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安樂死_英語辯論

時間:2019-05-14 19:12:53下載本文作者:會員上傳
簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關的《安樂死_英語辯論》,但愿對你工作學習有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《安樂死_英語辯論》。

第一篇:安樂死_英語辯論

(!)Euthanasia is to kill people.Life is so important for every one.People don’t only live for themselves, but they also live for their families and the society.If they choose to leave the world, they are not responsible for themselves, their families and the society.Euthanasia is disparagement of life.Life is so precious.Patients should cherish their life.They should try their best to prevail incurable disease.Everyone should show basic respect for life.No matter what happens, we should face up to the facts, we should live on with great courage, we should believe in wonder.Nothing is impossible.so we view that Euthanasia should not be legeled(!)Euthanasia stops the medicine developing.If the patients require using euthanasia, doctors won’t try their best to save patients.The medicine will stop progress.If making euthanasia is made legal, patients who use euthanasia will be protected by law.The doctors’ right will be obvious.Doctors are given too much power, and can be wrong or unethical.Patients put their faith and trust in the opinions of their doctor.people abuse euthanasia when it is legalized, it can harm people lives.In the name of euthanasia, carry out committing suicide.Miracle cures or recoveries can occur.You can never underestimate the power of the human spirit.It demeans the value of human life.In this country, human life means something.It could open the floodgates to non-critical patient suicides and other abuses.Any loosening of the assisted-suicide laws could eventually lead to abuses of the privilege.Many religions prohibit suicide and the intentional killing of others.The most basic commandment is “You shall not kill”.Insurance companies may put undue pressure on doctors to avoid heroic measures or recommend the assisted-suicide procedure.Health insurance providers are under tremendous pressure to keep premiums down.Euthanasia can become a means of health care cost containment..Physicians and other medical care people should not be involved in directly causing death.Mercy killing is morally incorrect and should be forbidden by law.It's a homicide and murdering another human cannot be rationalized under any circumstances.Human life deserves exceptional security and protection.Advanced medical technology has made it possible to enhance human life span and quality of life.Palliative care and rehabilitation centers are better alternatives to help disabled or patients approaching death live a pain-free and better life.Family members influencing the patient's decision into euthanasia for personal gains like wealth inheritance is another issue.There is no way you can be really sure if the decision towards assisted suicide is voluntary or forced by others.Mercy killing would cause decline in medical care and cause victimization of the most vulnerable society.Would mercy killing transform itself from the “right to die” to “right to kill”? How would one assess whether a disorder of mental nature qualifies mercy killing? What if the pain threshold is below optimum and the patient perceives the circumstances to be not worthy of living? How would one know whether the wish to die is the result of unbalanced thought process or a logical decision in mentally ill patients? What if the individual chooses assisted suicide as an option and the family wouldn't agree? As to face the parting, helplessness, loss of self-control, fear of death and sorrow and so the majority of patients will experience mental suffering.In this psychological requirement under the “Euthanasia”, we can say that he is reasonable? “According to the study of suicide, suicide and treatable mental illness is intrinsically related, but not the fatal disease, a study found that in 44 patients with advanced cancer, only three thought about suicide, but are there is a serious depression.Another study shows that 85 suicides, only one person suffering from terminal illness, and 90-100% of the suicides were suffering from obvious mental illness.Undeniably, the modern medical practice slow death process, often cited the loss of personal characteristics of patients Mei, dignity, independence and autonomy.However, the expression of active euthanasia as acts of personal autonomy, it is wrong.Reasons:(a)Since active euthanasia need help, then it is not an individual matter, but the open or in the public thing.(B)under the public recognition to self-defense, capital punishment and justice in the form of war, murder, only to defend the life for everyone, not to the benefit of those killed.So, even if death is painful relief, can not be lightly taken away the right to life committed to personal.(C)even if the person's self-determination recognized the right to choose to die, that does not mean the right to ask others to kill themselves, does not include the right to authorize self to kill others.(D)autonomy, including the right of slavery has never been their own, in other words, the right to freedom does not mean the right not to freedom.So to maintain the autonomy, the need to protect life, to give others their right to life is not trampling the principle of maintaining independence.Therefore, individual autonomy and social need and public objectives and values to be consistent.結尾active euthanasia may gradually lose its spontaneity, and thus out of(i)”secret euthanasia“, meaning that without their own consent, to be a doctor euthanized.(Ii)”forced euthanasia“, meaning patients suffering from terminal illness would be coercion to lure choose euthanasia to relieve their families in the economic and psychological pressures, and save limited resources of society, the patients chose to die, do not feel life is a burden or tired of life, but he felt the burden of someone else, and that others dislike.(Iii)”Deputy euthanasia“ means to allow patients who lack capacity to self-determination by the people ”proxy decision“ to euthanasia.(Iv)”Discrimination against euthanasia,“ the crisis is the number of types of patients such as the poverty stricken or belonging to ethnic minorities, may be ”clever“ to force that ”euthanasia“ requirement, the mercy of others.Made ill patients caught in the dilemma of both the opposition between the yield, resulting in additional unnecessary fear and anxiety.The information may be heard: ”Death is terrible!Your best choice of euthanasia.“ of the slip waves, is once the ”euthanasia“ is legalized, its use will inevitably extend to other types of patients but not the dying, if not cure patients, but not incurable disease, then the risk of Alzheimer's disease or brain degradation, even those born with severe disabilities Down syndrome baby..And so on.So, if this argument, once established, will only create panic and fear that they will be forcibly sent to ”euthanasia“ in the ranks.Therefore, I agree Frasen say, ”human life, merely the possibility of error, is enough to completely reject the“ euthanasia.” “ Euthanasia is humane because it helps to hasten the death of terminally ill patient.Death, as natural as birth, is sometimes a hard process that requires assistance, and euthanasia is part of such assistance.People have the right to die.It is unnecessary to maintain life artificially beyond the point when people will never regain consciousness.Extending an incurably ill patient’s life means the same as aggravating his pain.Efforts should not be made to perpetuate what has become a meaningless existence.Euthanasia can bring mental and physical release to the patient and his family when he is terminally ill and has no prospect of recovering.Mercy killing is motivated by nothing but love and sympathy for the dying patient.Most of the terminally ill patients themselves want to die with dignity and peace instead of agony and degradation.Medical treatment for a comatose patient cause great burden economically for the hospital and the patient’s family.It is inhumane to perform euthanasia no matter how painless the process is.Anyone who voluntarily, knowingly or premeditatedly takes the life of another, even one minute prior to death, is a killer.Euthanasia is a criminal offense because it involves the killing of a person.Legalized euthanasia will invite abuse of human life because any form of murder many be conveniently dubbed “mercy killing ”by unscrupulous people.Euthanasia raises many moral issues since it implies that active measures are taken to terminate human life.Doctors and nurses should do everything they can to save dying patients instead of hastening their death by active measures.The instinct for self-preservation is the strongest instinct that human beings possess.It is untrue that any patient himself should want to die.Doctors and nurses involved in euthanasia have discredited their profession, for euthanasia is a violation of the fundamental medical principle to save human life.Mercy killing is one of the most controversial issues in the world of medicine.As the picture given above depicts, A late sick mother desperately ill son request for euthanasia.But the son was cut for this。feeling helpless because he is at a loss what to do about it.The picture really sets me thinking.It implies that people differ in their attitudes towards the mercy killing.Some people think it is right.but others dont think so.now let us listen to everyone's different opinions 安樂死是醫學界最有爭議的問題之一。正如上面所示的視頻所描繪的,一位晚期患病母親病入膏肓,請求兒子實施安樂死。但兒子且為此獲罪,感到無能為力,因為他們不知道該怎么辦。這幅畫確實發人深省。它暗示,人們在對待安樂死上看法不一致。有些人認為他是對的,但其他的不這樣認為,現在讓我們聽聽大家的不同觀點

贊成

1.If a person loses the survivability of the community has not contributed to lose the meaning of life.reduce reliance on others and a burden on society.如果一個人失去了生存能力,對社會沒有了貢獻,也就失去了生命的意義,減少對別人的倚賴和對社會的負擔。

2.the complete elimination of euthanasia patients can be painful diseases, mental stress and depression thinking exists.安樂死可以徹底消除病人的疾病痛苦,精神壓力和思想懮愁

3.a person bound to die sooner or later die;One hundred dead, the living dead are free, patients and relatives reflex happy 人總難免一死,早晚都是死;一死百了,死人活人都解脫,患者與親朋皆大歡

4.the lives of their own people, individuals have the right to end their lives, which is opposed to the human rights and personal freedom.人的生命屬于自己,個人有權結束生命,這是個人自由和獨享的人權

5.we believe that euthanasia is a form of respect for life.安樂死是尊重生命的一種方式。

6.首先,從主觀方面來講,安樂死對于病人自身,是一種減少生命痛苦的方式。人,總是趨利避害的,沒有人會說“我要去尋找痛苦,我要去遠離快樂”。當一個人處于精神和軀體的極端痛苦之下,當生命的存在已成為一場噩夢,我們難道還要 提及道德和倫理嗎?生存這個基本的“長度”都已經不能夠維持,還要來談及生命的寬度,還要去顧及倫理的重量嗎?

First,from a subjective point of view.Euthanasia for the patients themselves, is a way to reduce human suffering.People always seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and no one would say, ”I am going to look painful, I had to go far from happy.“When a person is under extreme suffering in the body and the spirit, when the very existence of life has become a nightmare.Should we mention the moral and ethical?The basic survival of the ”length“ are not able to maintain, but also to talk about the breadth of life,we still have to take into account the weight of ethics?

7.We feel this suffering, we have come with this then you have no choice in the circumstances, we have chosen euthanasia.This is not contempt for life, nor is it moral decline.Instead, it was a time in the lives of torment and suffering to the loved ones around us to the people we love.more acceptable alternative to the road.Therefore, we believe that euthanasia is a form of respect for life.我們感受著這種痛苦,我們體會著這個中滋味,在無法選擇的情況下,我們選擇了安樂死。這不是對生命的藐視,也不是道德的淪喪。反而,這是一種

在生命面臨煎熬和磨難的時候,為我們身邊的親人,為我們愛著的人,選擇另一條更容易接受的道路。因此,我方認為,安樂死是尊重生命的一種方式.反對

1.Euthanasia is a rejection of the importance and value of human life 安樂死是拒絕了人類生活的意義和價值

2,”euthanasia" if legal form confirm down, may be some people use to depriving the life of others.In addition, to the understanding of the disease in humans is still very limited circumstances, without legal license and others end life, contrary to the right to live moral principles.“安樂死”如果以法律形式確認下來,可能會被一些人利用,用以非法剝奪他人的生命。另外,在人類對疾病的認識還十分有限的情況下,未經法律許可而結束他人生命,有悖于生存權利的道德準則。

3.Oppose euthanasia people have argued that the euthanasia is a violation of the laws of nature and death against natural behavior, weaken the human overcome the disaster of the strength and courage.反對安樂死合法化的人士則認為,安樂死是違反生老病死自然規律的反自然行為,削弱了人類戰勝災難的力量和勇氣。

4.Euthanasia is disguised violations of the right to life 安樂死是變相侵害生命權

第二篇:安樂死 英語辯論

(!)Euthanasia is to kill people.Life is so important for every one.People don’t only live for themselves, but they also live for their families and the society.If they choose to leave the world, they are not responsible for themselves, their families and the society.Euthanasia is disparagement of life.Life is so precious.Patients should cherish their life.They should try their best to prevail incurable disease.Everyone should show basic respect for life.No matter what happens, we should face up to the facts, we should live on with great courage, we should believe in wonder.Nothing is impossible.so we view that Euthanasia should not be legeled(!)Euthanasia stops the medicine developing.If the patients require using euthanasia, doctors won’t try their best to save patients.The medicine will stop progress.If making euthanasia is made legal, patients who use euthanasia will be protected by law.The doctors’ right will be obvious.Doctors are given too much power, and can be wrong or unethical.Patients put their faith and trust in the opinions of their doctor.people abuse euthanasia when it is legalized, it can harm people lives.In the name of euthanasia, carry out committing suicide.Miracle cures or recoveries can occur.You can never underestimate the power of the human spirit.It demeans the value of human life.In this country, human life means something.It could open the floodgates to non-critical patient suicides and other abuses.Any loosening of the assisted-suicide laws could eventually lead to abuses of the privilege.Many religions prohibit suicide and the intentional killing of others.The most basic commandment is “You shall not kill”.Insurance companies may put undue pressure on doctors to avoid heroic measures or recommend the assisted-suicide procedure.Health insurance providers are under tremendous pressure to keep premiums down.Euthanasia can become a means of health care cost containment..Physicians and other medical care people should not be involved in directly causing death.Mercy killing is morally incorrect and should be forbidden by law.It's a homicide and murdering another human cannot be rationalized under any circumstances.Human life deserves exceptional security and protection.Advanced medical technology has made it possible to enhance human life span and quality of life.Palliative care and rehabilitation centers are better alternatives to help disabled or patients approaching death live a pain-free and better life.Family members influencing the patient's decision into euthanasia for personal gains like wealth inheritance is another issue.There is no way you can be really sure if the decision towards assisted suicide is voluntary or forced by others.Mercy killing would cause decline in medical care and cause victimization of the most vulnerable society.Would mercy killing transform itself from the “right to die” to “right to kill”? How would one assess whether a disorder of mental nature qualifies mercy killing? What if the pain threshold is below optimum and the patient perceives the circumstances to be not worthy of living? How would one know whether the wish to die is the result of unbalanced thought process or a logical decision in mentally ill patients? What if the individual chooses assisted suicide as an option and the family wouldn't agree? As to face the parting, helplessness, loss of self-control, fear of death and sorrow and so the majority of patients will experience mental suffering.In this psychological requirement under the “Euthanasia”, we can say that he is reasonable? “According to the study of suicide, suicide and treatable mental illness is intrinsically related, but not the fatal disease, a study found that in 44 patients with advanced cancer, only three thought about suicide, but are there is a serious depression.Another study shows that 85 suicides, only one person suffering from terminal illness, and 90-100% of the suicides were suffering from obvious mental illness.Undeniably, the modern medical practice slow death process, often cited the loss of personal characteristics of patients Mei, dignity, independence and autonomy.However, the expression of active euthanasia as acts of personal autonomy, it is wrong.Reasons:(a)Since active euthanasia need help, then it is not an individual matter, but the open or in the public thing.(B)under the public recognition to self-defense, capital punishment and justice in the form of war, murder, only to defend the life for everyone, not to the benefit of those killed.So, even if death is painful relief, can not be lightly taken away the right to life committed to personal.(C)even if the person's self-determination recognized the right to choose to die, that does not mean the right to ask others to kill themselves, does not include the right to authorize self to kill others.(D)autonomy, including the right of slavery has never been their own, in other words, the right to freedom does not mean the right not to freedom.So to maintain the autonomy, the need to protect life, to give others their right to life is not trampling the principle of maintaining independence.Therefore, individual autonomy and social need and public objectives and values to be consistent.結尾active euthanasia may gradually lose its spontaneity, and thus out of(i)”secret euthanasia“, meaning that without their own consent, to be a doctor euthanized.(Ii)”forced euthanasia“, meaning patients suffering from terminal illness would be coercion to lure choose euthanasia to relieve their families in the economic and psychological pressures, and save limited resources of society, the patients chose to die, do not feel life is a burden or tired of life, but he felt the burden of someone else, and that others dislike.(Iii)”Deputy euthanasia“ means to allow patients who lack capacity to self-determination by the people ”proxy decision“ to euthanasia.(Iv)”Discrimination against euthanasia,“ the crisis is the number of types of patients such as the poverty stricken or belonging to ethnic minorities, may be ”clever“ to force that ”euthanasia“ requirement, the mercy of others.Made ill patients caught in the dilemma of both the opposition between the yield, resulting in additional unnecessary fear and anxiety.The information may be heard: ”Death is terrible!Your best choice of euthanasia.“ of the slip waves, is once the ”euthanasia“ is legalized, its use will inevitably extend to other types of patients but not the dying, if not cure patients, but not incurable disease, then the risk of Alzheimer's disease or brain degradation, even those born with severe disabilities Down syndrome baby..And so on.So, if this argument, once established, will only create panic and fear that they will be forcibly sent to ”euthanasia“ in the ranks.Therefore, I agree Frasen say, ”human life, merely the possibility of error, is enough to completely reject the“ euthanasia.” "

第三篇:英語安樂死辯論正方

英語安樂死正方辯論

Good morning ,everyone;my name is Yang.I am the first debater on positive side.Here are my opinions.,First I will state the definaton of euthanasia,that is people who are attacked by incurable disease can’t surffer from the pains and decide to employ a humane way to end their lives without pain.2,Second, as with survival, death is a kind of human rights.When he felt happier than survival of death, he has the right to choose death, society should meet the people's needs, and give every person who is suffering incurable disease to choose the right euthanasia.So citizens have the right to choose the way of death.It is another case of freedom of choice.3,Third , for mortally ill patients, long life actually only means extend pain.For them to end their lives is a kind of happiness, It provides a way to relieve extreme pain, and this conforms to humanism.4,Fouth , this way can free up medical funds to help other people and reduce the burden of family and society.In this regard,it takes family members’ interest and supplies a lot of benefits to society.5,so according to the previous paper, we have reasons to believe that euthanasia is a proper way, not only does it respect personal dignity,but also helps with social development.And it is the performance of human civilization progress too.That’s all my ideas ,thank you

第四篇:英語辯論-安樂死合法化

安樂死合法化

正方:

We think it’s necessary.On one hand, we can save our limiting medical resources for those who need treatment than any other people.On the other hand, we can keep patients from endless paint.我們認為這是有必要的。一方面,我們可以節約有限的醫療資源給其他更需要的治療的病人。另一方面,我們可以解脫這些受著無盡的痛苦的病人。

補充觀點:

1.Euthanasia can release the stress of the society, if the patients can’t do any contribution.如果那個病人無法做出任何貢獻,那么安樂死可以減輕社會的負擔。

2.Euthanasia can free the patients who are under heavy paint.安樂死可以解脫那些正承受著巨大痛苦的病人。

3.A person’s life belongs to himself, he has access to end his life.一個人的生命屬于他自己,他有權結束自己的生命。

反方:

I think we shouldn’t make euthanasia legal.Otherwise, some people may commit suicide through this way, which offer them an easy way to die.In addition, it can be an legal way to deprive(剝奪)people’s life, for those who have evil intentions.So, I don’t agree this point.補充觀點:

1.Euthanasia is a rejection of the importance and value of human life 安樂死是拒絕了人類生活的意義和價值

1.The poor will truly be killed by poverty through euthanasia, because of no money for treatment.窮人會真正地被貧窮以這種形式給殺死,因為沒錢治療。

2.Euthanasia is disguised violations of the right to life 安樂死是變相侵害生命權

第五篇:安樂死 辯論

正方:安樂死應當合法化

安樂死的含義: 安樂死(euthanasia)一詞源于希臘文,意為無痛苦的死或安詳的死。而在今天國外的臨床實踐中,安樂死則是在一定條件下實行的,總體上包括5個條件: 1.必須是“患不治之癥的病人” 2.必須是“處于垂危瀕死狀態”

3.必須是為了解脫病人在精神和軀體上的極端痛苦 4.必須有病人的遺囑或口頭表達以及家屬的要求

5.必須用人為方式使病人在無痛苦狀態下度過死亡階段,從而終止生命。我們對安樂死在中國合法化的支持,同樣是建立在這些必備條件的基礎上的。支持安樂死合法化的原因:

其一,據我所知,那些身患絕癥、可能隨時死亡、每天接受放療和化療的人,他們的身心都處于極其痛苦的狀態,對于他們而言,盡管仍對生活和生命充滿渴望,但是卻也對死亡充滿無奈和恐懼。當醫學上無法挽回他們的死亡的命運而他們又不得不遭受病痛的折磨時,他們有權利選擇結束自己的生命,以及結束生命的方式,讓自己在生命的最后時刻安詳、無痛的死去。這實質上是出于對病患的一種人性關懷,是設身處地的一種考慮。我們可以換位思考,當我們什么都不能做躺在病床上等待死亡時,拿什么去談什么生命的意義和價值呢?恐怕剩下的就只有身體上的折磨,還有心靈上的掙扎。對于認為“醫學正在進步,實行安樂死是對生命輕易放棄和不負責任”的觀點,本身就沒有從患者本身出發。我們并不否認醫學正在進步,但是至少在較短時間內還無法攻克癌癥等不治之癥的難關也無法消除病患與日俱增的痛苦,安樂死則可以在病人無法承受時提供一種解脫痛苦的方式。另外,我們不能從生命的長短和是否存在來衡量一個人的價值。

其二,當我們明知道已經無力回天時,實際上對病人在醫療上付出的費用也會給家庭和親人造成一定的負擔。盡管我們不能因此就對重癥患者不聞不問,但是當病患本身已經提出要求安樂死已解決自身的痛苦時,在今天醫療資源有限的情況下,的確可以為其他更有希望治愈的患者提供更多生存的機會,也可以為自己的家庭減輕負擔和壓力。也許在病人離開人世時家人是痛苦的,但是看著病人痛苦的死去卻也只能增加親人的痛。從這些意義上,安樂死并非不負責任。巴金、鄧穎超、王選等有識之士也都贊同安樂死的做法。

其三,如果將安樂死合法化進行立法保護,也許會出現社會上擔憂的借用安樂死犯罪的狀況,但是這畢竟只是少數狀況,解決這個問題我們可以通過其他途徑,比如嚴格限制安樂死藥物的流入社會;規范實行安樂死的程序,在病患、家屬和醫院之間協調一致后再確定是否實行;經過法定部門的監督公證等。環環相扣,就可以將不法行為最大化的避免。此外,正如之前提到過的,首要前提是病人是患有不治之癥且病人主動要求,這樣也可防止濫用。考慮到實行安樂死對個人、家庭和社會的利大于弊,我們堅定地支持實行安樂死合法化。也許未來實行的過程中會出現一些瓶頸,但是就像對于汽車,我們不能說因為汽車會污染環境,就把汽車從社會中淘汰、排斥汽車,因為汽車在帶來種種問題時,更多的是給我們帶來了更多的便利。而安樂死,在規范使用時,帶來更多的是慰藉,帶走的是浮躁與苦痛。

在20世紀30年代已經有國家在法律上承認安樂死的地位。2001年荷蘭成為世界上第一個使安樂死合法化的國家。

安樂死的實質是生命終結的處置行為,我贊同其合法性的理由有以下兩點。

1.安樂死的行為不構成故意殺人罪。犯罪的本質是具有社會危害性,而安樂死不具備這一點。其次,由于我國未明確規定安樂死,因此法無明文規定不為罪,不構成刑事違法性。2.安樂死符合社會主義的倫理道德和人道主義原則,體現了對患者人權與選擇權的尊重。其二,它減輕了沉重的家庭負擔,也一定程度上節約了社會資源。以上就是我贊同安樂死合法化的理由。

安樂死不是一個從“生”到“死”的轉換,而是一個死亡由“痛苦”到“安樂”的轉變,它并不是倡導損害自己的身體或自殺,而是出于一種真正的熱愛生命、珍惜生命、保護生命。在這個科學技術飛速發展的時代,先進的醫療技術可以延續病人的生命,繼續維持病人“活著”的狀態,但這樣的“活著”是毫無質量、毫無尊嚴的。對于身患絕癥、不堪忍受病痛折磨的患者而言,運用先進醫療技術延長其“活著”的狀態并非延長他的生命,而是延長了他痛苦死亡的過程。

波西﹒布里奇曼在他的《死亡日記》中寫道:“一個社會讓一個人自己做這件事是不人道的。或許,這是我能夠對自己做這件事的最后一天了。

生命是神圣的,任何人都沒有權利侵害他人的生存權,但同時,人選擇莊嚴的死亡方式的權利也不應該被剝奪。生命的神圣是通過生命質量和價值來體現的,一個茍延殘喘地活著的人,他的生命質量是低下的,對他人和對社會只能具有很小甚至是負的價值。出于對神圣的生命的尊重,人也應該要有維護生命質量和選擇死亡方式的權利。安樂死作為一種文明的生死觀,它讓人們正視死亡,維護了生命神圣和生命質量,是社會進步的表現,體現了人道主義的價值追求。

對于患者的家屬而言,在求醫的慢慢長路上,他們照顧一個毫無希望的病人需要投入大量的時間和精力,承擔相當重的精神負擔;同時,當患者進入生命末期時的醫藥費是非常昂貴的,這對于普通家庭而言是一個沉重的經濟負擔。家屬出于道義責任、礙于社會輿論、法律制度等原因無法接受安樂死,甚至向病人隱瞞其病情,自身背負著經濟和精神負擔。若安樂死能得以施行,在消除病人痛苦的同時也解除了家屬的負擔。

對于社會而言,在當前我國醫療資源相當有限的情況下,大量的醫療資源被用于維持已無治療價值的病人的生命,政府也為此支付了巨額的醫療保險費。而全國還有許多地方醫療制度仍不健全,許多醫療產品的研發需要更多資金,廣大農村地區缺少醫務工作者和醫療器械,有希望治愈的人被迫放棄治療,這使大量社會財富被浪費,違背了對生命同等尊重的原則。從這個角度看來,安樂死的實施有利于醫療資源的合理配置,使更多人受益。

當然,以上辯護是基于患者自愿接受安樂死的前提,否則,無論病人有無治愈的可能,只要他還有求生欲望,就沒有任何人有權將他置于死地,絕不能以所謂大多數人的利益而剝奪少數人的正當權益,這一點是沒有疑問的。只有基于尊重生命的安樂死才符合整個人類生存質量提高和根本利益,符合人類的道德進步。

傳統觀念認為,醫生的職責在于救死扶傷,執行安樂死、幫助病人結束生命似乎違背了醫生的職業道德。隨著時代的進步與現代醫療水平的發展,傳統的觀念顯現出一定的局限性。救死扶傷的確是醫生的職責所在,但幫助患者減輕痛苦也是醫生的職責。對于一個患有絕癥并且痛苦萬分的患者,道德的做法應是解除其痛苦,而非延長其生命來增加他的痛苦。死是人生必然,一些身患絕癥而無法忍受病痛的瀕死患者選擇安樂死是其愿望和權利,醫生按其愿望和權利幫助他實施安樂死,符合人權主義和人道主義原則。

此外,有反對者提出:現代醫學是在不治之癥不斷得到救治的過程中發展的,安樂死的施行將阻礙醫學技術的發展。這種說法顯然并不合理。即便安樂死最終實現合法化也并不意味著所有的患者都會選擇安樂死,隨著公民意識的提升,越來越多的安樂死患者會愿意將遺體捐獻給醫療機構,這無疑會為醫學研究提供不同階段的病理樣本,促進醫學發展。再者,如果為了醫學的發展而剝奪患者維護生命質量的權利,這顯然是不符合倫理學規范的。

反方:安樂死不應當合法化

從倫理角度講,每個生命體都有存在的價值,不應該因為個人的意識而將其剝奪。安樂死與這一倫理是相悖的。生活的磨難我們應該勇敢地接受,人是社會型的動物,輕易放棄自己的生命是對自己的不負責,也是對親朋好友的不負責。隨著現代社會醫學的不斷進步,我們有理由相信,現在那些所謂的絕癥或許明天就能攻克,不要輕易放棄自己的生命。

另外,就中國現有的法律來講,安樂死的實行很可能會觸犯“故意殺人罪”。我國法律上的故意殺人罪,是指故意非法剝奪他人生命的行為。實施安樂死的行為對象是瀕臨死亡的病人,雖然患者瀕臨死亡,但這樣的病人仍然是法律意義上的“人”,他們的生命仍然要受到法律的保護。在安樂死故意的判斷上,行為人為他人實施安樂死,行為人明知自己的行為必然會發生他人死亡的結果,并且希望發生這樣的結果,行為人的主觀上屬于直接故意。就這兩點來判斷,故意殺人罪是可以成立的。

德國格丁根大學曾經做過一份調查,他們對荷蘭出現的7000起安樂死案例進行了分析。在這些案例中,41%的死亡者是由家屬提出希望結束患者痛苦而實施安樂死的。而其中的11%,患者死亡之前仍然神志清醒,而且有能力自己做出決定,但是沒有人問他們愿意選擇活著還是死去。我覺得,這差不多就是安樂死面臨的最大問題。中國有句俗話:“百病床前無孝子。”我們不能排除有些子女因為某些原因,為自己病床上的父母選擇安樂死。而且,安樂死的合法化一定是需要一批合格的醫護工作者的,這里的合格不單單是專業技術上的合格,更重要的是道德情操上的。一旦遇上一些無良醫生,安樂死就成了變相的殺人工具。

1.從生命倫理上來講,對病人自己來說,生命可貴的,是圣神的,輕易的結束生命,是逃避和不負責任的行為。例如在西方的基督教就明確規定了在任何情況下人都不能奪取自己或者他人的生命,這是對神的不敬。而拋開宗教,生命同樣是值得我們好好珍惜的,因為痛苦而結束生命在很多時候都是一種懦弱的逃避行為。另外,人不是赤裸裸的活在世界上,他帶有社會性。例如,人會有著各種各樣的親屬關系,自己的死去很可能對于家人親人是一種莫大的傷害。而對于醫生,這樣一個救死扶傷的職業,在“救死”不能的情況下,如果選擇主動結束病人的生命,這也是與其職業道德相悖的。

2.從法律上講,人的種種權利中,生命權是最重要的,是第一位的,根據現行法律,生命權的被剝奪只有在幾種極特殊的情況下。否則,是要負相關法律責任的。而安樂死,恰恰是由于一個人喪失了行為能力,需要依靠他人的幫助來實現自己死亡的愿望。在這里,這種安樂死與故意殺人罪之間的界限難以判定。主觀上,都是他人出于故意的目的,行為上,都實施了殺害他人的行為,造成的后果也是一樣的,即死亡。但是,兩者的唯一區別就在于,被害人的主觀意志上。在當前,主觀意志是一個非常難以判定的事。特別對于是一些意識不清的病人,又該如何判定他的主觀意識呢?

3.安樂死還會帶來一些不良的社會后果:比如,老百姓的看病難的問題、群眾的醫保問題遠遠都還沒有得到根本性地解決。今后,是否會形成貧窮百姓因無錢看病和醫治,只能被迫選擇“安樂死”呢?現在很難下定論。

4.從技術上來說,在當下的醫療水平下,安樂死是否真正能夠做到百分之百的在免除病人痛苦的情況下結束他的生病還有待論證。與此同時,樂死并非晚期重癥病人解脫痛苦的惟一方法,我們完全可以選擇其他的替代技術。協和醫院一名麻醉科主任說過,麻醉醫學技術完全可以做到使重癥患者無痛或減少覺大部分的疼痛。

安樂死不同于自殺,安樂死的完成需要兩個人的共同協作。病重病危的患者如果想選擇結束自己的生命,他可以選擇跳樓拒食等自殺的方式。而選擇安樂死,則使得家人和醫生的介入了自殺的過程。所以,能不能幫助他人進行安樂死等同于對于面對自殺者應不應該救助的問題。

我們注意到,一旦家庭和醫生介入了,問題就變得復雜起來。首先,醫生和家庭是否構成犯罪?醫生在醫院中面對將死之人有著救死扶傷的義務,現在不僅不履行這個義務,反而以一個終結生命的形象出現。維系家庭的紐帶是親情,但個體的經濟也是聯系在一起的。如果一個家庭為了自身的經濟利益而拋棄其中的成員,那么安樂死合法化就為這類人大開了方便之門。

其次是,安樂死真的是為了結束痛苦嘛?我覺得這是一個偽命題。人一旦死去,便什么感覺都沒有了,這時候痛苦與歡樂又有何意義?很多的患者選擇安樂死是因為被病痛折磨怕了,覺得喪失尊嚴了,但是安樂死并不能解決“痛”的問題。相信現代的醫療技術已經能夠使得患者在失去意識的時候接受治療,這些技術可以代替安樂死在這方面的作用。最后,安樂死可能對于有益于個別貧困家庭的經濟狀況。但是于整個社會來說,醫療這方面的收益極小的。反而因此產生的社會文化成本卻是極大的。

病人或者家屬要求醫生實施安樂死的前提條件是病人得了不治之癥,這就在法律上造成了一個假象。什么叫不治之癥,是醫學無能,所以就采取不醫治的方式結束病人的生命。由此就產生了安樂死的兩種方式。一是消極安樂死,即醫生采取不醫治的方式放任病人死亡;二是積極安樂死,即醫生沒有解決病人痛苦的辦法所以采取一些手段讓病人早死亡。這兩者的先決條件都是醫生沒有辦法醫治疾病。另一方面,病人要求醫生實施安樂死以讓自己能夠早點解除痛苦,這看似是合理的。但是病人是在什么樣的狀況之下說出這樣的話呢?患有不治之癥的患者是否能夠對于自己的意思表示進行很好的控制呢?或者說能否明白自己在講些什么?我們沒有辦法驗證的。

第一,得了不治之癥他的想法能同正常人的想法一樣嗎?第二,可能病到此種程度患者的意識根本就是不清晰的。從社會角度來講,實施安樂死后可以節約很大的社會成本減輕社會負擔;在倫理學的角度上講,人總是會死的,也是說得過去的;但是唯獨法律的這道最低限的坎沒有辦法逾越。

還有一個方面,法律考慮的根本問題是安樂死有沒有被外用的可能性。恰恰是在世界上僅有的兩個安樂死合法化的國家即荷蘭和比利時,他們的安樂死被濫用的比例極高。有百分之一被濫用的可能性,法律就要采取措施杜絕這種可能性。法律的原則就是要通過制度堅決杜絕這種可能性的發生,而不是無法杜絕就消極對待。為什么刑法規定諸如追訴時效等等問題,就是為了體現我們的刑法一個壞的方面的可能性都不放過。像是荷蘭這類國家,它之所以同意安樂死的合法化有兩個前提條件,一是這些國家的人均壽命比我國要高得多,所以對于疾病的忍耐力比較差,因此需要安樂死來減輕痛苦;二是它們是宗教國家,它們認為在宗教的總領之下安樂死被濫用的可能性很低;第三從經濟學的角度考慮,此類病人急需治療是浪費社會資源,因此不如實施安樂死來節約社會成本。因此安樂死得以合法化。但是問題同時出現,例如李利用安樂死來騙取保險金,爭奪遺產等等。并且濫用安樂死的用途不完全是謀殺,還可以被醫生利用來推卸醫療事故。病人病情惡化也可能是醫生在治療途中出現了醫療事故等原因,為了掩蓋真相也可能采取安樂死的辦法來保全自己。并且任何不治之癥都是相對的。很久之前的肺結核是絕癥,但現在已經司空見慣了。我們現在的肝癌、艾滋病等,他們的存活時間也越來越久。因此在醫生不能夠預計疾病的可控程度的時候不能夠輕易決定是否實施安樂死。不然,我們的醫生究竟是醫人還是殺人呢?

而對于《長眠地中海》電影中的情況,朱老師認為可以作為一個特例。這個主角癱瘓在床幾十年,他很痛苦,沒有康復的希望了,但他并沒有不久于人世。他的思想自由,沒有抑郁癥,也一直在家人的照顧和關懷下。所以當他提出希望安樂死時,這個決定是主動自愿的,朱老師認為可以予以批準。但是對于國家來說,不批準出于更多的為社會的考慮。因為一旦開了這樣的口子,將給他人造成巨大的壓力。這些不批準的原因在第三個問題中將會重點談到。所以我們可以在他申請的過程中設置種種的障礙,讓他很難得到一個安樂死的批準。這樣對于社會來說,可能相對的,影響會好些。

那么在判定實施安樂死的條件時,國家可以組織特定的委員會進行判定:患者是否還患有抑郁癥,是否遭受家人嫌棄,如果周圍的環境可以得到改善的情況下,他是否會打消安樂死的念頭等等。

2贊同什么樣的安樂死的實施方式?

朱老師認為首先當然要是自由且自愿同意的,完全由醫生實施的主動安樂死或者醫生協助式的自殺都可以。然后針對醫生協助式的,可以進行一個安樂死非刑事化的舉措會比較好。3是否贊同安樂死合法化?

朱老師表示:從長遠的趨勢來看,安樂死的合法化是一個好的舉措,好的政策。因為確實有很多人到癌癥晚期,不是怕死,而是怕疼。如果他們不久于人世,給他們一個安樂的,有尊嚴的死去,肯定比折騰來折騰去,兩三個月的痛苦的掙扎的生活質量來得高。她當初涉及這個問題的時候,曾經到各個醫院詢問情況,發現有的人,在她認為是不符合安樂死的條件的,卻也實施了安樂死。如果合法化了,就會規范化。但是隨著她對生命倫理這一行研究的深入,她就發現,因為這個不僅僅是病人的問題,還牽涉到整個社會,整個制度的問題。

其中最重要的問題是實施安樂死會給社會帶來壓力。即使社會有了全民醫保制度,對于一些病重的,垂危的,沒有能力醫治的人,也會造成一種壓力,好像到了那個時候,就必須死。也會給社會造成一種感覺,好像醫學上不值得醫治的人,都要去安樂死。但是有的人原本就是覺得好死不如賴活著,如果一旦安樂死合法化,就給他們造成了很大的壓力。這樣就造成了對價值多元化的抹殺。因此這樣的在受到不正當影響下做出的抉擇是不合乎倫理的,而外界,如醫生、委員會等很難對其加以判斷。這就是大多數國家,甚至一些發達地區,醫保制度已經健全的地區,仍然不愿意使安樂死合法化的主要原因。

①我們的醫保制度不健全,醫療仍舊市場化,個人和家庭要負擔很大一筆醫療費用,都是從自己口袋里掏出來的。很大一部分人看不起病,小病拖成大病,大病就等死,或者因病致貧,搞得傾家蕩產。如果安樂死合法化,可能導致人們尋求一個解決問題的捷徑。有了全額醫保,例如前幾年有人提出在上海地方立法,推行全額醫保,就可能使安樂死可行。因為確實有一部分人躺著浪費了醫療資源,自己也很痛苦。

②另外,中國的臨終關懷,或者護理機構也不健全。可能導致病患出于對親人的考慮,不愿造成他們的復旦,而產生實行安樂死的想法。但是此時他們并不是自由且自愿的做出選擇的,這就并不符合安樂死的條件卻可能實施了安樂死。

③即使在中國全民醫保了,也還是有問題。雖然傳統文化尊崇孝道,但是在中國農村,仍有許多人老無所養,受虐待的老人。如果現在就將安樂死合法化,那些老人就會很悲慘。他們自己可能會有壓力覺得自己不能下地勞動了,成為子女負擔了,也可能被子女逼走上一條死路。

④中國醫療機制中可能還存在腐敗貪污。可能通過行賄,受賄,使人犯罪,或者使不需要安樂死的,無辜的人死掉了。

⑤更緊迫的問題是要對腦死亡的定義進行立法。4安樂死合法化之后是否會對醫療的探索造成阻礙?

朱老師認為這個不是問題。如果安樂死真正處于由于病人自愿的行為,那么也不是所有人會選擇安樂死。安樂死的合法化或非刑事化,并不是安樂死的普遍化,這是兩個概念。然后很多人還是愿意采取治療,與病魔做抗爭的。這只是社會支持的兩種態度,一種是積極的抗爭,一種是太累了,就想安安靜靜的死去了。而且在小范圍的人中,特定的情況下,在非常苛刻的條件下,才可以實施安樂死的。我們可以控制一個時間范圍,只有兩三個月時間可以活的人可以安樂死,而還有兩三年可活的人就不能實施安樂死。或者沒有疼痛的也不予實施。這時,醫學方面依然可以進行研究進步。5對于已經實施安樂死非刑事化的地方怎么看?

朱老師認為她沒有進行過課題,然后從她目前的一些了解來看,她認為那些地方做得很好的。例如荷蘭,他們又有醫保,醫療護理也好。又有非常嚴格的標準。比如需要自己提出申請,兩個以上醫師進行驗證,需要有一些等待期等等。

采訪內容:

1.您是否支持“安樂死”?為什么?

我是支持“安樂死”的。我昨天看過一期中央電視臺的新聞調查節目,說的是浙一醫院的醫生陳作兵,他也是醫學博士,在得知父親身患惡性腫瘤晚期時,沒有讓父親化療,而是讓他安享最后的人生。腫瘤病人,到了晚期確定治不好了,再給他治療其實是增加他的痛苦。我們醫學不是包治百病的,我們要認清這個挑戰,即治不好怎么辦,與其花治療在最后的六個月,為什么不花在以前呢。可以看到腫瘤病人的治療,這不僅僅是錢的問題,在治療之后他們的生命質量會大打折扣。其實對很多絕癥患者來說,他們是強烈要求“安樂死”的。我外公就是有這種情況,因為年紀很大了,在床上不能動也看不到希望,就想“安樂死”,事實上在社會上有相當一部分老人8、9十歲了,治療只能延緩死亡而已,這種情況我覺得“安樂死”是一種比較好的選擇。

3.“安樂死”涉及到哪些倫理上的問題? 我覺得會涉及到文化背景的問題。隨著我們中國人受教育的提高以及醫療知識的普及,我相信“安樂死”還是會得到大家的接受。在中國,宗教因素的色彩不是很重,因為中國大多數人還是不信教的。

5.您覺得“安樂死”在未來的趨勢是不是就會被逐漸認可?

我覺得不一定。在不同的國家文化中會不一樣。一個國家的理念,它的教育程度會影響到對“安樂死”的接受。關于“安樂死”,我覺得應該可以看看我前面說的那期新聞調查欄目,看看專業人士是怎么看的。同樣地,也是在浙江,一所醫院里的腫瘤患者受不了治療的痛苦,就從十幾樓上跳下來,這是因為他痛苦但不能得到“安樂死”,只能跳樓。“安樂死”是有需要的,但是我們的法律制度沒有跟上。

6.從醫學的角度來說,怎樣才能判斷一個人可以“安樂死”?

這個不僅僅需要醫生的判斷,而且還要得到本人和家屬的判斷。從醫學上講,能不能治療,以我現在的水平治療的效果有多大,可以由一組有水平的教授做出判斷,確診以后可以讓病人和家屬做出選擇。還有一點,醫生要如實地告訴病人病情,雖然告訴病人病情很殘忍,但是確實有些病我們是沒有辦法治療的,告訴病人病情不是殘忍,而是一個實話實說的過程。而我們現在的很多病人治療花了很多冤枉錢,治療的效果卻不好,人財兩空,這也是醫患矛盾加劇的原因之一。醫生應該告訴患者這個病能不能治,治療的把握有多大,治療的風險有多大,治了以后有哪些后果,不治有哪些后果,然后讓病人和病人家屬做一個判斷和選擇。而我們醫院現在更多地是從經濟收益考慮的,這是違背規律的。7.如果醫生和本人都同意“安樂死”,家屬不同意,那應該怎么辦?

那應該尊重家屬。我們的法制還不健全,即使在國外,“安樂死”也需要一個專家組鑒定。

8.就目前來看,我們國家什么時候能夠實施“安樂死”?

全國性的話應該是很難的,但是就地區而言,像我們上海應該還需要20幾年。首先是我們中國人的健康素養,現在還是有一些人,愚昧地認為到醫院就會治好病,至少能夠減少他的痛苦。廣州一個衛生局的副局長說過,到醫院去,三分之一是治好的,三分之一是治療后不好不壞的,還有三分之一是治療后病情加重的。

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