the pirated software 重視(優(yōu)先考慮)教育發(fā)展 give priority to the development of education 重視實用性 place stress on practicality 尊重知識,尊重人才 respect knowledge and respect competent people
四、科技環(huán)保類
幫助減緩全球變暖速度 help slow down the pace of global warming 保持生態(tài)平衡 keep ecological balance 保持水土 preserve soil and water 保護和改善生活和生態(tài)環(huán)境 protect and improve the living environment and the 保護珍稀野生動植物 protect rare wild animals and plants 保留為自然耕地 reserve as natural farmland
采用環(huán)保技術(shù) adopt environmental protection technique 采用新的開采方法 apply new exploitation methods 參加城市重建 participate in the reconstruction of the city 參加環(huán)保運動 take part in environmental protection activities 產(chǎn)生巨大的水文效應 produce great hydrological effects 崇尚綠色生活方式 pursue a “green” life
創(chuàng)造良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境 create a pleasant ecological environment 促進城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展 promote the sustainable development of the city 發(fā)展太陽能 develop solar energy 防治污染 prevent and control pollution 非常注重保護森林 pay great attention to the conservation of forest 改善生態(tài)環(huán)境 improve the eco-environment(ecological environment)關(guān)閉化工廠 close chemical plants 加大污染治理力度 strengthen pollution control 加強城市綠化 strengthen the greening of the city
北京考博英語輔導班講義
加強環(huán)境保護 strengthen environmental protection 加強生態(tài)建設 improve the eco-construction 加強水土保持 reinforce the conservation of water and soil 堅持門前三包制度 adhere to “the three responsibilities in the gate area” 減少機動車輛 reduce the number of vehicles 減少浪費 reduce waste 揭開人類生命的奧秘 decode the secret of human life 進一步加快環(huán)保規(guī)劃 further speed up environmental protection plans 禁止露天焚燒 prohibit burning out in the open 開展保護野生動物宣傳教育 advocate to educate the public the protection of wild animals 開展綠色活動 advocate green activities 擴建管道網(wǎng)絡 expand the pipe network 普及環(huán)保知識 popularize environmental protection knowledge 竊取密碼 snatch password 竊取知識產(chǎn)權(quán) lift intellectual property
實行嚴格的機動車排放標準 implement strict vehicle emission standards 使電腦死機 crash computers 使用再生紙 use recycle paper 探索…的奧秘 probe the mysteries of
淘汰或改造燃煤鍋爐 eliminate or convert coal-burning boilers 提高環(huán)境管理水平raise the environmental management level 提高居民的環(huán)保和生態(tài)意識 improve residents’ environmental and ecological awareness 提高清潔能源的比重 increase the supply of clean energy resources 投放電腦病毒 unleash viruses 完善城市基礎(chǔ)設施建設 perfect the construction of urban infrastructure 為大量野生動植物提供棲息地 provide habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants 為人類提供水和食物 supply water and food for human beings 享受國家一級保護 enjoy first-class protection of the State 削減污物排放 decrease the disposal of pollutants 抑制傳染病的傳播 strain the spread of infectious diseases 引發(fā)一系列的問題 result in a series of problems 預防愛滋病蔓延 prevent the widespread of AIDS 增強環(huán)境意識 enhance the awareness of the importance of(raise the consciousness about)environmental protection 戰(zhàn)勝非典 defeat SARS
治理沙地和水土流失問題 tackle the problems of sand and soil erosion 注重節(jié)約資源 attach importance to saving resources
五、人口類
不服從父母 disobey their parents 倡導人力資源管理 advocate the management of human resources 調(diào)查性和婚姻狀況 conduct a survey on sex and marriage 對子女寄予厚望 pin great hopes on their children 反映人們的私生活 reflect people’s private lives 鼓勵創(chuàng)建文明家庭 encourage the idea of “Civilized Families” 過孤獨的生活 lead an isolated life 堅持計劃生育的基本國策 stick to the basic state policy for family planning
北京考博英語輔導班講義
進行全國人口普查 carry out national population census
禁止他人作克隆人的實驗 inhibit others from doing human cloning experiments 開辟人類歷史新紀元 start a new chapter in the history of human 控制人口數(shù)量(增長)control the population size(growth)實現(xiàn)向低出生、低死亡、低 bring about a transition to the modern population reproduction 自然增長的現(xiàn)代人口再生 pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and 產(chǎn)類型的轉(zhuǎn)變 low natural growth rate 損害人類社會的道德觀 damage the morality of human society 縮小代溝 narrow the gap 提倡晚婚晚育 encourage late marriage and late childbirth 提出離婚 ask for a divorce 提高人口素質(zhì) improve the population quality 維護和促進人民的生存權(quán) safeguard and promote the people’s rights to subsistence and 和發(fā)展權(quán) development
維護***和不斷改善***狀況 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights
situation
享受優(yōu)越的生活條件 enjoy good living condition 顯示明顯的差異 display a marked difference 優(yōu)化人口結(jié)構(gòu) optimize the population structure 優(yōu)生優(yōu)育 bear and rear better children 占總?cè)丝诘?0% account for 10% of the total population 造成不同的思想和觀念 result in a different ideology and concepts 造福人類和科學 benefit mankind and science 正確處理經(jīng)濟發(fā)展同人口、correctly handle the relationship of economic development 資源、環(huán)境的關(guān)系 versus(with)population,natural resources and environment 征求父母的意見 ask for her parents’ opinion 掙零花錢 earn their pocket money 重視人口老年化問題 pay attention to the problem of an aging population 逐漸削弱長輩的權(quán)威 undermine the authority of the older generation 尊重和保障*** respect and guarantee human rights
六、體育類
避開與…比賽 avoid playing against 標志一個歷史時刻 mark a historic time 表現(xiàn)完美 give some very good performance 剝奪冠軍 strip the gold medal of somebody 采取新的計分方法 adopt a new scoring system 參加火炬接力 participate in the torch-relay 參加熱身賽 take part in a key warm-up game 參加申辦活動 participate in the bidding campaign 超過世界記錄 surpass the world record 成為國家的驕傲 become the pride of the nation 創(chuàng)新世界紀錄 set a new world record 達到國際體育標準 reach the standard for international games 打敗比利時隊 defeat Belgium
打破惡性循環(huán) break the wretched cycle 打破世界紀錄 beat(break, cut)the world record(for …)
北京考博英語輔導班講義
擔任中國國家隊主教練 serve as the head coach of the Chinese national team 奪冠 take the crown 反對使用興奮劑 oppose the use of performance-enhancing drugs 符合舉辦奧運會的要求 meet the requirements of hosting the Olympic Games 更具進攻性 become more aggressive 鼓舞隊員的士氣 boost the morale of the team members 獲得認可 gain recognition 獲得團體冠軍 win the team title 激發(fā)中國青年的雄心壯志 fuel the ambitions of Chinese youths 急于獲勝 gain an eagerness to win 建立職業(yè)聯(lián)賽和俱樂部 set up a professional league and clubs 角逐世界杯 compete for the World Cup 滿意抽簽結(jié)果 satisfy with the draw 面對強手 face strong rivals 鳴笛終止比賽 blow a whistle to stop the end of the match 配備各種設施 furnish and equip with all facilities 取得經(jīng)驗 gain experience
取得世界杯決賽資格 qualify for the World Cup finals 確保中國進入決賽 ensure China’s appearance in the final
申奧 bid(apply)for being the host country of the Olympics 失去男子單打冠軍 miss out on men’s singles gold
實現(xiàn)零的突破 fulfill the zero(gold medal, medal, etc)breakthrough 使其他選手相形見絀 dwarf other athletes 使生命煥發(fā)活力 wake up one’s life
使中國以3∶2取勝 give the Chinese a 3-2 victory 提出比賽建議 make comments on the contests 提高中國隊的水平raise the level of the Chinese team 挑選選手 choose players 同教練反應一致 share the same reaction with their coach 為奧林匹克運動做出貢獻 make contribution to the Olympics movement and world peace 衛(wèi)冕世界冠軍 regain world champion
吸引中國大學生優(yōu)秀選手 attract China’s top university players 向世界頂級球隊學習learn from the world’s top teams 與對手較量 take on an opponent 與強隊競爭 compete with strong teams 增進友誼 strengthen friendship 展示技能 demonstrate their skills 展示中國足球的最新發(fā)展 demonstrate(show)the latest development of China’s soccer 支持北京申辦2008年奧運會 support Beijing’s bid for the 2008 Olympic Games 主辦奧運會 host the Olympic Games 主辦中國大學生籃球聯(lián)賽 sponsor the China University Basketball Association league 抓住練習和學習的機會 grasp the chance to practise and learn