第一篇：【2016兩會中英雙語介紹】 中國的立法體制和法律體系(節(jié)選)

中國的立法體制和法律體系（節(jié)選）

China's Legislative System & Legal System

來源： 中國人大網(wǎng)

http:// 文本并非完全中英對照 | 因原網(wǎng)頁排版及轉載問題，文本內容因供參考

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（一）中國的立法體制

(1)China’s Legislative System

中國是統(tǒng)一的多民族的單一制國家，地域遼闊，各地經(jīng)濟、文化、社會發(fā)展很不平衡，為保證國家法制的統(tǒng)一，又適應各地區(qū)的特點和差異，充分調動中央和地方兩個積極性，中國實行統(tǒng)一而又分層次的立法體制。

China is a unified multi-ethnic nation with a unitary political system.To ensure that the legal system remain unified and adapt at the same time to the uneven economic, political and cultural development of different areas, China practices a unified, multi-level legislative system.●全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會行使國家立法權。

--The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the state power to make laws.●國務院根據(jù)憲法和法律，制定行政法規(guī)，報全國人民代表大會常務委員會備案。

--The State Council formulates administrative regulations in accordance with the Constitution and other laws and reports them to the NPC for records.●省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的人民代表大會及其常務委員會，根據(jù)本行政區(qū)域的具體情況和實際需要，在不同憲法、法律、行政法規(guī)相抵觸的前提下，可以制定地方性法規(guī)，報全國人民代表大會常務委員會和國務院備案。

--In line with specific conditions and actual needs of their administrative regions and on condition that they do not violate the Constitution or other state laws and administrative regulations, the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions andmunicipalities directly under the Central Government, as well as their standing committees, may work out local statutes and report them to the NPC Standing Committee and the State Council for records.●民族自治地方的人民代表大會有權依照當?shù)孛褡宓恼巍⒔?jīng)濟和文化的特點，制定自治條例和單行條例。

--The people's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to formulate regulations concerning autonomy and local needs in light of their own local political, economic and cultural conditions.在中國統(tǒng)一而又分層次的立法體制中，不同層次法律規(guī)范的效力是不同的。憲法具有最高效力，一切法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)、自治條例和單行條例等都不得同憲法相抵觸。

In China's multi-level legislative system, laws promulgated at different levels have different effects.The Constitution has the highest legal validity, and no other laws, administrative regulations, local statutes, regulations concerning autonomy and local needs, or other regulations shall contravene the Constitution.法律的效力高于行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)等。行政法規(guī)的效力高于地方性法規(guī)等。

State laws have greater force than administrative regulations, local statutes and regulations.State administrative regulations have greater force than local statutes and regulations.全國人民代表大會有權改變或者撤銷它的常務委員會制定的不適當?shù)姆伞?/p>

The NPC has the power to alter or annul any inappropriate laws enacted by its Standing Committee.（二）中國特色社會主義法律體系(2)China’s Legal System

中國特色社會主義法律體系，以憲法為統(tǒng)帥，以憲法相關法、民法商法、行政法、經(jīng)濟法、社會法、刑法、訴訟與非訴訟程序法等多個法律部門的法律為主干，由法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)等多個層次法律規(guī)范構成。

China's legal system covers laws that fall under seven categories and three different levels.The seven categories are the Constitution and Constitution-related, civil and commercial, administrative, economic, social, and criminal laws and laws on lawsuit and non-lawsuit procedures.The three different levels are state laws, administrative regulations and local statutes.●在憲法相關法方面，制定了全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會選舉法、全國人民代表大會組織法、國務院組織法、地方各級人民代表大會和地方各級人民政府組織法、人民法院組織法、人民檢察院組織法等有關選舉制度和國家機構的法律；制定了民族區(qū)域自治法、香港特別行政區(qū)基本法、澳門特別行政區(qū)基本法、村民委員會組織法和城市居民委員會組織法等有關民族區(qū)域自治制度、特別行政區(qū)制度、基層群眾自治制度的法律等。

--Concerning the Constitution and Constitution-related laws, in addition to adopting the current Constitution and its four amendments, China has also enacted the Electoral Law, Law on Deputies to the NPC and to Local People's Congresses, and a number of organic laws for state organs, the Legislative Law, the Supervision Law and other laws related to state organs.China has also enacted laws concerning systems for regional ethnic autonomy, special administrative regions and grassroots-level mass self-governance: principally the Law on the Autonomy of Ethnic Minority Regions, the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region, the Organic Law of Villagers' Committees and the Organic Law of Urban Neighborhood Committees.●在民法商法方面，制定了民法通則、物權法、合同法、侵權責任法、拍賣法、商標法、專利法、著作權法、婚姻法、繼承法、收養(yǎng)法、涉外民事關系法律適用法等調整平等主體的公民之間、法人之間和公民與法人相互之間的財產(chǎn)關系和人身關系的法律；制定了公司法、合法企業(yè)法、個人獨資企業(yè)法、證券法、保險法、票據(jù)法、商業(yè)銀行法、海商法、信托法等有關社會平等主體間商事關系的法律等。

--With regard to civil and commercial laws, China has enacted laws concerning property and personal relations between individual entities with equal standing in society.These principally include the General Principles of Civil Law, the Contract Law, the Guarantee Law, the Auction Law, the Trademark Law, the Patent Law, the Copyright Law, the Marriage Law, the Inheritance Law, and the Adoption Law.China also enacted laws concerning commercial relations between individual entities with equal standing in society: principally the Company Law, the Partnership Law, the Law on Single Investor Enterprises, the Securities Law, the Insurance Law, the Negotiable Instruments Law, the Commercial Banking Law, the Maritime law and the Trust Law.●在行政法方面，制定了居民身份證法、治安管理處罰法、突發(fā)事件應對法、行政處罰法、行政許可法、行政強制法、教育法、科技進步法、傳染病防治法、藥品管理法、食品安全法、出境入境管理法等有關國家行政管理的法律；制定了行政監(jiān)察法、行政復議法等有關監(jiān)督行政管理活動的法律·····

--Concerning administrative laws, China has enacted laws concerning state administration: principally the Regulations on Administrative Penalties Concerning Law Enforcement, the Administrative Punishment Law, the Administrative Licensing Law, the National Defense Law, the Government Procurement Law, the Education Law, the Law on Scientific and Technological Progress, the Law on Preventing and Controlling Communicable Diseases and the Environmental Protection Law.China has also enacted laws related to supervision of administrative activities: mainly the Law on Administrative Supervision and the Law on Administrative Reconsideration.●在經(jīng)濟法方面，制定了預算法、審計法、中國人民銀行法、價格法等有關宏觀經(jīng)濟調控的法律；制定了企業(yè)所得稅法、個人所得稅法、車船稅法、稅收征管法等有關稅收的法律；制定了反壟斷法、產(chǎn)品質量法、廣告法等有關維護市場秩序的法律；

--With regard to economic laws, China has enacted laws concerning macro-economic controls, principally the Budget Law, the Audit Law, the Law on the People's Bank of China, the Price Law, the Personal Income Tax Law, and the Law on Tax Collection and Management.China has enacted laws for maintaining market order: mainly the Law against Unfair Competitions, the Law on Protection of the Rights of Consumers, the Law on Product Quality and the Advertising Law.China has enacted laws regarding expansion of opening to the outside world, principally the Law on Joint Ventures with Chinese and Foreign Investment, the Law on Sino-Foreign Contract Joint Ventures, the Law on Wholly Foreign-Invested Enterprises, and the Foreign Trade Law.制定了農(nóng)業(yè)法、鐵路法、公路法、民航法、電力法等有關促進產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的法律；制定了森林法、草原法、水法、礦產(chǎn)資源法、土地管理法等有關保護和合理開發(fā)自然資源的法律；還制定了計量法、統(tǒng)計法等有關經(jīng)濟活動規(guī)范化的法律等。

China has enacted laws to promote industrial development: mainly the Agriculture Law, the Highway Law, the Civil Aviation Law, and the Electric Power Law.China has enacted laws for protecting and rationally developing natural resources: principally the Forestry Law, the Grassland Law, the Water Law, the Mineral Resources Law, and the Law on Land Management.China has also enacted laws for standardizing economic activities: principally the Maritime Law, the Statistics Law and the Surveying Law.●在社會法方面，制定了勞動法、勞動合同法、就業(yè)促進法、工會法、職業(yè)病防治法等有關勞動關系和勞動保障的法律；制定了殘疾人保障法、未成年人保護法、婦女權益保護法、老年人權益保障法等有關特殊社會群體保障的法律······

--Concerning social laws, China has enacted laws concerning state administration: principally the Labor Law, the Trade Union Law and the Law on Mining Safety.China has also enacted laws protecting special groups in society: mainly the Law on Security for the Disabled,the Law on Protecting Minors, the Law on Safeguarding the Rights and Interests of Women and the Law on Safeguarding the Rights and Interests of the Elderly.●在刑法方面，制定了刑法，并陸續(xù)通過10多個對刑法的補充決定、修正案和法律解釋，對犯罪、刑事責任和刑事處罰等作出規(guī)范。

--With regard to criminal law, China has enacted the Criminal Law and adopted more than 10 related supplementary decisions, amendments and legal interpretations to standardize definitions of crimes, assignment of criminal responsibility and determination of punishment.●在訴訟與非訴訟程序法方面，制定了刑事訴訟法、民事訴訟法、行政訴訟法、海事訴訟特別程序法、引渡法、仲裁法、人民調解法等法律，對訴訟和非訴訟程序作出規(guī)范。

--Concerning laws on lawsuit and non-lawsuit procedures, China has enacted laws to standardize procedures for lawsuits and other legal actions, principally the Criminal Procedures Law, the Civil Procedures Law, the Administrative Procedures Law, the Law on Special Procedures for Maritime Lawsuits, the Extradition Law, and the Arbitration Law.來源： 中國人大網(wǎng) 2016年2月1日

第二篇：我國的立法體制、法律體系和立法原則

我國的立法體制、法律體系和立法原則

——十屆全國人大常委會法制講座第一講

全國人大法律委員會主任委員 楊景宇

中國人大網(wǎng) www.tmdps.cn日期： 2003-04-25瀏覽字號：大 中 小打印本頁 關閉窗口

全國人大及其常委會的一項重要職權是立法權，它的首要任務是立法。按照領導上的安排，我想根據(jù)自己對憲法與有關法律規(guī)定和黨的十六大精神的理解，聯(lián)系黨的十一屆三中全會以來自己在從事立法工作中的體會，就我國的立法體制、法律體系和立法原則問題作個簡要匯報。

一、關于我國的立法體制

我國是統(tǒng)一的、單一制的國家，各地方經(jīng)濟、社會發(fā)展又很不平衡。與這一國情相適應，在最高國家權力機關集中行使立法權的前提下，為了使我們的法律既能通行全國，又能適應各地方千差萬別的不同情況的需要，在實踐中能行得通，憲法和立法法根據(jù)憲法確定的“在中央的統(tǒng)一領導下，充分發(fā)揮地方的主動性、積極性”的原則，確立了我國的統(tǒng)一而又分層次的立法體制：

（一）全國人大及其常委會行使國家立法權。全國人大制定和修改刑事、民事、國家機構的和其他的基本法律。全國人大常委會制定和修改除應當由全國人大制定的法律以外的其他法律；在全國人大閉會期間，對全國人大制定的法律進行部分補充和修改，但不得同該法律的基本原則相抵觸。

（二）國務院即中央人民政府根據(jù)憲法和法律，制定行政法規(guī)。

（三）省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的人大及其常委會根據(jù)本行政區(qū)域的具體情況和實際需要，在不同憲法、法律、行政法規(guī)相抵觸的前提下，可以制定地方性法規(guī)；較大的市（包括省、自治區(qū)人民政府所在地的市、經(jīng)濟特區(qū)所在地的市和經(jīng)國務院批準的較大的市）的人大及其常委會根據(jù)本市的具體情況和實際需要，在不同憲法、法律、行政法規(guī)和本省、自治區(qū)的地方性法規(guī)相抵觸的前提下，可以制定地方性法規(guī)，報省、自治區(qū)的人大常委會批準后施行。

（四）經(jīng)濟特區(qū)所在地的省、市的人大及其常委會根據(jù)全國人大的授權決定，還可以制定法規(guī)，在經(jīng)濟特區(qū)范圍內實施。

（五）自治區(qū)、自治州、自治縣的人大還有權依照當?shù)孛褡宓恼巍⒔?jīng)濟和文化的特點，制定自治條例和單行條例，對法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定作出變通規(guī)定。自治區(qū)的自治條例和單行條例報全國人大常委會批準后生效，自治州、自治縣的自治條例和單行條例報省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的人大常委會批準后生效。

（六）國務院各部、各委員會、中國人民銀行、審計署和具有行政管理職能的直屬機構，可以根據(jù)法律和國務院的行政法規(guī)、決定、命令，在本部門的權限范圍內，制定規(guī)章。省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和較大的市的人民政府，可以根據(jù)法律、行政法規(guī)和本省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的地方性法規(guī)，制定規(guī)章。

這種分層次的立法體制又是怎樣體現(xiàn)和保證法制統(tǒng)一的呢？主要是兩方面：一方面，明確不同層次法律規(guī)范的效力。憲法具有最高的法律效力，一切法律、法規(guī)都不得同憲法相抵觸。法律的效力高于行政法規(guī)，行政法規(guī)不得同法律相抵觸。法律、行政法規(guī)的效力高于地方性法規(guī)和規(guī)章，地方性法規(guī)和規(guī)章不得同法律、行政法規(guī)相抵觸。地方性法規(guī)的效力高于地方政府規(guī)章，地方政府規(guī)章不得同地方性法規(guī)相抵觸。另一方面，實行立法監(jiān)督制度。行政法規(guī)要向全國人大常委會備案，地方性法規(guī)要向全國人大常委會和國務院備案，規(guī)章要向國務院備案。全國人大常委會有權撤銷同憲法、法律相抵觸的行政法規(guī)和地方性法規(guī)，國務院有權改變或者撤銷不適當?shù)囊?guī)章。

二、關于中國特色社會主義法律體系

實踐證明，憲法和立法法確定的立法體制符合我國國情，是行之有效的。

1978年年底，黨的十一屆三中全會撥亂反正，在確定把黨和國家的工作重點轉移到以經(jīng)濟建設為中心的社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設上來的同時，明確提出了加強社會主義民主、健全社會主義法制的方針。從此，鄧小平同志提出的“一手抓建設，一手抓法制”就成為搞社會主義現(xiàn)代化的戰(zhàn)略布局。二十四年來，與改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設進程相適應，我國的立法工作取得了顯著的成就。從1979年初到現(xiàn)在，除現(xiàn)行憲法和3個憲法修正案外，全國人大及其常委會通過法律308個（現(xiàn)行有效的217個）、法律解釋8個、有關法律問題的決定122個，共438個；國務院制定行政法規(guī)942個（現(xiàn)行有效的636個）；31個省、自治區(qū)、直轄市共制定地方性法規(guī)8000多個；154個民族自治地方（5個自治區(qū)、30個自治州、119個自治縣）共制定自治條例和單行條例480多個。這些法律、法規(guī)，反映了改革開放的進程，肯定了改革開放的成果，對保障改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設順利進行，發(fā)揮了積極的作用。現(xiàn)在，以憲法為核心的中國特色社會主義法律體系初步形成，國家的政治生活、經(jīng)濟生活、文化生活和社會生活基本的、主要的方面已經(jīng)有法可依。

新世紀新階段新任務對國家立法提出了新的更高的要求。黨的十六大提出：“適應社會主義市場經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、社會全面進步和加入世貿組織的新形勢，加強立法工作，提高立法質量，到二０一０年形成中國特色社會主義法律體系。”據(jù)此，吳邦國同志提出了爭取在本屆全國人大及其常委會五年任期內基本形成這一法律體系的要求。這就給我們提出了兩個問題：什么是中國特色社會主義法律體系？這樣一個法律體系怎樣才算“基本形成”？

所謂法律體系，一般來說，是指一個國家的全部法律規(guī)范，按照一定的原則和要求，根據(jù)不同法律規(guī)范的調整對象和調整方法的不同，劃分為若干法律門類，并由這些法律門類及其所包括的不同法律規(guī)范形成相互有機聯(lián)系的統(tǒng)一整體。這里所稱“法律規(guī)范”，是指由國家制定或者認可，體現(xiàn)統(tǒng)治階級意志，調整社會關系，并最終依靠國家強制力保證實施的社會活動準則。

關于法律門類劃分，上屆全國人大常委會經(jīng)組織專題研究，按照基本上達成的共識，認為將我國的法律體系劃分為以下七個門類比較合適：

一是憲法及憲法相關法。憲法是國家的根本大法，它規(guī)定國家的根本制度和根本任務、公民的基本權利和義務，具有最高的法律效力。憲法相關法是與憲法向配套、直接保障憲法實施和國家政權運作等方面的法律規(guī)范的總和，主要包括四個方面的法律：1.有關國家機構的產(chǎn)生、組織、職權和基本工作制度的法律；2.有關民族區(qū)域自治制度、特別行政區(qū)制度、基層群眾自治制度的法律；3.有關維護國家主權、領土完整和國家安全的法律；4.有關保障公民基本政治權利的法律。

二是民法商法。它是規(guī)范民事、商事活動的法律規(guī)范的總和，所調整的是自然人、法人和其他組織之間以平等地位而發(fā)生的各種法律關系，可以稱為橫向關系。我國采取的是民商合一的立法模式。民法是一個傳統(tǒng)的法律門類，它所調整的是平等主體的自然人之間、法人之間、自然人與法人之間的財產(chǎn)關系與人身關系。商法是民法中的一個特殊部分，是在民法基本原則的基礎上適應現(xiàn)代商事活動的需要逐漸發(fā)展起來的，主席包括公司、破產(chǎn)、證券、期貨、保險、票據(jù)、海商等方面的法律。三是行政法。它是規(guī)范行政管理活動的法律規(guī)范的總和，包括有關行政管理主體、行政行為、行政程序、行政監(jiān)督以及國家公務員制度等方面的法律規(guī)范。行政法調整的是行政機關與行政管理相對人（公民、法人和其他組織）之間因行政管理活動而發(fā)生的法律關系，可以稱為縱向關系。在這種管理與被管理的縱向法律關系中，行政機關與行政管理相對人的地位是不平等的，行政行為由行政機關單方面依法作出，不需要雙方平等協(xié)商。因此，為了正確處理二者關系，保持行政權力與行政管理相對人合法權利的平衡，行政法的基本原則是職權法定、程序法定、公正公開、有效監(jiān)督。

四是經(jīng)濟法。它是調整因國家從社會整體利益出發(fā)對市場經(jīng)濟活動實行干預、管理、調控所產(chǎn)生的法律關系的法律規(guī)范的總和。經(jīng)濟法是在國家干預市場活動過程中逐漸發(fā)展起來的一個法律門類，一方面與行政法的聯(lián)系很密切，另一方面又與民法商法的聯(lián)系很密切，往往在同一個經(jīng)濟法中包括兩種不同性質法律規(guī)范，既有調整縱向法律關系的，又有調整橫向法律關系的，因而具有相對的獨立性。

五是社會法。它是規(guī)范勞動關系、社會保障、社會福利和特殊群體權益保障方面的法律關系的總和。社會法是在國家干預社會生活過程中逐漸發(fā)展起來的一個法律門類，所調整的是政府與社會之間、社會不同部分之間的法律關系。

六是刑法。它是規(guī)范犯罪、刑事責任和刑事處罰的法律規(guī)范的總和。刑法是一個傳統(tǒng)的法律門類，與其他法律門類相比，具有兩個顯著特點：一是所調整的社會關系最廣泛；二是強制性最嚴厲。

七是訴訟與非訴訟程序法。它是規(guī)范解決社會糾紛的訴訟活動與非訴訟活動的法律規(guī)范的總和。我國的訴訟制度分為刑事訴訟、民事訴訟、行政訴訟三種。解決經(jīng)濟糾紛，除通過民事訴訟制度“打官司”外，還可以通過仲裁這種非訴訟的“便民”途徑。

法律體系及其包括的法律規(guī)范，以法的形式（按照我國的立法體制，這里所稱的“法”，除具有最高法律效力的憲法外，包括法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和自治條例、單行條例等）反映和規(guī)范國家政治、經(jīng)濟、文化和社會的各項制度。由于各國的政治制度、經(jīng)濟制度、歷史文化傳統(tǒng)的不同，它們各自的法律體系必然各具特點，尤其是不同社會制度國家的法律制度必然有本質的不同。我們要建立的是中國特色社會主義法律體系，它包括的全部法律規(guī)范，它確立的各項法律制度，以體現(xiàn)人民共同意志、維護人民根本利益、保障人民當家作主為基本特征，這是社會主義法律制度與資本主義法律制度的本質區(qū)別。

那么，在現(xiàn)有基礎上，再經(jīng)過五年的努力，基本形成的中國特色社會主義法律體系應該是什么樣的？我們經(jīng)過初步研究，認為它大體上應該具備三個特點：第一個特點是，法的門類齊全。這一點，我們已經(jīng)做到了。第二個特點是，體現(xiàn)“三個代表”重要思想要求，能夠適應社會主義市場經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、社會全面進步和加入世貿組織的新形勢，保障改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定大局，促進社會主義物質文明、政治文明、精神文明協(xié)調發(fā)展的基本的、主要的法律規(guī)范比較齊備。做到這一點，要求我們在對現(xiàn)行有效的法律和行政法規(guī)進行分析的基礎上，按照黨的十六大的總體部署，通盤研究、統(tǒng)籌考慮哪些需要制定，哪些需要修改（包括對一些同類法律進行必要的歸并、整合，也包括有些行政法規(guī)在條件成熟時提升為法律），哪些需要廢止。第三個特點是，這個法律體系內部，包括七個法律門類之間、不同法律規(guī)范（如民事的、刑事的、行政的等）之間、不同層次法律規(guī)范（憲法、法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和自治條例、單行條例等）之間，基本做到邏輯嚴謹、結構合理、和諧統(tǒng)一。做到這一點，還有許多問題需要進一步深入研究。這里，需要正確處理三個關系：

（一）法律、法律體系與實際的關系

在人類歷史上，法律一旦產(chǎn)生，便逐漸形成了自己的體系，并且追求更多的獨立性。立法，不能不考慮法自身的邏輯體系，不能對性質相同的問題，這個法這么規(guī)定，那個法那么規(guī)定，互相矛盾。但是，歸根到底，實際是母親，法律是子女，正如恩格斯所說的，是“經(jīng)濟關系反映為法原則”。生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展了，生產(chǎn)關系發(fā)展了，社會發(fā)展了，實際發(fā)展了，法也要發(fā)展，法的原則、法律體系也要發(fā)展。由此至少可以看出兩點：一是，實踐沒有止境，法律體系也要與時俱進、不斷創(chuàng)新，它必然是動態(tài)的、開放的、發(fā)展的而不是靜止的、封閉的、固定的，一定階段所稱“法律體系”只能是相對的而不是絕對的。尤其是在我國，整個國家還處于改革、轉型時期，中國特色社會主義制度還處于發(fā)展與完善的過程中，社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制還處于發(fā)展和完善的過程中，都還沒有定型，因而反映、規(guī)范這種制度和體制的法律規(guī)范、法律體系就更加明顯地具有穩(wěn)定性與變動性相統(tǒng)一、階段性與前瞻性相統(tǒng)一的特點。二是，加強立法工作與形成法律體系，二者既有聯(lián)系、又有區(qū)別。從我國二十四年來的立法實踐看，立法從來都是從實際出發(fā)而不是從體系出發(fā)的，都是根據(jù)需要與可能來進行的。也就是說，改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設進程中出現(xiàn)了需要用法律手段加以解決的問題，那就深入調查研究，認真總結實踐經(jīng)驗，經(jīng)驗基本成熟的，至少有了科學的而不是主觀臆造的典型經(jīng)驗，才能立法，需要并且成熟一個，抓緊制定一個。這是立法問題。法律體系則是法學研究問題，有了若干法律、法規(guī)之后，對它們加以研究、歸類，從中找出規(guī)律性的東西，明確不同法律規(guī)范的不同性質、不同特點、不同效力以及它們的相互關系和內在邏輯，逐漸形成科學的體系。因此，這個體系不可能是一開始就有的，而是像南方一句俗話說的那樣，“草鞋沒樣，邊打邊像”。概括地說，先是制定法律、法規(guī)，然后形成法律體系；法律體系形成之后，又會指導立法實踐，防止法律規(guī)范之間相互矛盾、“打架”，把法的自身邏輯體系搞亂。這就是為什么黨的十一屆三中全會并沒有提出法律體系的問題，到了黨的十五大，在我們已經(jīng)有了一部適應改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設需要的新憲法和一批基本的、主要的法律、法規(guī)之后，才提出了到2010年形成中國特色社會主義法律體系的要求。這是符合客觀規(guī)律的。

（二）數(shù)量與質量的關系

中國特色社會主義法律體系從奠定基礎到初步形成再到基本形成，沒有一定數(shù)量的法律、法規(guī)當然是不行的。但是，法律、法規(guī)完備和法律體系形成的標志，從根本上說，并不在于法律、法規(guī)的數(shù)量，而是在于這個體系和它包括的全部法律規(guī)范對社會生活覆蓋的廣度與調整社會關系的力度，也可以說在于它的質量，一是單行法律、法規(guī)的質量，二是整個法律體系的質量。法律、法規(guī)還是備而不繁為好。從法律體系看，以成文法為立法基本模式的大陸法系三個典型國家德國、法國、日本，它們搞了二三百年，現(xiàn)行有效的法律分別只有203個、54個、213個，我們并不能因此就說它們的法律體系尚未形成（需要說明，這三個國家、特別是法國的法律中，法典化的法律比較多）；我國現(xiàn)行有效的法律就有217個，我們卻不能因此就說中國特色社會主義法律體系已經(jīng)形成；而且，由于國情不同，需要用法律手段解決的問題不同，外國有的法律，我們不一定就要制定，外國沒有的法律，我們不一定就不需要制定，建設中國特色社會主義法律體系不能簡單化地按照外國的法律體系“對號入座”，不加分析地照搬、照套，而只能加以研究、借鑒。再從單行法看，一個質量好的法可以解決特定領域內帶普遍性的諸多問題，真正能夠起到促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和社會進步的作用；一個質量差的法非但不能解決實際問題，甚至可能扼殺經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的活力，成為社會發(fā)展的障礙。當然，法的數(shù)量與質量從來是相輔相成的，科學的法律體系本身就應該是法的數(shù)量與質量的統(tǒng)一；至于什么時候強調數(shù)量，什么時候強調質量，那要從實際出發(fā)。黨的十一屆三中全會召開時，我國的法律、法規(guī)還很不完備，可以說基本上是不片未開墾的處女地。那時，鄧小平同志強調加快立法，說現(xiàn)在立法的工作量很大，因此法律條文開始可以粗一點，逐步完善，“有比沒有好，快搞比慢搞好”，是正確的。到了黨的十五大召開時，中國特色社會主義法律體系框架已經(jīng)初步形成。這時，江澤民同志在向大會所作的報告中提出依法治國基本方略的同時，強調“加強立法工作，提高立法質量”，是適時的。現(xiàn)在，在中國特色社會主義法律體系初步形成的基礎上，吳邦國同志在本屆全國人大常委會第一次會議上強調“切實加強立法工作，重在提高立法質量”，同樣是適時的。

（三）法律手段與其他社會調整手段的關系

現(xiàn)在，各方面的立法積極性都很高，這是好事。同時，這也提出了一個問題：到底解決哪些問題應該立法，解決那些問題不宜立法？依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家，沒有相當一批法律、法規(guī)，特別是基本的、主要的法律、法規(guī)當然是不行的。現(xiàn)在，我們的法律、法規(guī)還不夠健全，需要進一步加強立法工作。但是，這并不意味著所有的問題都要用法去解決，法并不是萬能的。調整社會關系的手段歷來是多種多樣的，除法律規(guī)范外，還有市場機制、行業(yè)自律、習慣規(guī)則、道德規(guī)范以及先進管理、技術等手段。這些手段所要解決的問題一般來說是各不相同、各具特性的。其中，需要用法律手段解決的，一般來說，應該是那些在社會生活中帶普遍性的、反復出現(xiàn)的，用其他社會調整手段難以解決、最終需要依靠國家強制力解決的問題（既然是最終需要依靠國家強制力，那就不是凡事都要依靠國家強制力，運用國家強制力是需要格外慎重的）。能夠用其他社會調整手段予以解決，卻不能或者基本上不能依靠國家強制力解決的問題，如思想道德問題、具體工作問題、具體技術問題、科學實驗問題等，就不宜或者不必通過立法去解決。因此，加強立法工作，當然需要考慮制定、修改法律、法規(guī)，同時也要考慮如何運用、發(fā)揮市場機制、行業(yè)自律、習慣規(guī)則、道德規(guī)范以及先進管理、技術等手段在調整社會關系中的作用，不可能什么問題都用法律手段去解決即最終依靠國家強制力去解決。

三、關于立法應當遵循的原則

立法就是在矛盾的焦點上劃杠杠，鼓勵做什么、允許做什么、應當做什么、禁止做什么，保護什么、懲罰什么，令行禁止，全社會都要一體遵照執(zhí)行。要把立法的杠杠劃得準，既很重要，又不容易，是很嚴肅的事情。嚴肅立法是嚴肅執(zhí)法的前提。搞好立法工作，提高立法質量，關鍵在于把握正確的政治方向，最根本的是要把堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主和依法治國有機統(tǒng)一起來，自覺地堅持立法應當遵循的幾條原則：

（一）堅持以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導

鄧小平理論特別是鄧小平民主法治思想，為建設和完善中國特色社會主義法律體系奠定了理論基礎，提供了指導原則。黨的十六大把“三個代表”重要思想同馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論一道確定為我們必須長期堅持的指導思想，具有重大意義。立法只有以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導，堅持從社會主義初級階段的基本國情出發(fā)，立足于總結改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設的實踐經(jīng)驗，同時在此基礎上借鑒人類政治文明有益成果，借鑒國外對我們有益的經(jīng)驗、主要是反映市場經(jīng)濟共同規(guī)律的東西，為我所用，力求從全局上、發(fā)展上和本質上把握中國特色社會主義法律體系內在的規(guī)律性，解決立法帶普遍性、共同性的問題，才能堅持正確的政治方向。

法律制度屬于上層建筑，歸根到底，是能動地反映經(jīng)濟基礎并為其服務的；同時，又是能動地反映上層建筑其他部分并為其服務的。在立法活動中貫徹“三個代表”重要思想，必須是全面的，同時又要明確法律制度的定位、定性，把握它的特點：1.法律制度并不直接解決生產(chǎn)力自身的問題，而是通過體現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟體制改革精神，體現(xiàn)黨的經(jīng)濟政策，反映社會主義初級階段的基本經(jīng)濟制度和基本分配制度，調整社會經(jīng)濟利益關系，為解放和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力開辟道路、創(chuàng)造環(huán)境、提供保障。2.法律制度并不直接解決文化藝術創(chuàng)作自身的問題，而是通過體現(xiàn)馬克思主義的指導地位，體現(xiàn)“二為”方向、“雙百”方針，體現(xiàn)文化體制改革精神，體現(xiàn)黨的文化政策，為繁榮中國特色社會主義文化開辟道路、創(chuàng)造環(huán)境、提供保障。3.確定法律制度，必須以中國最廣大人民的根本利益為基本原則，檢驗的標準是看人們群眾滿意不滿意、高興不高興、答應不答應。

在立法活動中真正做到全面貫徹“三個代表”重要思想，是很不容易的，要花很大力氣才行。當今世界，國際戰(zhàn)略格局正在發(fā)生深刻變化。世界多極化和經(jīng)濟全球化的趨勢在曲折中發(fā)展，科技進步日新月異，綜合國力競爭日趨激烈。西方敵對勢力加緊對我國實施“西化”、“分化”戰(zhàn)略圖謀，試圖用西方那一套社會制度、價值觀念、生活方式對我國施加影響，包括對我國法律制度施加影響。從國內看，隨著改革的深化、開放的擴大和社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，社會經(jīng)濟成分、組織形式、就業(yè)方式、利益關系和分配方式日趨多樣化，社會關系和社會利益格局已經(jīng)發(fā)生并且還在繼續(xù)發(fā)生深刻變化，不同利益的社會階層、社會成員勢必要求把自己的意志和利益反映到包括法律制度在內的上層建筑中來；而且，人數(shù)少的社會階層反映到立法活動中的聲音不一定小，人數(shù)多的社會階層反映到立法活動中的聲音不一定大。在這樣錯綜復雜的國際、國內形勢下，在立法活動中全面貫徹“三個代表”重要思想，首先要從實際出發(fā)、因時制宜，因地制宜、因事制宜，抓準抓住中國先進生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展要求是什么、中國先進文化的前進方向是什么、中國最廣大人民的根本利益是什么。要做到這一點，還是要靠我們的“傳家寶”--吃透兩頭：一頭，全面、準確地把握中央決策（路線、方針、政策），這要靠深入學習、領會；一頭，全面、本質地把握實際情況，這要靠深入調查研究。要吃透兩頭，都要花很大力氣，從理論與實踐的結合上研究、解決問題，把對領導負責與對群眾負責統(tǒng)一起來，這就決不是嘴上說說、紙上寫寫所能辦到的。

（二）堅持黨的領導

憲法總綱第一條就開宗明義地規(guī)定：“中華人民共和國是工人階級領導的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎的人民民主專政的社會主義國家。”工人階級領導是通過它的先鋒隊中國共產(chǎn)黨實現(xiàn)的，這是歷史的結論、人民的選擇。實踐證明，要把中國的事情辦好，關鍵取決于我們黨，取決于黨的先進性和戰(zhàn)斗力，取決于黨的領導水平和執(zhí)政水平。

作為執(zhí)政黨，怎樣領導？怎樣執(zhí)政？按照馬克思主義的政黨學說和國家學說，政黨不是國家機器，黨的主張不是國家意志。中國共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政就是領導和支持人民當家作主，并且通過憲法和法律的形式把黨的正確主張和人們共同意志統(tǒng)一起來，依法執(zhí)政。列寧在《論糧食稅》一文中有一句著名的論斷：“無產(chǎn)階級專政就是無產(chǎn)階級對政治的領導。”在立法活動中堅持黨的領導，最根本、最重要的是堅持黨的政治領導、方針政策領導，自覺地把體現(xiàn)“三個代表”重要思想的黨的方針政策經(jīng)過法定程序，同人民的意見結合起來、統(tǒng)一起來，轉化成為法律、法規(guī)，成為國家意志，作為全社會都必須一體遵循的社會活動準則，并最終依靠國家強制力保證它的實施。

這里，有一個問題需要研究：是不是黨的全部方針政策都要法制化呢？我看，不應該是。黨的方針政策，有基本的，有具體的；有戰(zhàn)略性的，有策略性的；有較成熟的，有試驗性的。一般來說，法律、法規(guī)體現(xiàn)的黨的方針政策應該是基本的、戰(zhàn)略性的、較成熟的、需要較長時期執(zhí)行并且最終需要依靠國家強制力予以保證的。同時，法律、法規(guī)又要能夠解決現(xiàn)實生活中的實際問題，特別是領導與群眾關注的熱點、難點問題。那么，怎樣恰當?shù)靥幚怼⒓骖檭煞矫娴年P系呢？總結實踐經(jīng)驗，大體上有三條：

一是，凡屬重大問題、重要改革，要制定法律、法規(guī)，一般需要先用政策來指導，經(jīng)過群眾性的探索、試驗，總結實踐經(jīng)驗，研究、比較各種典型，全面權衡利弊，才能立法。當然，這只是立法的一般性經(jīng)驗，并不排除預見性（預見就是根據(jù)客觀事物的運動規(guī)律看到前途趨向），對看準的問題，中央決策已定，可以先行立法，用法律手段推動改革。

二是，區(qū)別方針政策的法制化與方針政策對執(zhí)法活動的指導，前者屬于立法問題，后者屬于執(zhí)法問題。

三是，需要制定法律、法規(guī)的，又要努力找到確定基本制度與解決現(xiàn)實問題的最佳結合點，既要維護法律制度的相對穩(wěn)定性，又要能夠解決實際問題。

（三）堅持全心全意為人民服務的宗旨 在我國，人民，只有人民，才是國家和社會的主人。社會主義民主政治的本質要求是人民當家作主。社會主義法制實質上就是人民民主的制度化、法律化。我們的憲法和法律、法規(guī)都應該是，也必須是黨的正確主張和人民共同意志的統(tǒng)一，歸根到底，是體現(xiàn)人民共同意志、維護人民根本利益、保障人民當家作主的。因此，立法必須堅持全心全意為人民服務的宗旨，增強民主意識，把維護最廣大人民的根本利益（包括正確處理人民的全局利益和局部利益的關系，長遠利益與眼前利益的關系，國家、集體和個人的利益關系）作為根本原則，作為出發(fā)點和落腳點。立一個法，定一條規(guī)矩，都要把著眼點放在是不是有利于改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定，是不是有利于解放和發(fā)展社會生產(chǎn)力，歸根到底，是不是有利于最廣大人民的根本利益。一個法立得好不好，標準應該是這個，而不能是有關部門“權力均等，利益均沾”，從現(xiàn)實情況看，在立法活動中尤其需要自覺地防止“政府權力部門化，部門權力利益化，部門利益法制化”。

立法為了人民，必須依靠人民，在立法活動中堅持群眾路線。在我國，人民群眾不應該只是法律、法規(guī)的被動接受者，而首先應該是立法的積極參與者；立法不是有關部門之間權力和利益的分配與再分配，而應該反映人民的共同意志和根本利益。法律、法規(guī)從實踐中來，就應該從群眾中來，只能是群眾實踐經(jīng)驗的科學總結。因此，立法實行立法工作者、實際工作者、專家相結合，又始終注意聽取各種意見、特別注意傾聽基層群眾的意見，集思廣益，多謀善斷，才能搞好；少數(shù)人坐在屋子里苦思冥想，或者在少數(shù)人的圈子里打轉轉，是決不會成功的。

（四）堅持服從并服務于發(fā)展這個第一要務

鄧小平同志強調：“發(fā)展才是硬道理。”江澤民同志在黨的十六大報告中進一步把發(fā)展作為執(zhí)政興國的第一要務，并提出要緊緊抓住二十一世紀頭二十年這個可以大有作為的重要戰(zhàn)略機遇期，把全面建設小康社會確定為新世紀新階段的奮斗目標。這是一個關系全局、長遠的戰(zhàn)略決策。

按照馬克思主義所深刻揭示的經(jīng)濟、政治、文化三者之間的辯證關系和人類社會發(fā)展的基本規(guī)律，實現(xiàn)社會主義現(xiàn)代化，必須堅持以經(jīng)濟建設為中心，并正確處理物質文明建設、政治文明建設、精神文明建設的關系，實現(xiàn)三個“建設”互相協(xié)調、互相促進、全面推進。也可以說，實現(xiàn)社會主義現(xiàn)代化的過程本身就應該是包括經(jīng)濟、政治、文化發(fā)展在內的社會全面進步的過程，就應該是社會主義物質文明、政治文明、精神文明全面發(fā)展的過程。牢牢地把握這一點，對于我們自覺地運用客觀規(guī)律，堅定地沿著正確的道路前進，加快社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設，是一個關系全局的重大問題。

加強社會主義法制建設，依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家，屬于發(fā)展社會主義民主政治、建設社會主義政治文明的范疇。按照我們黨的老規(guī)矩、好傳統(tǒng)，黨在各方面的工作都要服從并服務于黨的中心任務。據(jù)此，新世紀新階段的立法必須緊緊圍繞全面建設小康社會這個奮斗目標，體現(xiàn)、推動、保障發(fā)展這個執(zhí)政興國第一要務，為發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的法制環(huán)境、提供有力的法制保障。這是檢驗立法質量的一條重要標準。

（五）堅持以憲法為核心的社會主義法制統(tǒng)一

我國是一個集中統(tǒng)一的社會主義國家。沒有社會主義法制的統(tǒng)一，就不能依法維護國家的統(tǒng)一、政治的安定、社會的穩(wěn)定。實行社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制，同樣需要強調社會主義法制的統(tǒng)一，否則就會妨礙社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的建立和完善，妨礙統(tǒng)一的社會主義市場的形成和發(fā)展。隨著立法步伐的加快，法律、法規(guī)數(shù)量的增多，不同法律門類、不同性質法律規(guī)范、不同效力層次法律規(guī)范之間呈現(xiàn)出錯綜復雜的關系，尤其需要引起我們對法制統(tǒng)一的高度重視。

維護法制統(tǒng)一，首先必須依據(jù)法定權限、遵循法定程序立法，不得超越法定權限、違反法定程序立法。法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和自治條例、單行條例等都是國家統(tǒng)一的法律體系的組成部分，各部門、各地方、各方面都不能各搞各的所謂“法律體系”。在法律體系內部，必須堅持以憲法為核心和統(tǒng)帥，一切法律、法規(guī)都不得同憲法相抵觸，行政法規(guī)不得同憲法和法律相抵觸，地方性法規(guī)不得同憲法和法律、行政法規(guī)相抵觸，規(guī)章之間也不能相互矛盾。同時，要按照法定的權限和程序，加強對法律、法規(guī)的解釋工作，加強法規(guī)、規(guī)章的備案審查工作。總之，一定要從制度上解決“依法打架”的問題。

四、關于探求立法的規(guī)律

法律、法規(guī)，形式上是主觀意志的產(chǎn)物，集體意志也是主觀的；實質上是客觀的，立法搞得好不好，法律、法規(guī)的質量高不高，關鍵在于能不能反映客觀規(guī)律，一是中國特色社會主義經(jīng)濟、政治、文化的發(fā)展規(guī)律，二是中國特色社會主義法律體系的內在規(guī)律，三是立法的工作規(guī)律。立法中這種主觀與客觀的矛盾只能在實踐中加以解決，途徑就是不斷總結實踐經(jīng)驗。毛主席說過：我們共產(chǎn)黨就是靠總結經(jīng)驗吃飯的。我們從事的是前無古人的事業(yè)，沒有人能給我們提供現(xiàn)成的答案。立法也是一樣，沒有誰能給我們提供中國特色社會主義法律體系的現(xiàn)成藍本。所以，鄧小平同志提倡“摸著石頭過河”。沒有經(jīng)驗，摸著石頭過河，更要把務實與務虛結合起來，務實而不就事論事，務虛而不脫離實際，在實干中勤于思考，在忙碌中善于總結，對實際問題作理性思考，不斷摸索和掌握立法的規(guī)律。具體來說，立一個法，基礎在于總結實踐經(jīng)驗，先定法意后寫法條，首要的問題是抓住它的本質，也就是法意，法意定得準，寫出法條相對來說并不太難；立幾個法，又要探求它們共同的規(guī)律，掌握了立法的規(guī)律，才會有預見性和主動權。

總結二十四年來的立法實踐經(jīng)驗，為了更好地堅持立法原則，提高立法質量，在立法活動中需要正確處理若干關系，比如：

（一）立法與改革的關系

法律、法規(guī)的特點是“定”，是在矛盾的焦點上劃杠杠，一旦規(guī)定下來，全社會都要一體遵守。改革的特點是“變”，是突破原有的體制和規(guī)則。用特點是“定”的法律、法規(guī)去適應特點是“變”的改革要求，難度是很大的。那么，立法應該怎樣體現(xiàn)、適應改革的要求呢？有人提出，要大膽改革，就要敢于突破法律“框框”，甚至敢于突破憲法“框框”。這種看法是不正確的。如果這個人認為這個法要突破，那個人認為那個法要突破，誰想怎么干就怎么干，以憲法為核心的社會主義法制的尊嚴和權威就會蕩然無存。總結實踐經(jīng)驗，正確的態(tài)度是：1.立法要體現(xiàn)中央關于改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定的決策。2.立法要著重把實踐證明是正確的改革成果、改革經(jīng)驗肯定下來；改革經(jīng)驗尚不充分的，如果迫切需要立法，那就先把改革的原則確定下來，并為進一步改革留下余地。3.如果實踐證明現(xiàn)行法律、法規(guī)的有些規(guī)定已經(jīng)不能適應形勢的變化，成為改革的障礙，那就及時經(jīng)過法定程序予以修改或者廢止。

（二）政府與市場的關系

我國經(jīng)濟體制改革的目標是建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制。實踐已經(jīng)證明，充分發(fā)揮市場機制配置資源的基礎性作用，實行公開、公平、公正競爭，經(jīng)濟活動才能富有活力，提高效率，更快地創(chuàng)造更多的社會財富，提高綜合國力。同時，市場又不是萬能的，市場本身就存在著自發(fā)性、滯后性、盲目性。改善宏觀經(jīng)濟環(huán)境、合理利用公共資源、維護社會公共利益等方面的問題，就難以靠市場來解決。因此，實行市場經(jīng)濟體制，并不意味著減少政府的責任和作用。我國是發(fā)展中的大國，又處在經(jīng)濟體制轉軌、產(chǎn)業(yè)結構調整和經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展的時期，尤其需要政府擔當起應負的責任，把職能真正轉變到經(jīng)濟調節(jié)、市場監(jiān)管、社會管理、公共服務上來，并且轉變工作方式、工作作風，切實解決市場解決不了或者解決不好的問題，為經(jīng)濟活動創(chuàng)造良好的宏觀環(huán)境。這里需要明確的問題是，正確處理政府與市場的關系，主要的方面是政府，關鍵在于轉變政府職能，力求做到：一不越位，決不要再把那些政府機關不該管、管不了、實際上也管不好的事情攬在手里；二不缺位，該由政府機關管的事情就要把它管住、管好；三不錯位，政府機關不能既當“裁判員”又當“運動員”；四不擾民，該由政府機關管的事情，只要能把它管住、管好，辦事手續(xù)越簡便、越透明越好，以方便基層、方便老百姓。而做到這一點，首先又要解放思想，更新觀念，卸下兩個思想認識上的包袱：一是，政府工作以經(jīng)濟建設為中心，不等于把一切經(jīng)濟活動都由政府機關包攬下來；二是，政府是人民的政府，不等于把老百姓的一切事情都由政府機關包攬下來。總的來看，從發(fā)展趨勢看，政府實施的是公共行政，政府是有限政府，而不是無限政府，它的權力、責任都是有限的，而不是無限的。只有“有限”，才有可能“高效”。這個思想認識問題不解決，不可能轉變政府職能。

（三）權力與權利的關系

轉變政府職能，在立法活動中，特別是制定行政法、經(jīng)濟法，不可避免地會涉及行政權力同自然人、法人和其他組織的權利的關系。按照傳統(tǒng)法學概念，行政權力屬于“公權”，自然人、法人和其他組織的權利屬于“私權”。在權力與權利的關系問題上，原則上講，權利是本源，權力是由其派生的。憲法規(guī)定：“中華人民共和國的一切權力屬于人民。”行政權力是人民通過法定程序授予的。但是，行政機關一旦取得行政權力并對管理相對人（公民、法人或者其他組織）行使這種權力，它就居于“強者”地位。因此，正確處理權力與權利的關系，主要的方面應該是對權力加以規(guī)范、制約、監(jiān)督。立法不僅是對行政機關的授權，而且是對行政機關的控權。依法行政的核心是規(guī)范行政權力。從這個意義上說，實行依法治國、依法行政，先要依法治“官”、依法治權，有權必有責，用權受監(jiān)督，侵權要賠償，確保一切行政機關依照法定的權限和程序正確行使權力，防止濫用權力。在一般情況下，“公權”不宜介入、干預“私權”的行使。當然，“私權”的行使也是有條件、有規(guī)范的。如果行使“私權”損害國家的、社會的、集體的利益和他人的合法權益，“公權”就應該介入、干預，實施監(jiān)督，予以處理。對于行政機關來說，權力與責任應該統(tǒng)一；對于自然人、法人或者其他組織來說，權利與義務應該統(tǒng)一。法律、法規(guī)在賦予有關行政機關必要的權力的同時，必須規(guī)定其相應的責任，規(guī)范、制約、監(jiān)督行政權力的行使。為了從源頭上、制度上預防和解決腐敗問題，立法必須體現(xiàn)權力與責任緊密掛鉤、權力與利益徹底脫鉤的原則，決不允許爭權而不負責，更不允許利用權力“尋租”。“公權”是不能盈利的，這是一條法律原則，也是一條政治原則。法律、法規(guī)在規(guī)定自然人、法人和其他組織應當履行的義務的同時，應該明確規(guī)定其應當享有的權利，并為保證其權利的實現(xiàn)規(guī)定相應的政策和措施。

（四）懲罰與引導的關系

法律規(guī)范是確定社會活動準則的。對那些嚴重損害國家的、社會的、集體的利益和其他公民合法權益的違法行為，法律、法規(guī)當然應該規(guī)定懲罰手段、制裁措施，并且所規(guī)定的懲罰手段、制裁措施能夠罰當其過、制裁得力，真正達到懲罰的目的，維護法律、法規(guī)的權威，保證法律、法規(guī)的實施。同時，又要看到，法律規(guī)范除了對違法行為的懲罰、制裁功能外，它本身又具有重要的引導功能。規(guī)范是為人們設定的社會行為預期，本身首先就是引導。立法應該根據(jù)行為人不同的行為方式來確立能夠有效發(fā)揮法律規(guī)范引導功能的相應制度。在我國，法律、法規(guī)既然是體現(xiàn)人民共同意志、維護人民根本利益、保障人民當家作主的，它就應該并且能夠建立在為廣大人民群眾所自覺遵守、執(zhí)行的基礎上，從而具有更明顯的引導功能。因此，在立法活動中，需要重視法律、法規(guī)對人們的引導，從制度上預防、制止違法行為的發(fā)生。即使對違法行為設定必要的懲罰手段、制裁措施，也要考慮懲罰手段、制裁措施的多樣化，根據(jù)違法行為的性質、后果的不同，設定相應的懲罰手段、制裁措施。這就要求我們從理論與實踐的結合上，積極研究探索社會主義市場經(jīng)濟條件下預防、制止、制裁違法行為的新機制、新措施、新辦法。

（五）法治與德治的關系

黨的十六大明確地提出了“依法治國和以德治國相結合”的要求，這是總結古今中外治國經(jīng)驗所得出的結論。法律和道德都是上層建筑的重要組成部分，都是規(guī)范人們的社會行為的重要方式。但是，法律規(guī)范與道德規(guī)范的性質、功能是不一樣的。法律規(guī)范以其權威性和強制性規(guī)范人們的社會行為，其實施主要（不是惟一）靠他律；道德規(guī)范以其感召力和勸導力提高人們的思想認識和道德覺悟，其實施主要（不是惟一）靠自律。調整社會關系、解決社會問題，必須把法律規(guī)范與道德規(guī)范結合起來，使二者相輔相成、相互促進。有些道德規(guī)范（如誠實信用等）與有關法律規(guī)范（如民商法律規(guī)定的誠實信用原則等）是相互融通的。如果法律規(guī)范背離了人們普遍認同的道德標準、道德要求，就會失去民眾的誠服，在實踐中就難以行得通；如果一切都依靠道德，就難以有效地制止、制裁那些破壞社會秩序、侵犯公共利益和他人合法權益的行為，也難以促進社會主義精神文明建設，甚至會妨礙公共道德的形成。因此，立法必須重視法律規(guī)范的道德基礎。我國是社會主義國家，法律、法規(guī)尤其應當體現(xiàn)人民的共同意志，有良好的道德基礎，為多數(shù)人普遍認同。看一個法立得好不好，在實踐中能不能行得通，一條重要的標準就是看它是否體現(xiàn)了多數(shù)人認同的道德標準、道德要求。

以上匯報不妥之處，請各位領導和各位同志批評指正。

（2003年4月25日）

第三篇：2012年兩會政府工作報告全文中英雙語版本

2012年溫總理政府工作報告全文（雙語對照）

第十一屆全國人民代表大會第五次會議在人民大會堂開幕，聽取國務院總理溫家寶作政府工作報告，審查計劃報告和預算報告。以下為十一屆全國人大五次會議開幕會及政府工作報告全文：

各位代表：現(xiàn)在，我代表國務院，向大會報告政府工作，請各位代表審議，并請全國政協(xié)委員提出意見。Fellow Deputies, on behalf of the State Council, I now present to you my report on the work of the government for your deliberation and approval and for comments and suggestions from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC).一、2011年工作回顧 I.Review of Work in 2011 過去的一年，面對復雜多變的國際政治經(jīng)濟環(huán)境和艱巨繁重的國內改革發(fā)展任務，全國各族人民在中國共產(chǎn)黨領導下，同心同德，團結奮進，改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設取得新的重大成就。Last year, China faced a complex and volatile political and economic environment abroad and arduous and challenging reform and development tasks at home.Working hard with one heart and one mind under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC), the Chinese people of all ethnic groups made significant achievements in reform, opening up, and socialist modernization.國內生產(chǎn)總值47.2萬億元，比上年增長9.2%；公共財政收入10.37萬億元，增長24.8%；糧食產(chǎn)量1.14萬億斤，再創(chuàng)歷史新高；城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1221萬人，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入和農(nóng)村居民人均純收入實際增長8.4%和11.4%。我們鞏固和擴大了應對國際金融危機沖擊成果，實現(xiàn)了“十二五”時期良好開局。China's GDP reached 47.2 trillion yuan, an increase of 9.2% over the previous year;government revenue was 10.37 trillion yuan, an increase of 24.8%;and the country's grain output reached a record high of 571.21 million tons.A total of 12.21 million new urban jobs were created.The per capita disposable income of urban residents and the per capita net income of rural residents rose in real terms by 8.4% and 11.4%, respectively.We consolidated and built upon our achievements in responding to the global financial crisis, and got the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period off to a good start.一年來，我們主要做了以下工作： We accomplished the following in our work last year.(一)加強和改善宏觀調控，遏制物價過快上漲，實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展。1.Strengthening and improving macro-control, preventing fast price rises, and achieving steady and robust economic development 我們實施積極的財政政策和穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策，堅持正確處理保持經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展、調整經(jīng)濟結構和管理通脹預期的關系，更加注重把握好政策實施的重點、力度和節(jié)奏，努力做到調控審慎靈活、適時適度，不斷提高政策的針對性、靈活性和前瞻性。We followed a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, and maintained a balance between ensuring steady and robust economic development, adjusting the economic structure, and managing inflation expectations.We paid greater attention to implementing policies with the proper focus, force, and pace;conducted prudent and flexible macro-control on a moderate scale and in a timely fashion;and constantly made our policies more targeted, flexible, and forward-looking.在全球通脹預期不斷增強，國際市場大宗商品價格高位波動，國內要素成本明顯上升，部分農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供給偏緊的嚴峻形勢下，我們把穩(wěn)定物價總水平作為宏觀調控的首要任務，堅持綜合施策，合理運用貨幣政策工具，調節(jié)貨幣信貸增速，大力發(fā)展生產(chǎn)，保障供給，搞活流通，加強監(jiān)管，居民消費價格指數(shù)、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)者出廠價格指數(shù)漲幅從8月份起逐月回落，扭轉了一度過快上漲勢頭。Amid worsening inflation expectations worldwide, fluctuating and high prices of major commodities on the world market, significantly higher costs of factors of production at home, and a shortage of some agricultural products, we made ensuring general price stability our top priority in macro-control, pursued policies in an integrated way, rationally used monetary policy tools to regulate the supplies of money and credit, vigorously developed production to ensure supply, boosted distribution, and strengthened supervision.As a result, increases in the consumer price index(CPI)and the producer price index(PPI)began falling in August, thus reversing the trend of rapid inflation.下半年，世界經(jīng)濟不穩(wěn)定性不確定性上升，國內經(jīng)濟運行出現(xiàn)一些新情況新問題，我們一方面堅持宏觀調控的基本取向不變，保持宏觀經(jīng)濟政策基本穩(wěn)定，繼續(xù)控制通貨膨脹；一方面適時適度預調微調，加強信貸政策與產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的協(xié)調配合，加大結構性減稅力度，重點支持實體經(jīng)濟特別是小型微型企業(yè)，重點支持民生工程特別是保障性安居工程，重點保證國家重大在建、續(xù)建項目的資金需要，有針對性地解決經(jīng)濟運行中的突出矛盾。In the second half of the year, when the global economy faced greater instability and uncertainty and when new developments and problems occurred in China's economy, we kept the basic orientation of macro-control unchanged, maintained the basic continuity of our macroeconomic policies, and continued to curb inflation.In addition, we carried out timely and appropriate anticipatory adjustments and fine-tuning, strengthened coordination between credit and industrial policies, and increased structural tax reductions.We focused on supporting the real economy, especially small and micro businesses;improving the people's wellbeing, especially by building low-income housing projects;and ensuring funding for key projects that are under construction or expansion.These well-targeted measures were taken to solve major economic problems.我們堅定不移地加強房地產(chǎn)市場調控，確保調控政策落到實處、見到實效。投機、投資性需求得到明顯抑制，多數(shù)城市房價環(huán)比下降，調控效果正在顯現(xiàn)。我們高度重視防范和化解財政金融領域的潛在風險隱患，及時對地方政府性債務進行全面審計，摸清了多年形成的地方政府性債務的總規(guī)模、形成原因、償還時限和區(qū)域分布。這些債務在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了積極作用，形成了大量優(yōu)質資產(chǎn)；也存在一些風險隱患，特別是部分償債能力較弱地區(qū)存在局部性風險。We steadfastly tightened regulation of the real estate market and ensured that control policies were fully carried out and achieved real progress.Consequently, speculative or investment-driven housing demand has been significantly curbed, housing prices in most Chinese cities have fallen month on month, and the results of our control measures are beginning to show.We attached great importance to guarding against and eliminating latent risks which exist in the banking and public finance sectors.We fully audited local government debt in a timely manner, and obtained a clear picture of the total amount, due dates, geographic distribution, and causes of the debts local governments incurred over the years.These debts have played a positive role in promoting economic and social development and produced a large amount of quality assets.However, they also contained risks and hidden dangers, and some localities with poor ability to pay their debts were at risk of default.我們認真開展債務清理整頓和規(guī)范工作，嚴格控制增量，積極穩(wěn)妥解決債務償還和在建項目后續(xù)融資問題。目前，我國政府性債務水平是可控的、安全的。總的看，我國國民經(jīng)濟繼續(xù)朝著宏觀調控預期方向發(fā)展，抗風險能力不斷增強，呈現(xiàn)增長較快、價格趨穩(wěn)、效益較好、民生改善的良好態(tài)勢。We sorted out and standardized these debts, imposed a cap on their increase, and actively yet prudently solved problems related to the repayment of such debts and additional funding for ongoing projects.Government debt in China now is at a controllable and secure level.China's economy as a whole continues to grow as we anticipated in our exercise of macro-controls and has become more resilient.Economic growth is robust, prices are stabilizing, economic returns are good, and the people's wellbeing is improving.(二)加快轉變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式，提高發(fā)展的協(xié)調性和產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力。2.Accelerating the transformation of the pattern of economic development and making development more coordinated and industries more competitive.我們堅持有扶有控，促進結構調整和優(yōu)化升級，增強發(fā)展后勁。We supported development in some areas while limiting growth in others, and carried out economic structural adjustments and upgrading to increase the sustainability of development.鞏固和加強農(nóng)業(yè)基礎。全面落實強農(nóng)惠農(nóng)富農(nóng)政策，加大農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)補貼力度，穩(wěn)步提高糧食最低收購價，加強以農(nóng)田水利為重點的農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村基礎設施建設，開展農(nóng)村土地整治，加強農(nóng)業(yè)科技服務和抗災減災，中央財政“三農(nóng)”支出超過1萬億元，比上年增加1839億元。農(nóng)業(yè)全面豐收，糧食總產(chǎn)量實現(xiàn)了歷史罕見的“八連增”，連續(xù)5年超萬億斤，標志著我國糧食綜合生產(chǎn)能力穩(wěn)定躍上新臺階。We consolidated and strengthened the agricultural foundation.We fully implemented the policy of strengthening agriculture, benefitting farmers, and enriching rural areas.We increased subsidies for agricultural production, and the minimum purchase price for grain rose steadily.We strengthened agricultural and rural infrastructure, with priority given to irrigation and water conservancy projects, improved rural land, increased scientific and technological services for agriculture, and improved our ability to respond to and mitigate natural disasters.Central government spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers exceeded one trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 183.9 billion yuan.We had a bumper harvest in all sectors of agriculture.China's grain output increased for the eighth consecutive year, which has rarely been seen in history.Grain output in each of the past five years has exceeded 500 million tons, which shows that China's overall grain production capacity has reached a new level.繼續(xù)推進農(nóng)村危房改造，解決了6398萬農(nóng)村人口的飲水困難和60萬無電地區(qū)人口的用電問題，農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)生活條件進一步改善。We continued to renovate dilapidated houses in rural areas, ensured the safety of potable water for 63.98 million additional rural residents, delivered electricity to 600,000 people in areas that had no power supply, and further improved rural working and living conditions.加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結構優(yōu)化升級。大力培育戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，新能源、新材料、生物醫(yī)藥、高端裝備制造、新能源汽車快速發(fā)展，三網(wǎng)融合、云計算、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)試點示范工作步伐加快。企業(yè)兼并重組取得新進展。We accelerated the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure.We energetically fostered strategic emerging industries and accelerated development of new energy, new materials, biomedicines, high-end equipment manufacturing and new-energy vehicles, and we sped up pilot projects and demonstrations for integrating the telecommunications network, the radio and television broadcasting network, and the Internet, along with the development of cloud computing and the Internet of Things.We made progress in enterprise mergers and reorganizations.支持重點產(chǎn)業(yè)振興和技術改造，中央預算投資安排150億元，支持4000多個項目，帶動總投資3000億元。加快發(fā)展信息咨詢、電子商務等現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)，新興服務領域不斷拓寬。交通運輸產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的基礎進一步夯實。We allocated 15 billion yuan from the central government budget to support more than 4,000 projects to boost key industries and upgrade their technologies.This seed capital attracted a total investment of 300 billion yuan.We accelerated the development of information consulting, e-commerce and other modern service industries, and expanded new service areas.The transportation industry developed quickly, thereby further strengthening the foundation for China's economic and social development.推進節(jié)能減排和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護。發(fā)布實施“十二五”節(jié)能減排綜合性工作方案、控制溫室氣體排放工作方案和加強環(huán)境保護重點工作的意見。清潔能源發(fā)電裝機達到2.9億千瓦，比上年增加3356萬千瓦。加強重點節(jié)能環(huán)保工程建設，新增城鎮(zhèn)污水日處理能力1100萬噸，5000多萬千瓦新增燃煤發(fā)電機組全部安裝脫硫設施。加大對高耗能、高排放和產(chǎn)能過剩行業(yè)的調控力度，淘汰落后的水泥產(chǎn)能1.5億噸、煉鐵產(chǎn)能3122萬噸、焦炭產(chǎn)能1925萬噸。We made progress in conserving energy, reducing emissions, and protecting the ecological environment.We adopted and implemented the Comprehensive Work Plan for Conserving Energy and Reducing Emissions and the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, and the Guidelines on Strengthening Key Environmental Protection Tasks.The installed power capacity using clean energy reached 290 million kW, an increase of 33.56 million kW over the previous year.We strengthened the development of major energy conservation and environmental protection projects.We increased daily sewage treatment capacity by 11 million tons in urban areas, and installed desulphurization systems on all new coal-fired power-generating units with a total capacity of over 50 million kW.We tightened controls over industries that are energy intensive, have high emissions or possess excess production capacity, and closed down outdated production facilities whose production capacity amounted to 150 million tons of cement, 31.22 million tons of iron, and 19.25 million tons of coke.實施天然林保護二期工程并提高補助標準，實行草原生態(tài)保護獎補政策，開展湖泊生態(tài)環(huán)境保護試點。植樹造林9200多萬畝。We implemented the second phase of the project to protect virgin forests and raised related subsidies, carried out the policy of giving rewards and subsidies for grassland ecological conservation, and launched pilot projects to protect the ecological environment of lakes.And we planted 6.13 million hectares of trees.促進區(qū)域經(jīng)濟協(xié)調發(fā)展。深入實施區(qū)域發(fā)展總體戰(zhàn)略和全國主體功能區(qū)規(guī)劃。出臺實施促進西藏、新疆等地區(qū)跨越式發(fā)展的一系列優(yōu)惠政策。制定實施新10年農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要和興邊富民行動規(guī)劃。區(qū)域發(fā)展協(xié)調性進一步增強，中西部和東北地區(qū)主要經(jīng)濟指標增速高于全國平均水平，東部地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型升級步伐加快。We promoted the balanced development of regional economies.We thoroughly implemented the master strategy for regional development and the national plan for developing functional zones.We introduced preferential policies to promote the leapfrog development of Tibet and Xinjiang;and formulated and implemented a rural poverty alleviation and development program for the next ten years and an action plan to bring prosperity to border areas and the people there.As a result, regional development became better balanced, major economic indicators rose faster in the central and western regions and northeast China than the national average, and the eastern region accelerated industrial transformation and upgrading.城鎮(zhèn)化率超過50%，這是中國社會結構的一個歷史性變化。勝利完成四川汶川特大地震災后恢復重建任務，積極推進青海玉樹、甘肅舟曲、云南盈江抗災救災和恢復重建工作。China's urbanization level exceeded 50%, marking a historic change in the country's social structure.We completed reconstruction in Wenchuan, Sichuan, which was hit by a massive earthquake in 2008, and made major progress in disaster relief and reconstruction in Yushu, Qinghai;Zhugqu, Gansu;and Yingjiang, Yunnan.(三)大力發(fā)展社會事業(yè)，促進經(jīng)濟社會協(xié)調發(fā)展。3.Developing social services and promoting balanced economic and social development。

各級政府加大對科技、教育、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育事業(yè)的投入，全國財政支出2.82萬億元。Governments at all levels increased spending on science and technology, education, culture, health, and sports programs, with the total amount reaching 2.82 trillion yuan.持續(xù)提升科技創(chuàng)新能力。加強基礎研究和前沿技術研究。實施國家科技重大專項，突破一些關鍵核心技術，填補了多項重大產(chǎn)品和裝備的空白。天宮一號目標飛行器與神舟八號飛船先后成功發(fā)射并順利交會對接，成為我國載人航天發(fā)展史上新的里程碑。[/cn] We continued to enhance China's scientific and technological innovation capabilities.We strengthened basic research and research in cutting-edge technologies.We carried out major national research and development projects, made breakthroughs in a number of core and key technologies, and filled in many gaps in important products and technologies.The Tiangong-1 space module and the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft were launched, and Shenzhou-8 successfully docked with Tiangong-1, marking a new milestone in China's development of manned spaceflights.[cn]扎實推進教育公平。深入貫徹落實教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要。經(jīng)過25年堅持不懈的努力，全面實現(xiàn)“兩基”目標。免除3000多萬名農(nóng)村寄宿制學生住宿費，其中1228萬名中西部家庭經(jīng)濟困難學生享受生活補助。建立起完整的家庭經(jīng)濟困難學生資助體系。初步解決農(nóng)民工隨遷子女在城市接受義務教育的問題。

We made solid progress in making education more equitable.We thoroughly implemented the Plan for Education Reform and Development.Thanks to tireless efforts over the past 25 years, we have fully attained the goals of making nine-year compulsory education universally available and basically eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged adults.Over 30 million rural boarding school students were exempted from accommodation expenses, and 12.28 million of them who are from poor families in the central and western regions received living allowances.A comprehensive system for providing aid to students from poor families was put in place.The children of rural migrant workers were generally granted access to compulsory education in cities where they live.推動實施“學前教育三年行動計劃”，提高幼兒入園率。大力發(fā)展職業(yè)教育。加強中小學教師培訓工作，擴大中小學教師職稱制度改革試點，提高中小學教師隊伍整體素質。首屆免費師范生全部到中小學任教，90%以上在中西部。A three-year action plan for preschool education was carried out, and the number of children enrolled in preschool increased.We vigorously developed vocational education.We strengthened training of primary and secondary school teachers, expanded trials of reforming the system of conferring professional titles on them, and raised their overall quality.All the graduates of 2011 who received tuition-free education in teachers' colleges and universities went to teach in primary and secondary schools, with over 90% of them working in central and western China.大力加強文化建設。中央財政加大對文化惠民工程的支持，各地對公益性文化事業(yè)投入顯著增加。擴大公共文化設施免費開放范圍，服務面逐步拓展。文化體制改革繼續(xù)推進，文化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。文物保護、非物質文化遺產(chǎn)保護和傳承取得重要進展。大力加強群眾體育設施建設，全民健身活動蓬勃開展，體育事業(yè)取得新成績。We vigorously strengthened development of the cultural sector.The central government increased financial support for cultural programs that benefit the people, and local governments significantly increased spending on nonprofit cultural programs.We increased the number of public cultural facilities open to the public free of charge, and steadily expanded their services.We continued to reform the cultural system, and cultural industries developed rapidly.Major progress was made in protecting cultural relics and in protecting and passing on China's intangible cultural heritage.We put great effort into building public sports facilities, vigorously developed fitness activities across the country, and made new achievements in sports activities.積極穩(wěn)妥推進醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生事業(yè)改革發(fā)展。基本醫(yī)療保險覆蓋范圍繼續(xù)擴大，13億城鄉(xiāng)居民參保，全民醫(yī)保體系初步形成。政策范圍內住院費用報銷比例提高，重大疾病醫(yī)療保障病種范圍進一步擴大。各級財政對城鎮(zhèn)居民醫(yī)保和新農(nóng)合的補助標準由每人每年120元提高到200元。國家基本藥物制度在政府辦基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構實現(xiàn)全覆蓋，基本藥物安全性提高、價格下降。公立醫(yī)院改革試點有序進行。基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務體系基本建成。基本公共衛(wèi)生服務均等化取得新進展。We actively yet prudentlycarried out reform and development of medical and healthcare services.We further expanded coverage of basic medical insurance, so that now 1.3 billion urban and rural residents are covered.A medical insurance system that covers the whole population is emerging.We raised the reimbursement rate for hospitalization expenses covered by relevant policies, and expanded the range of major diseases for which medical treatment is insured.Governments at all levels increased per-person subsidies for the medical insurance for non-working urban residents and the new type of rural cooperative medical care system from 120 yuan per year to 200 yuan per year.We implemented the national system for basic drugs in all community-level medical and health care institutions run by the government, and basic drugs became safer and more affordable.We progressed in an orderly fashion with trials of reforming public hospitals, basically established a community medical and health care service system, and made progress in providing equal access to basic public health services.(四)切實保障和改善民生，解決關系群眾切身利益的問題。4.Ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing and solving problems that affect their interests.我們堅持民生優(yōu)先，努力使發(fā)展成果惠及全體人民，促進社會公平正義。We continued to put the people's wellbeing first, worked hard to bring the benefit of development to all, and promoted social fairness and justice.實施更加積極的就業(yè)政策。多渠道開發(fā)就業(yè)崗位，全力推動以創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)，加強職業(yè)技能培訓和公共就業(yè)服務體系建設。加大財政、稅收、金融等方面支持力度，著力促進高校畢業(yè)生、農(nóng)民工等重點人群就業(yè)。高校畢業(yè)生初次就業(yè)率77.8%，同比提高1.2個百分點。農(nóng)民工總量2.53億人，比上年增長4.4%，其中，外出農(nóng)民工1.59億人，增長3.4%。We implemented a more active employment policy.We created jobs through a variety of channels, expanded job opportunities through the creation of new businesses, strengthened vocational skills training, and improved the public employment service system.We increased fiscal, taxation, and financial support to promote employment of university graduates, rural migrant workers, and other key groups.The employment rate for college graduates reached 77.8%, an increase of 1.2 percentage points over the previous year.The number of rural workers totaled 253 million, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year, of whom 159 million worked in towns and cities, up 3.4%.積極調整收入分配關系。著力提高低收入群眾收入。農(nóng)村居民人均純收入實際增速為1985年以來最高，連續(xù)兩年快于城鎮(zhèn)居民；各地普遍較大幅度調高最低工資標準；連續(xù)第7年提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金，全年人均增加1680元，5700多萬人受益；進一步提高城鄉(xiāng)低保補助水平以及部分優(yōu)撫對象撫恤和生活補助標準，對全國城鄉(xiāng)低保對象、農(nóng)村五保供養(yǎng)對象等8600多萬名困難群眾發(fā)放一次性生活補貼；建立社會救助和保障標準與物價上漲掛鉤的聯(lián)動機制。擴大中等收入者所占比重。We adjusted income distribution.We worked hard to increase the income of low-income people.Per capita net income of rural residents in real terms registered the fastest growth since 1985, outpacing urban residents for the second straight year.We significantly increased the minimum wage across the country.Basic pensions for enterprise retirees increased for the seventh consecutive year, with an average increase of 1,680 yuan per person for the year, which benefited over 57 million people.We further increased subsistence allowances for rural and urban residents and subsidies and living allowances for some entitled groups, and granted lump-sum living allowances to more than 86 million people in need, including subsistence allowance recipients in urban and rural areas and childless and infirm rural residents who are entitled to five forms of support(food, clothing, medical care, housing, and burial expenses).We instituted a mechanism to increase social aid and social security benefits when consumer prices rise.The proportion of middle-income earners in the whole population increased.個人所得稅起征點從2000元提高到3500元。降低900多萬個體工商戶稅負。中央決定將農(nóng)民人均純收入2300元(2010年不變價)作為新的國家扶貧標準，比2009年提高92%，把更多農(nóng)村低收入人口納入扶貧范圍，這是社會的巨大進步。We raised the salary threshold for personal income tax from 2,000 yuan to 3,500 yuan.We reduced the tax burden on over nine million self-employed people.The central government set the new poverty line at 2,300 yuan, which was the per capita net income in rural areas at 2010 prices, an increase of 92% over 2009.This resulted in more low-income people being covered by the government's poverty reduction program, which constitutes tremendous social progress.加強社會保障體系建設。社會保障覆蓋范圍繼續(xù)擴大，全國參加城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險、失業(yè)保險、工傷保險和生育保險人數(shù)大幅增加。2147個縣(市、區(qū))實施城鎮(zhèn)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險試點，1334萬人參保，641萬人領取養(yǎng)老金。2343個縣(市、區(qū))開展新型農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險試點，3.58億人參保，9880萬人領取養(yǎng)老金，覆蓋面擴大到60%以上。We bolstered the development of the social security system.We continued to expand coverage of social security, and the number of people covered by basic old-age insurance for urban residents, unemployment insurance, workers' compensation and maternity insurance rose substantiallynationwide.We carried out trials of old-age insurance for non-working urban residents in 2,147 counties and county-level cities and districts, covering 13.34 million residents, and 6.41 million residents received pensions.We launched trials of a new type of old-age insurance for rural residents in 2,343 counties and county-level cities and districts, covering 358 million people, and 98.8 million people received pensions.We extended coverage of this insurance to more than 60% of China's counties.解決了500多萬名集體企業(yè)退休人員養(yǎng)老保障的歷史遺留問題。將312萬名企業(yè)“老工傷”人員和工亡職工供養(yǎng)親屬納入工傷保險統(tǒng)籌管理。養(yǎng)老保險跨地區(qū)轉移接續(xù)工作有序推進。社會保障體系不斷健全，向制度全覆蓋邁出重大步伐，這是推進基本公共服務均等化取得的重要成就。We solved longstanding problems concerning pensions for more than five million retirees of collectively owned enterprises.We included 3.12 million persons who suffer from past work-related injuries and dependents of employees who lost their lives in work-related accidents in workers' compensation insurance.We worked in an orderly way to make it possible to transfer pension accounts between localities.We continued to improve the social security system and made significant progress in extending coverage to all residents.This was an important achievement for ensuring equal access to basic public services for all.大力推進保障性安居工程建設。出臺關于保障性安居工程建設和管理的指導意見，完善財政投入、土地供應、信貸支持、稅費減免等政策，著力提高規(guī)劃建設和工程質量水平，制定保障性住房分配、管理、退出等制度和辦法。中央財政安排資金1713億元，是2010年的2.2倍，全年城鎮(zhèn)保障性住房基本建成432萬套，新開工建設1043萬套。We accelerated the construction of low-income housing.We adopted guidelines on construction and management of low-income housing;improved policies on government input, land supply, credit support, and tax and fee reductions;strove to improve project planning and construction quality;and introduced a system and measures for distributing, managing, and recalling low-income housing.The central government allocated 171.3 billion yuan for these purposes, an increase of 120% over 2010.We basically completed 4.32 million units of low-income urban housing and began construction on a further 10.43 million units.努力維護社會公共安全。加強安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)管，做好重特大安全事故的處置、調查、問責工作。完善食品安全監(jiān)管體制機制，集中打擊、整治非法添加和違法生產(chǎn)加工行為。堅持以人為本、服務為先，加強和創(chuàng)新社會管理，著力排查化解各類社會矛盾，依法打擊違法犯罪活動，保持社會和諧穩(wěn)定。We worked hard to safeguard public safety.We intensified oversight and supervision of workplace safety and ensured that major accidents were fully investigated and dealt with and those responsible were held accountable.We improved the system and mechanisms for oversight and supervision of food safety, and gave high priority to cracking down on the use of illegal additives and the illegal production and processing of food.We put people and services first, strengthened and made innovations in social administration, strove to investigate and resolve social conflicts, cracked down on crime in accordance with the law, and maintained social harmony and stability.(五)深入推進改革開放，為經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展注入新的活力和動力。5.Deepening reform and opening up and injecting new vitality and impetus into economic and social development.我們按照“十二五”規(guī)劃提出的改革任務，加大攻堅力度，推動重點領域和關鍵環(huán)節(jié)的改革。We intensified efforts to overcome difficulties and carried forward reform in major areas and key links to meet reform targets set forth in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.完善公共財政體系特別是預算管理制度，把預算外資金全部納入預算管理，擴大國有資本經(jīng)營預算實施范圍，深化部門預算改革，推進政府預算、決算公開，98個中央部門和北京、上海、廣東、陜西等省市公開“三公經(jīng)費”。在全國范圍實施原油、天然氣資源稅從價計征改革，出臺營業(yè)稅改征增值稅試點方案。把跨境貿易人民幣結算范圍擴大到全國，啟動境外直接投資人民幣結算試點，開展外商直接投資人民幣結算業(yè)務。We improved the public finance system, particularly the budget management system.We put all extrabudgetary funds under budgetary management;expanded the scope of budgets for the use of state capital;deepened the reform requiring government departments to prepare their own budgets;and moved ahead with publicly releasing government budgets and final accounts.Ninety-eight central government departments as well as provincial and municipal governments, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong and Shaanxi, publicly released information regarding their spending on official overseas trips, official vehicles and official hospitality.We carried out a price-based reform of resource taxes on crude oil and natural gas nationwide, and introduced a plan to replace business tax with value-added tax(VAT)on a trial basis.We extended the use of RMB in cross-border trade settlement to the whole country, launched trials for settling overseas direct investment accounts in RMB, and began settling foreign direct investment accounts in RMB.深化集體林權制度改革，啟動國有林場改革試點，依法開展草原承包經(jīng)營登記。推進水利建設管理體制改革，創(chuàng)新水資源管理體制。深化國有企業(yè)改革。啟動實施電網(wǎng)主輔分離改革重組以及上網(wǎng)電價和非居民用電價格調整方案。基本完成鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)機構改革。事業(yè)單位分類改革有序開展。We deepened reform of tenure in collective forests, launched a trial reform of state forestry farms, and started registration for contracting pastureland in accordance with the law.We pressed ahead with reform of the system for managing the construction of water conservancy facilities and made innovations in the system for managing water resources;and deepened reform of state-owned enterprises.We carried out reform to restructure power grids by separating their main business from auxiliary services and implemented the plan to adjust the prices of on-grid electricity and non-household electricity.We basically completed the reform of county and town government bodies, and proceeded with the reform of public institutions through classification in an orderly manner.我們堅持出口和進口并重，利用外資和對外投資并舉，全面提升開放型經(jīng)濟水平。積極推進市場多元化戰(zhàn)略，努力優(yōu)化貿易結構。全年貨物進出口總額 3.64萬億美元，增長22.5%，其中，出口增長20.3%，進口增長24.9%，貿易順差進一步下降。實際使用外商直接投資1160億美元，服務業(yè)和 中西部地區(qū)比重提高。企業(yè)“走出去”步伐加快，非金融類對外直接投資601億美元。積極參與國際和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟合作，多邊雙邊經(jīng)貿關系繼續(xù)深化。We continued to put equal emphasis on exports and imports, encouraged foreign investment in China and Chinese investment overseas, and made comprehensive improvements to China's open economy.We actively pursued the strategy of diversifying markets and improved the trade mix.China's total volume of trade in goods totaled US$ 3.64 trillion for the year, up 22.5%.Exports and imports grew by 20.3% and 24.9%, respectively, and our trade surplus decreased further.Total utilized foreign direct investment was $116 billion, and a larger proportion of it went to service industries and the central and western regions.Chinese companies expanded their overseas presence, and non-financial outward direct investment reached $60.1 billion.We actively participated in international and regional economic cooperation and continued to deepen multilateral and bilateral economic and trade relations.我們在民主法制建設、國防和軍隊建設、港澳臺工作和外交工作等方面，都取得了卓有成效的進展。We made outstanding progress in improving democracy and the legal system;strengthening national defense and building up the armed forces;and in our work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and our diplomatic work.過去一年的成績來之不易，顯示了中國特色社會主義的優(yōu)越性和生命力，增強了中華民族的自豪感和凝聚力。這是以胡錦濤同志為總書記的黨中央科學決策、正確領導的結果，是全黨全軍全國各族人民齊心協(xié)力、頑強拼搏的結果。Our hard-won achievements over the past year are a testament to the strength and vitality of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and have enhanced the pride and cohesiveness of the Chinese nation.We owe these achievements to the sound decisions made by the Party Central Committee, with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary, and its correct leadership, as well as the concerted efforts and hard work of the Party, the armed forces, and the people of all ethnic groups in China.我代表國務院，向全國各族人民，向各民主黨派、各人民團體和各界人士，表示誠摯的感謝！向香港特別行政區(qū)同胞、澳門特別行政區(qū)同胞、臺灣同胞和海外僑胞，表示誠摯的感謝！向關心和支持中國現(xiàn)代化建設的各國政府、國際組織和各國朋友，表示誠摯的感謝！On behalf of the State Council, I wish to sincerely thank the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, the democratic parties, people's organizations, and people from all sectors of society.I wish to express my sincere gratitude to our compatriots in the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions and in Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese.I also wish to express my sincere appreciation to governments of other countries, international organizations, and foreign friends around the world who show understanding for and support China in its pursuit of modernization.我們也清醒地看到，我國經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展仍然面臨不少困難和挑戰(zhàn)。從國際看，世界經(jīng)濟復蘇進程艱難曲折，國際金融危機還在發(fā)展，一些國家主權債務危 機短期內難以緩解。主要發(fā)達經(jīng)濟體失業(yè)率居高難下，增長動力不足，新興經(jīng)濟體面臨通貨膨脹和經(jīng)濟增速回落的雙重壓力。主要貨幣匯率劇烈波動，大宗商品價格 大幅震蕩。國際貿易投資保護主義強化。從國內看，解決體制性結構性矛盾，緩解發(fā)展不平衡、不協(xié)調、不可持續(xù)的問題更為迫切、難度更大，經(jīng)濟運行中又出現(xiàn)不 少新情況新問題。We are keenly aware that China still faces many difficulties and challenges in economic and social development.Internationally, the road to global economic recovery will be tortuous, the global financial crisis is still evolving, and some countries will find it hard to ease the sovereign debt crisis any time soon.The unemployment rate remains high in the major developed economies, and they lack impetus for growth.Emerging economies face the dual pressures of inflation and slowing economic growth.The exchange rates of major currencies and the prices of important commodities are experiencing sharp fluctuations.Protectionism in international trade and investment is mounting.Domestically, it has become more urgent but also more difficult to solve institutional and structural problems and alleviate the problem of unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development.In addition, China's economy is encountering new problems.主要是：經(jīng)濟增長存在下行壓力，物價水平仍處高位，房地產(chǎn)市場調控處于關鍵階段，農(nóng)業(yè)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展、農(nóng)民持續(xù)增收難度加大，就業(yè)總量壓力與結構性矛 盾并存，一些企業(yè)特別是小型微型企業(yè)經(jīng)營困難增多，部分行業(yè)產(chǎn)能過剩凸顯，能源消費總量增長過快。一些長期矛盾與短期問題相互交織，結構性因素和周期性因 素相互作用，國內問題和國際問題相互關聯(lián)，宏觀調控面臨更加復雜的局面。There is downward pressure on economic growth.Prices remain high.Regulation of the real estate market is in a crucial stage.It is getting harder to maintain steady development of agriculture and sustain increases in rural incomes.Pressure to increase total employment coexists with structural shortages of qualified personnel in some industries.Some enterprises, especially small and micro businesses, face increasing difficulties in their operations.Some industries are plagued by excess production capacity.Total energy consumption is growing excessively fast.Moreover, some long-term and short-term problems are interwoven;structural and cyclical factors affect each other;domestic and international problems have become interrelated;and our macro-control work faces a more complex situation.政府工作仍存在一些缺點和不足，節(jié)能減排、物價調控目標沒有完成；征地拆遷、安全生產(chǎn)、食品藥品安全、收入分配等方面問題還很突出，群眾反映強烈；政府管理和服務水平有待提高，廉政建設亟需加強。There are still some deficiencies and shortcomings in the government's work.Targets for conserving energy, reducing emissions, and controlling prices are not being met.Problems concerning land expropriation, housing demolition, workplace safety, food and drug safety, and income distribution are still very serious and the people are still very concerned about them.Government administration and services need to be improved, and efforts to build clean government need to be intensified.我們一定要以對國家和人民高度負責的精神，采取更加有力的措施，切實解決存在的問題，努力把各項工作做得更好，決不辜負人民的重托。We must act with a strong sense of responsibility toward the country and the people, take more effective steps to resolve these problems, strive to do all our work better, and truly live up to the people's expectations.二、2012年工作總體部署 II.Major Steps to Be Taken in Government Work in 2012 今年是“十二五”時期承前啟后的重要一年，也是本屆政府任期的最后一年。我們要恪盡職守、銳意進取、攻堅克難、決不懈怠，交出一份人民滿意的答卷。This year is an important year of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, and the last year of the term of my government.We must dedicate ourselves to our duties, forge ahead with determination, tackle difficult problems directly, and work diligently to achieve results that satisfy the people.我國發(fā)展仍處于重要戰(zhàn)略機遇期，在較長時期內繼續(xù)保持經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展具備不少有利條件。工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化和農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化快速推進，消費結構和產(chǎn)業(yè) 結構升級蘊藏著巨大的需求潛力；經(jīng)過30多年改革開放，我國發(fā)展建立了良好的物質基礎和體制條件，宏觀調控經(jīng)驗不斷豐富，企業(yè)競爭力和抗風險能力明顯提 高；東部地區(qū)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展能力增強，中西部地區(qū)和東北等老工業(yè)基地發(fā)展?jié)摿τ行蜥尫牛唤?jīng)濟發(fā)展的傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢依然存在，勞動力資源豐富、素質提高；財政收支狀況良 好，金融體系運行穩(wěn)健，社會資金比較充裕。We are still in an important period of strategic opportunities for China's development, and there are a number of favorable conditions for us to maintain steady and robust economic development for a long time.Industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization are proceeding rapidly, and improvements in the consumption pattern and the industrial structure will create huge potential demand.In the course of over 30 years of reform and opening up, we have built a solid material foundation and institutional conditions for development and gained rich experience in macro-control.Our enterprises have become significantly more competitive and resilient.The eastern region has greater capacity for innovation and development, and the development potential of the central and western regions and the old industrial bases in northeast China is being constantly unleashed.We still have our traditional strengths in economic development, as well as rich human resources and a more skilled workforce.We have a good balance between government revenue and expenditures and a sound financial system, and there is ample nongovernmental capital.世界經(jīng)濟政治格局正在發(fā)生深刻變化，和平、發(fā)展、合作仍然是時代潮流，總體上有利于我國和平發(fā)展。我們要堅定信心，善于運用有利條件和積極因素，繼續(xù)抓住和用好重要戰(zhàn)略機遇期，推動經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展，不斷增強我國的綜合國力和國際影響力。The global economic and political patterns are undergoing profound changes;peace, development, and cooperation remain the underlying trends of the times, and overall the situation is favorable for China's peaceful development.We need to have firm confidence, capitalize on favorable conditions and factors, and continue to grasp and make the most of this important period of strategic opportunities to promote steady and robust economic development, and continue to enhance China's overall strength and its international influence.我們要高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導，深入貫徹落實科學發(fā)展觀，堅持穩(wěn)中求進，加強和改善宏觀調控，繼續(xù)處理好保持經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展、調整經(jīng)濟結構和管理通脹預期的關系，加快推進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式轉變和經(jīng)濟結構調整，著力擴大國內需求特別是消費需求，著力加 強自主創(chuàng)新和節(jié)能減排，著力深化改革開放，著力保障和改善民生，全面推進社會主義經(jīng)濟建設、政治建設、文化建設、社會建設以及生態(tài)文明建設，努力實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展和物價總水平基本穩(wěn)定，保持社會和諧穩(wěn)定，以經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的優(yōu)異成績迎接黨的十八大勝利召開。We must hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, take Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents as our guide, thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, make progress while maintaining stability, and strengthen and improve macro-control.We will continue to balance maintaining steady and robust economic development, adjusting the economic structure, and managing inflation expectations;accelerate the transformation of the pattern of economic development and adjustment of the economic structure;vigorously expand domestic demand, particularly consumer demand;make every effort to strengthen innovation, energy conservation, and emissions reduction;and strive to deepen reform and opening up and ensure and improve the people's wellbeing.We will comprehensively advance socialist economic development, political, cultural and social progress, and ecological awareness.We will strive to achieve steady and robust economic development and overall price stability, maintain social harmony and stability, and greet the coming Eighteenth National Congress of the CPC with outstanding achievements in economic and social development.今年經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的主要預期目標是：國內生產(chǎn)總值增長7.5%；城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)900萬人以上，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率控制在4.6%以內；居民消費價格 漲幅控制在4%左右；進出口總額增長10%左右，國際收支狀況繼續(xù)改善。同時，要在產(chǎn)業(yè)結構調整、自主創(chuàng)新、節(jié)能減排等方面取得新進展，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實際 增長和經(jīng)濟增長保持同步。The main targets for this year's economic and social development are as follows: to increase GDP by 7.5%, create more than 9 million new jobs in towns and cities, keep the registered urban unemployment rate at or below 4.6%, hold increases in the CPI to around 4%, increase the volume of total exports and imports by around 10%, and continue to improve our balance of payments.At the same time, we will make further progress in industrial restructuring, innovation, energy conservation, and emissions reduction, and ensure that both urban and rural residents' real incomes increase in line with economic growth.這里要著重說明，國內生產(chǎn)總值增長目標略微調低，主要是要與“十二五”規(guī)劃目標逐步銜接，引導各方面把工作著力點放到加快轉變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式、切 實提高經(jīng)濟發(fā)展質量和效益上來，以利于實現(xiàn)更長時期、更高水平、更好質量發(fā)展。提出居民消費價格漲幅控制在4%左右，綜合考慮了輸入性通脹因素、要素成本 上升影響以及居民承受能力，也為價格改革預留一定空間。Here I wish to stress that in setting a slightly lower GDP growth rate, we hope to make it fit with targets in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and to guide people in all sectors to focus their work on accelerating the transformation of the pattern of economic development and making economic development more sustainable and efficient, so as to achieve higher-level, higher-quality development over a longer period of time.In projecting a CPI increase of around 4%, we have taken into account imported inflation, rising costs of factors of production, and people's ability to absorb the impact of price increases, while leaving room for the effect of price reforms.綜合考慮各方面情況，要繼續(xù)實施積極的財政政策和穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策，根據(jù)形勢變化適時適度預調微調，進一步提高政策的針對性、靈活性和前瞻性。Taking into consideration all relevant factors, we will continue to follow a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, carry out timely and appropriate anticipatory adjustments and fine-tuning, and make our policies more targeted, flexible, and anticipatory.繼續(xù)實施積極的財政政策。保持適度的財政赤字和國債規(guī)模。今年擬安排財政赤字8000億元，赤字率下降到1.5%左右，其中中央財政赤字 5500億元，代發(fā)地方債2500億元。優(yōu)化財政支出結構、突出重點，更加注重向民生領域傾斜，加大對教育、文化、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、就業(yè)、社會保障、保障性安居 工程等方面的投入。更加注重加強薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，加大對“三農(nóng)”、欠發(fā)達地區(qū)、科技創(chuàng)新和節(jié)能環(huán)保、水利、地質找礦等的支持。更加注重勤儉節(jié)約，嚴格控制“三公 經(jīng)費”，大力精簡會議和文件，深化公務用車制度改革，進一步降低行政成本。We will continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy.We will keep the deficit and government debt at appropriate levels.This year, we are projecting a deficit of 800 billion yuan, a decrease to around 1.5% of GDP, which consists of a 550 billion yuan central government deficit and 250 billion yuan of bonds issued on behalf of local governments.We will improve the structure of expenditures and give priority to spending in key areas.We will increase spending on areas which are important to the people's wellbeing, such as education, culture, medical and health care, employment, social security, and low-income housing projects.We will pay greater attention to strengthening weak links, and increase funding for agriculture, rural areas, farmers, underdeveloped areas, scientific and technological innovation, energy conservation, environmental protection, water conservancy, and geological prospecting.We will be more economical;strictly restrict spending on official overseas trips, vehicles for official use, and official hospitality;greatly reduce meetings and documents;deepen reform of the system for the use of official cars;and further reduce administrative costs.繼續(xù)控制樓堂館所建設規(guī)模和標準，壓縮大型運動會場館建設投入。全面加強對重點領域、重點部門和重點資金的審計。實施結構性減稅。認真落實和完 善支持小型微型企業(yè)和個體工商戶發(fā)展的各項稅收優(yōu)惠政策，開展營業(yè)稅改征增值稅試點。繼續(xù)對行政事業(yè)性收費和政府性基金進行清理、整合和規(guī)范。加強地方政 府性債務管理和風險防范。按照分類管理、區(qū)別對待、逐步化解的原則，繼續(xù)妥善處理存量債務。We will continue to restrict the construction of office buildings in terms of both size and grades, and reduce spending on building large gymnasiums and stadiums.We will also comprehensively strengthen auditing of key areas, sectors, and funds.We will introduce structural tax reductions.We will fully implement and improve all preferential tax policies to support the development of small, micro and individually owned businesses, and carry out pilot projects to replace business tax with VAT.We will continue to investigate the collection and use of administrative fees and operations of government-managed funds, merge them where necessary, and ensure fees are collected and government-managed funds are operated in a standardized way.We will strengthen supervision of local government debt and guard against risks.We will continue to deal with outstanding debts properly by classifying them into different categories and managing them accordingly, dealing with different situations differently, and resolving problems gradually.進一步清理規(guī)范地方政府融資平臺公司。堅決禁止各級政府以各種形式違規(guī)擔保、承諾。同時，把短期應對措施和長期制度建設結合起來，嚴格控制地方政府新增債務，將地方政府債務收支分類納入預算管理。We will further investigate and standardize financing companies run by local governments.Governments at all levels are prohibited from making guarantees and promises in this respect in violation of laws and regulations.At the same time, we will both take short-term measures and build permanent systems, strictly limit new local government debt, and place revenue and expenditures of local government debt under budgetary management on the basis of their type.繼續(xù)實施穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策。按照總量適度、審慎靈活的要求，兼顧促進經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展、保持物價穩(wěn)定和防范金融風險。綜合運用各種貨幣政策工具，調節(jié)好貨幣信貸供求，保持社會融資規(guī)模合理增長。廣義貨幣預期增長14%。優(yōu)化信貸結構，支持國家重點在建、續(xù)建項目和保障性安居工程建設，加強對符合產(chǎn) 業(yè)政策、有市場需求的企業(yè)特別是小型微型企業(yè)的信貸支持，切實降低實體經(jīng)濟融資成本。We will continue to implement a prudent monetary policy.We aim to promote steady and robust economic development, keep prices stable, and guard against financial risks by keeping the total money and credit supply at an appropriate level, and taking a cautious yet flexible approach.We will employ a full range of monetary policy tools, appropriately adjust the supply and demand of money and credit, and maintain proper growth of financing from nongovernment sources.The broad money supply is projected to increase by 14%.We will improve the credit structure, support key state projects that are under construction or expansion and low-income housing projects, and increase credit support to enterprises, especially small and micro businesses, whose operations are in accordance with industrial policies and whose products have market demand.繼續(xù)嚴格控制對高耗能、高污染和產(chǎn)能過剩行業(yè)的貸款。完善人民幣匯率形成機制，增強人民幣匯率雙向浮動彈性，保持人民幣匯率在合理均衡水平上的 基本穩(wěn)定。大力發(fā)展外匯市場，豐富外匯產(chǎn)品。為市場主體提供更多的匯率避險工具，管好用好外匯儲備。建立健全系統(tǒng)性金融風險防范和監(jiān)管協(xié)調機制，增強抵御 風險能力。加強跨境資本流動監(jiān)控。規(guī)范各類借貸行為，引導民間融資健康發(fā)展。We will effectively reduce the financing costs of the real economy, and continue to strictly restrict loans to industries that are energy intensive, have high emissions or possess excess production capacity.We will improve the mechanism for setting the RMB exchange rate, make the floating exchange rate regime more flexible, and keep the RMB exchange rate basically stable at an appropriate and balanced level.We will vigorously develop the foreign exchange market, diversify foreign exchange products, and provide more tools for market participants to hedge foreign exchange risks.We will manage and utilize our foreign exchange reserves well.We will set up a sound mechanism for preventing systemic financial risks and for coordinating financial oversight and supervision to strengthen our ability to withstand risks.We will tighten oversight on cross-border flows of capital, standardize all types of lending activities, and guide the sound development of private financing.全面做好今年的工作，必須堅持突出主題、貫穿主線、統(tǒng)籌兼顧、協(xié)調推進，把穩(wěn)增長、控物價、調結構、惠民生、抓改革、促和諧更好地結合起來。To ensure success in all our work this year, we must uphold the theme of scientific development, take transforming the pattern of economic development as the main thread, adopt a holistic approach, and coordinate all our work.We must coordinate efforts to achieve steady growth, control prices, adjust the economic structure, improve the people's wellbeing, implement reform, and promote harmony.穩(wěn)增長，就是要堅持擴大內需、穩(wěn)定外需，大力發(fā)展實體經(jīng)濟，努力克服國內外各種不穩(wěn)定不確定因素的影響，及時解決苗頭性、傾向性問題，保持經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)運行。To achieve steady growth, we will continue to expand domestic demand and keep foreign demand stable, vigorously develop the real economy, work hard to counter the impact of various factors of instability and uncertainty at home and abroad, promptly resolve emerging issues that signal unfavorable trends, and maintain stable economic performance.控物價，就是要繼續(xù)采取綜合措施，保持物價總水平基本穩(wěn)定，防止價格走勢反彈。To control prices, we will continue to take comprehensive measures to maintain basic overall price stability and prevent a rebound of inflation.調結構，就是要有扶有控，提高經(jīng)濟增長質量和效益，增強發(fā)展的協(xié)調性和可持續(xù)性。To adjust the economic structure, we will support development in some areas while limiting growth in others, improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth, and make development more coordinated and sustainable.惠民生，就是要堅持把保障改善民生作為工作的根本出發(fā)點和落腳點，把促進社會公平正義放在更加突出的位置，切實辦成一些讓人民群眾得實惠的好事實事。To improve the people's wellbeing, we will continue to take ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing as the fundamental starting point and goal of our work, give higher priority to promoting social fairness and justice, and take a number of initiatives that will bring substantive benefits to the people.抓改革，就是要以更大的決心和氣力推進改革開放，著力解決影響經(jīng)濟長期 健康發(fā)展的體制性、結構性矛盾，在一些重點領域和關鍵環(huán)節(jié)取得新突破。以開放促改革、促發(fā)展、促創(chuàng)新。To implement reform, we will carry out reform and opening up with greater determination and effort, solve institutional and structural problems that hinder long-term sound economic and social development, and make breakthroughs in key areas and crucial links.We will spur reform, development and innovation through opening up.促和諧，就是要正確處理改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定三者關系，積極有效化解各種矛盾和風險隱患，防止局部性問題演變成全局性問題，促進社會和諧穩(wěn)定。To promote harmony, we will properly balance reform, development, and stability;effectively defuse various types of conflicts, risks, and dangers;prevent isolated problems from growing into major ones;and promote social harmony and stability.三、2012年主要任務 III.Major Tasks for 2012

(一)促進經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展 1.Promoting steady and robust economic development 擴大內需特別是消費需求是我國經(jīng)濟長期平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展的根本立足點，是今年工作的重點。Expanding domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, which is essential to ensuring China's long-term, steady, and robust economic development, is the focus of our economic work this year.著力擴大消費需求。加快構建擴大消費的長效機制。大力調整收入分配格局，增加中低收入者收入，提高居民消費能力。完善鼓勵居民消費政策。大力發(fā) 展社會化養(yǎng)老、家政、物業(yè)、醫(yī)療保健等服務業(yè)。鼓勵文化、旅游、健身等消費，落實好帶薪休假制度。積極發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡購物等新型消費業(yè)態(tài)。支持引導環(huán)保建材、節(jié) 水潔具、節(jié)能汽車等綠色消費。擴大消費信貸。加強城鄉(xiāng)流通體系和道路、停車場等基礎設施建設。加強產(chǎn)品質量安全監(jiān)管。改善消費環(huán)境，維護消費者合法權益。We will work hard to expand consumer demand.We will move faster to set up a permanent mechanism for boosting consumption.We will vigorously adjust income distribution, increase the incomes of low-and middle-income groups, and enhance people's ability to consume.We will improve policies that encourage consumption.We will vigorously develop elderly care, domestic, property management, medical and healthcare services.We will encourage consumer spending on cultural activities, tourism, and fitness;and implement the system of paid vacations.We will actively develop new forms of consumption such as online shopping;support and guide the consumption of green goods such as environmentally friendly building materials, water-saving sanitation products, and energy-efficient vehicles;and expand consumer credit.We will improve the urban-rural logistics system and infrastructural facilities, such as roads and parking lots, strengthen supervision over product quality and safety, improve the consumption environment, and safeguard consumers' legitimate rights and interests.不斷優(yōu)化投資結構。保持投資穩(wěn)定增長，促進投資和消費良性互動。認真落實國務院關于鼓勵引導民間投資新36條，出臺具有可操作性的實施細則。加 強政府投資對結構調整的引領作用，優(yōu)先保證重點在建、續(xù)建項目，有序推進國家重大項目開工建設。把好土地、信貸、節(jié)能、環(huán)保、安全、質量等準入和審核關，加強對重大項目特別是政府和國有投資項目的監(jiān)管、督查，提高投資質量和效益。We will continue to improve the investment structure.We will maintain the steady growth of investment and use investment to promote consumption and vice versa.We will fully implement the Guidelines of the State Council on Encouraging and Guiding the Sound Development of Nongovernmental Investment and adopt specific operating rules for their implementation.We will strengthen the role of government investment in guiding adjustment of the economic structure, ensure funding for key projects that are under construction or expansion, and begin construction on major national projects in an orderly manner.We will tighten standards on market access and the screening and approval process relating to land, credit, energy conservation, environmental protection, safety, and quality;and strengthen supervision and inspections of major projects, particularly those undertaken by governments and state-owned firms, to improve the quality of and returns on such investments.(二)保持物價總水平基本穩(wěn)定 2.Keeping overall prices basically stable

這是關系群眾利益和經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展全局的重點工作。要在有效實施宏觀經(jīng)濟政策、管好貨幣信貸總量、促進社會總供求基本平衡的基礎上，搞好價格調控，防止物價反彈。This is a key task affecting the people's interests and China's overall economic and social development.We will control prices and prevent inflation from rebounding by effectively carrying out macroeconomic policies, managing the supply of money and credit, and striving for basic equilibrium in aggregate supply and demand.增加生產(chǎn)、保障供給。繼續(xù)把控制食品價格過快上漲作為穩(wěn)定物價的重點。落實好“米袋子”省長負責制和“菜籃子”市長負責制，保障主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供 給。大中城市要有合理的菜地保有量，穩(wěn)定和提高本地應季蔬菜自給水平，同周邊地區(qū)和優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)區(qū)協(xié)作建設“菜籃子”產(chǎn)品基地。加強重要商品產(chǎn)運銷銜接，完善政 府儲備和商業(yè)儲備體系，做好主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品收儲和投放，增強市場調控能力。We will increase production and ensure supply.We will continue to make curbing excessive rises in food prices a priority of stabilizing prices.We will effectively carry out the practice of holding provincial governors responsible for the “rice bag”(grain supply)and city mayors for the “vegetable basket”(non-grain food supply)and ensure the supply of major farm products.Large and medium-sized cities should have sufficient farmland for growing vegetables, maintain and raise the proportion of seasonal vegetables sold there that are grown locally, and develop vegetable production bases in collaboration with neighboring areas and areas with suitable conditions.We will strengthen coordination of the production, transportation, and sale of important commodities;improve systems of government reserves and commercial reserves;do a good job purchasing, storing and marketing major agricultural products;and regulate the market better.搞活流通、降低成本。嚴格執(zhí)行蔬菜等鮮活農(nóng)產(chǎn)品運輸綠色通道政策。認真落實對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品批發(fā)市場、集貿市場、社區(qū)平價菜店等的扶持政策，鼓勵城市連 鎖超市、高校、大型企業(yè)、社區(qū)與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品流通企業(yè)、專業(yè)合作社、種養(yǎng)大戶對接，減少流通環(huán)節(jié)，增加零售網(wǎng)點，充分發(fā)揮流通主渠道作用。We will improve distribution and reduce distribution costs.We will ensure that the green channel policy for transporting vegetables and other fresh farm products is fully implemented.We will carry out policies to support wholesale agricultural product markets, market fairs, and community-based, low-priced vegetable stores.We will encourage urban chain supermarkets, universities, large enterprises, and communities to establish direct supply contacts with farm product distributors, specialized farmer cooperatives, and large family farms.We will also reduce distribution links and increase retail outlets so that they can play a leading role in distribution.We will deepen reform of the distribution system.We will expand trials of a tax on the income of logistics enterprises after deductions, and improve tax policies on the use of land occupied by facilities for storing major commodities.We will adjust and improve VAT policies for the wholesale and retail of some agricultural products, and promote standardized and information-based distribution.We will adopt a full range of measures to make distribution more efficient and cost-effective so as to benefit both producers and consumers.深化流通體制改革。擴大物流企業(yè)營業(yè)稅差額納稅試點范圍，完善大宗商品倉儲設施用地稅收政策。調整完善部分農(nóng)產(chǎn)品批發(fā)、零售增值稅政策，推動流通標準化、信息化建設。要多管齊下，切實把流通效率提上去、中間成本降下來，真正讓生產(chǎn)者和消費者都得到好處。加強監(jiān)管、規(guī)范秩序。重點加強對食品、藥品價格和醫(yī)療、通信、教育等服務收費的監(jiān)督檢查，堅決治理交通運輸領域亂收費亂罰款，糾正大型零售商業(yè)企業(yè)違規(guī)收費行為，嚴厲查處發(fā)布虛假信息、囤積居奇、操縱價格、惡意炒作等違法行為。把握好輿論導向，正確引導社會預期。We will tighten oversight and ensure market order.We will give high priority to strengthening oversight and inspection of food and drug prices as well as fees and charges for medical, communications, and educational services;put an end to unauthorized collection of charges and fines in the transportation sector;stop large commercial retailers from illegally collecting fees;and crack down on illegal practices such as releasing false information, hoarding and profiteering, manipulating prices, and speculation.We will lead public opinion and correctly guide public expectations of price movements.(三)促進農(nóng)業(yè)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展和農(nóng)民持續(xù)增收 3.Promoting steady growth of agriculture and sustained increases in rural incomes

在工業(yè)化和城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展進程中，要更加重視農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化。必須堅持把解決好“三農(nóng)”問題作為各項工作的重中之重，進一步加大強農(nóng)惠農(nóng)富農(nóng)政策力度，鞏固和發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村好形勢。We need to pay even greater attention to modernizing agriculture in the course of industrialization and urbanization.We must continue to make solving problems related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers a top priority in all of our work;increase policy support to strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers, and enrich rural areas;and consolidate and build upon achievements in the development of agriculture and rural areas.穩(wěn)定發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，多渠道增加農(nóng)民收入。繼續(xù)開展糧食穩(wěn)定增產(chǎn)行動，穩(wěn)定糧食種植面積，著力提高單產(chǎn)。引導農(nóng)民調整結構，擴大緊缺、優(yōu)質農(nóng)產(chǎn)品 生產(chǎn)，支持蔬菜、肉蛋奶、水產(chǎn)品等生產(chǎn)。農(nóng)業(yè)補貼要繼續(xù)增加總量，提高標準，擴大范圍，完善機制，新增補貼重點向種養(yǎng)大戶、農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社及各種生產(chǎn)服務 組織傾斜。We will steadily develop agricultural production and increase farmers' incomes by various means.We will continue to carry out activities to steadily increase grain production, keep the area of land sown to grain crops stable, and increase per-unit yields.We will guide farmers to adjust their mix of crops or livestock, and produce more farm products that are high in quality or short in supply.We will support the production of vegetables, meat, eggs, milk, and aquatic products.We will continue to increase agricultural subsidies, raise their standard, expand their coverage, improve mechanisms for issuing them, and direct new subsidy increases mainly to large family farms, specialized farmer cooperatives, and producer-oriented service organizations.繼續(xù)提高糧食最低收購價，今年小麥、稻谷最低收購價平均每50公斤分別提高7.4元和16元。健全主產(chǎn)區(qū)利益補償機制，增加糧油、生豬等重要農(nóng) 產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)大縣獎勵補助資金。實施新10年農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要，按照新的國家扶貧標準，全面做好扶貧開發(fā)工作，加大集中連片特殊困難地區(qū)扶貧開發(fā)力度，讓扶貧 對象更多地分享改革發(fā)展成果。We will continue to raise the minimum purchase price for grain, and we will raise the average floor prices for wheat and rice by 7.4 yuan and 16 yuan per 50 kilograms, respectively.We will improve the mechanism for subsidizing major growing areas and increase rewards and subsidies to major counties that produce important agricultural products such as grain, oilseed, and hogs.We will implement the 2011-2020 rural poverty alleviation and development program and, in accordance with the new national standards for poverty alleviation, do a good job of all poverty alleviation and development work, and step up our work in contiguous areas with particular difficulties to ensure that people in poverty share more fruits of reform and development.加快農(nóng)業(yè)科技進步。農(nóng)業(yè)的根本出路在科技。要大力推動農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新，加大對良種繁育、疫病防控、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質量安全等關鍵技術研發(fā)和應用的支持力 度。加快推進基層農(nóng)技推廣服務體系改革和建設，健全鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)或區(qū)域性農(nóng)業(yè)公共服務機構。完善農(nóng)業(yè)技術補貼制度，促進先進適用農(nóng)業(yè)技術到田到戶。建好現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)示 范區(qū)，推進高產(chǎn)創(chuàng)建和標準化創(chuàng)建。加快農(nóng)業(yè)機械化步伐。We will speed up progress in agricultural science and technology.The fundamental way to develop agriculture is through science and technology.We will vigorously promote innovations in agro-science and increase support for R&D on and the application of key technologies for cultivating superior varieties and breeds, preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemics, and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products.We will accelerate reform and development of the service system for spreading agricultural technology in villages, and improve public service agricultural agencies in townships, towns, and regions.We will improve the system for subsidizing agricultural technologies and encourage farmers to use advanced and appropriate agricultural technologies.We will develop modern agriculture demonstration sites, encourage farmers to grow high-yield crops, promote the standardization of farming techniques, and accelerate agricultural mechanization.加強農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村基礎設施建設。今年中央財政用于“三農(nóng)”的投入擬安排12287億元，比上年增加1868億元。要搞好灌區(qū)配套改造和小型農(nóng)田水利建 設，大力發(fā)展節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)，加大土地開發(fā)整理復墾力度，大規(guī)模建設旱澇保收高標準基本農(nóng)田。加快中小河流治理、小型水庫除險加固和山洪地質災害綜合防治。加強 農(nóng)村水電路氣以及文化體育等基礎設施建設，推進農(nóng)村環(huán)境治理，加快農(nóng)村危房改造，繼續(xù)改善農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)生活條件。We will strengthen agricultural and rural infrastructure.The central government plans to allocate 1.2287 trillion yuan for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, 186.8 billion yuan more than last year.With these funds we will build and upgrade water-saving facilities in irrigated areas and build more small water conservancy projects, and vigorously develop water-efficient agriculture.We will intensify efforts to develop, improve, and reclaim rural land and develop on a large scale basic farmland that meets high drought and flood resistance standards.We will take speedy steps to harness small and medium-sized rivers, reinforce small aging reservoirs, and take comprehensive measures to prevent and mitigate geological disasters caused by mountain torrents.We will continue to improve working and living conditions in rural areas by strengthening infrastructure such as water, power, and methane supply facilities, roads, and cultural and sports venues, and by cleaning up the environment and renovating dilapidated houses more quickly.深化農(nóng)村改革。堅持農(nóng)村基本經(jīng)營制度不動搖。要認真搞好土地確權登記頒證。土地承包經(jīng)營權、宅基地使用權、集體收益分配權是法律賦予農(nóng)民的財產(chǎn) 權利，任何人都不能侵犯。加強土地承包經(jīng)營權流轉管理和服務，發(fā)展適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營。嚴格保護耕地。制定出臺農(nóng)村集體土地征收補償條例。扶持發(fā)展農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作 社、產(chǎn)業(yè)化龍頭企業(yè)，開展多種形式的農(nóng)業(yè)社會化服務，發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)保險，提高農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化、組織化程度。深化農(nóng)村綜合改革。推進國有農(nóng)場、林場體制改革。We will deepen rural reform.We will uphold the basic rural operation system.We will work diligently to determine, register, and certify land ownership.Farmers' rights to the land they contract to work on, to the land on which their houses sit, and to proceeds from collective undertakings are property rights conferred by law, and these rights must not to be violated by anyone.We will provide better supervision and services for the transfer of contracted land-use rights, and develop farming operations on an appropriately large scale.We will place farmland under strict protection, and formulate and promulgate regulations concerning compensation for the expropriation of rural collective land.We will support large-scale farming by specialized farmer cooperatives and leading enterprises, encourage various sectors of society to provide services for agriculture, develop agricultural insurance, and increase commercialization and specialization in agriculture.We will deepen comprehensive rural reform.We will also reform systems for managing state-owned farms and forest farms and continue to deepen reform of tenure in collective forests.(四)加快轉變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式 4.Accelerating the transformation of the pattern of economic development

解決發(fā)展不平衡、不協(xié)調、不可持續(xù)的問題，關鍵在于加快轉變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式，推進經(jīng)濟結構戰(zhàn)略性調整，這既是一個長期過程，也是當前最緊迫的任務。The key to solving the problems of imbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development is to accelerate the transformation of the pattern of economic development and carry out strategic adjustment of the economic restructure.This is both a long-term task and our most pressing task at present.促進產(chǎn)業(yè)結構優(yōu)化升級。推動戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展。建立促進新能源利用的機制，加強統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃、項目配套、政策引導，擴大國內需求，制止太陽 能、風電等產(chǎn)業(yè)盲目擴張。發(fā)展新一代信息技術，加強網(wǎng)絡基礎設施建設，推動三網(wǎng)融合取得實質性進展。大力發(fā)展高端裝備制造、節(jié)能環(huán)保、生物醫(yī)藥、新能源汽 車、新材料等產(chǎn)業(yè)。擴大技改專項資金規(guī)模，促進傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)改造升級。We will improve and upgrade the industrial structure.We will promote the sound development of strategic emerging industries.We will accelerate the establishment of mechanisms that promote the use of new energy sources;strengthen overall planning, auxiliary projects and policy guidance;and expand domestic demand.We will prevent blind expansion in our capacity to manufacture solar energy and wind power equipment.We will develop next-generation information technology, strengthen network infrastructure, and make substantive progress in integrating the telecommunications network, the radio and television broadcasting network, and the Internet.We will energetically develop the high-end equipment manufacturing, energy conservation, environmental protection, biopharmaceuticals, new-energy vehicles, and new materials industries.We will increase funding for technological upgrading projects, and press ahead with the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.以汽車、鋼鐵、造船、水泥等行業(yè)為重點，控制增量，優(yōu)化存量，推動企業(yè)兼并重組，提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度和規(guī)模效益。落實并完善促進小型微型企業(yè)發(fā)展的 政策，進一步減輕企業(yè)負擔，激發(fā)科技型小型微型企業(yè)發(fā)展活力。實施有利于服務業(yè)發(fā)展的財稅、金融政策，支持社會資本進入服務業(yè)，促進服務業(yè)發(fā)展提速、比重 提高、水平提升。We will control increases in production capacity, improve existing production facilities, encourage enterprise mergers and reorganizations, and increase industrial concentration and economies of scale, with the focus on the automobile, steel, shipbuilding, and cement industries.We will implement and improve policies to promote the growth of small and micro businesses, further reduce burdens on enterprises, and promote the vibrant growth of small and micro high-tech enterprises.We will implement fiscal, taxation, and financial policies that facilitate the development of the service sector and encourage nongovernmental investment in this sector, in order to promote faster development of the sector, increase its share in the economy, and facilitate its upgrading.推進節(jié)能減排和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護。節(jié)能減排的關鍵是節(jié)約能源，提高能效，減少污染。要抓緊制定出臺合理控制能源消費總量工作方案，加快理順能源價格 體系。綜合運用經(jīng)濟、法律和必要的行政手段，突出抓好工業(yè)、交通、建筑、公共機構、居民生活等重點領域和千家重點耗能企業(yè)節(jié)能減排，進一步淘汰落后產(chǎn)能。加強用能管理，發(fā)展智能電網(wǎng)和分布式能源，實施節(jié)能發(fā)電調度、合同能源管理、政府節(jié)能采購等行之有效的管理方式。We will conserve energy, reduce emissions, and protect the ecological environment.The key to conserving energy and reducing emissions is to save energy, improve energy efficiency, and reduce pollution.We will promptly formulate and promulgate a work plan for appropriately controlling total energy consumption, and move quickly to base the energy pricing system on the market.We will use economic, legal, and the necessary administrative means to conserve energy and reduce emissions in key areas such as manufacturing, transportation, construction, public institutions, and people's homes, and in 1,000 key energy-intensive enterprises;and close down more outdated production facilities.We will tighten supervision of energy use, develop smart power grids and ensure the proper distribution of energy supplies, and implement effective administrative practices such as efficient electricity generation and distribution, energy performance contracting, and government procurement of energy-efficient goods and services.優(yōu)化能源結構，推動傳統(tǒng)能源清潔高效利用，安全高效發(fā)展核電，積極發(fā)展水電，加快頁巖氣勘查、開發(fā)攻關，提高新能源和可再生能源比重。加強能源 通道建設。深入貫徹節(jié)約資源和保護環(huán)境基本國策。開展節(jié)能認證和能效標識監(jiān)督檢查，鼓勵節(jié)能、節(jié)水、節(jié)地、節(jié)材和資源綜合利用，大力發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟。加強環(huán) 境保護，著力解決重金屬、飲用水源、大氣、土壤、海洋污染等關系民生的突出環(huán)境問題。努力減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染。嚴格監(jiān)管危險化學品。We will optimize the energy structure, promote clean and efficient use of traditional energy, safely and effectively develop nuclear power, actively develop hydroelectric power, tackle key problems more quickly in the exploration and development of shale gas, and increase the share of new energy and renewable energy in total energy consumption.We will step up the construction of energy transportation routes.We will thoroughly implement the basic state policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment.We will carry out certification of energy-efficient products and oversight and inspection of energy efficiency labeling;encourage economical use of energy, water, land, and materials as well as comprehensive use of resources;and vigorously develop a circular economy.We will strengthen environmental protection;strive to solve major environmental problems that directly affect people's lives, such as heavy metals, drinking water sources, air, soil, and marine pollution;reduce pollution from non-point agricultural sources;and put hazardous chemicals under strict oversight and supervision.今年在京津冀、長三角、珠三角等重點區(qū)域以及直轄市和省會城市開展細顆粒物(PM2.5)等項目監(jiān)測，2015年覆蓋所有地級以上城市。推進生 態(tài)建設，促進生態(tài)保護和修復，鞏固天然林保護、退耕還林還草、退牧還草成果，加強草原生態(tài)建設，大力開展植樹造林，推進荒漠化、石漠化、坡耕地治理，嚴格 保護江河源、濕地、湖泊等重要生態(tài)功能區(qū)。加強適應氣候變化特別是應對極端氣候事件能力建設，提高防災減災能力。堅持共同但有區(qū)別的責任原則和公平原則，建設性推動應對氣候變化國際談判進程。我們要用行動昭告世界，中國絕不靠犧牲生態(tài)環(huán)境和人民健康來換取經(jīng)濟增長，我們一定能走出一條生產(chǎn)發(fā)展、生活富裕、生態(tài)良好的文明發(fā)展道路。We will start monitoring fine particulate matter(PM2.5)in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River delta, the Pearl River delta and other key areas as well as in municipalities directly under the central government and provincial capital cities, and extend the practice to all cities at and above the prefectural level by 2015.We will improve the ecology, establish a sound system of compensation for ecological damage, strengthen ecological protection and restoration, and consolidate achievements in protecting virgin forests, turning vulnerable farmland into forests and grasslands, and stopping grazing to let grasslands recover.We will strengthen grassland ecological conservation;vigorously carry out afforestation;make progress in dealing with desertification and stony deserts and in improving terraced farmland;and strictly protect river sources, wetlands, lakes, and other priority functional ecological zones.We will strengthen capacity building to adapt to climate change, and especially to respond to extreme climate events, and improve our ability to prevent and mitigate natural disasters.We will uphold the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and the principle of fairness, and play a constructive role in promoting international talks on climate change.We will show the world with our actions that China will never seek economic growth at the expense of its ecological environment and public health.We are definitely capable of taking a path of civilized development which ensures that production increases, people's living standards rise, and we live in a good ecological environment.促進區(qū)域經(jīng)濟協(xié)調發(fā)展。實施區(qū)域發(fā)展總體戰(zhàn)略和主體功能區(qū)規(guī)劃，充分發(fā)揮各地特色和優(yōu)勢，進一步提高區(qū)域發(fā)展的協(xié)調性和基本公共服務均等化水平。認真落實西部大開發(fā)新10年的政策措施，加大實施中部地區(qū)崛起戰(zhàn)略的力度，加快推進東北地區(qū)等老工業(yè)基地振興，積極支持東部地區(qū)轉型發(fā)展、在更高層次 上參與國際競爭與合作。要加大對革命老區(qū)、民族地區(qū)、邊疆地區(qū)和貧困地區(qū)的扶持力度。We will enhance balanced economic development among regions.We will implement the master strategy for regional development and the plan for developing functional zones, give full play to the distinctive strengths of each region, better coordinate development among regions, and make delivery of basic public services more equitable.We will conscientiously implement the policies and measures for the large-scale development of the western region in the new decade, work even harder to implement the strategy for the rise of the central region, more quickly revitalize the old industrial bases in northeast China, and actively support the eastern region in transforming its economy and participating in international competition and cooperation at a higher level.We will increase support to old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas, and poverty-stricken areas.更好地發(fā)揮經(jīng)濟特區(qū)、上海浦東新區(qū)、天津濱海新區(qū)在改革開放中先行先試的重要作用。制定和實施海洋發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，促進海洋經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。加強和完善跨區(qū)域合作機制，消除市場壁壘，促進要素流動，引導產(chǎn)業(yè)有序轉移，推動區(qū)域經(jīng)濟良性互動、協(xié)調發(fā)展。We will encourage special economic zones, the Pudong New Area in Shanghai, and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin to better play their role of leading the way and exploring new paths in reform and opening up.We will formulate and implement a strategy for marine development, and promote the development of the marine economy.We will strengthen and improve inter-regional cooperation mechanisms, remove market barriers, facilitate the flow of factors of production, guide the orderly transfer of industries, and promote mutually reinforcing and coordinated economic development among regions.積極穩(wěn)妥推進城鎮(zhèn)化。要遵循城市發(fā)展規(guī)律，從各地實際出發(fā)，促進大中小城市和小城鎮(zhèn)協(xié)調發(fā)展。根據(jù)資源環(huán)境和人口承載能力，優(yōu)化全國生產(chǎn)力布 局，形成合理的城鎮(zhèn)體系和與國土規(guī)模、資源分布、發(fā)展?jié)摿ο噙m應的人口布局。各類城市都要夯實經(jīng)濟基礎，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會，完善基礎設施，改善人居環(huán)境，加強 管理服務，提升城鎮(zhèn)化質量和水平。We will actively yet prudently promote urbanization.We will promote the coordinated development of large, medium-sized, and small cities as well as small towns in light of local conditions and in accordance with the laws governing urban development.On the basis of the carrying capacity of China's resources, environment and population, we will improve the distribution of the productive forces across the country, develop cities and towns rationally, and ensure that the geographical distribution of the population is suited to land availability, resources distribution, and development potential.We will strengthen the economic foundation and create job opportunities in all cities, improve their infrastructure and living environment, strengthen urban management and services, and raise the quality and level of urbanization.更加注重把在城鎮(zhèn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)和居住的農(nóng)民工有序轉變?yōu)槌擎?zhèn)居民；放寬中小城市落戶條件，合理引導人口流向，讓更多農(nóng)村富余勞動力就近轉移就業(yè)。加 強對農(nóng)民工的人文關懷和服務，著力解決農(nóng)民工在就業(yè)服務、社會保障、子女入園上學、住房租購等方面的實際問題，逐步將城鎮(zhèn)基本公共服務覆蓋到農(nóng)民工。關愛 留守兒童、留守婦女和留守老人。讓農(nóng)民無論進城還是留鄉(xiāng)，都能安居樂業(yè)、幸福生活。We will give higher priority to registering rural migrant workers with stable jobs and permanent homes in cities or towns as permanent urban residents in an orderly manner.We will relax eligibility for registering as urban households in small and medium-sized cities, guide the rational flow of the population, and enable more surplus rural workers to find nonagricultural employment in nearby towns and cities.We should care more deeply for rural migrant workers and provide more services to them;resolve difficulties they have in securing employment services, obtaining social security benefits, getting their children enrolled in preschools and schools, and renting or purchasing homes;and gradually extend to them basic public services that are available to urban residents.We will take care of children, women and old people who are left behind by rural migrant workers who work in cities.We will enable rural residents to enjoy a happy life whether they go to the city or stay in the countryside.(五)深入實施科教興國戰(zhàn)略和人才強國戰(zhàn)略 5.Thoroughly implementing the strategies of developing China through science and education and strengthening the country through human resource development

大力發(fā)展科技、教育事業(yè)，培養(yǎng)高素質的人才隊伍，是國家強盛、民族復興的必由之路。To make China prosperous and strong and achieve the revival of the Chinese nation, we need to vigorously develop science, technology, and education and create a high-quality talent pool.堅持優(yōu)先發(fā)展教育。中央財政已按全國財政性教育經(jīng)費支出占國內生產(chǎn)總值的4%編制預算，地方財政也要相應安排，確保實現(xiàn)這一目標。教育經(jīng)費要突 出保障重點，加強薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，提高使用效益。深入推進教育體制改革，全面實施素質教育，逐步解決考試招生、教育教學等方面的突出問題。推進學校民主管理，逐步形成制度。We will continue to give high priority to developing education.The central government has already prepared its budget to meet the requirement that government spending on education accounts for 4% of China's GDP, and local governments should act accordingly to ensure that this target is reached.Funds for education must be used to meet the funding requirements in key areas and strengthen weak links so that they yield better results.We will deepen reform of the educational system, extensively implement well-rounded education, and gradually resolve major problems in examination and enrollment, and in education and teaching.We will carry forward and gradually institutionalize democratic school management.促進義務教育均衡發(fā)展，資源配置要向中西部、農(nóng)村、邊遠、民族地區(qū)和城市薄弱學校傾斜。繼續(xù)花大氣力推動解決擇校、入園等人民群眾關心的熱點難點問 題。農(nóng)村中小學布局要因地制宜，處理好提高教育質量和方便孩子們就近上學的關系。辦好農(nóng)村寄宿學校，實施好農(nóng)村義務教育學生營養(yǎng)改善計劃。加強校車安全管 理，確保孩子們的人身安全。加強學前教育、繼續(xù)教育和特殊教育，建設現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育體系，辦好民族教育。We will promote the balanced development of compulsory education and give preference to schools in the central and western regions, rural areas, remote areas, and ethnic minority areas, and to weak urban schools when allocating resources.We will continue to make great efforts to ease contentious issues of great concern to the people, including paying to enroll one's children in better schools and the shortage of preschools.We will arrange the location of rural primary and secondary schools in light of local conditions, and ensure there is a proper balance between improving the quality of education and placing schools closer to children.We will run rural boarding schools well, and implement the plan for improving nutrition for rural students receiving compulsory education.We will enhance school bus and campus safety to ensure children's safety.We will strengthen preschool, continuing and special education, develop a modern vocational education system, and do a good job educating ethnic minority students.高等教育要與經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和國家戰(zhàn)略需要緊密結合，提高教育質量和創(chuàng)新能力。完善國家助學制度，逐步將中等職業(yè)教育免學費政策覆 蓋到所有農(nóng)村學生，擴大普通高中家庭經(jīng)濟困難學生資助范圍。大力發(fā)展民辦教育，鼓勵和引導社會資本進入各級各類教育領域。教育寄托著人民的希望，關系國家 的未來，我們一定要把這項事業(yè)辦得更好！Higher education should better meet the needs of economic and social development and China's strategic requirements, and improve its quality and capacity for making innovations.We will improve the state financial aid system for students by gradually making all rural students exempt from paying tuition for secondary vocational education, and by granting financial aid to more students from poor families who attend regular senior secondary schools.We will vigorously develop privately run schools and encourage and guide nongovernmental investment in all types of schools at all levels.The people place their hopes on education, and education is crucial for China's future, so we must achieve even better results in this work.大力推進科技創(chuàng)新。加強國家創(chuàng)新體系建設。深化科技體制改革，推動企業(yè)成為技術創(chuàng)新主體，促進科技與經(jīng)濟緊密結合。支持企業(yè)加強研發(fā)中心建設，承擔國家和地區(qū)重大科技項目。引導科研機構、高等院校的科研力量為企業(yè)研發(fā)中心服務，更好地實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)學研有機結合，提高科技成果轉化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平。推動基礎 研究和前沿技術研究，提高原始創(chuàng)新能力。完善科技評價和獎勵制度。倡導學術誠信，鼓勵獨立思考，保障學術自由，弘揚科學精神。堅定不移地實施國家知識產(chǎn)權 戰(zhàn)略。We will vigorously boost innovation in science and technology.We will strengthen the national innovation system.We will deepen reform of the management system for science and technology, spur enterprises to become the main source of technological innovation, and more closely integrate science and technology with the economy.We will support enterprises in developing R&D centers and undertaking major national and regional science and technology projects.We will guide research institutes and researchers in universities in providing services to enterprises' technological innovation centers so that enterprises, universities, and research institutes can work more closely together to increase the industrial application of scientific and technological advances.We will boost basic research and research in cutting-edge technologies, and improve our capacity to make original innovations.We will improve the evaluation and incentive system for scientific and technological advances.We will advocate academic integrity, encourage independent thinking, ensure academic freedom, and foster a scientific spirit.We will unwaveringly implement the national strategy on intellectual property rights.全面加強人才工作。深化人才體制改革，大力培養(yǎng)造就高水平創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)人才、青年人才和急需緊缺人才，引進高層次人才。完善人才培養(yǎng)、任用、評價、激勵機制。努力營造人才輩出、人盡其才、才盡其用的良好社會環(huán)境。We will comprehensively strengthen human resource work.We will deepen reform of the personnel management system;energetically train high-level innovative and entrepreneurial personnel, talented young people, and personnel who are urgently needed and in short supply;and attract talented personnel from overseas.We will improve the mechanism for training, employing, evaluating, and giving incentives to talented personnel, and create a favorable social environment for them to come to the fore in large numbers and tap their full potential.(六)切實保障和改善民生 6.Ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing

實現(xiàn)好、維護好、發(fā)展好最廣大人民的根本利益是以人為本理念的具體體現(xiàn)。要把保障和改善民生作為政府工作的重要任務。Putting people first is about realizing, upholding, and promoting their fundamental interests.We will make ensuring and improving their wellbeing an important task in the work of the government.千方百計擴大就業(yè)。就業(yè)是關系國家發(fā)展和人民福祉的大事。今年就業(yè)壓力仍然很大，各級政府務必堅持就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略，繼續(xù)實施更加積極的就業(yè)政策。重點扶持就業(yè)容量大的現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)、創(chuàng)新型科技企業(yè)和小型微型企業(yè)，創(chuàng)造更多就業(yè)崗位。鼓勵以創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)。抓好高校畢業(yè)生、農(nóng)民工和城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)困難人員就 業(yè)，加強退役軍人技能培訓與就業(yè)安置工作。We will make every effort to increase employment.Employment is of great importance to China's development and the people's wellbeing.We will continue to face great employment pressure this year, and governments at all levels must continue to follow the strategy of giving top priority to employment and more actively implement employment policies.We will give high priority to supporting service industries, innovative high-tech enterprises, and small and micro businesses that employ large numbers of people so as to create more jobs.We will encourage the creation of new businesses to stimulate employment.We will help college graduates, rural migrant workers and urban residents having difficulty finding jobs find employment, and strengthen technical training for ex-soldiers and help them find jobs and settle down.鼓勵高校畢業(yè)生投身農(nóng)村、基層、中西部地區(qū)建設。加強職業(yè)培訓和公共就業(yè)服務工作。加快建立健全統(tǒng)一規(guī)范靈活的人力資源市場。積極構建和諧勞動關系，加強對勞務派遣的規(guī)范管理，開展勞動關系爭議排查，加強勞動監(jiān)察和調解仲裁，維護勞動者合法權益。We will encourage college graduates to pursue careers in rural areas, local communities and the central and western regions.We will strengthen vocational training and public employment services.We will accelerate development of a sound, unified, standardized, and flexible human resources market.We will promote harmonious labor relations, increase supervision of labor dispatch, settle labor relations disputes, and intensify supervision, mediation, and arbitration of labor disputes to protect the legitimate rights and interests of employees.加快完善社會保障體系。今年年底前實現(xiàn)新型農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險和城鎮(zhèn)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險制度全覆蓋。擴大各項社會保險覆蓋面。增加企業(yè)退休人員基本 養(yǎng)老金。加強城鄉(xiāng)低保和社會救助工作，加快發(fā)展社會福利事業(yè)和慈善事業(yè)。加強各項社會保障制度銜接。多渠道增加社會保障基金，加強社會保險基金、社會保障 基金投資監(jiān)管，實現(xiàn)保值增值。加強社保服務能力建設，有條件的地方可對各類社保經(jīng)辦機構進行整合歸并，有些服務可委托銀行、商業(yè)保險機構代辦。加快全國統(tǒng) 一的社會保障卡發(fā)放。We will accelerate improvements to the social security system.By the end of the year, we will have achieved full coverage of the new old-age pension system for rural residents and the old-age pension system for non-working urban residents.We will expand coverage of all types of social insurance.We will raise the basic pension for enterprise retirees.We will increase urban and rural subsistence allowances and social aid, and accelerate development of social welfare programs and charities.We will better coordinate all aspects of the social safety net.We will increase the social security fund through a variety of channels, and strengthen oversight and supervision of investment from the social insurance fund and social security fund to increase their value.We will strengthen capacity building for social security services, allow localities where conditions permit to integrate and merge social security agencies, and entrust some services to banks or commercial insurance institutions.We will accelerate the work of introducing all-in-one national social security cards.大力推進醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生事業(yè)改革發(fā)展。加快健全全民醫(yī)保體系，鞏固擴大基本醫(yī)保覆蓋面，提高基本醫(yī)療保障水平和管理服務水平。城鎮(zhèn)居民醫(yī)保和新農(nóng)合補 助標準提高到每人每年240元。全面推開尿毒癥等8類大病保障，將肺癌等12類大病納入保障和救助試點范圍。鞏固完善基本藥物制度，加強基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務 體系建設。We will vigorously promote the development and reform of medical and healthcare services.We will move faster to improve the medical insurance system covering the whole population, consolidate and expand the coverage of basic medical insurance, and enhance our capability to provide and manage basic medical services.We will raise subsidies for medical insurance for non-working urban residents and the new type of rural cooperative medical care system to 240 yuan per person per year.We will fully introduce social insurance against uraemia and seven other major diseases and include lung cancer and 11 other major diseases in the pilot program to provide insurance and aid for their treatment.We will consolidate and improve the system for basic drugs and improve the community-level medical and health care system.推進公立醫(yī)院改革，實行醫(yī)藥分開、管辦分開，破除以藥補醫(yī)機制。鼓勵引導社會資本辦醫(yī)，加快形成對外開放的多元辦醫(yī)格局。充分調動醫(yī)務工作者積 極性，建立和諧的醫(yī)患關系。加強公共衛(wèi)生服務，預防控制嚴重威脅群眾健康的重大傳染病、慢性病、職業(yè)病。加強藥品安全工作。扶持和促進中醫(yī)藥和民族醫(yī)藥事 業(yè)發(fā)展。We will push forward reform of public hospitals, so that medical care is separated from pharmacy operations, government management is separated from hospital operations, and the practice of using pharmacy profits to subsidize medical services is ended.We will encourage and guide nongovernmental investment in hospitals, and speed up the creation of a system of hospitals with diversified ownership that is open to foreign participation.We will boost the morale of medical workers and build harmonious relations between doctors and patients.We will improve public health services and prevent and control major communicable, chronic and occupational diseases that pose a major health hazard.We will tighten control over drug safety.We will support and promote the development of traditional Chinese medicine and the medical practices of ethnic minorities.全面做好人口和計劃生育工作。繼續(xù)穩(wěn)定低生育水平，綜合治理出生人口性別比偏高問題，提高出生人口質量。加快實現(xiàn)計劃生育優(yōu)質服務全覆蓋，將免費孕 前優(yōu)生健康檢查試點范圍擴大到60%的縣(市、區(qū))。提高農(nóng)村部分計劃生育家庭獎勵扶助、特殊扶助標準。加強流動人口計劃生育服務管理。We will comprehensively carry out work relating to population and family planning.We will continue to keep the birthrate low, redress gender imbalance through various means, and improve the health of infants.We will achieve full coverage of quality family planning services more quickly than planned and extend the trial program of free pre-pregnancy checkups to 60% of China's counties and county-level cities and districts.We will increase the rewards and special assistance to the rural families that observe the state's family planning policy.We will increase family planning services to the floating population and improve management of such services.做好婦女兒童工作，擴大農(nóng)村婦女宮頸癌、乳腺癌免費檢查覆蓋面，提高婦女兒童發(fā)展和權益保障水平。進一步完善殘疾人社會保障體系和服務體系。積極發(fā)展老齡事業(yè)，加快建設社會養(yǎng)老服務體系，努力讓城鄉(xiāng)老年人都老有所養(yǎng)，幸福安度晚年。We will do our work related to women and children well.We will extend free cervical cancer and breast cancer screening to more rural women, improve the wellbeing of women and children and better guarantee their rights and interests.We will further improve the social security system and the system of services for people with disabilities.We will actively develop programs for the elderly and accelerate development of a system of social services for urban and rural seniors so they can live their later years in contentment.繼續(xù)搞好房地產(chǎn)市場調控和保障性安居工程建設。嚴格執(zhí)行并逐步完善抑制投機、投資性需求的政策措施，進一步鞏固調控成果，促進房價合理回歸。繼 續(xù)推進保障性安居工程建設，在確保質量的前提下，基本建成500萬套，新開工700萬套以上。抓緊完善保障性住房建設、分配、管理、退出等制度。采取有效 措施，增加普通商品住房供給。加快建設城鎮(zhèn)住房信息系統(tǒng)，改革房地產(chǎn)稅收制度，促進房地產(chǎn)市場長期平穩(wěn)健康發(fā)展。We will continue to regulate the real estate market and develop low-income housing.We will strictly implement and gradually improve policies and measures for discouraging speculative or investment-driven housing demand, build on progress made in regulating the real estate market, and bring property prices down to a reasonable level.We will continue to develop low-income housing, and basically complete five million units and start construction on over seven million units, ensuring they are built to a high standard.We will work speedily to improve the system for constructing, allocating, managing, and recalling low-income housing units.We will take effective measures to increase supply of regular commodity housing.We will accelerate development of an urban housing information system and reform the real estate tax system to promote long-term, steady, and sound growth of the real estate market.加強和創(chuàng)新社會管理。加強社會矛盾化解、社會管理創(chuàng)新、公正廉潔執(zhí)法。強化政府社會管理和公共服務職能。提高城鄉(xiāng)基層群眾性自治組織的自治能力。積極穩(wěn)妥推進戶籍管理制度改革，推動實行居住證制度，為流動人口提供更好服務。以信息共享、互聯(lián)互通為重點，加快建設國家電子政務網(wǎng)。大力推進政務誠信、商務誠信、社會誠信建設，構建覆蓋全社會的誠信系統(tǒng)。We will strengthen and make innovations in social administration.We will work hard to resolve social conflicts, make innovations in social administration, and enforce the law impartially and with integrity.We will strengthen government functions for conducting social administration and providing public services.We will strengthen the self-governing capabilities of rural and urban community self-governing organizations.We will get social organizations to play an active role in social administration.We will actively yet prudently carry forward the reform of the household registration system, implement the residence permit system, and provide better services to the floating population.We will accelerate the development of a national e-government network, with the focus on sharing information and achieving national interconnectivity.We will vigorously give impetus to government, business, and public integrity, and create a credit information system for the whole society.加強和改進互聯(lián)網(wǎng)管理，營造健康的網(wǎng)絡環(huán)境。健全重大決策社會穩(wěn)定風險評估機制和突發(fā)事件應急管理機制。實施安全發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，加強安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)管，防止重特大事故發(fā)生。深入開展打擊侵犯知識產(chǎn)權和制售假冒偽劣商品行動。增強食品安全監(jiān)管能力，提高食品安全水平。加強和改進信訪工作。加強法律服務和法 律援助。嚴密防范和依法打擊違法犯罪活動，保障人民群眾生命財產(chǎn)安全。We will strengthen and improve management of the Internet and foster a healthy cyberspace environment.We will improve the mechanism for assessing risks major policy decisions may pose for social stability and the mechanism for managing responses to emergencies.We will implement the strategy of ensuring safety in development, tighten oversight over workplace safety, and prevent the occurrence of serious and major accidents.We will carry out an intense crackdown on violations of intellectual property rights and the manufacture and sale of counterfeit or substandard goods.We will enhance our food safety oversight capability and raise the level of food safety.We will strengthen and improve the handling of public complaints made through letters and visits and improve the mechanism whereby the masses express appeals concerning matters affecting their interests.We will strengthen legal services and assistance.We will be on high alert for and crack down on crime in accordance with the law to protect people's lives and property.

第四篇：小學升國旗演講稿(中英雙語)——班級介紹

Good morning, everyone.My name is ***.I’m in Class One, Grade Three.Today, I’m very happy to make a speech here.My topic is “Our Class”.First, our class is on the second floor.It’s clean, tidy and bright.From Monday to Friday, we have 7 classes every day.We like study in it.Second, our class is a happy and warm family.There are 34 students.We all study hard and help each other.When having a class, we listen to teachers carefully.After class, we often play with others and we feel very happy.Our class is so great.We all love it.Do you like it ? Yes, I think so.That’s all.Thanks for your listening.大家早上好。我是***，來自三年級一班。今天，很開心在這兒做演講。我的主題是“我們的班級“。

首先，我們的班級位于二層，它既干凈，又整潔、明亮。從周一到周五，我們每天有7節(jié)課。我們喜歡在班級里學習。

其次，我們的班級是個快樂溫暖的大家庭。在我們班，共有34名同學。我們學習都很努力并且喜歡互相幫助。課堂上，我們認真聽課；課下，我們一起玩耍。我們都樂此不疲。

我們的班級如此棒，我們都很愛這個集體。你們是不是也很喜歡？我想是的。

我的演講結束了，謝謝大家的聆聽！

第五篇：中英雙語的農(nóng)林經(jīng)濟管理專業(yè)介紹

Management of Agricultural and Forest Economy

General Information

Management of Agricultural and Forest Economy started in 1978.The period of schooling is 4 years.Management of Agricultural and Forest Economy is a subject, which studies the natural reproduction and economic reproduction of agriculture and forestry combining theory with practice.Main researches: Macro-management of agricultural economy, regional management of agriculture and forestry, management of agricultural enterprises.The subject trains students with the basic theory of management science and economics, and the basic knowledge of relative agriculture and forestry.The graduates will master basic methods and skills of economic management of agricultural and forestry, can work in all kinds of agricultural and forest enterprises, educational and research, etc;adapt themselves to the need of Agricultural modernization and rural modernization construction.They will become senior agro-forest economic management talents with generous, comprehensive, open and creative characters.Main Subject Courses Principle of economics, macroeconomics, microeconomics, rural economics, modern enterprise management, agricultural technicoeconomics, marketing, accounting, statistics, enterprise financial management, appraisal and management of projects, asset assessment and management, etc.Qualified Ability and Adaptive Scope The students will study the basic theory and knowledge of management science and economics and the relative agriculture and forestry;gain basic training in surveying, planning, technical economic analysis, computer applications, etc;master abilities of enterprise management, marketing, policy, factories, etc.Graduates of the subject will master the basic theory and forestry, the humanities and social science;master the basic methods of enterprise management, technical economic analysis, economic accounting, social investigation, etc;know the policy, laws and regulations of our country well;know up-to-date theory of agricultural and forest science, and developing trends of the management in agro-forest enterprise;master the basic methods of document and information retrieval, have abilities of scientific research, computer applications and information processing, better writing and speech of Chinese and foreign language, organizing and coordinating, analyzing and solving problems, etc.Graduates of the subject are suitable for financial work and management in the various enterprises, institutions or government department;for teaching and research in colleges and universities or research institutions.農(nóng)林經(jīng)濟管理

基本信息

農(nóng)林經(jīng)濟管理專業(yè)是開始于1978年的，其本科學制是四年。農(nóng)林經(jīng)濟管理專業(yè)是一門運用理論結合實踐的方法來研究農(nóng)林的自然再生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟再生產(chǎn)的學科。

主要研究：農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的宏觀管理，農(nóng)林的區(qū)域管理，農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)的管理。

該門課程運用管理科學和經(jīng)濟學的基本理論及和農(nóng)林相關的基本知識來培育學生，畢業(yè)生將要掌握農(nóng)林經(jīng)濟管理的基本方法和技能，能夠從事于所有的農(nóng)林企業(yè)、教育研究機構、不同級別的政府機構，處理管理、營銷、財務會計、政策研究等等工作；還可以使他們自己致力于農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化建設需要的工作中。他們將會成為大方的、有綜合能力的、開放的及創(chuàng)新型的高級農(nóng)林經(jīng)濟管理人才。主要學科課程

經(jīng)濟學原理；宏觀經(jīng)濟學；微觀經(jīng)濟學；農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟學；現(xiàn)代企業(yè)管理學；農(nóng)業(yè)技術經(jīng)濟學；市場營銷學；會計學；統(tǒng)計學；企業(yè)金融管理學；項目投資與評估；資產(chǎn)評估與管理；等等。專業(yè)能力和適用范圍

學生們將學習管理科學和經(jīng)濟學及農(nóng)林相關的基本理論和知識，獲得調查、計劃、經(jīng)濟分析技術、計算機應用等的基本訓練；掌握企業(yè)管理、市場營銷、制定政策、管理生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的能力等等。

畢業(yè)生將掌握管理科學和經(jīng)濟學的基本理論知識，關于農(nóng)林的、人文的和社會科學的；掌握有關企業(yè)管理、經(jīng)濟分析技術、財務會計、社會統(tǒng)計等等的基本理論；了解政策、法律和國家調控；了解最新的農(nóng)林的理論和把握農(nóng)林企業(yè)管理的發(fā)展趨勢；掌握基本的文獻和信息檢索，擁有科學調研、計算機應用、信息處理、較好的雙語寫作和演說、組織和合作、分析和解決問題等能力。

畢業(yè)生要適應在多種多樣企業(yè)、社會機構或者政府部門的財務工作和管理；適應大學或教育機構的教學和研究工作。