第一篇:外文翻譯-工業(yè)工程文章
原文題目:Improvement of Industrial Production Process Design Using
Systematic Layout Planning
基于SLP法的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)線布局改善
Nik?a FAFANDJEL,Rajko RUBE?A,Tin MATULJA
Abstract Modern industrial production processes, including also shipbuilding processes, are expected to deliver products or interim products on time with acceptable price and required quality.For instance, production of pipe units in shipbuilding industry that use conventional methods, characterized by high content of human work per pipe unit, cannot satisfy these requirements.To increase productivity it is necessary to introduce CNC machines and robotized lines that will also enhance production process capacity.Accordingly, optimal machines layout to ensure production and technological process with maximal capacity potential should be defined.Therefore, for production process design improvement, the employment of Systematic layout planning procedure is proposed.SLP procedure is used for defining optimal machines and jobs layout within the production process.Improvement of production process design using proposed procedure has been tested through basic design for new pipe production workshop within a particular shipyard Keyword:pipe workshop;production process design;shipbuilding;Systematic layout planning(SLP)
摘要
現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程包括船艦生產(chǎn)被希望能夠準(zhǔn)時(shí)的提供產(chǎn)品或者中間產(chǎn)品,并且需要提供合理的價(jià)格和要求的質(zhì)量。例如船艦制造里面的管道生產(chǎn)采用傳統(tǒng)方法,每個(gè)管道的生產(chǎn)都需要大量的人員,從而不能滿足現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的需求。為了提高生產(chǎn)效率很必有要引進(jìn)CNC機(jī)器和機(jī)器人生產(chǎn)線,同時(shí)還能增強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)線能力。因此,應(yīng)該改善生產(chǎn)線機(jī)器設(shè)備布局來(lái)確保產(chǎn)量并且應(yīng)該事先預(yù)測(cè)最大可能的產(chǎn)量。因此,建議使用SLP法對(duì)于生產(chǎn)線布局改善設(shè)計(jì)。SLP法用于確定生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中最優(yōu)的設(shè)備布局和工藝布局。使用SLP法進(jìn)行布局改善設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)在一個(gè)生產(chǎn)管道的特定造船車間經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試。關(guān)鍵詞:管道生產(chǎn)車間;生產(chǎn)線布局設(shè)計(jì);造船業(yè);SLP法 1.緒論(Introduction)
From present industries, focusing on shipbuilding is expected to deliver to owners a quality product i.e.ship, on time and at the market price.To obtain these requirements, existing shipyards need to improve productivity and efficiency through plementation of new technologies and reorganization.It can be achieved by using new ethodologies and approaches to design particular shipbuilding process segments with the objective to reach acceptable solutions.目前集中于造船業(yè)的工業(yè)被期望能夠提供有“質(zhì)量”的產(chǎn)品比如較為便宜的能夠準(zhǔn)時(shí)交貨的船艦。為了滿足市場(chǎng)的這些需求,現(xiàn)有的造船廠需要通過(guò)采用新技術(shù)和結(jié)果重組來(lái)提高生產(chǎn)能力和生產(chǎn)效率。這些目標(biāo)都可以通過(guò)使用新的設(shè)計(jì)方法重新設(shè)計(jì)造船中的生產(chǎn)線過(guò)程布局達(dá)到。
There are several ways to improve production:eliminate waste, improve flow, reduce material handling,plan for growth and expansion, built-in flexibility.提高生產(chǎn)能力有許多方法:消除浪費(fèi),改善流動(dòng)性,減少材料處理,為產(chǎn)量的擴(kuò)張做計(jì)劃,設(shè)計(jì)靈活柔性生產(chǎn)線。
Production of pipe units in shipbuilding industry using conventional methods characterized by high content of human work per pipe unit cannot give good results towards the objectives of increasing productivity and obtaining higher production quality levels.In this respect, every shipyard, which has the intention to remain present in the world market, considers various possibilities for decreasing the content of human work per unit of the final product.造船業(yè)的管道生產(chǎn)采用傳統(tǒng)的方法和大量的人力不能提高產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。在這種情況下,各個(gè)企業(yè)為了保持自己在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的地位,想盡各種辦法減少人力的消耗。
One of the possibilities in this way of increasing productivity and shortening production time within a shipyard is the introduction of modern robotized lines for pipe units production i.e.modernization and reorganization of present state
制造企業(yè)采用這種方法提高產(chǎn)量,減少生產(chǎn)時(shí)間的一種可能性就是引進(jìn)現(xiàn)代機(jī)器人進(jìn)行管道生產(chǎn),即現(xiàn)代化和重組生產(chǎn)線。
Shipyards equipped with machines and tools with high content of manual work will be faced with problems during the process of changing type of production from conventional to modern pipe unit production line.It can be related to the fact that the complete technological process should be changed, starting from the design stage, work based breakdown structure, production planning and production itself.擁有大量人工操作的機(jī)器和工具的工廠將面臨生產(chǎn)線由傳統(tǒng)向現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)變的問(wèn)題。企業(yè)不得不面對(duì)這樣一種事實(shí):所有的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程被改變,開(kāi)始新的布局設(shè)計(jì),解體以前的工作結(jié)構(gòu)、規(guī)劃和生產(chǎn)。
Complexity of building a ship-piping system can be solved through a variety of potential solutions depending on the level of development for piping design and production.建立一個(gè)船的管道系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性可以通過(guò)基于管道設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)的多種可能性方法進(jìn)行解決。
While designing a particular modern production process within shipyards, space limitations appear,because new spaces have to be found or the old ones have to be technologically rearranged, which is usually difficult to realize.That is the reason why the best solution might be to design a completely new production line if possible.當(dāng)在一個(gè)工廠設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)全新的生產(chǎn)線時(shí)空間是一個(gè)大的問(wèn)題,因?yàn)榻⑸a(chǎn)線需要空間,所以新的空間需要被發(fā)現(xiàn)否則就要對(duì)舊的生產(chǎn)線進(jìn)行改進(jìn),這是個(gè)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。這就是為什么最好的生產(chǎn)線建設(shè)方案就是在沒(méi)生產(chǎn)線的空白車間進(jìn)行全新的設(shè)計(jì),因?yàn)椴恍枰紤]空間問(wèn)題。
The layout design has a significant impact on the performance of a production process.Layout design has been an active research area in the past few decades.However, design algorithms for production lines and/or workshops are rare and/or may not be adequate to solve a real design problem.布局設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)制造企業(yè)生產(chǎn)性能具有顯著影響,最近幾十年的時(shí)間里布局設(shè)計(jì)研究一直是一個(gè)熱門領(lǐng)域。然而為生產(chǎn)線設(shè)計(jì)的算法很少見(jiàn)并且一般不能夠解決實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)布局設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。
Existing research in production design layout problems often fall into two major categories, such as algorithmic and procedural ones.Algorithmic approaches usually simplify both design constraints and objectives in order to reach a surrogate objective function whose solution can then be obtained.These approaches usually only involve quantitative input data.Their design solutions are easier to evaluate by comparing their objective function values.現(xiàn)在關(guān)于生產(chǎn)布局的研究方法大體可以分為兩類:算法和程序。算法的方法簡(jiǎn)化了設(shè)計(jì),通過(guò)目標(biāo)函數(shù)的約束和最終目標(biāo)需求得到一個(gè)替代的解決方案。這些方法通常只涉及輸入的數(shù)據(jù)而不包含其它。通過(guò)這種方法得到的解決方案的優(yōu)劣通過(guò)目標(biāo)函數(shù)的值可以很容易的進(jìn)行比較。
Procedural approaches can incorporate both,qualitative and quantitative, objectives in the design process.For these approaches, the design process is divided into several steps that are then solved sequentially.The success of a procedural approach implementation is dependent on the generation of quality design alternatives that are often from the output of an experienced designer.Thus, the input from area experts during the design process is considered to be a must towards an effective workshop layout design.It is often the last step for a procedural approach to evaluate the design alternatives.The choice of the final design is often difficult when multiple objectives are considered.程序法可以使定性與定量?jī)煞N方法相結(jié)合,目標(biāo)在這些方法的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)于這些方法,設(shè)計(jì)流程被分成幾個(gè)步驟,然后按照順序進(jìn)行解決。成功的設(shè)計(jì)方案常常出自經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的設(shè)計(jì)師曾設(shè)計(jì)的方案的代代傳承。因此在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)線布局時(shí)采用專家的方法進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)是必須的。它常常是進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)布局評(píng)估的最后一個(gè)步驟。因?yàn)槿绻捎枚鄠€(gè)目標(biāo)函數(shù)值進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)最終方案的選擇將是很難的一個(gè)步驟。
A workshop layout design problem exposes the strong properties of a multipl objective decision problem.For this instance, an algorithmic approach may not be adequate in providing a quality solution.Alternatively,the use of a sound procedural approach with the aid of a proven tool as design evaluation function would be a viable approach for a workshop layout design problem.車間布局設(shè)計(jì)暴露了多目標(biāo)決策方法的問(wèn)題。在這種情況下,算法不能提供最優(yōu)的設(shè)計(jì)方案,所以采用輔助方案的聲音過(guò)程方法作為設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)將是車間布局設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題的可行方法。
The authors suggest using a Systematic layout planning(SLP)procedural approach for production process design improvement, because it features both the simplicity of the design process and the objectivity of the multiple-criteria evaluation process as opposed to existing algorithmic approaches, which are ineffective in solving qualitative objective problems, and regular procedural approaches that lack a structural multiplecriteria evaluation approach.在此作者建議采用SLP法對(duì)生產(chǎn)線布局進(jìn)行改進(jìn),因?yàn)樗哂泻?jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程,多準(zhǔn)則評(píng)估過(guò)程客觀性,和現(xiàn)有的算法完全不同,現(xiàn)有的算法是無(wú)效的,現(xiàn)有的算法在解決客觀存在的問(wèn)題和定期處理程序性問(wèn)題缺乏結(jié)構(gòu)性的多方位評(píng)估方法。
While the authors were involved in the R&D project of technological modernization of one real shipyard,as a separate project they had to design a new pipe production workshop, where a proposed novel approach was implemented and tested.雖然作者參與了一個(gè)先進(jìn)技術(shù)化現(xiàn)代造船廠的R&D項(xiàng)目,但是作為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的項(xiàng)目,作者要設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)全新的管道生產(chǎn)線,在這條生產(chǎn)線上SLP法將得到應(yīng)用。
2.SLP法簡(jiǎn)介(Outline of systematic Layout planning)
This section aims at providing a brief review of the SLP procedure as shown in Figure 1.The SLP begins with PQRST analysis(step 1)for the overall production activities.The data collection fields including P(product),Q(quantity), R(routing), S(supporting), and T(time)should be scrutinized in order to assure the validity of the input data at the design stage.本節(jié)重點(diǎn)對(duì)SLP法的理論和實(shí)施方法進(jìn)行介紹,大體概況如圖1所示:SLP法從對(duì)生產(chǎn)線進(jìn)行全面分析的PQRST開(kāi)始。對(duì)收集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括P(產(chǎn)品)、Q(產(chǎn)量)、R(生產(chǎn)路線)、S(輔助服務(wù)部門)、T(時(shí)間)應(yīng)進(jìn)行細(xì)致的審核,以確保輸入?yún)?shù)的有效性。
Figure1.SLP procedure 1.數(shù)據(jù)收集P(產(chǎn)品)、Q(產(chǎn)量)、R(生產(chǎn)路線)、S(輔助服務(wù)部門)、T(時(shí)間)2.物流分析3.作業(yè)分析4.相互關(guān)系圖5.需要的空間6.可利用的空間7.空間關(guān)系圖8.各種修改意見(jiàn)9.各種限制條件10.布置方案11.評(píng)估和確定方案圖1 SLP法實(shí)施程序圖
In the flow of material analysis(step 2), all material flows from the whole production line are aggregated into a from-to chart that represents the flow intensity among different tool sets or work positions.The step of “activity relationships”(step 3)performs qualitative analysis towards the close relationship decision among different work positions.在第二步物流分析里所有生產(chǎn)線的物料流動(dòng)都被統(tǒng)計(jì)到一個(gè)代表不同工位或者不同工作地點(diǎn)物流強(qiáng)度的從致表中。第三步作業(yè)相關(guān)關(guān)系分析表明了不同工作之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系。
The step of “relationship diagram”(step 4)positions areas spatially.For those work positions(areas)that have strong interactions and/or close relationships are placed in proximity.第四步用相關(guān)關(guān)系圖將各工序的相關(guān)關(guān)系表示出來(lái)。對(duì)于那些具有很強(qiáng)的相互關(guān)系或者很近的作業(yè)關(guān)系的工序設(shè)備擺放在一起。
The steps of “space requirements” and “space available”(steps 5 and 6)determine the amount of floor space to be allocated to each work position.This decision is particularly critical to a workshop design problem due to the costly clean room floor space and the difficulty in future expansion.第五步和第六步“需要的空間”和“可以利用的空間”決定了可以供給每個(gè)工序設(shè)備所使用的空間。這一決策對(duì)空間設(shè)備布局非??量?,因?yàn)檐囬g空間的巨大價(jià)值和未來(lái)車間擴(kuò)張的需要決定了車間空間的利用價(jià)值。
The step of “space relationship diagram”(step 7)adds area size information into the relationship diagram from step 4.Additional design constraints and limitations are considered before the start of block layout generation in steps 8 and 9.Step 10 then develops layout alternatives as design candidates.Step 11 chooses the final design from these design candidates.第七步“空間關(guān)系圖”通過(guò)第四步在車間設(shè)備相互關(guān)系圖中添加了空間面積信息。在對(duì)第八步和第九步的生產(chǎn)線設(shè)備布局進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前需要對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)約束和限制進(jìn)行考慮。第十步形成多個(gè)備選方案。第十一步為最終步驟,對(duì)備選方案進(jìn)行評(píng)估,并確定最終方案。
第二篇:工程外文翻譯
工程管理畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯2
2008-03-10 15:44
2設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),我國(guó)建筑控制很有效,因此,控制工程造價(jià)具有重要意義, 但工程造價(jià)的主要方法是控制設(shè)計(jì)。
目前大部分的業(yè)主在設(shè)計(jì)階段很少工程的成本控制,而他們認(rèn)為成本的設(shè)計(jì)不會(huì)有太大的影響,這是不對(duì)的,相反的,設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制是最重要的一步。因?yàn)樗鼪Q定了工程設(shè)計(jì)、施工方法、材料和設(shè)備的種類,優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)階段的程序或小的變化, 工程造價(jià)將會(huì)產(chǎn)生重大影響,設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制項(xiàng)目總成本的70%。以下是如何控制工程從設(shè)計(jì)到管理。
2.1 作為業(yè)主,必須重視設(shè)計(jì)
設(shè)計(jì)選定的質(zhì)量水平直接影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的設(shè)計(jì)水平, 而設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的水平,直接影響定價(jià)的工程量。不同的設(shè)計(jì)單位對(duì)同一項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)是不同的。同一項(xiàng)目的不同設(shè)計(jì)研究院工程之間某些方面的工程造價(jià)就存在分歧之間,我們假設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)由兩個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)院設(shè)計(jì), 施工圖完成后,所要求的咨詢單位成本做預(yù)算。當(dāng)然不同設(shè)計(jì)院的項(xiàng)目的總成本是絕對(duì)不一樣的, 大部分兩者的差異超過(guò)10% ,甚至超過(guò)30% , 而不一定是成本高,比設(shè)計(jì)成本低,良好的設(shè)計(jì)往往是成本低,我們都知道,每個(gè)人有不同的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格,不同層次的設(shè)計(jì)作品自然 因此選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位,是管制的第一步。通過(guò)招標(biāo)選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位,是一個(gè)很好的方法,在招標(biāo)文件中詳細(xì)說(shuō)明這方面的要求,成本控制目標(biāo)等等。
否則,在以后的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中設(shè)計(jì)單位會(huì)提出增加成本的設(shè)計(jì)要求;通過(guò)招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng),為選擇最好的設(shè)計(jì)單位。
2.2 提倡設(shè)計(jì)招投標(biāo)和設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化戰(zhàn)役模式設(shè)計(jì)單位評(píng)估
由專家組成, 按照適用,經(jīng)濟(jì),美學(xué)原理和先進(jìn)技術(shù), 結(jié)構(gòu)合理,以滿足建筑
節(jié)能和環(huán)保的要求,綜合評(píng)價(jià)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì), 擇優(yōu)確定中選方案。
成功的投資計(jì)劃估計(jì)將接近一般建設(shè)工程范圍內(nèi)的投資。這意味著兩個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)合約,將幫助設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)會(huì),以確保獲選設(shè)計(jì) 先進(jìn)的技術(shù),獨(dú)特的新穎性,適應(yīng)性,以及控制工程造價(jià)。設(shè)計(jì)單位要努力提高自身素質(zhì),該項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)巧妙構(gòu)思, 當(dāng)代降低工程成本上動(dòng)腦筋,以提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量, 力爭(zhēng)把設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制批準(zhǔn)的投資上限。
2.3 加強(qiáng)設(shè)計(jì)階段
以加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督專員,以確定一個(gè)合理的設(shè)計(jì), 成熟的技術(shù),減少在施工階段主要設(shè)計(jì)變化和在節(jié)目中, 在有效控制了工程造價(jià)將扮演一個(gè)角色。工程的設(shè)計(jì),如果工程監(jiān)理介入排除不利因素,一般可排除80%的錯(cuò)誤。在整個(gè)建設(shè)過(guò)程中的成本控制,在開(kāi)始施工時(shí)盡量節(jié)約投資20%,關(guān)鍵施工階段的識(shí)別和控制成本。監(jiān)督的設(shè)計(jì)階段,包括: 設(shè)計(jì)院的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和說(shuō)明,協(xié)助業(yè)主處理不同設(shè)計(jì)方案的經(jīng)濟(jì), 資本開(kāi)支與發(fā)展的初步估計(jì),以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利用。與業(yè)主,監(jiān)理,包括:
根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)院提供的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和說(shuō)明,協(xié)助業(yè)主處理不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案經(jīng)濟(jì),資本支出發(fā)展的初步規(guī)劃,以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利用;與業(yè)主不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案, 需要計(jì)算自己的材料和設(shè)備進(jìn)行成本分析和研究, 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)人員的費(fèi)用,以協(xié)助他們?cè)谕顿Y限額范圍內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì),以節(jié)省投資。尋求一次性投資少,經(jīng)濟(jì)好的設(shè)計(jì)方案,取得最合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)。
2.4積極推動(dòng)所謂的上限限額設(shè)計(jì)
即使批準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書和投資估算,在保證功能要求的前提下。初步設(shè)計(jì)和概算控制, 據(jù)初步批準(zhǔn)的預(yù)算總額為設(shè)計(jì)和施工圖設(shè)計(jì)控制。而每一個(gè)專業(yè),每一個(gè)都有一個(gè)門檻設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)目標(biāo)。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,設(shè)計(jì)師要進(jìn)步多方案,優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì), 確保設(shè)計(jì)在技術(shù)上是先進(jìn),合理,創(chuàng)新,時(shí)尚,而不是打破限制投資的目標(biāo), 從而杜絕了工程設(shè)計(jì),提高安全系數(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 或只考慮技術(shù)可行性的計(jì)劃,而非經(jīng)濟(jì)理性的現(xiàn)象, 這項(xiàng)工程的費(fèi)用,以確保有效控制。
又稱價(jià)值工程的價(jià)值分析,是一種現(xiàn)代科學(xué)管理技術(shù), 是一個(gè)新的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的是產(chǎn)品的功能分析,以節(jié)約資源,降低成本的目的,一個(gè)有效的方法。它彌補(bǔ)了傳統(tǒng)的成本管理單純強(qiáng)調(diào)降低成本和質(zhì)量管理只強(qiáng)調(diào)改善質(zhì)量缺陷,建設(shè),有利于解決長(zhǎng)期存在的時(shí)間長(zhǎng),浪費(fèi)大,質(zhì)量差,成本高的問(wèn)題。價(jià)值工程法一般分為三個(gè)步驟:評(píng)估的面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)分評(píng)分;計(jì)算對(duì)象的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo);計(jì)算幾何設(shè)計(jì)的物體,平均從比較中選擇最佳的設(shè)計(jì)。建設(shè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的單位工程造價(jià)管理
控制工程成本,是合理的 該項(xiàng)目達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前提下,在投資決策階段, 設(shè)計(jì)及建造階段的項(xiàng)目,把項(xiàng)目審批出現(xiàn)在管制范圍內(nèi),力爭(zhēng)在各項(xiàng)建設(shè)工程合理使用人力, 物力和財(cái)力資源,以取得良好的投資效益和社會(huì)效益。
項(xiàng)目成本控制和管理是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程。動(dòng)態(tài)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),使投資在確定與控制變得更為復(fù)雜,這將要求施工單位對(duì)工程造價(jià)管理的項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)過(guò)程中,它必須有一個(gè)全面的焦點(diǎn)。
執(zhí)行階段的項(xiàng)目。實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理是實(shí)施全過(guò)程項(xiàng)目管理。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理可分為三個(gè)部分:投標(biāo)管理施工管理和結(jié)算管理。
3.1 招標(biāo)施工階段的施工單位招標(biāo)制度
控制工程造價(jià)的有效手段,申辦組織,可以提高成本效益的工程,并確保工程質(zhì)量, 縮短建設(shè)周期,投資回報(bào), 施工單位可充分利用招標(biāo)的手段,有效控制成本。
施工編號(hào)10月7部令發(fā)布了“合同與施工合同定價(jià)管理” 明確指出,在工程招標(biāo)使用庫(kù)存。這就要求建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行招標(biāo), 在招標(biāo)文件中,不僅包括通常的內(nèi)容如債券投標(biāo)前附表,招標(biāo)債券合同的條件、合同協(xié)議條款、合同格式、技術(shù)規(guī)格、圖紙、招標(biāo)文件及其他參考格式,還必須提供工程清單招標(biāo)作為參考文件的重要組成部分。
建設(shè)單位在招標(biāo)文件中的工程量清單, 按照國(guó)家或地方頒布的規(guī)則的計(jì)算方法,統(tǒng)一的項(xiàng)目劃分, 統(tǒng)一計(jì)量單位,統(tǒng)一的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則按設(shè)計(jì)圖紙加以計(jì)
算和統(tǒng)計(jì)安排,取得名單。數(shù)量應(yīng)遵循的籌備工作客觀,公正,科學(xué),合理的原則。編寫者必須有一定的知識(shí)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和施工經(jīng)驗(yàn), 以及材料與機(jī)械施工技術(shù)全面的科學(xué)知識(shí),為了計(jì)算容積的工程無(wú)重大遺漏。此基礎(chǔ)上,必須符合國(guó)家規(guī)定的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則與分包工程處工程單位,并按照設(shè)計(jì)圖紙,設(shè)計(jì)必不可少的愛(ài)情招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定計(jì)算量的項(xiàng)目應(yīng)該有一個(gè)綜合測(cè)試,作品必須簡(jiǎn)單,雖然不露出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤定價(jià)項(xiàng)目,要保證正確的工程。應(yīng)該要求的不同等級(jí)分開(kāi)工程部,情況則有所不同, 我們可能有不同的價(jià)格,為項(xiàng)目分開(kāi)。這就要求編寫清單編制人員,認(rèn)真研究設(shè)計(jì)圖紙, 分析招標(biāo)文件中包括的工作內(nèi)容及不同的技術(shù)要求, 大家熟悉的過(guò)程,并到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)認(rèn)真調(diào)查,預(yù)計(jì),以使施工的情況下,會(huì)對(duì)價(jià)格項(xiàng)目得以打破。此外, 因?yàn)轫?xiàng)目清單計(jì)算數(shù)額的項(xiàng)目是不完整的工程,并考慮利益施工單位,顯然付出代價(jià)相同的總體價(jià)格 該工程量清單的數(shù)量,實(shí)際建設(shè)是一個(gè)具有實(shí)際意義。
在評(píng)價(jià)和審查的投標(biāo)應(yīng)做的單位,個(gè)人總報(bào)價(jià)和綜合評(píng)估價(jià)格不符合要求的個(gè)體顯示物價(jià)符合要求, 與最低總價(jià)不能解釋單一,價(jià)低。投標(biāo)人往往知道總成本,以維持相同的情況下, 該計(jì)劃很可能會(huì)改變較小的項(xiàng)目,以降低價(jià)格。變化可能較大項(xiàng)目的價(jià)格上升,以達(dá)到竣工結(jié)算工程,將增加為目的。我們也做價(jià)格和相應(yīng)數(shù)量的工程技術(shù)綜合評(píng)估的大批量項(xiàng)目注重價(jià)格分析。價(jià)格會(huì)做與工作內(nèi)容,施工計(jì)劃,是一個(gè)全面的技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程中, 因而傾向于選擇施工單位。建設(shè)施工階段的合同成本控制基礎(chǔ)。簽訂嚴(yán)密的施工合同,同時(shí)加強(qiáng)施工合同管理,可以保證合同價(jià)是合理的, 合法性,減少履行合同的糾紛,維護(hù)雙方利益的合同,有效地控制了工程投資費(fèi)用。
在簽約前,做好管理合同文件, 合同及補(bǔ)充合同協(xié)議。工作往來(lái)等單一內(nèi)容提出了延長(zhǎng)合同,并解釋完整必須得到維護(hù), 除了建立了技術(shù)檔案,執(zhí)行合同的動(dòng)態(tài)分析分析結(jié)果采取積極主動(dòng)的措施。
3.2施工階段
施工階段的施工方案,是基于預(yù)算或建安工程合同價(jià)的目標(biāo),控制工程造價(jià)?,F(xiàn)階段養(yǎng)護(hù)余地小,但可能性是浪費(fèi)很大。從而控制成本的項(xiàng)目給予足夠的重視。
3.2.1 建筑計(jì)劃
加強(qiáng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較施工方案是施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了重新的工作內(nèi)容,合理的施工方案,縮短建設(shè)工期,確保三峽工程質(zhì)量, 提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率,施工方案正確,從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行了比較, 通過(guò)定性和定量分析,質(zhì)量,時(shí)間,成本三項(xiàng)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),是理智的, 并有效地使用人力,物力和財(cái)力,取得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,良好的施工管理人員之間的關(guān)系, 全面成本管理是一個(gè)重要途徑。
3.2.2 嚴(yán)格涉及更改項(xiàng)目預(yù)算控制在概算內(nèi)
施工造成的變化,原因有很多,包括工程設(shè)計(jì)不良,使工程合同與圖紙不符規(guī)定;當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)的材料不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的設(shè)計(jì)要求。這些問(wèn)題已離開(kāi)初級(jí)工程造價(jià)的因素。因此,在施工過(guò)程中,我們必須加緊海關(guān)變化通過(guò)任何更改設(shè)計(jì),擴(kuò)大建設(shè)規(guī)模,提高設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),增加建設(shè)內(nèi)容, 最好實(shí)行“分級(jí)控制,限額簽證”制度。有權(quán)變更設(shè)計(jì),尤其是涉及到成本的設(shè)計(jì)變更,必須經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)單位, 建設(shè)單位現(xiàn)場(chǎng)代表,監(jiān)理工程師共同簽字,并應(yīng)提前這種變化,減少損失, 因?yàn)橐淹瓿苫虿糠滞瓿傻捻?xiàng)目將進(jìn)行拆除工作的內(nèi)容, 這勢(shì)必造成重大變更損失。因此,建設(shè)單位應(yīng)指派工程造價(jià)管理專業(yè)人員常駐施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng),掌握在任何時(shí)候控制工程造價(jià)的變化。
3.2.3 工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證手續(xù)
通過(guò)嚴(yán)格控制建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的監(jiān)督制度, 建立專門的部門, 專業(yè)人員使用的專業(yè)項(xiàng)目管理,以避免項(xiàng)目管理人員只是簽證不是經(jīng)濟(jì)帳的現(xiàn)象。投資失控造成嚴(yán)重后果,嚴(yán)重改變簽證程序,要采取建設(shè),監(jiān)理方、工地代表共同簽名的方式,以確保變更,簽證的真實(shí)性,合法性, 經(jīng)濟(jì)和避免欺詐的現(xiàn)象,由此產(chǎn)生的糾紛。
在施工過(guò)程中,建設(shè)單位要加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工管理, 督促施工方按圖施工,嚴(yán)格控制變更的談判,代用材料, 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證,以及各種預(yù)算外額外勞動(dòng)力成本的必要修改,應(yīng)做一次后發(fā)生變化的及時(shí)變化,計(jì)算的工作量和費(fèi)用的情況發(fā)生了巨大變化,以把握在任何時(shí)候項(xiàng)目的費(fèi)用水平,以避免積壓的工作,真正的工程造價(jià)。
施工單位代表到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督,做好記錄,特別是隱蔽記錄和簽證, 減少結(jié)算及格現(xiàn)象。不少工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證是沒(méi)有這么嚴(yán)重,給工程帶來(lái)了非常大的麻煩, 導(dǎo)致相當(dāng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失, 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證的嚴(yán)格管理,施工階段的工程成本控制的關(guān)鍵。
3.2.4 工程量清單,嚴(yán)格審查
對(duì)項(xiàng)目的審查清單監(jiān)理工程師名單的措施來(lái)控制工程。工程量清單提供的措施清單,是為了完成建設(shè)項(xiàng)目, 發(fā)生在施工前和工程施工過(guò)程中技術(shù),生活,安全等方面的非工程實(shí)體。在這個(gè)階段,因?yàn)樵S多項(xiàng)目都是在施工圖及施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)不完善的招標(biāo)等到施工招標(biāo)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)況,有更好的機(jī)會(huì)。監(jiān)理工程師地址收集第一手資料,逐項(xiàng)考核鑒定,不作修改。
3.2.5 控制材料消耗,合理確定材料價(jià)格
工程造價(jià)控制材料價(jià)格的控制是主要的, 材料費(fèi)在工程中往往占有很大的比重,一般占預(yù)算費(fèi)用的70%。占直接成本的80%。有必要在施工階段嚴(yán)格按照合同金額材料控制, 材料訂定合理價(jià)格,以有效地控制工程造價(jià)。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)物資供應(yīng)各種渠道,品種及價(jià)格范圍的材料, 施工單位預(yù)算管理和外勤人員應(yīng)密切注意市場(chǎng)行情 隨著工程進(jìn)度的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),市場(chǎng), 另一方面,在信息化建設(shè)和物資竣工決算提供了有力依據(jù)。
3.2.6 科技與經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化,加強(qiáng)投資控制
有效地控制了投資,從組織,技術(shù),經(jīng)濟(jì),合同,并采取其他措施。因此,施工單位必須加強(qiáng)管理工程和技術(shù)人員的“經(jīng)濟(jì)”的理念、教育質(zhì)量, 培養(yǎng)務(wù)實(shí)的工作作風(fēng),施工方以幫助改善建筑設(shè)計(jì),合理的安全,財(cái)政和物質(zhì)資源。加快工作進(jìn)度,提高工程質(zhì)量。施工遇到問(wèn)題,及時(shí)與設(shè)計(jì)師聯(lián)系,選擇既經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)潛力的解決方案, 克服所造成的浪費(fèi)指揮,給予應(yīng)有的重視投資保護(hù), 負(fù)責(zé)工程技術(shù)相結(jié)合的經(jīng)濟(jì)官員,從招標(biāo),合同談判, 成本預(yù)算,簽訂支付工程進(jìn)度的竣工決算,成本分析, 整個(gè)過(guò)程管理,嚴(yán)格控制工程造價(jià)。
3.2.7 做好結(jié)算價(jià)格的評(píng)估完成項(xiàng)目竣工結(jié)算
施工企業(yè)按照與合同規(guī)定的內(nèi)部完成,由承辦單位, 經(jīng)驗(yàn)收質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并符合合同要求, 對(duì)建設(shè)單位,最后結(jié)算價(jià)的工程??⒐ず蟮慕Y(jié)算審核批準(zhǔn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目工程造價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)。結(jié)算完成第一階段的工程造價(jià)控制。一段很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,完成了施工圖紙結(jié)算預(yù)算,是成本管理的問(wèn)題得以解決。因此,審計(jì)工作的完成解決是一項(xiàng)非常重要的工作,應(yīng)著重做好以下幾個(gè)方面的工作:
1)審計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確輸出。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的竣工審計(jì)決算審計(jì)中,最重要和最復(fù)雜的, 其中最細(xì)致的工作,要計(jì)劃完成的項(xiàng)目, 更改設(shè)計(jì)和施工工地為基礎(chǔ), 固定的,嚴(yán)格按照規(guī)定的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則逐項(xiàng)審核, 為防止建設(shè)工程竣工結(jié)算故意夸大產(chǎn)量,以增加項(xiàng)目的成本。
2)檢查正確性。審查中列出的價(jià)格與固定價(jià)格一致,其名稱、規(guī)格、計(jì)量單位,其內(nèi)容與單位估價(jià)表的價(jià)格換算。
3)審查費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與固定成本施工期間及工程造價(jià)的政策。
4結(jié)論
總之,工程造價(jià)控制是一個(gè)全過(guò)程控制, 應(yīng)該說(shuō),每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都不能自滿,而且每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)也很重要。隨著中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織,是中國(guó)的投資主體多元化,投資方對(duì)降低成本,控制成本, 提高投資效益日益重視。因此,改變?cè)泄こ淘靸r(jià)估算,概算,預(yù)算,合同價(jià)格,結(jié)算價(jià),決算完成搬遷的。缺乏連續(xù)性的情況下, 以完善的控制水平,發(fā)展控制系統(tǒng)的投資項(xiàng)目, 投資建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,可以促進(jìn)我國(guó)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,適應(yīng)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程。
第三篇:工業(yè)機(jī)器人機(jī)械手外文翻譯
外 文 翻 譯
Introduction to Robotics
Mechanics and Control
機(jī)器人學(xué)入門
力學(xué)與控制
系
別: 機(jī)械與汽車工程系 專學(xué)業(yè)生
名姓
稱: 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 名: 郭仕杰
學(xué)
號(hào):
06101315 指導(dǎo)教師姓名、職稱: 賀秋偉 副教授
完成日期 2014 年2 月28日 Introduction to Robotics
Mechanics and Control
Abstract This book introduces the science and engineering of mechanical manipulation.This branch of the robot has been in several classical field based.The main related fields such as mechanics, control theory, computer science.In this book, Chapter 1 through 8 topics ranging from mechanical engineering and mathematics, Chapter 9 through 11 cover control theory of material, and twelfth and 13 may be classified as computer science materials.In addition, this book emphasizes the computational aspects of the problem;for example, each chapter it mainly mechanical has a brief section calculation.This book is used to teach the class notes introduction to robotics, Stanford University in the fall of 1983 to 1985.The first and second versions have been through 2002 in use from 1986 institutions.Using the third version can also benefit from the revised and improved due to feedback from many sources.Thanks to all those who modified the author's friends.This book is suitable for advanced undergraduates the first grade curriculum.If students have contributed to the dynamics and linear algebra course in advanced language program in a basic course of statics.In addition, it is helpful, but not absolutely necessary, let the students finish the course control theory.The purpose of this book is a simple introduction to the material, intuitive way.Specifically, does not need the audience mechanical engineer strict, although much of the material is from the field.At the Stanford University, many electrical engineers, computer scientists, mathematicians find this book very readable.Here we only on the important part to extract.The main content
1、Background
The historical characteristics of industrial automation is popular during the period of rapid change.Either as a cause or an effect of automation technology, period of this change is closely linked to the world economy.Use of industrial robots, can be identified in a unique device 1960's, with the development of computer aided design(CAD)system and computer aided manufacturing(CAM)system, the latest trends, automated manufacturing process.The technology is the leading industrial automation through another transition, its scope is still unknown.In the northern America, machinery and equipment used in early 80's of the 20th century, the late 80's of the 20th century a short pull.Since then, the market more and more(Figure 1.1), although it is affected by economic fluctuations, all the market.Figure 1.2 shows the robots were installed in a large number of annual world industrial zone.Notably, the number of Japan's report is different from other areas: they count the number of machine of robot in other parts of the world are not considered robot(instead, they would simply be considered “factory machines”).Therefore, the reported figures for the Japanese exaggerated.One of the main reason for the growth in the use of industrial robots is that they are falling costs.Fig.1.3 shows that, in the last century 90's ten years, robot prices dropped although human labor costs.At the same time, the robot is not only cheaper, they become more effective and faster, more accurate, more flexible.If we factor these quality adjusted to the number, the use of robots to decrease the cost of even than their price tag faster.More cost-effective in the robot they become, as human labor to become more expensive, more and more industrial work become robot automation candidate.This is the most important trend to promote the industrial robot market growth.The second trend is, in addition to the economic, as robots become more can become more tasks they can do, may have on human workers engaged in dangerous or impossible.Industrial robots perform gradually get more complex, but it is still, in 2000, about 78% installation welding or material handling robot in USA robot.A more challenging field, industrial robots, accounted for 10% unit.This book focuses on the dynamics and control of the most important forms of industrial robot, manipulator.What is the industrial robot is sometimes debate.Equipment, as shown in Figure 1.4 is always included, and CNC milling machine(NC)is usually not.The difference lies in the programmable complex place if a mechanical device can be programmed to perform a variety of applications, it may be an industrial robot.This is the part of a limited class of tasks are considered fixed automation.For the purpose of this difference, do not need to be discussed;the basic properties of most materials suitable for various programmable machine.In general, the mechanical and control research of the mechanical hand is not a new science, but a collection of the theme from the “classic” field.Mechanical engineering helps to machine learning methods for static and dynamic conditions.The mathematical description of movement of the tool manipulator space supply and other attributes.Provide design evaluation tool to realize the motion and force the desired algorithm control theory.Electrical engineering technology applied in the design of electrical engineering technology for sensor applied in design and industrial robot interface sensor, are programmed to perform the required task of basic computer science and the equipment.Figures:
FIGURE 1.1: Shipments of industrial robots in North America in millions of US
dollars
FIGURE 1.2: Yearly installations of multipurpose industrial robots for 1995-2000 and
forecasts for 2001-2004
FIGURE 1.3: Robot prices compared with human labor costs in the 1990s
FIGURE 1.4:The Adept 6 manipulator has six rotational joints and is popular in many applications.Courtesy of Adept Technology, Inc.2、Control of mechanical arm In the study of robots, 3D spatial position we constantly to the object of interest.These objects are all manipulator links, parts and tools, it deals, and other objects in the robot's environment.In a coarse and important level, these objects are described by two attributes: the position and direction.Of course, a direct interest in the topic is the attitude in which we represent these quantities and manipulate their mathematics.In order to describe the human body position in space and direction, we will always highly coordinate system, or frame, rigid object.Then we continue to describe the position and orientation of the reference frame of the coordinate system.Any framework can be used as a reference system in the expression of a body position and direction, so we often think of conversion or transformation of the body of these properties from one frame to another description.The 2 chapter discusses the Convention methods of dealing with job descriptions discussed method of treating and post convention described positioning and manipulation of coordinate system the quantity and mathematics different.Well developed skills relevant to the position and rotation of the description and is very useful in the field of rigid robot.Kinematics is the science of sports, the movement does not consider the force which resulted in it.In the scientific research of kinematics, a position, velocity, acceleration, and the location variable high order derivative(with respect to time of all or any of the other variables(S)).Therefore, the kinematics of manipulator is refers to the geometric and temporal characteristics of all movement.The manipulator comprises nearly rigid connection, which is the relative movement of the joint connection of adjacent links.These nodes are usually instrument position sensor, so that adjacent link is a relative position measurement.In the case of rotating or rotary joint, the displacement is called the joint angle.Some robots including sliding(or prism)connection, in which the connection between the relative displacement is a translation, sometimes called the joint offset.The manipulator has a number of independent position variables are specified as the mechanism to all parts of the.This is a very general term, any mechanism.For example, a four connecting rod mechanism has only one degree of freedom(even with three members of the movement).In the case of the typical industrial robots, because the robots is usually an open kinematic chain, because each joint position usually define a variable, the node is equal to the number of degrees of freedom.The free end of the link chain consisting of the manipulator end effector.According to the application of robot, the end effector can be a starting point, the torch, electromagnet, or other device.We usually by mechanical hand position description framework description tool, which is connected to the end effector, relative to the base, the base of the mobile manipulator.In the study of mechanical operation of a very basic problem is the kinematics.This is to compute the position of mechanical static geometric problems in hand terminal positioning.Specifically, given a set of joint angles, the forward kinematics problem is to compute the position and orientation relative to the base of the tool holder.Sometimes, we think this is a change from the joint space is described as a manipulator position that Cartesian space description.“This problem will be discussed in the 3 chapter.In the 4 chapter, we will consider the inverse kinematics problem.The problems are as follows: the end effector position and direction of the manipulator, computing all possible joint angle, can be used to achieve the position and direction of a given.(see Figure 1.7.)This is a practical problem of manipulator is fundamental.This is quite a complex geometry problem, the conventional solution in tens of thousands of humans and other biological systems time every day.In a case like a robot simulation system, we need to create computer control algorithm can make the calculation.In some ways, the solution to this problem is the most important element in the operating system.This is quite a complex geometry problem, the conventional solution in tens of thousands of humans and other biological systems time every day.In a case like a robot simulation system, we need to create computer control algorithm can make the calculation.In some ways, the solution to this problem is the most important element in the operating system.We can use this problem as a mapping on 3D Descartes ”position“ space ”position“ in the robot joint space.This need will occur when the 3D spatial objects outside the specified coordinates.Lack of this kind of algorithm some early robot, they just transfer(sometimes by hand)required for the position, and then be recorded as a common set of values(i.e., as a position in joint space for later playback).Obviously, if the playback position and motion pattern recording and joint of the purely robot in Cartesian space, no algorithm for the joint space is necessary.However, the industrial robot is rare, the lack of basic inverse kinematics algorithm.The inverse kinematics problem is not a simple forward kinematics of A.The equation of motion is nonlinear, their solution is not always easy(or even possible in a closed form).At the same time, the existing problems of solutions and multiple solutions occur.The study of these problems provides an appreciation of what the human mind nervous system is achieved when we, there seems to be no conscious thought, object movement and our arms and hands operation.Manipulator is a solution of the presence or absence of a given definition of work area.A solution for the lack of means of mechanical hands can not reach the desired position and orientation, because it is in the manipulator working area.In addition to static positioning problem, we can analyze the robot motion.Usually, the analysis in the actuator velocity, it is convenient to define a matrix called the Jacobi matrix of the manipulator.The speed of Jacobi matrix specified in Descartes from the velocity mapping space and joint space.(see Figure 1.8.)This mapping configuration of the manipulator changes the natural changes.At some point, called a singularity, this mapping is not to make the transformation.This phenomenon are important to the understanding of the mechanical hand designers and users.Figures:
FIGURE 1.5: Coordinate systems or ”frames“ are attached to the manipulator and to
objects in the environment.FIGURE 1.6: Kinematic equations describe the tool frame relative to the base frame
as a function of the joint variables.FIGURE 1.7: For a given position and orientation of the tool frame, values for the joint variables can be calculated via the inverse kinematics.FIGURE 1.8: The geometrical relationship between joint rates and velocity of the end-effector can be described in a matrix called the Jacobian.3、Symbol Symbol is always the problems in science and engineering.In this book, we use the following convention: First: Usually, uppercase variables vector or matrix.Scalar lowercase variables.Second:Tail buoy use(such as the widely accepted)indicating inverse or transposed matrix.Third:Tail buoy not subject to strict conventions, but may be that the vector components(for example, X, Y, Z)or can be used to describe the PBO / P in a position of the bolt.Fourth:We will use a lot of trigonometric function, we as a cosine symbol angle E1 can adopt the following methods: because the E1 = CE1 = C1.In the vector sign note general: many mechanics textbook treatment number of vector at a very abstract level and often used vector is defined relative to expression in different coordinate systems.The most obvious example is, in addition to vector is relative to a given or known a different frame of reference.This is usually very convenient, resulting in compact structure, elegant formula.For example, consider the angular velocity, connected in series with the last body ° W4 'four rigid body(such as the manipulator links)relative to the fixed seat chain.Due to the angular velocity vector addition, angular velocity equation at last link we can write a very simple vector:
However, unless the information is relative to a common coordinate system, they cannot be concluded, therefore, although elegant, equation(1.1)calculation.Most of the ”work“.A case study of the manipulator, such statements,(1.1)work coordinate system hidden bookkeeping, which is often we need to practice.Therefore, in this book, we put the symbol reference frame vectors, we don't and carrier, unless they are in the same coordinate system.In this way, we derive expressions for computing numerical solution, ”bookkeeping" problem can be directly applied to the actual.Summary The robot is a typical electromechanical integration device, it uses the latest research results of machinery and precision machinery, microelectronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and information processing and artificial intelligence and other disciplines, with the development of economy and all walks of life to the automation degree requirements increase, the robot technology has been developing rapidly, the emergence of a variety of robotic products.The utility of robot products, not only can solve many practical problems difficult to solve by manpower, and the promotion of industrial automation process.At present, the research and development of robot relates to many aspects of the technology, the complexity of system structure, development and development cost is generally high, limiting the application of the technology, to some extent, therefore, the development of economic, practical, high reliability of robot system with a wide range of social significance and economic value.Based on the design of mechanical structure and drive system, the kinematics and dynamics of the cleaning robot is analyzed.Kinematics analysis is the basis of path planning and trajectory control of the manipulator, the kinematics analysis, inverse problem can complete the operation of space position and velocity mapping to drive space, using the homogeneous coordinate transformation method has been the end of manipulator position and arthrosis transform relations between the angle, geometric analysis method to solve the inverse kinematics problem of manipulator, provides a theoretical basis for control system design.The robot dynamics is to study the relationship between the motion and force of science, the purpose of the study is to meet the need of real-time control, this paper use straightaway language introduced the related mechanical industrial robots and control knowledge for us, pointing the way for our future research direction.Robot is a very complicated learning, in order to go into it, you need to constantly learn, the road ahead is long, I shall search.機(jī)器人學(xué)入門
力學(xué)與控制
摘要
本書介紹了科學(xué)與工程機(jī)械操縱。這一分支學(xué)科的機(jī)器人已經(jīng)在幾個(gè)經(jīng)典的領(lǐng)域?yàn)榛A(chǔ)的。主要的相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域是力學(xué),控制理論,計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。在這本書中,第1章通過(guò)8個(gè)主題涵蓋機(jī)械工程和數(shù)學(xué),第9章通過(guò)11個(gè)蓋控制理論材料,第12和13章可能被歸類為計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)材料。此外,這本書強(qiáng)調(diào)在計(jì)算方面的問(wèn)題;例如,每章這方面主要以力學(xué)有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的章節(jié)計(jì)算考慮。這本書是從課堂筆記用來(lái)教機(jī)器人學(xué)導(dǎo)論,斯坦福大學(xué)在1983的秋天到1985。第一和第二版本已經(jīng)通過(guò)2002在從1986個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)使用。第三版也可以從中受益的使用和采用的修正和改進(jìn)由于許多來(lái)源的反饋。感謝所有那些誰(shuí)修正了作者的朋友們。這本書是適合高年級(jí)本科生一年級(jí)的課程。如果學(xué)生已經(jīng)在靜力學(xué)的一門基礎(chǔ)課程有助于動(dòng)力學(xué)和線性代數(shù)課程可以在高級(jí)語(yǔ)言程序。此外,它是有幫助的,但不是絕對(duì)必要的,讓學(xué)生完成入門課程控制理論。本書的目的是在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的介紹材料,直觀的方式。具體地說(shuō),觀眾不需要嚴(yán)格的機(jī)械工程師,雖然大部分材料是從那場(chǎng)。在斯坦福大學(xué),許多電氣工程師,計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家,數(shù)學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很易讀。在這里我們僅對(duì)其中重要部分做出摘錄。
主要內(nèi)容
1、背景
工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的歷史特點(diǎn)是快速變化的時(shí)期流行的方法。無(wú)論是作為一個(gè)原因或一個(gè)效果,這種變化的時(shí)期自動(dòng)化技術(shù)是緊密聯(lián)系在一起的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)。利用工業(yè)機(jī)器人,成為可識(shí)別在1960年代的一個(gè)獨(dú)特的裝置,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)系統(tǒng)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造(CAM)系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn),最新的趨勢(shì),制造業(yè)的自動(dòng)化過(guò)程。這些技術(shù)是領(lǐng)先的工業(yè)自動(dòng)化 通過(guò)另一個(gè)過(guò)渡,其范圍仍然是未知的。在美國(guó)北部,在早期有機(jī)器設(shè)備多采用世紀(jì)80年代,其次是上世紀(jì)80年代后期一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的拉。自那時(shí)起,市場(chǎng)越來(lái)越多的(圖1.1),雖然它是受經(jīng)濟(jì)波動(dòng),是所有市場(chǎng)。圖1.2顯示的機(jī)器人被安裝在大數(shù)每年世界各國(guó)的工業(yè)區(qū)。值得注意的是,日本的報(bào)告數(shù)量有所不同從其他地區(qū)一樣:他們算一些機(jī)器的機(jī)器人在世界的其他地方都沒(méi)有考慮機(jī)器人(而不是,他們會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單地認(rèn)為是“工廠的機(jī)器”)。因此,該報(bào)告的數(shù)字為日本有些夸大。
在工業(yè)機(jī)器人的使用增長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)主要原因是他們正在下降成本。圖1.3表明,在上世紀(jì)90年代的十年中,機(jī)器人的價(jià)格下降了雖然人類的勞動(dòng)成本增加。同時(shí),機(jī)器人不只是越來(lái)越便宜,他們變得更有效更快,更準(zhǔn)確,更靈活的。如果我們的因素這些質(zhì)量調(diào)整成數(shù),使用機(jī)器人的成本下降甚至比他們的價(jià)格標(biāo)簽更快。在他們的工作機(jī)器人變得更具成本效益的,作為人類勞動(dòng)繼續(xù)變得更加昂貴,越來(lái)越多的工業(yè)工作成為機(jī)器人自動(dòng)化的候選人。這是最重要的趨勢(shì)推動(dòng)了工業(yè)機(jī)器人的市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)。第二個(gè)趨勢(shì)是,除了經(jīng)濟(jì),隨著機(jī)器人變得更能成為他們能夠做的更多以上的任務(wù),可能對(duì)人類工人從事危險(xiǎn)的或不可能的。工業(yè)機(jī)器人執(zhí)行逐步得到更多的應(yīng)用復(fù)雜的,但它仍然是,在2000年,大約78%安裝在美國(guó)進(jìn)行焊接或材料搬運(yùn)機(jī)器人的機(jī)器人。
一個(gè)更具挑戰(zhàn)性的領(lǐng)域,工業(yè)機(jī)器人,占10%裝置。這本書著重于力學(xué)和最重要的形式控制的工業(yè)機(jī)器人,機(jī)械手。到底什么是工業(yè)機(jī)器人是有時(shí)辯論。設(shè)備,如圖1.4所示是總是包括在內(nèi),而數(shù)控(NC)銑床通常不。區(qū)別在于的可編程的復(fù)雜的地方如果一個(gè)設(shè)備機(jī)械設(shè)備可以被編程為執(zhí)行各種應(yīng)用程序,它可能是一個(gè)工業(yè)機(jī)器人。這是最機(jī)部分有限的一類的任務(wù)被認(rèn)為是固定的自動(dòng)化。為目的本文的區(qū)別,不需要討論;大多數(shù)材料的基本性質(zhì)適用于各種可編程機(jī)。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),其力學(xué)和控制機(jī)械手的研究不是一個(gè)新的科學(xué),而只是一個(gè)收集的主題從“經(jīng)典”的領(lǐng)域。機(jī)械工程有助于機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)方法靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)的情況下。數(shù)學(xué)描述空間供應(yīng)工具機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng)和其他屬性。控制理論提供了工具以實(shí)現(xiàn)所期望的運(yùn)動(dòng)和力的應(yīng)用評(píng)價(jià)算法設(shè)計(jì)。電氣工程技術(shù)施加在傳感器的設(shè)計(jì)電氣工程技術(shù)施加在傳感器的設(shè)計(jì)和工業(yè)機(jī)器人接口,與計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)這些設(shè)備進(jìn)行編程以執(zhí)行所需任務(wù)。
附圖:
圖1.1在數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的人在美國(guó)北部的工業(yè)機(jī)器人的出貨量美元
圖1.2 年安裝的多用途的工業(yè)機(jī)器人1995-2000年和2001年至2004年預(yù)測(cè)
圖1.3 機(jī)器人的價(jià)格與上世紀(jì)90年代的人類勞動(dòng)成本的比較
圖1.4 嫻熟的6臂有六個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)(流行于眾多制造行業(yè))
2、力學(xué)和機(jī)械臂的控制
機(jī)器人的研究中,我們不斷的關(guān)注對(duì)象的位置三維空間。這些對(duì)象是機(jī)械手的鏈接,零件和工具,它的交易,并在機(jī)器人的環(huán)境的其他對(duì)象。在一個(gè)粗而重要的水平,這些對(duì)象是由兩個(gè)屬性描述:位置和方向。當(dāng)然,一個(gè)直接感興趣的話題是態(tài)度在我們所代表的這些量和操縱他們的數(shù)學(xué)。
為了描述人體在空間中的位置和方向,我們將始終高度坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng),或框架,嚴(yán)格的對(duì) 象。然后我們繼續(xù)相對(duì)于一些參考描述該幀的位置和方向坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)。任何框架可以作為一個(gè)參考系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的表達(dá)一個(gè)身體的位置和方向,所以我們經(jīng)常認(rèn)為轉(zhuǎn)化或改變身體的這些屬性從一幀到另一個(gè)的描述。2章討論了公約的方法處理與職位描述討論了公約的方法處理與職位描述定位和操縱這些量與數(shù)學(xué)不同的坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)。發(fā)展良好的技能有關(guān)的位置和旋轉(zhuǎn)的描述甚至在剛體機(jī)器人領(lǐng)域是非常有用的。
運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)是科學(xué)的運(yùn)動(dòng),對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)不考慮力這導(dǎo)致它。在運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)的科學(xué)研究,一個(gè)位置,速度,加速度,和所有的高階導(dǎo)數(shù)的位置變量(相對(duì)于時(shí)間或任何其他變量(S))。因此,機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)研究是指所有的運(yùn)動(dòng)的幾何和時(shí)間特性。機(jī)械手包括近剛性連接,這是由關(guān)節(jié)連接允許相鄰鏈接的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。這些節(jié)點(diǎn)通常儀表有位置傳感器,使鄰近的鏈接是相對(duì)位置測(cè)量。在旋轉(zhuǎn)或旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭的情況下,這些位移被稱為關(guān)節(jié)角度。一些機(jī)器人包含滑動(dòng)(或棱鏡)連接,其中之間的聯(lián)系相對(duì)位移是一個(gè)翻譯,有時(shí)也被稱為聯(lián)合偏移量。機(jī)械手具有數(shù)獨(dú)立的位置的變量會(huì)被指定為定位該機(jī)制的所有部分。這是一個(gè)總稱,任何機(jī)制。為例如,一個(gè)四連桿機(jī)構(gòu)只有一個(gè)自由度(即使有三運(yùn)動(dòng)的成員)。在典型的工業(yè)機(jī)器人的情況下,因?yàn)闄C(jī)器人通常是一個(gè)開(kāi)放的運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)關(guān)節(jié)的位置通常定義一個(gè)變量,節(jié)點(diǎn)的數(shù)目等于自由度。
在鏈接組成的機(jī)械手的末端執(zhí)行器的自由端鏈。根據(jù)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用,末端執(zhí)行器可以是一個(gè)抓手,焊槍,電磁鐵,或其他裝置。我們一般通過(guò)描述工具的框架描述的機(jī)械手的位置,這是連接到端部執(zhí)行器,相對(duì)于底座,所對(duì)移動(dòng)機(jī)械手的基礎(chǔ)。在機(jī)械操作的研究一個(gè)非?;镜膯?wèn)題就是了運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)。這是計(jì)算的位置的靜態(tài)幾何問(wèn)題機(jī)械手的末端定位。具體而言,給定一組關(guān)節(jié)角,正向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)問(wèn)題是計(jì)算位置和方向工具架相對(duì)于底座。有時(shí),我們認(rèn)為這是改變從關(guān)節(jié)空間描述為一個(gè)機(jī)械手位置的表示笛卡爾空間的描述?!斑@個(gè)問(wèn)題將在3章探討。在4章中,我們將考慮的逆運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)問(wèn)題。這個(gè)問(wèn)題提出了如下:給出了末端執(zhí)行器的位置和方向機(jī)械手,計(jì)算所有可能的關(guān)節(jié)角度,可以用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)給定的位置和方向。(見(jiàn)圖1.7。)這是一個(gè)根本性的問(wèn)題機(jī)械手的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。這是一個(gè)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的幾何問(wèn)題,常規(guī)的解決在人類和其他生物系統(tǒng)時(shí)間每天成千上萬(wàn)。在一個(gè)案例像一個(gè)機(jī)器人仿真系統(tǒng),我們需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建的控制算法計(jì)算機(jī)可以使這個(gè)計(jì)算。在某些方面,這個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決方案是在操作系統(tǒng)中最重要的元素。
這是一個(gè)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的幾何問(wèn)題,常規(guī)的解決在人類和其他生物系統(tǒng)時(shí)間每天成千上萬(wàn)。在一個(gè)案例像一個(gè)機(jī)器人仿真系統(tǒng),我們需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建的控制算法計(jì)算機(jī)可以使這個(gè)計(jì)算。在某些方面,這個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決方案是在操作系統(tǒng)中最重要的元素。
我們可以把這個(gè)問(wèn)題作為一個(gè)映射在三維笛卡爾的“位置”空間的“位置”在機(jī)器人的關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)的空間。這需要自然會(huì)出現(xiàn)每當(dāng)目標(biāo)外部三維空間指定的坐標(biāo)。一些早期的機(jī)器人缺乏這種算法,他們只是轉(zhuǎn)移(有時(shí)用手)所需的的位置,然后被記錄為一組共同的值(即,作為一個(gè)位置關(guān)節(jié)空間)用于以后回放。顯然,如果機(jī)器人用純粹的模式記錄和關(guān)節(jié)的位置和運(yùn)動(dòng)的播放,沒(méi)有算法有關(guān)的關(guān)節(jié)空間的笛卡爾空間是必要的。然而,是罕見(jiàn)的工業(yè)機(jī)器人,缺乏基本的逆運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)算法。逆運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)問(wèn)題不是簡(jiǎn)單的正向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)一個(gè)。由 于運(yùn)動(dòng)方程是非線性的,他們的解決方案并不總是容易(甚至可能在一個(gè)封閉的形式)。同時(shí),對(duì)存在的問(wèn)題解和多解的出現(xiàn)。這些問(wèn)題的研究提供了一個(gè)欣賞什么人的心靈神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)我們,似乎沒(méi)有有意識(shí)的思考,移動(dòng)和我們的雙臂和雙手操作的對(duì)象。一個(gè)解的存在或不存在的定義工作區(qū)一個(gè)給定的機(jī)械手。一個(gè)解決方案的缺乏意味著機(jī)械手不能達(dá)到所需的位置和方向,因?yàn)樗跈C(jī)械手的外工作區(qū)。
除了處理靜態(tài)定位問(wèn)題,我們不妨分析機(jī)器人的運(yùn)動(dòng)。通常,在執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的速度分析,它是方便的定義一個(gè)矩陣的數(shù)量稱為機(jī)械手的雅可比矩陣.指定的速度雅可比矩陣在笛卡爾從關(guān)節(jié)空間的速度映射空間。(見(jiàn)圖1.8。)這種映射配置的自然變化機(jī)械手的變化。在某些點(diǎn),稱為奇點(diǎn),這映射是不使轉(zhuǎn)化。這一現(xiàn)象的理解是設(shè)計(jì)師和用戶的重要機(jī)械手。
附圖:
圖1.5 坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)或“幀”連接到機(jī)械手環(huán)境中的物體
圖1.6運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程描述刀具架相對(duì)于底座作為一個(gè)聯(lián)合變量的函數(shù)
圖1.7 對(duì)于一個(gè)給定的位置和方向的工具框架,值為關(guān)節(jié)變量可以通過(guò)逆運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)計(jì)算
圖1.8 聯(lián)合率和速度之間幾何關(guān)系端部執(zhí)行器可以在一個(gè)矩陣描述了所謂的雅可比矩陣
3、標(biāo)識(shí)符號(hào)
符號(hào)一直是科學(xué)和工程問(wèn)題。在這本書中,我們使用以下公約: 第一、通常,大寫變量表示的向量或矩陣。小寫的變量的標(biāo)量。第二、尾標(biāo)使用(如被廣泛接受的)指示逆或轉(zhuǎn)置矩陣。
第三、尾標(biāo)不受嚴(yán)格的公約,但可能表明向量的組件(例如,X,Y,Z)或可用于述在PBO / P一個(gè)螺栓的位置。
第四、我們將使用許多三角函數(shù),我們?yōu)橐粋€(gè)余弦符號(hào)角E1可以采用下列方式:因
為E1 = CE1 = C1。
在一般的矢量符號(hào)注:許多力學(xué)教材處理矢量在一個(gè)非常抽象的層次上的數(shù)量和經(jīng)常使用向量定義相對(duì)于在表達(dá)不同的坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)。最明顯的例子是,除了向量是給定的或已知的相對(duì)于不同的參考系。這是通常很方便,導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,有優(yōu)雅的公式。為例如,考慮角速度,在串聯(lián)連接的最后一次身體°W4 '四剛體(如機(jī)械手的鏈接)相對(duì)的固定座鏈。由于角速度矢量相加,我們可以寫一個(gè)非常簡(jiǎn)單的向量的最后環(huán)節(jié)的角速度方程:
然而,除非這些量是相對(duì)于一個(gè)共同的坐標(biāo)表示系統(tǒng),他們不能總結(jié),所以,雖然優(yōu)雅,方程(1.1)隱藏大部分的“工作”的計(jì)算。為研究個(gè)案機(jī)械手,這樣的陳述,(1.1)隱藏簿記的工作坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng),這往往是我們需要實(shí)踐的想法。因此,在這本書中,我們把符號(hào)參考框架向量,我們不要和載體,除非他們?cè)谕蛔鴺?biāo)系統(tǒng)。在這種方式中,我們推導(dǎo)出的表達(dá)式,解決“記賬”問(wèn)題可直接應(yīng)用于實(shí)際的數(shù)值計(jì)算。
總結(jié)
機(jī)器人是典型的機(jī)電一體化裝置,它綜合運(yùn)用了機(jī)械與精密機(jī)械、微電子與計(jì)算機(jī)、自動(dòng)控制與驅(qū)動(dòng)、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對(duì)自動(dòng)化程度要求的提高,機(jī)器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品。機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品的實(shí)用化,既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實(shí)際問(wèn)題,又促進(jìn)了工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)程。目前,由于機(jī)器人的研制和開(kāi)發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù),系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,開(kāi)發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高,在某種程度上限制了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,因此,研制經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實(shí)用化、高可靠性機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。在完成機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)物料抓取機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析。運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎(chǔ),對(duì)操作臂進(jìn)行了運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)正、逆問(wèn)題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動(dòng)空間的映射,采用齊次坐標(biāo)變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關(guān)節(jié)夾角之間的變換關(guān)系,采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程求解問(wèn)題,對(duì)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)提供了理論依據(jù)。機(jī)器人動(dòng)力學(xué)是研究物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)和作用力之間的關(guān)系的科學(xué),研究的目的是為了滿足是實(shí)時(shí)性控制的需要,本文用通俗易懂的語(yǔ)言為我們介紹了工業(yè)機(jī)器人的相關(guān)力學(xué)與控制的知識(shí),為我們以后的研究方向指明了道路。機(jī)器人的研究是一門非常復(fù)雜的學(xué)問(wèn),為了深入去探究它的方方面面,就需要不斷的去學(xué)習(xí),正所謂路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮,吾將上下而求索。
第四篇:3自由度工業(yè)機(jī)器人(外文翻譯)
動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)化的一種新型高速,高精度的三自由度機(jī)械手
①
彭蘭(蘭朋)②,魯南立,孫立寧,丁傾永
(機(jī)械電子工程學(xué)院,哈爾濱理工學(xué)院,哈爾濱 150001,中國(guó))(Robotics Institute。Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,P。R。China)
摘要
介紹了一種動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)化三自由度高速、高精度相結(jié)合,直接驅(qū)動(dòng)臂平面并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)和線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器,它可以提高其剛度進(jìn)行了動(dòng)力學(xué)分析軟件ADAMS仿真模擬環(huán)境中,進(jìn)行仿真模擬實(shí)驗(yàn).設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查是由參數(shù)分析工具完成處理的,分析了設(shè)計(jì)變量的近似的敏感性,包括影響參數(shù)的每道光束截面和相對(duì)位置的線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器上的性能.在適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞较?,模型可以獲得一個(gè)輕量級(jí)動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)化和小變形的參數(shù)。一個(gè)平面并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)不同截面是用來(lái)改進(jìn)機(jī)械手的.結(jié)果發(fā)生明顯的改進(jìn)后的系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)仿真分析和另一個(gè)未精制一個(gè)幾乎是幾乎相等.但剛度的改進(jìn)的質(zhì)量大大降低,說(shuō)明這種方法更為有效的。
關(guān)鍵詞: 機(jī)械手、ADAMS、優(yōu)化、動(dòng)力學(xué)仿真
0 簡(jiǎn)介
并聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)械手(PKM)是一個(gè)很有前途的機(jī)器操作和裝配的電子裝置,因?yàn)樗麄冇幸恍┟黠@的優(yōu)勢(shì),例如:串行機(jī)械手的高負(fù)荷承載能力,良好的動(dòng)態(tài)性能和精確定位的優(yōu)點(diǎn)等.一種新型復(fù)合3一DOF臂的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和串行機(jī)械手,也是并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)為研究對(duì)象,三自由度并聯(lián)機(jī)器人是少自由度并聯(lián)機(jī)器人的重要類型。三自由度并聯(lián)機(jī)器人由于結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,控制相對(duì)容易,價(jià)格便宜等優(yōu)點(diǎn),具有很好的應(yīng)用前景。但由于它們比六自由度并聯(lián)機(jī)器人更復(fù)雜的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性,增加了這類機(jī)構(gòu)型綜合的難度,因此對(duì)三自由度并聯(lián)機(jī)器人進(jìn)行型綜合具有理論意義和實(shí)際價(jià)值。本文利用螺旋理論對(duì)三自由度并聯(lián)機(jī)器人進(jìn)行型綜合,以總結(jié)某些規(guī)律,進(jìn)一步豐富型綜合理論,并為新機(jī)型的選型提供理論依據(jù),以下對(duì)其進(jìn)行闡述。
如圖-1所示 機(jī)械手組成的平面并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)(PPM)包括平行四邊形結(jié)構(gòu)和線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器安裝在PPM.兩直接驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)c整合交流電高分辨率編碼器的一部分作為驅(qū)動(dòng)平面并聯(lián)機(jī)械裝置.線型致動(dòng)器驅(qū)動(dòng)的聲音線圈發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī).這被認(rèn)為是理想的驅(qū)動(dòng)短行程的一部分.作為一個(gè)非換直接驅(qū)動(dòng)類,音圈電機(jī)可以提供高位置敏感和完美的力量與中風(fēng)的角色,高精密線性編碼作為回饋部分保證在垂直方向可重復(fù)性。
另一方面,該產(chǎn)品具有較高的剛度比串行機(jī)械手,因?yàn)樗奶攸c(diǎn)和低封閉環(huán)慣性轉(zhuǎn)矩。同時(shí),該系統(tǒng)可以克服了柔性耦合力學(xué)彈性、齒輪、軸承、被撕咬支持,連接軸和其他零件,包括古典驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備,因此該機(jī)械手是更容易得到動(dòng)力學(xué)性能好、精度高。
圖-1 3自由度的混合結(jié)構(gòu)的機(jī)械手
當(dāng)長(zhǎng)度的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的平面并聯(lián)機(jī)時(shí),構(gòu)決定于運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析和綜合[4-7],機(jī)械優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的首要任務(wù),應(yīng)加大僵硬、降低質(zhì)量.關(guān)于幾個(gè)參數(shù)模型.這是它重要和必要的影響,研究了各參數(shù)對(duì)模型表現(xiàn)以進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。本文就開(kāi)展設(shè)計(jì)研究工具,通過(guò)參數(shù)分析亞當(dāng)斯,又要適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞絹?lái)獲得一個(gè)輕量級(jí)的優(yōu)化和小變形系統(tǒng)。仿真模型
ADAMS(Automatic Dynamic Analysis 0f Mechanical System)自動(dòng)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)分析是一個(gè)完美的軟件,對(duì)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬可處理機(jī)制包括有剛性和靈活的部分,仿真模型可以創(chuàng)造出機(jī)械手的亞當(dāng)斯環(huán)境 如圖-2。OXYz是全球性的參考幀,并OXYz局部坐標(biāo)系,兩個(gè)直流驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)、交流和02M O1A表示,與線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器CH被視為剛性轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量電機(jī)傳動(dòng)的120kg/cm2。大眾的線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器是1.5kg,連接AB、德、03F和LJ被視為柔性體立柱、橫梁GK,通用公司和公里,形成一個(gè)三角形,也被當(dāng)作柔性傳動(dòng)長(zhǎng)度的鏈接是決定提前運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)為AB =O3F = 7cm,DE=IJ=7cm,GK= 7cm,GM =11.66cm,= 8.338cm。其它維度,這個(gè)數(shù)字是01A = 02M =7cm,CB=CD=HJ 2.5cm。EF=EG=JK= 3cm。
雖然總平面并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)都是在水平、垂直和水平剛度必須在豎向剛度特征通常低于水平僵硬,因?yàn)樗慕巧诖怪睉冶哿旱慕孛娉叽缬?jì)算每一束平面并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)和相對(duì)位置的線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器是兩個(gè)非常僵硬的影響因素的系統(tǒng)。
運(yùn)動(dòng)支鏈可分為三類:“主動(dòng)鏈(由驅(qū)動(dòng)器賦予確定獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)的支鏈。一般是單驅(qū)動(dòng)器控制一個(gè)自由度的運(yùn)動(dòng)),從動(dòng)鏈(不帶驅(qū)動(dòng)器、被迫作確定運(yùn)動(dòng)的支鏈。又分為以下兩種:約束鏈:獨(dú)立限制機(jī)構(gòu)自由度的從動(dòng)鏈。冗余鏈:重復(fù)限制機(jī)構(gòu)自由度的從動(dòng)鏈)復(fù)合鏈(有單驅(qū)動(dòng)器、但限制一個(gè)以上的機(jī)構(gòu)自由度的支鏈,實(shí)際是主動(dòng)鏈與約束鏈的組合)-并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)是由這幾種支鏈用不同形式組合起來(lái)的。動(dòng)鏈中的約束鏈除了可以提高機(jī)構(gòu)剛度和作為測(cè)量鏈外,其更主要的作用是用來(lái)約束動(dòng)平臺(tái)的某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)自由度,以使其實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
圖-2 仿真模型 仿真模擬結(jié)果
在本節(jié)中,平均位移的末端是用來(lái)描述動(dòng)態(tài)剛度,這是在不同的配置在不同的線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器向前,從最初的位置的目的地,一般的豎向位移的機(jī)械手是作為目標(biāo)來(lái)研究豎向剛度,平均差別的橫坐標(biāo)、縱坐標(biāo)點(diǎn)之間有一個(gè)剛性數(shù)學(xué)模型,模型,作為目標(biāo)來(lái)研究水平剛度。
并聯(lián)機(jī)器人的構(gòu)型設(shè)計(jì)即型綜合是并聯(lián)機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)的首要環(huán)節(jié),其目的是在給定所需自由度和運(yùn)動(dòng)要求條件下,尋求并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)桿副配置、驅(qū)動(dòng)方式和總體布局等的各種可能組合。國(guó)內(nèi)的許多學(xué)者正致力于這方面的研究,其中比較有代表性的有如下幾種方法:”黃真為代表的約束綜合法;楊廷力等人的結(jié)構(gòu)綜合法;代表的李代數(shù)綜合法。以上各種方法自成體系,各有特點(diǎn),都缺乏理論的完備性。本文提出添加約束法,是從限制自由度的角度出發(fā),增加約束,去除不需要的自由度,因每條主動(dòng)鏈只有一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置,讓其控制一個(gè)自由度,其余自由度通過(guò)純約束鏈去除,這樣可以使主、從動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈的作用分離,運(yùn)動(dòng)解耦,有利于控制。具有三自由度的并聯(lián)機(jī)床,當(dāng)采用條主動(dòng)支鏈作為驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí),機(jī)構(gòu)就需要約束另三個(gè)自由度,通過(guò)選擇無(wú)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置的從動(dòng)鏈來(lái)完成,則整個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)成為有確定運(yùn)動(dòng)的三自由度的并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)。黃真等提出的約束綜合法對(duì)完全對(duì)稱的少自由度并聯(lián)機(jī)器人機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了型綜合,完全對(duì)稱的支鏈結(jié)構(gòu)相同,都屬于復(fù)合鏈,每條支鏈除都有一個(gè)單驅(qū)動(dòng)器,控制一個(gè)自由度外,還應(yīng)約束一個(gè)以上自由度才能使機(jī)構(gòu)的六個(gè)自由度全部受控,使機(jī)構(gòu)有確定的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
2.1 截面效應(yīng)
扭轉(zhuǎn)變形位移的連結(jié)將會(huì)引起的,所以,扭轉(zhuǎn)常數(shù)的橫截面,重力是研究裝系統(tǒng)來(lái)研究,采取扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度的垂直切片lxx不變的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)和梁作為設(shè)計(jì)變量的變化,從 0.1 x 105mm4 與 3.5 x 105 mm4。
圖-3 不斷的效果在垂直變形扭轉(zhuǎn)
圖-3顯示了平均位移與截面扭轉(zhuǎn)常數(shù)末端的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)和梁,根據(jù)它的變化速率的環(huán)節(jié),是最大的,AB是鏈接,LJ依次分別GK梁和KM有在豎向剛度性能。其他的仿真結(jié)果表明,水平位移之間的差異進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果表明該模型體育智力H和剛性模型變化小就改變了恒定不變的時(shí)候扭加載慣性力的線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器,但是水平位移的變化,這意味著在這種模擬豎向變形的生產(chǎn)水平位移系統(tǒng)機(jī)械手。注意端面線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器的主要原因是水平變形、線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器機(jī)器人是由兩個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)C和H.所以,我們計(jì)算了不同的Z-coordinate攝氏度之間,如圖所示,在圖4-扭轉(zhuǎn)常數(shù)的影響差別的鏈接德。其次是最有效的通用和連接梁,連接O3F,梁GK有效果。
因此,應(yīng)采取AB和連接區(qū)段大扭常數(shù)的免疫力,豎向剛度較大并行扭轉(zhuǎn)不變的鏈接德也使較少的均勻性,降低線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器不可以降低水平變形。
圖-4 在不影響扭不變
如圖-
5、6所展示的影響是區(qū)域慣性轉(zhuǎn)矩的設(shè)計(jì)變量是區(qū)域剛度和慣性轉(zhuǎn)矩的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)和梁lz,圖顯示增加lw卡爾減少的速度高于垂直位移的不斷增加Ixx扭轉(zhuǎn)。這個(gè)Yxx AB、梁的鏈接,鏈接O3F是Iyy三個(gè)主要因素決定了豎向剛度。
圖-6 所示 鏈接的AB、梁公里,連接03F也是其中的三個(gè)主要因素決定的均勻性線性傳動(dòng)裝置、不同的分析結(jié)果表明,Izz效果好,具有至少兩個(gè)垂直和水平剛度,這意味著這種結(jié)構(gòu),具有足夠的水平,降低Izz剛度的鏈接和增加Iyy AB、梁的鏈接,鏈接O3F公里的好方法,優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)。
圖-5 瞬間的慣性效應(yīng)對(duì)垂直位移
圖-6 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量不平衡的影響
2.2影響的線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器的相對(duì)位置
線性執(zhí)行器的慣性是主要載荷之一,在機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng),不同的相對(duì)應(yīng)的垂直位置產(chǎn)生不同的變形,圖7顯示了絕對(duì)平均的最終效應(yīng)垂直位移時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)馬達(dá)以恒定的加速度旋轉(zhuǎn),我們可以看到,過(guò)低或過(guò)高的相對(duì)位置會(huì)造成比格變形,最好的位置是一對(duì)Z = 24毫米的地方大概是從中間環(huán)節(jié)連接O3F到 AB.圖-7
影響線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器的相對(duì)位置
分析改進(jìn)的機(jī)械手
根據(jù)上述模擬結(jié)果,所有改進(jìn)的機(jī)械手的設(shè)計(jì),時(shí)間如下:鏈接截面AB,DE,lJ 與30mm的基礎(chǔ)和高度,10毫米的厚度;鏈接O3F和矩形空心梁與30mm的基礎(chǔ)和高度工型鋼,l0mm法蘭和6mm網(wǎng);梁競(jìng),通用汽車與8mm的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)和30mm高的矩形。
圖-8 梯形運(yùn)動(dòng)姿態(tài)
圖-9中回應(yīng)的是機(jī)械手,相比之下,圖-10中提高初始的反應(yīng),在其中所有的鏈接和機(jī)械手的矩形截面梁的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ),用30毫米,高度的差異是曲線,C和H的曲線積分,二是垂直位移的末端,改進(jìn)系統(tǒng)中最大位移0.7Um最初的0.12Um相比,爭(zhēng)論的振動(dòng)激勵(lì)后仍停留在O.06Um±0.15% s±O.05Um相比的初始變形改善系統(tǒng)的初始小于前者具有較少的慣性,因?yàn)樵谙嗤牟椒ゲ粩嗉涌?,保持振?dòng)瓣膜差不多一樣,它對(duì)這整個(gè)系統(tǒng)中來(lái)說(shuō),仍然改善系統(tǒng)的剛度,幾乎相當(dāng)于初始制度,針對(duì)大規(guī)模的平面并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)在該系統(tǒng)相比下降了30%,這樣的初始優(yōu)化是有效的。
圖-9、圖-10 動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)
結(jié)論
本文設(shè)計(jì)了一種新型三自由度機(jī)械手變量的敏感性進(jìn)行了研究在ADAMS環(huán)境中,可以得出以下結(jié)論:
1)機(jī)器人具有較大的水平剛度,最終水平位移,效應(yīng)主要是由機(jī)械手垂直變形造成的,因此,更重要的是增加的幅度比剛度豎向剛度。
2)參數(shù)Ixx,Iyy并鏈接'截面剛度Izz有不同的效應(yīng),Iyy已經(jīng)對(duì)垂直剛度的影響最大,Ixx在第二位的是,Ixx具有在垂直剛度的影響最小,他們都較少對(duì)水平比垂直剛度剛度。3)橫截面的不同環(huán)節(jié)都有不同的影響,連線豎向剛度AB和德應(yīng)該使用區(qū)扭轉(zhuǎn)常數(shù)和慣性力矩大,如變形、長(zhǎng)方形、橫梁KM,線 03F應(yīng)該使用區(qū)段形梁等重大時(shí)刻轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量、橫梁GK,和GM 可以使用盡可能的一小部分,從而降低了質(zhì)量。4)最佳的線性驅(qū)動(dòng)器的相對(duì)位置可以減少變形,最好的位置是垂直的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。5)改進(jìn)的機(jī)械手的動(dòng)態(tài)分析表明該優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法研究的基礎(chǔ)上的效率。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[
l
]
Dasgupta B,Mmthyunjayab T S。The Stewart platform manipulator:a review。Mechat~m and Machine Theory,200o。35(1):15—40
[ ] Xi F,Zhang D,Xu Z,et al。A comparative study on tripod u ts for machine Lo0ls。Intemational Journal of Machine TooLs&Manufacture,2003,43(7):721—730
[ ]
Zhang D,Gosselin C M。Kinetostatic analysis and optimization of the Tricept machine tool family。In:Proceedings of Year 2000 Parallel Kinematic Machines International Conference,Ann Arbor,Michigan,2001,174—188 [ ]
Gosselin C M,Angeles J。A globe preference index for the kinematic optimum of robotic manipulator。ASME Journal of Mechanical,l991,113(3):220—226 [ ]
Gao F,I,iuX J,GruverW A。Performance evaluation of two-degree-of-freedom planar parallel robots。Mechanism and Machine Theory,l998,33(6):661-668
[ ] Huang T,Li M,Li Z X,et al。Optimal kinematic design of 2-DOF oaralel manipulator with well shahed workspace bounded by a specified conditioning index IEEE Transactions of Robot and Automation,2004,20,(3):538—543 [ ] Gosselin C M,Wang J。singularity loci ofplanarparallel manipulator with revoluted actuators。Robotics and Autonomousm,1997,2l(4):377 398 [ ] Yiu Y K,Cheng H,Xiong Z H,et al。on the dvnamies of Parallel Mmfipulators Proc。Of
IEEE Inemational conference on Robotics& Automation。20o1。3766 3771 [ ] Chakarov D。Study ofthe antagoni~ie stifness of parallel manipulators with actuation redundancy。Mechanism and Machine
Theory,2004,39(6):583—60l [ 10 ] Shab~a A A。Dynamics of Multibody systems。Cambridge:Cambridge university press,l998。270-3 l0
第五篇:工業(yè)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展外文翻譯
The development of industrial robots
Industrial robot is a robot, it consists of a CaoZuoJi.Controller.Servo drive system and detection sensor device composition, it is a kind of humanoid operating automatic control, can repeat programming, can finish all kinds of assignments in three difficulties in authorship space the electromechanical integration automation production equipment, especially suitable for many varieties, become batch flexible production.It to stabilize and improve the product quality, raise efficiency in production, improve working conditions of the rapid renewal plays an extremely important role.Widely used industrial robots can gradually improve working conditions, stronger and controllable production capacity, speed up product updating and upgrading.Improve production efficiency and guarantee the quality of its products, eliminate dull work, save labor, provide a safe working environment, reduces the labor intensity, and reduce labor risk, improve the machine tool, reduce the workload and reduce process production time and inventory, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.As technology advances, the development of industrial robot, the process can be divided into three generations--generation, for demonstration reproduce, and it mainly consists of robot hand controller and demonstration teaching machines composed, can press advance box to record information guide action, the current industry repeated reappearance application of execution most.The second to feel robot, such as powerful sleep touch and vision, it has for some outside information feedback adjustment ability, currently has entered the application stage.Third generation of intelligent robot it has sense and understanding ability, in the external environment for the working environment changed circumstances, can also successfully complete the task, it is still in the experimental research phase.The United States is the birthplace of the robot, as early as in 1961, America's ConsolidedControlCorp and AMF companies developed the first practical demonstration emersion robot.After 40 years of development, the United States in the world of robotics has been in the lead position.Still Its technology comprehensive, advanced, adaptability is strong.Japan imported from America in 1967, the first robot in 1976 later, with the rapid development of the microelectronics and the market demand has increased dramatically, Japan was labor significant deficiencies in
enterprise, industrial robots by “savior”'s welcome, make its Japanese industrial robots get fast development, the number of now whether robots or robot densities are top of the world, known as the “robot kingdom,” said.The robot introduced from Germany time than Britain and Sweden about late 1956, but the Labour shortages caused by war, national technical level is higher social environment, but for the development and application of industrial robot provides favorable conditions.In addition, in Germany, for some dangerous prescribed, poisonous or harmful jobs, robot instead of ordinary people to the labor.This is the use of robots exploit a wide range of markets, and promote the development of the industrial robot technology.At present, the German industrial robots total of the world, which only behind to Japan.The French government has been more important robot technology, and through a series of research program, support established a complete science and technology system, make the development of the French robot smoothly.In government organization project, pay special attention to the robot research based technique, the focus is on the application research on in robot.And by industry support the development application and development of work, both supplement each other, make robots in France enterprises develop rapidly and popularize and make France in the international industrial machine with indispensable if position.British jamie since the late 1970s, promote and implement a department measures listed support the development of policies and make robots British industrial robots than today's robot powers started to early, and once in Japan has made the early brilliance.However, at this time the government for industrial robots implemented the constraining errors.This mistake in Britain dust, the robot industry in Western Europe was almost in the bottom of it.In recent years, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Finland, Denmark and other countries because of its own domestic robots market in great demand, development at a very fast pace.At present, the international on industrial robot company mainly divided into Japanese and European series.In AnChuan of Japanese are mainly the ethical products, the oTC, panasonic, FANLUC, not two more, etc.The products of the company kawasaki The main Asiatic KUKA, German CLOOS, Sweden's ABB, Italy CO work pelatiah U and Austria GM company.Industrial robot in China started in early 1970s, after 30 years development, roughly experienced three stages: in the 1970s and 1980s budding transplanter and the application of the 1990s initialization period.With the 20th century 70's world technology rapid development, the application of industrial robots in world created a climax, in this context, our country in 1972 start developing their industrial robots.Enter after the 1980s, with the further reform and opening, in high technology waves pound, our research and development of robot technology from the government's attention and support, “during the seventh state funds, thanked the parts were set robot and research, completed demonstration emersion type industrial robot complete technology development, developed spray paint, welding, arc welding and handling robot., the national high technology research and development program begin to carry out, after several years research and made a large number of scientific research.Successfully developed a batch of special robot.From 9O 2O century since the early, China's national economy achieve two fundamental period of transformation into a a new round of economic restructuring and technological progress, China's industrial robots upsurge in practice and have made strides, and have developed spot welding, welding, assembling, paint, cutting, handling, palletizing etc various USES of industrial robot, and implement a batch of robot application engineering, formed a batch of industrial robots for our country industrialization base, the industrial robot soar laid a foundation.But compared with the developed countries, China also has the very big disparity of industrial robots.Along with the development of industrial robot depth and the breadth and raise the level of robot, industrial robots are has been applied in many fields.From the traditional automobile manufacturing sector to the manufacturing extensions.Such as mining robots, building robots and hydropower system used for maintenance robots, etc.In defense of military, medicine and health, food processing and life service areas such as the application of industrial robots will be more and more.The manufacturing of automobiles is a technology and capital intensive industry, is also the most widely used of industrial robots, accounting for almost to the industry for more than half of the industrial robots.In China, the industrial robot first is also used in automobile and engineering machinery industries.In car production of industrial robot is a major in the equipment, the brake parts and whole production of arc welding, spot welding, painting, handling, glue, stamping process used in large amounts.Our country is forecast to rise period, entered the automobile ownership in the next few years, car will still growing at around 15 percent annually.So the next few years the industrial robot demand will show high growth trend, about 50% in growth, industrial robots in our automobile industry application will get a rapid development.Industrial robot in addition to the wide application of in the automotive industry in electronic, food processing, nonmetal processing, daily consumer goods and wood furniture processing industries for
industrial robots demand is growing rapidly.In Asia, 2005 72,600 sets, installation industrial robots, compared with 2004 grew by 40%, and application in electronic industry accounted for about 31%.In Europe, according to statistics, since 2004 and 2005 in l: tI industry robot in the food processing industry increased 17% the application of left and right sides, in the application of nonmetal processing industry increased 20%, and daily necessities in consumption industries increased by 32% in wood furniture processing industry, up 18% or so.Industrial robot in oil has a wide application in, such as sea oil drilling, oil platforms, pipeline detection, refinery, large oil tank and tank welding etc all can use robots to complete.In the next few years, sensing technology, laser technology, engineering network technology will be widely used in industrial robots work areas, these technologies can cause the industrial robot application more efficient, high quality, lower cost.It is predicted that future robots will in medical and health care, biological technology and industry, education, relief, ocean exploitation, machine maintenance, transportation and agriculture and aquatic products applied field.In China, the industrial robot market share are mostly foreign industrial robots enterprise holds.Before the gunman in the international, domestic industrial robots enterprise facing great pressure of competition.Now China is from a ”manufacturing power“ to ”manufacturing power forward,“ Chinese manufacturing industry faces and the international community, participate in the international division of labor in the great challenge of industrial automation increase immediate, government must can increase the funds for robots and policy support, will give the industry of industrial robots development into new momentum.With independent brand ”devil robot" MoShi special technology company dedicated to providing solutions to the mainboard and robot, is willing with all my colleagues a build domestic industrial robot happy tomorrow!
References Electronic Measurement and Intrumenttations,Cambridge University Press,1996
工業(yè)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展
工業(yè)機(jī)器人是機(jī)器人的一種,它由操作機(jī).控制器.伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和檢測(cè)傳感器裝置構(gòu)成,是一種仿人操作自動(dòng)控制,可重復(fù)編程,能在三難空間完成各種作業(yè)的機(jī)電一體化的自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,特別適合于多品種,變批量柔性生產(chǎn)。它對(duì)穩(wěn)定和提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,提高生產(chǎn)效率,改善勞動(dòng)條件的快速更新?lián)Q代起著十分重要作用。
廣泛的應(yīng)用工業(yè)機(jī)器人,可以逐步改善勞動(dòng)條件,更強(qiáng)與可控的生產(chǎn)能力,加快產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代。提高生產(chǎn)效率和保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,消除枯燥無(wú)味的工作,節(jié)約勞動(dòng)力,提供更安全的工作環(huán)境,降低工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,減少勞動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高機(jī)床,減少工藝過(guò)程中的工作量及降低停產(chǎn)時(shí)間和庫(kù)存,提高企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
隨著科技的不斷進(jìn)步,工業(yè)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展過(guò)程可分為三代,第—代,為示教再現(xiàn)型機(jī)器人,它主要由機(jī)器手控制器和示教盒組成,可按預(yù)先引導(dǎo)動(dòng)作記錄下信息重復(fù)再現(xiàn)執(zhí)行,當(dāng)前工業(yè)中應(yīng)用最多。第二代為感覺(jué)型機(jī)器人,如有力覺(jué)觸覺(jué)和視覺(jué)等,它具有對(duì)某些外界信息進(jìn)行反饋調(diào)整的能力,目前已進(jìn)入應(yīng)用階段。第三代為智能型機(jī)器人它具有感知和理解外部環(huán)境的能力,在工作環(huán)境改變的情況下,也能夠成功地完成任務(wù),它尚處于實(shí)驗(yàn)研究階段。
美國(guó)是機(jī)器人的誕生地,早在1961年,美國(guó)的ConsolidedControlCorp和AMF公司聯(lián)合研制了第一臺(tái)實(shí)用的示教再現(xiàn)機(jī)器人。經(jīng)過(guò)40多年的發(fā)展,美國(guó)的機(jī)器人技術(shù)在國(guó)際上仍一直處于領(lǐng)先地位。其技術(shù)全面、先進(jìn),適應(yīng)性也很強(qiáng)。
日本在1967年從美國(guó)引進(jìn)第一臺(tái)機(jī)器人,1976年以后,隨著微電子的快速發(fā)展和市場(chǎng)需求急劇增加,日本當(dāng)時(shí)勞動(dòng)力顯著不足,工業(yè)機(jī)器人在企業(yè)里受到了“救世主”般的歡迎,使其日本工業(yè)機(jī)器人得到快速發(fā)展,現(xiàn)在無(wú)論機(jī)器人的數(shù)量還是機(jī)器人的密度都位居世界第一,素有“機(jī)器人王國(guó)”之稱。德國(guó)引進(jìn)機(jī)器人的時(shí)間比英國(guó)和瑞典大約晚了五六年,但戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)所導(dǎo)致的勞動(dòng)力短缺,國(guó)民的技術(shù)水平較高等社會(huì)環(huán)境,卻為工業(yè)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展、應(yīng)用提供了有利條件。此外,在德國(guó)規(guī)定,對(duì)于一些危險(xiǎn)、有毒、有害的工作崗位,必須以機(jī)器人來(lái)代替普通人的勞動(dòng)。這為機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用開(kāi)拓了廣泛的市場(chǎng),并推動(dòng)了工業(yè)機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展。目前,德國(guó)工業(yè)機(jī)器人的總數(shù)占世界第二位,僅次于日本。
法國(guó)政府一直比較重視機(jī)器人技術(shù),通過(guò)大力支持一系列研究計(jì)劃,建立了一個(gè)完整的科學(xué)技術(shù)體系,使法國(guó)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展比較順利。在政府組織的項(xiàng)目中,特別注重機(jī)器人基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)方面的研究,把重點(diǎn)放在開(kāi)展機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用研究上。而由工業(yè)界支持開(kāi)展應(yīng)用和開(kāi)發(fā)方面的工作,兩者相輔相成,使機(jī)器人在法國(guó)企業(yè)界得以迅速發(fā)展和普及,從而使法國(guó)在國(guó)際工業(yè)機(jī)器人界擁有不可或缺的一席之地。
英國(guó)紀(jì)70年代末開(kāi)始,推行并實(shí)施了一系措施列支持機(jī)器人發(fā)展的政策,使英國(guó)工業(yè)機(jī)器人起步比當(dāng)今的機(jī)器人大國(guó)日本還要早,并曾經(jīng)取得了早期的輝煌。然而,這時(shí)候政府對(duì)工業(yè)機(jī)器人實(shí)行了限制發(fā)展的錯(cuò)誤。這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致英國(guó)的機(jī)器人工業(yè)一蹶不振,在西歐幾乎處于末位。近些年,意大利、瑞典、西班牙、芬蘭、丹麥等國(guó)家由于自身國(guó)內(nèi)機(jī)器人市場(chǎng)的大量需求,發(fā)展速度非常迅速。目前,國(guó)際上的工業(yè)機(jī)器人公司主要分為日系和歐系。日系中主要有安川、oTC、松下、FANLUC、不二越、川崎等公司的產(chǎn)品。歐系中主要有德國(guó)的KUKA、CLOOS、瑞典的ABB、意大利的CO毗U及奧地利的工GM公司。
我國(guó)工業(yè)機(jī)器人起步于20世紀(jì)70年代初期,經(jīng)過(guò)30多年發(fā)展,大致經(jīng)歷
了3個(gè)階段:70年代萌芽期,80年代的開(kāi)發(fā)期和90年代的應(yīng)用化期。隨著20世紀(jì)70年代世界科技快速發(fā)展,工業(yè)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用在世界掀起了一個(gè)高潮,在這種背景下,我國(guó)于1972年開(kāi)始研制自己的工業(yè)機(jī)器人。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)80年代后,隨著改革開(kāi)放的不斷深入,在高技術(shù)浪潮的沖擊下,我國(guó)機(jī)器人技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)與研究得到了政府的重視與支持,“七五”期間,國(guó)家投入資金,對(duì)工定機(jī)器人及零部件進(jìn)行攻關(guān),完成了示教再現(xiàn)式工業(yè)機(jī)器人成套技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā),研制出了噴漆,點(diǎn)焊,弧焊和搬運(yùn)機(jī)器人。,國(guó)家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃開(kāi)始實(shí)施,經(jīng)過(guò)幾年研究,取得了一大批科研成果。成功地研制出了一批特種機(jī)器人。
從2O世紀(jì)9O年代初期起,我國(guó)的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入實(shí)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)根本轉(zhuǎn)變期,掀起了新一輪的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革和技術(shù)進(jìn)步熱潮,我國(guó)的工業(yè)機(jī)器人又在實(shí)踐中邁進(jìn)了一大步,先后研制了點(diǎn)焊,弧焊,裝配,噴漆,切割,搬運(yùn),碼垛等各種用途的工業(yè)機(jī)器人,并實(shí)施了一批機(jī)器人應(yīng)用工程,形成了一批工業(yè)機(jī)器人產(chǎn)業(yè)化基地,為我國(guó)機(jī)器人產(chǎn)業(yè)的騰飛奠定了基礎(chǔ)。但是與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比,我國(guó)工業(yè)機(jī)器人還有很大差距。
隨著工業(yè)機(jī)器人發(fā)展的深度和廣度以及機(jī)器人智能水平的提高,工業(yè)機(jī)器人已在眾多領(lǐng)域得到了應(yīng)用。從傳統(tǒng)的汽車制造領(lǐng)域向非制造領(lǐng)域延伸。如采礦機(jī)器人、建筑業(yè)機(jī)器人以及水電系統(tǒng)用于維護(hù)維修的機(jī)器人等。在國(guó)防軍事、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、食品加工、生活服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域工業(yè)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越多。汽車制造是一個(gè)技術(shù)和資金高度密集的產(chǎn)業(yè),也是工業(yè)機(jī)器人應(yīng)用最廣泛的行業(yè),幾乎占到整個(gè)工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一半以上。在我國(guó),工業(yè)機(jī)器人最初也是應(yīng)用于汽車和工程機(jī)械行業(yè)中。在汽車生產(chǎn)中工業(yè)機(jī)器人是一種主要的制動(dòng)化設(shè)備,在整車及零部件生產(chǎn)的弧焊、點(diǎn)焊、噴涂、搬運(yùn)、涂膠、沖壓等工藝中大量使用。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)我國(guó)正在進(jìn)入汽車擁有率上升時(shí)期,在未來(lái)幾年里,汽車仍將每年15%左右的速度增長(zhǎng)。所以未來(lái)幾年工業(yè)機(jī)器人的需求將會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出高速增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì),年增幅達(dá)到50%左右,工業(yè)機(jī)器人在我國(guó)汽車行業(yè)的應(yīng)用將得到快速發(fā)展。
工業(yè)機(jī)器人除了在汽車行業(yè)的廣泛應(yīng)用,在電子,食品加工,非金屬加工,日用消費(fèi)品和木材家具加工等行業(yè)對(duì)工業(yè)機(jī)器人的需求也快速增長(zhǎng)。在亞洲,2005年安裝工業(yè)機(jī)器人72,600臺(tái),與2004年相比,增長(zhǎng)了40%,而應(yīng)用在電子行業(yè)的就占了31%左右。在歐洲地區(qū),據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)2005年與2004年相l(xiāng):tI業(yè)機(jī)器人在食品加工行業(yè)的應(yīng)用增長(zhǎng)了17%左右,在非金屬加工行業(yè)的應(yīng)用增長(zhǎng)了20%左右,在日用品消費(fèi)行業(yè)增長(zhǎng)了32%,在木材家具加工行業(yè)增長(zhǎng)了18%左右。工業(yè)機(jī)器人在石油方面也有廣泛的應(yīng)用,如海上石油鉆井、采油平臺(tái)、管道的檢測(cè)、煉油廠、大型油罐和儲(chǔ)罐的焊接等均可使用機(jī)器人來(lái)完成。在未來(lái)幾年,傳感技術(shù),激光技術(shù),工程網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)將會(huì)被廣泛應(yīng)用在工業(yè)機(jī)器人工作領(lǐng)域,這些技術(shù)會(huì)使工業(yè)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用更為高效,高質(zhì),運(yùn)行成本低。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè),今后機(jī)器人將在醫(yī)療、保健、生物技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)、教育、救災(zāi)、海洋開(kāi)發(fā)、機(jī)器維修、交通運(yùn)輸和農(nóng)業(yè)水產(chǎn)等領(lǐng)域得到應(yīng)用。
在我國(guó),工業(yè)機(jī)器人市場(chǎng)份額大部分被國(guó)外工業(yè)機(jī)器人企業(yè)占據(jù)著。在國(guó)際強(qiáng)手面前,國(guó)內(nèi)的工業(yè)機(jī)器人企業(yè)面臨著相當(dāng)大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力。如今我國(guó)正從一個(gè)“制造大國(guó)”向“制造強(qiáng)國(guó)”邁進(jìn),中國(guó)制造業(yè)面臨著與國(guó)際接軌、參與國(guó)際分工的巨大挑戰(zhàn),對(duì)我國(guó)工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的提高迫在眉睫,政府務(wù)必會(huì)加大對(duì)機(jī)器人的資金投入和政策支持,將會(huì)給工業(yè)機(jī)器人產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展注入新的動(dòng)力。擁有自主品牌“妖怪機(jī)器人”的莫士特科技公司致力于提供機(jī)器人主板和解決方案,愿與各界同仁一道打造國(guó)產(chǎn)工業(yè)機(jī)器人的美好明天!