第一篇：英文寫作讀書筆記

英文寫作讀書筆記 王躍

2006年4月5日9點(diǎn)25分 英文文章寫作訓(xùn)練

1.閱讀10 篇文獻(xiàn)，總結(jié)100 個常用句型和常用短語。經(jīng)常復(fù)習(xí)。注意，文獻(xiàn)作者必須是以 英文為母語者，文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容要與你的專業(yè)有關(guān)。這屬于平時看文獻(xiàn)的副產(chǎn)品。

2.找3-5 篇技術(shù)路線和統(tǒng)計方法與你的課題接近的文章，精讀。

寫出論文的草稿。要按照標(biāo)題、作者、摘要、背景、目的、材料、方法、結(jié)果、討論、致謝、參考文獻(xiàn)、圖例、圖、表、照片和說明的統(tǒng)一格式來寫。這樣做的好處是從它可以方便地改成任何雜志的格式。

3.針對論文的每一部分，尤其是某種具體方法、要討論的某一具體方面，各找5-8 篇文獻(xiàn)閱讀，充實(shí)完善。這里討論的只涉及英文表達(dá)，也只推薦給缺乏英文寫作經(jīng)驗的人。

4.找到你想投的雜志的稿約，再找2-3 篇該雜志的article，按它的格式改寫。注意，每次改寫都要先另存為不同的文件名，以免出了問題不能恢復(fù)。

5.找英文高手改。找不到合適的人，就去找提供英語論文編輯服務(wù)(English correction and improvement，not translation)的公司，在此向有錢沒時間的人強(qiáng)烈推薦。

你可以通過以下三種方式來了解英文文體格式：

1）雜志。瀏覽雜志中的文章，并且模仿你所看到的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。

2）組里以往發(fā)表的文章。通過讀以往發(fā)表的文章，你可以確切地知道一篇文章“看”起來 應(yīng)該怎樣。如果你寫的文章與眾不同，那麼它可能不是我們想要的。

3)ACS的編輯的作者手冊：A Manual for Authors and Editors.(Janet S.Dodd, Editor Washington, D.C.USA 1997)含有有用的細(xì)節(jié)，特別是針對引文部分。

我也建議你們讀一讀Strunk和White撰寫的《The Elements of Style》一書（Longman: New York, 2000年, 第4版），從中可以找到一些使用技巧。關(guān)于圖表的設(shè)計也有兩本非常精彩的書：《The Visual Display of Quantitative Information》，Edward R.Tufte著，Graphics Press出版社（1983）；《Envisioning Information》Edward R.Tufte著，Graphics Press出版社（1990）。注意事項：

1文摘中的特殊字符(Special Characters)

特殊字符主要指各種數(shù)學(xué)符號及希臘字母，它們無法直接輸入計算機(jī)，因此都需轉(zhuǎn)成鍵盤上有的字母和符號。在文摘中盡量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符組成的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式。因為它們的輸入極為麻煩，而且極易出錯，影響文摘本身的準(zhǔn)確性，應(yīng)盡力取消，或改用文字表達(dá)和敘述。更復(fù)雜的表達(dá)式幾乎難以輸入，應(yīng)設(shè)法用文字指引讀者去看原始文獻(xiàn)。

2縮寫字及首字母縮寫詞(Abbreviations and Acronyms)

我們可以自己擴(kuò)展縮略詞，但必須是本專業(yè)范圍內(nèi)常用的、幾乎是眾所周知的，而且在第一次出現(xiàn)的縮寫詞后面必須用括號將全稱括在里面。

如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 兩種方法加以解決 1)在文章最好加上個Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表

2)在不同的頁面上，不時地給出Abbreciation的含義，用來提醒讀者。

3打文章時，要使用兩倍行距（不用一倍或一倍半）。冒號、逗號和句末的句號后要空一格。要留出足夠的頁邊空間（通常，在文章兩側(cè)、頁首和頁尾留出1.25英寸的空間）。

英文論文的邏輯性

一、句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨(dú)立

常見的連接詞語有, However, also, in addition,consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore...用好這些連接詞，能夠使觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得有層次，更加明確。比如：

1）如果敘述有時間順序的事件或者文獻(xiàn)，最早的文獻(xiàn)可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下來，可用Then BB further demonstrated that..再接下來，可用Afterwards, CC..如果還有，可用More recent studies by DD..2）如果敘述兩種觀點(diǎn)，要把它們截然分開 AA pput forward that...In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary(表明前面的觀點(diǎn)錯誤，如果只是表明兩種對立的觀點(diǎn)，用in contrast)，BB..如果兩種觀點(diǎn)相近,可用 AA suggest Similarily, alternatively, BB..Or Also, BB or BB allso does..表示因果或者前后關(guān)系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 當(dāng)寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應(yīng)用了這些連接詞。

二、段落的整體邏輯

經(jīng)常我們要敘述一個問題的幾個方面。這種情況下，一定要注意邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個部份

...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.The first questuon involves...The second problem relates to The thrid aspect deals with...上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點(diǎn)逐層敘述。Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,..當(dāng)然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用來補(bǔ)充說明。

三、討論部份的整體結(jié)構(gòu)

小標(biāo)題是比較好的方法，把要討論的問題分為幾個片段。一般第一個片段指出文章最為重要的數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié)論。補(bǔ)充說明的部份可以放在最后一個片段。

一定要明白文章的讀者會分為多個檔次。文章除了本專業(yè)的專業(yè)人士讀懂以外，一定要想辦法能讓更多的外專業(yè)人讀懂。所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份，一部份提出觀點(diǎn)，另一部份詳細(xì)介紹過程以及論述的依據(jù)。這樣專業(yè)外的人士可以只了解文章的主要觀點(diǎn)，而把比較專業(yè)的討論當(dāng)成黑箱子，而這一部份本專業(yè)人士可以進(jìn)一步研究。

總之，寫文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂，讀得清晰，并且采取各種措施方便于讀者。注意：為了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念時，最好加以個括弧，給出較為詳細(xì)的解釋。英文摘要（Abstract）

Abstract 基本類型： 報道性，指示性，報道－指示性和結(jié)構(gòu)式文摘。

一、英文文摘題目(Title)

即原始文獻(xiàn)的題目，力求簡單明了直接反應(yīng)文獻(xiàn)的主題。英文題目開頭第一字不得用 The、And、An 和 A；英文題目第一個字母大寫其余小寫，下列情況除外：

⑴專用名詞首字母大寫；

⑵首字母縮略詞全大寫；

⑶德語名詞第一個字母應(yīng)大寫；

⑷句號后任何首字母均大寫。文獻(xiàn)的主副標(biāo)題(題目)必須用句號分開, 不得用分號或破折號;題目中盡量少用縮略詞, 必用時亦需在括號中注明全稱(盡管中文文獻(xiàn)題目中常用英文縮略字或漢語拼音首字母縮略字);特殊字符即數(shù)學(xué)符號和希臘字母在題目中盡量不用或少用。

二、Abstract特性

注意摘要與前言的區(qū)別，有關(guān)背景資料（background information)放前言中。1 基本特性（獨(dú)立短文：獨(dú)立性）文摘敘述要簡明，邏輯性強(qiáng) 句子結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)完整，盡量用短句子

EI的文摘長度一般不超過150 words，或1500字母。美國物理學(xué)會Style Manual, 不超過500個單詞。2 時態(tài)

以一般現(xiàn)在時為主，也使用一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時。

（1）作者過去的工作，可用一般過去時；若要強(qiáng)調(diào)其延續(xù)性或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在及以后影響，也可用現(xiàn)在完成時敘述作者已完成的工作；

如文中指出發(fā)生的日期和時間是寫文章之前，必須用過去時，例：This was first known in 1930.（2）實(shí)驗結(jié)果或結(jié)論，用一般現(xiàn)在時；對已取得的階段性成果也可用現(xiàn)在完成時；（3）在一定范圍內(nèi)的有局限性的認(rèn)識可用一般過去時；（4）作者告訴讀者論述怎樣的主題時，可用現(xiàn)在時。3 語態(tài)

目前，英文摘要仍以被動語態(tài)具多，主動語態(tài)也偶有出現(xiàn)，并有增長的趨勢。盡量應(yīng)用主動語態(tài)代替被動語態(tài)：如 A exceeds B 比 B is exceeded by A好.用過去時及其被動語態(tài)敘述實(shí)驗方法與過程,；如表示實(shí)驗前業(yè)已完成的動作（過去的過去），可用過去完成時。例如：

The crystallized samples had been polished before they were etched in a 0.5％ HF solution at a temperature of 25℃ for 2 s.4 語法修辭(1)力求簡捷：

at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ → at 250 to 300℃

at a high pressure of 2 kPa → at 2 kPa has been found to increase → increased from the experimental results, it can be concluded that → the results show 注意冠詞用法，分清 a 是泛指，the 是專指； 如

Pressure is a function of temperature 而不應(yīng)是 Pressure is a function of the temperature.(2)能用名詞作定語的不用動名詞作定語，那用形容詞作定語的不用名詞作定語 measuring accuracy →measurement accuracy experiment results →experimental results

(3)可直接用名詞或名詞短語作定語的情況下，要少用of句型 accuracy of measurement → measurement accuracy structure of crystal → crystal structure(4)可用動詞的情況盡量避免用動詞的名詞形式

Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made →Thickness of plastic sheet was measured（5）一個名詞不宜用多個前置形容詞來修飾，可改用復(fù)合詞，兼用后置定語，如：thermal oxidation apparent activation energy →apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation 或者用預(yù)置短語或連字符(hyphen)斷開名詞組，作為單個形容詞(一個形容詞)。

如：The cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.→ The choloring-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index.（6）文詞要純樸無華，不要用多姿多彩的文學(xué)性描述手法；

如 Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in.（7）組織好句子，使動詞盡量靠近主語；

如The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane ,which were exposed to 10 hr.of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.→ When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irreversible after 10hr.of UV irradiation.（8）用重要的事實(shí)開頭, 盡力避免用輔助從句開頭;

如: From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined.→

Power consumption of telephone suitching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally.5 一個典型示例

A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry.The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase.At extrusion ratio(ER)greater four, two melting peaks were observed.With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature.The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less.It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.此例回答了如下四個問題： 回答做了什么?（研究工作范圍）

——用DSC 研究聚丙烯的熔融行為 回答怎樣做的?（實(shí)驗要點(diǎn)）——固體拉伸取向

回答結(jié)果如何?（主要結(jié)論）——兩個熔融峰及其隨拉伸比的變化 回答原因何在?（結(jié)果的解釋,結(jié)論）——存在不同晶體 6 常用句式（1）研究范圍

（to be）carried out / performed / made / conducted(to be)studied / investigated(to be)described / deal with / elucidated / given / presented / developed / employed / derived / prepared / synthesized / monitored / determined / measured / observed / recorded / examined / characterized / identified / tested / calculated / proposed / used to study / used to establish / evaluated / discussed(2)實(shí)驗要點(diǎn)

（to be）prepared by the reaction of … with … synthesized via reacting obtained via condensation by means of / by using / by the use of / using … as …

over a wide range of … / over a broad composition range / over most of the range of …/ over the entire … range / covered the ranges from … to … / in the range of … / in the temperature range from … to … / with a variety of … contents /containing … percent or more … / in the presence of …/ in the absence of …（3）主要結(jié)論

用That 從句或由It 引起的that 從句表示實(shí)驗結(jié)果：

The results indicated that … / The results show that … / The results demonstrated that … / The results reveal that …

It was shown that …It can be seen that …It was found that …It was discovered that …It was concluded that …It has been demonstrated that …It was clarified that … It was revealed that …It is considered that …It was confirmed that …It is suggested that …It was supposed that …It has become apparent that …

以… to be 后的表語成分表示測定、計算等的結(jié)果

The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67x106 cm3 mol-1s-1.The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.表示具有某種影響，以及數(shù)量的依賴、增減關(guān)系 … 與 … 有關(guān)

…（to be）correlated with …associated with …related to …dependent upon …independent of …in relation to …in a linear relationship with …proportional to …inversely proportional to …… depends on …The dependence of … on …… increase with the increase of …… decrease with the increase of …（不）相符的表示方法

…(to be)in good agreement with…(to be)found to agree well with ……(to be)consistent with ……(to be)essentially identical with ……(to be)found to coincide essentially with ……(to be)closely analogous to ……(to be)similar to …Good agreement(to be)found between ……(to be)contrary to ……(to be)in contrast with …（4）結(jié)果解釋（結(jié)論）

…(to be)due to …(to be)attributed to …(may be)…(to be)assigned to ……(to be)interpreted on the basis of …… can be caused by …… may be explained by …… originate in ……(to be)discussed in terms of …

關(guān)于結(jié)構(gòu)式文摘

據(jù)統(tǒng)計，目前世界上約有60％的核心生物醫(yī)學(xué)期刊采用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，但此種摘要不適合綜述之類的文章。

結(jié)構(gòu)式文摘是按Objective（目的）、Methods（方法）、Results（結(jié)果）和Conclusions（結(jié)論）逐一闡述論文的梗概。

1、Objective項，可直接用動詞不定式的一般式主動語態(tài)，如To provide, To explore, …;使用第一人稱時，用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。如：In this paper we conclude …

2、Methods和Results 項，可用一般過去時（有時也用現(xiàn)在完成時）及其被動語態(tài)； Methods用完整的句子，以被動句和過去時態(tài)為主。Results用一般過去時陳述實(shí)驗結(jié)果。

3、Conclusions 則用一般現(xiàn)在時

英文文章常見語言技巧 前言部分

一、如何指出當(dāng)前研究的不足以及有目的地引導(dǎo)出自己的研究的重要性： 通常在敘述了前人成果之后，用However來引導(dǎo)不足，比如

However, little attention...little work...little data / little research have focusd on...這種引導(dǎo)一般提出一種新方法，或者一種新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣，可以通過下面的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)自己工作的作用：

However, data is still： scarce / rare / less accurate 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的重要性，一般還要在However之前介紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方面等等，比如： 1)時間問題

如果你研究的問題時間上比較新，你就可以大量提及對時間較老的問題的研究及重要性，然后說(However)，對時間尺度比較新的問題研究不足 2)物性及研究手段問題

如果你要應(yīng)用一種新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出當(dāng)前比較流行的方法以及物質(zhì)性質(zhì)，然后說對你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。3)研究區(qū)域問題

首先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或者其它區(qū)域的研究，然后強(qiáng)調(diào)這一區(qū)域研究不足 4)不確定性

雖然前人對這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點(diǎn)，這種uncertanties, ambiguities，值得進(jìn)一步澄清 5)提出自己的假設(shè)來驗證

如果自己的研究完全是新的，沒有前人的工作進(jìn)行對比，在這種情況下，你可以自信地說，根據(jù)提出的過程，存在這種可能的結(jié)果，本文就是要證實(shí)這種結(jié)果。We aim to test the feasibility(reliability)of the...It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved(fall away)with our proposed method(approach).二、提出自己的觀點(diǎn)

在提出自己的觀點(diǎn)時，采取什么樣的策略很重要。不合適的句子通常會遭到reviewer的置疑。1)如果觀點(diǎn)不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that...2)對于自己很自信的觀點(diǎn),可用 We believe that...3)在更通常的情況下，由數(shù)據(jù)推斷出一定的結(jié)論，用：

Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...4)在極其特別的情況才可以用

We put forward(discover, observe..)..“for the first time”.來強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的創(chuàng)新。

5)如果自己對所提出的觀點(diǎn)不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward(interrprete this to..)Or The results may be due to / caused by / attributed to / resulted from..Or This is probably a consequence of It seems that..can account for(interpret)this..Or It is pisible that it stem from...三、圈定自己的研究范圍

前言的另外一個作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究內(nèi)容。如果處理不好，reviewer會提出嚴(yán)厲的建議，比如你沒有考慮某種可能性，某種研究手段等等。為了減少這種爭論，在前言的結(jié)尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍： 1)時間尺度問題

如果你的問題涉及比較長的時序，你可以明確地提出本文只關(guān)心這一時間范圍的問題。We preliminarily focus on the older(younger)...或者有兩種時間尺度的問題(long-term and short term)，你可以說兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種 2)研究區(qū)域的問題

和時間問題一樣，明確提出你只關(guān)心這一地區(qū)

四、最后的原場

在前言的最后，還可以總結(jié)性地提出，這一研究對其它研究的幫助。

或者說，further studies on...will be summarized in our next study(or elsewhere)總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來。減少爭論(arguments).注意事項：

一定要注意絕對不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看來前人的結(jié)論完全不對。這是前人工作最起碼的尊重，英文叫做給別人的工作credits.所以文章不要出現(xiàn)非常negative的評價，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.遇到這類情況，可以婉轉(zhuǎn)地提出：

Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they...Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.討論部分

討論部份包括什么內(nèi)容? 1.主要數(shù)據(jù)特征的總結(jié)

2.主要結(jié)論以及與前人觀點(diǎn)的對比 3.本文的不足

事實(shí)上給出文章的不足恰恰是保護(hù)自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隱藏文章的漏洞，覺得別人看不出來，是非常不明智的。所謂不足，包括以下內(nèi)容: 1.研究的問題有點(diǎn)片面 討論時一定要說，It should be noted that this study has examined only..We concentrate(focus)on only...We have to point out that we do not..Some limitations of this study are...2.結(jié)論有些不足 The results do not imply, The results can not be used to determine be taken as evidence of be taken as evidence of Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data Our results are lack of...但是，在指出這些不足之后，隨后一定要再一次加強(qiáng)本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段來解決這些不足，為別人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮筆。Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest..However, these problems culd be solved if we consdier Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate..用中文來說，這一部份是左右逢源。把審稿人想到的問題提前給一個交代，同時表明你已經(jīng)在思考這些問題，但是由于文章長度，試驗進(jìn)度或者試驗手段的制約，暫時不能回答這些問題。但是，這些通過你的一些建議，這些問題在將來的研究中游可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。

第二篇：科技英文寫作與演講 讀書筆記

科技英文寫作與演講

Writing and Presenting in English 【美】佩蒂〃楊 Contents Chapter 1

Introduction Part I

Writing Research Articles for Publication Chapter 2

the art of creating a model to help you write Chapter 3

the art of editing what you write Chapter 4

the art of dancing with change Chapter 5

the art of writing abstracts, proposal, and letters

Part II

Presenting at International Conferences Chapter 6

The Art of Preparing Slides Chapter 7

The Art of Using Your Voice Chapter 8

The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly Chapter 9

The Art of Napping at Conferences

Sources Afterword

第二章創(chuàng)建模板幫助寫作的藝術(shù)

為你的模式尋找數(shù)據(jù)

你可能渴望在高度國際化的期刊上發(fā)表文章，而這些期刊中就含有你的模式所需要的數(shù)據(jù)。

你想要尋找的文章的特點(diǎn)： 〃必須發(fā)表在著名國際期刊上 〃最近3-5年內(nèi)發(fā)表

〃這篇文章至少有一位英語母語作者

你并不需要關(guān)心這些文章的實(shí)際科學(xué)內(nèi)容。盡管文章的內(nèi)容越接近于你所做的科學(xué)，你越有可能從中更多地獲得特別過程和結(jié)果的特殊表達(dá)，但這并不是你選擇文章的重點(diǎn)。你尋找的是創(chuàng)建一個良好模式所需的優(yōu)秀素材。

創(chuàng)建自己的模式

首先，在開始研究你選擇的文章時，請保持敏銳的目光，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)從前不曾注意到的新東西。

你將領(lǐng)悟： 〃科學(xué)要求直接敘述；

〃成功的文章是用盡可能少的文字講述生動的故事； 〃最重要的是，在所有的科學(xué)表達(dá)中，清晰是關(guān)鍵。你所要做的第一步是復(fù)印1-3篇具備上述特點(diǎn)的文章。第二步是著手在紙上或計算機(jī)上設(shè)計出模板，將從文章中搜集到的數(shù)據(jù)放上去。這類模板應(yīng)包含以下典型數(shù)據(jù)：

〃句子長度和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，包括介詞短語的使用頻率； 〃轉(zhuǎn)接、直接敘述和間接暗指的使用； 〃動詞的恰當(dāng)選擇； 〃動詞時態(tài)；

〃文章怎樣開始和結(jié)束；

〃如何及何時提及其他研究人員的貢獻(xiàn)。以下對典型模板中數(shù)據(jù)類型的解釋： 模板1# 這份模板可能含有文章中句子長度和句型變化的記錄。對那些不以主語為開頭的句子，應(yīng)該特別注明它們是用什么詞或結(jié)構(gòu)開始的，立即記下吸引你的特別結(jié)構(gòu)。注意介詞短語的使用頻率以及使用時機(jī)。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你的文稿中很多不相關(guān)的介詞短語是應(yīng)被刪去的。

模板2# 這份模板中可能列舉并解釋你在文章中發(fā)現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)折詞。擅長使用轉(zhuǎn)折是撰寫優(yōu)秀文章的關(guān)鍵，一名優(yōu)秀的作者只會在恰當(dāng)?shù)牡胤绞褂棉D(zhuǎn)折。在文章使用轉(zhuǎn)折的地方加上注明，并解釋轉(zhuǎn)折的意思如何與句子的意思吻合。檢查轉(zhuǎn)折的使用頻率，看看相同的轉(zhuǎn)折詞是重復(fù)還是連貫使用。

模板3# 這份模板可能含有你發(fā)現(xiàn)的一系列恰當(dāng)變化的動詞列表，并注明他們使用時的情形。對一份科學(xué)家來說，尋找一個正確、富有變化又有趣的動詞來表述研究過程是寫作中遇到的最大困難。句子和段落意思的準(zhǔn)確性可能取決于你所選擇的動詞。這份列表對你來說是有價值的，要使用它并不斷增加新的內(nèi)容。

模板4# 這份模板收錄了當(dāng)今期刊中慣用的動詞時態(tài)。注意一般現(xiàn)在時是多么頻繁出現(xiàn)的，同時也要留心不使用一般現(xiàn)在時的特殊情況。當(dāng)你寫完論文并準(zhǔn)備對之進(jìn)行編輯時，你需要這些數(shù)據(jù)。有經(jīng)驗的作者往往將檢查動詞時態(tài)的一致性作為對將要發(fā)表的文稿進(jìn)行潤色的最后一步。請記住，在檢查動詞時態(tài)的一致性時，不要關(guān)注其他的語言問題，因為這會分散你完成一項完整工作的精力。

模板5# 這份模板記錄了你所復(fù)制的文章是如何開始與結(jié)束的。文章中最初和最后適用的詞語是非常重要的，看看他它們在文中是如何使用的。當(dāng)完成了自己的論文后，請再次展開這份模板。這時，你會給論文找出一個比初稿更好的開頭：更簡單更直接。結(jié)論部分必須小心處理，因為某些作者在論文中得出的結(jié)論超過了數(shù)據(jù)支持的力度，務(wù)必要避免出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象。

模板6# 這份模板的信息價值在于，告訴你如何承認(rèn)其他研究工作和其他研究人員的貢獻(xiàn)。仔細(xì)研究你的論文，看看在文中的何時、何處、以何種方式體現(xiàn)對別人的認(rèn)可。你在科學(xué)界的專業(yè)聲譽(yù)可能取決于你承認(rèn)他人貢獻(xiàn)的準(zhǔn)確度。

使用你自己的模板

這些模板就是你的模式。開始使用時，你要以方便自己參考的方式來組織模板上的內(nèi)容。然后，當(dāng)著手寫作時，你需要很多信息，請時刻注意模板上所列舉的特別詞匯和短語。也許為了寫作一篇成功的科學(xué)論文，你會擴(kuò)展并完善自己的模板。保持你的模板，使用它們。通過豐富新的信息和去除不必要的數(shù)據(jù)，讓它們與時俱進(jìn)。

即使對那些沒有保存這類模板的作者來說，他們也總是有自己的寫作清單，記載著富有感染力的詞匯和短語，并注明它們來自何處及如何使用。

第一稿

第一稿的目的是搭建文章的框架和主體，所以可以不用英文寫作。在這一階段，目的是記錄下自己所有的想法，特別是建立觀點(diǎn)間的邏輯順序。在寫完第一稿時，不管使用的是母語、還是部分或全部使用英文，你應(yīng)該在其中注上幫助你撰寫下一稿的私人代碼。

私人代碼是你寫文章時在其中放入的個性化注解。部分作者是這樣做的： 〃在詞語、短語和句子下方加下劃線表示強(qiáng)調(diào)； 〃使用粗體字；

〃在句子間留下空隙，或者注上系列符號，如*號； 〃使用另一種語言的符號和詞語。組織第一稿時，私人代碼是你思維的一張地圖，代碼讓作者在及時知道語言不完善的情況下，仍能持續(xù)寫下自己的觀點(diǎn)。

不管你發(fā)明的代碼是什么，你的本意是在某些地方注明標(biāo)記，以便在寫第二稿時能容易會到這些地方。

私人代碼一定要簡單，在第一次使用時略作修改，之后就堅持使用。將這些代碼寫下來，以免下次寫作時忘記了它們。避免在兩次草稿間大幅改變你的代碼或系統(tǒng)。這些改變可能會導(dǎo)致代碼最終給你幫倒忙。

組織思路

按什么邏輯順序來呈現(xiàn)自己的想法是決定論文成功關(guān)鍵與否的基礎(chǔ)。為了構(gòu)建一個清楚、準(zhǔn)確又沒有重復(fù)的順序，你可能要考慮使用一種名為“節(jié)目播出順序表”的寫作前技術(shù)，新聞記者和偵探們常使用這種技術(shù)。在這種技術(shù)中，每個想法都被單獨(dú)寫在索引卡、紙片上或貼紙上。索引卡是最通用的：在尋找最佳邏輯時，它們的順序可被安排或調(diào)整。這些卡片還可放在衣袋里，讓你反復(fù)評估自己的邏輯直至你真正認(rèn)為這個順序足夠好，可以開始寫第一稿了。當(dāng)使用小紙片或貼紙時，可以將他們貼在墻上，選擇你或者你和同事兩個人都認(rèn)可的一個好的順序。這時邊上編碼，并在上面寫上對你寫作有幫助的關(guān)鍵詞。可能將每個想法放進(jìn)不規(guī)范的句子里，但在句子間排序并不是一件重要的事。重要的是要組織這樣一個合理的順序：每個思想都不會重復(fù)、每個事件都有其內(nèi)在的邏輯順序。

完成第一稿

有很多稿件因為以下四個方面不足而被拒。在寫作第一稿前，檢查你的計劃中有沒有這些致命的錯誤：

〃原稿內(nèi)容過于寬泛。這些材料應(yīng)該用在2-3篇論文中，然后再投稿； 〃原稿中聲稱的結(jié)果超過了所給數(shù)據(jù)的支持力度；

〃原稿過長，包含不必要的細(xì)節(jié)，如對歷史過程的回顧或冗句贅詞； 〃作者沒有恰如其分地承認(rèn)他人的貢獻(xiàn)。

第二稿

你在第一稿中已經(jīng)建立起思想或事件的順序。現(xiàn)在，你要用段落來幫助讀者理解你的順序劃分。接下來，檢查你在第一稿中標(biāo)記代碼的地方。將非英文詞語換為英文，推敲有問題的地方。

在接下來的所有草稿中，最費(fèi)心的是將第一稿轉(zhuǎn)換成簡單、直接的英語句子。保持句子的短小和直截了當(dāng)。簡單意味著清楚，每個人都能明白你所寫的東西。當(dāng)你繼續(xù)花大力氣編輯你的最后一稿時，你可能在詞匯、轉(zhuǎn)折和句子結(jié)構(gòu)上有更多的選擇，讓自己的文章更通順、更有趣。你的主要目的是確保每句話中的意思：

〃對你所在領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家來說是清楚的； 〃恰如其分地提及作出貢獻(xiàn)的人；

〃沒有令讀者生厭的，與文章主題沒有直接關(guān)系的歷史或其他細(xì)節(jié)； 〃沒有因過分解釋顯而易見的問題而冒犯讀者的智力。

最后一稿

努力讓它如你想象般美好。

第三章編輯自己作品的藝術(shù)

寫作的質(zhì)量不能反映作者的智慧，也不能反映作者作為一個科學(xué)家的價值，只是作者寫作技巧的體現(xiàn)。

稿件的作者需要認(rèn)識到自己所撰寫的內(nèi)容是一個產(chǎn)品。欲使一篇稿件得到發(fā)表，作者就必須學(xué)會與同事反復(fù)編輯自己的稿件，并且要認(rèn)真地編輯，否則就不如不寫。

牢記寫作是一項社會活動。為讀者寫作，尋求讀者的理解，作者需要確認(rèn)他所寫文章中的每一個觀點(diǎn)都能被讀者所了解。

尋求編輯幫助

只有下列人員才會對自己有所幫助：

〃信任作者并且坦率地指出稿件中的長處與不足； 〃有能力提出正面的肯定意見和負(fù)面的批評意見； 〃對作者比較熟悉或了解；

〃熟悉作者你投稿期刊的寫作風(fēng)格。

組建一個寫作與編輯團(tuán)隊可能十分困難，需要通過個人和專業(yè)方面的努力才能達(dá)到工作的和諧。無論如何，寫作是一項社會性很強(qiáng)的活動，作者無法從不了解自己或不了解自己的研究的那些人中獲得所需要的幫助。刪除不必要的詞語

重復(fù)與冗余

重復(fù)：直接地重復(fù)使用同一單詞

冗余：間接地重復(fù)可替換使用的短語或近義詞

這是退稿中常見的缺陷，這些缺陷在非英語母語作者的稿件中尤其常見。作者一次只能闡述一個觀點(diǎn)。應(yīng)該自信選擇簡潔的語言清楚有效地表達(dá)論點(diǎn)，但只能闡述一次。唯一可以接受的是在論文最后的總結(jié)中不加詳細(xì)解釋地簡要復(fù)述重要信息。

注意，用分類詞典來尋找可替換的單詞是危險的。英語太微妙且太復(fù)雜，因此分類詞典不是一個可靠的工具。作者的可靠信息只能源于模板和所復(fù)印的范文。如果上述兩者都沒有所需求的詞匯，就參考其他由英語母語作者最近發(fā)表的文章，并復(fù)印這些論文，將其中的相關(guān)信息加入到自己的模板中。

在研究論文中，多余語言的一個重要形式是以附加信息出現(xiàn)，就寫作本身而言令人感興趣，但與論文所報道的結(jié)果無關(guān)。通過認(rèn)真運(yùn)用模板，可以消除這類冗長的解釋，如果沒有模板很好地控制這類問題，就需要瀏覽全文以確保稿件中避免出現(xiàn)以下各點(diǎn)：

〃介紹研究背景或歷史的篇幅超過擬投稿期刊的要求；

〃對研究工作的介紹過于詳細(xì)，甚至詳細(xì)介紹不必要的工作； 〃關(guān)于你的研究小組其他研究工作的信息。多余解釋的另一個常見形式是濫用介詞詞組。例如，在研究工作開展的地點(diǎn)對讀者來說很明顯時仍使用“in our laboratory”。在編輯時刪除不相關(guān)的諸如此類的介詞短語。”by the research”,” on the table”, “in our group”…

被動語態(tài)

現(xiàn)代科技寫作越來越直截了當(dāng)，對被動語態(tài)的使用正在快速消失。期刊都推崇主動語態(tài)和直截了當(dāng)?shù)年愂觥?/p>

作者需要檢查定稿中以下列單詞開始的句子： 〃There are… 〃There is…

〃There was/were… 〃There has/have been…

并且還要檢查以通常沒有指代意義的“It”開始的所有句子：

被動結(jié)構(gòu)是人們熟悉且容易使用的結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)可以幫助作者自由的寫作，因此，在初稿中作者可采用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。然而在編輯時應(yīng)修改這些結(jié)構(gòu)，以使得每個句子的內(nèi)容能夠更快捷地被讀者理解。

使用加強(qiáng)語以強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容

Really，actually，truly等附加的加強(qiáng)語給研究論文增加了近乎不可信的成分。

單詞very是每個作者都應(yīng)該避免使用的單詞。在需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的地方使用諸如“extremely”“highly”“strongly”“surprisingly”的加強(qiáng)語會更為有效，但是請見或使用所有這些加強(qiáng)語，否則會損失其強(qiáng)調(diào)效果和論文的科學(xué)性。

用有具體含義的單詞代替諸如“a lot”“many”之類的單詞。此外，刪除具有判斷含義的單詞，如“good”，也可提高單詞的表達(dá)效果。避免使用贊美之詞，代之以解釋。驚嘆號也很少使用。不要使用俚語。

轉(zhuǎn)接詞或短語在句內(nèi)和句間的作用十分重要。然而，對轉(zhuǎn)接詞的過度使用會降低最后定稿的表達(dá)質(zhì)量。

有些轉(zhuǎn)接詞或短語的作用相當(dāng)于潤滑劑，合理使用有助于讀者理解作者的思維邏輯。舉例：furthermore;in addition;first…second…third;finally;lastly;moreover;incidentally;in fact;in truth;as a matter of fact;for example;such as;next;then.當(dāng)句子或段落與已表述的觀點(diǎn)在邏輯上呈對照關(guān)系時，就需要借助轉(zhuǎn)接詞或短語的功能，用于提醒讀者邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)姆较蚣磳⒏淖儭?/p>

舉例：but;however;instead;nevertheless;despite;surprisingly;in spite of;in contrast;for comparision.解釋即轉(zhuǎn)接詞用于提示原因和結(jié)果。這些轉(zhuǎn)接詞有時可選擇使用并且通常出現(xiàn)在句子的中間。他們對于指示作者即將闡述的結(jié)果或結(jié)論十分重要。

舉例：because;as a result;therefore;in general;consequently;as predicted;in conclusion;since;as;for;finally.動詞時態(tài)的編輯

現(xiàn)在時

最常見的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時。一般現(xiàn)在時表示研究結(jié)果為同樣的實(shí)驗可以重復(fù)的一般性事實(shí)。與此對應(yīng)的是，如果使用過去時，則表示研究結(jié)果可能不是一般性事實(shí)。

謹(jǐn)慎使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。

在研究論文中使用現(xiàn)在完成時不僅正確而且十分精彩。然而論文中很少需要使用現(xiàn)在完成時，并且使用這一時態(tài)確實(shí)比使用其他簡單時態(tài)需要具有更多的語言知識。過去時

僅限于某些特定的情況，例如表達(dá)實(shí)驗室已經(jīng)完成的工作。

第四章與變革共舞的藝術(shù)

第五章撰寫摘要、建議書信的藝術(shù)

摘要

摘要旨在用易于理解并能快速傳遞給他人的方式，來講述一個科學(xué)故事。摘要包含你研究工作的精髓。摘要不是總結(jié)，摘要比總結(jié)更為簡潔和清楚。總結(jié)通常是按時間順序來組織，摘要則是按重要性來構(gòu)建。它闡述發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么，如何發(fā)現(xiàn)的，與其他研究相符合的情況，并對下一步工作提出建議。摘要是一個有關(guān)精準(zhǔn)語言的操練。

注意字?jǐn)?shù)，一定要簡短。

摘要寫作需要不同尋常的感知和語言訓(xùn)練。多余的單詞應(yīng)該仔細(xì)刪去，直到剩余的單詞能真正傳達(dá)到同行的大腦和英語母語者的耳朵中。單詞的清楚性將決定：首先，其他人是否會閱讀你的作品；其次，并且更為重要的是，讀者能否將這個信息準(zhǔn)確地轉(zhuǎn)告他人。

摘要撰寫的五條格言為： 〃不超過所要求的單詞書； 〃認(rèn)真編輯； 〃請一位十分了解自己工作的同時做編輯工作； 〃重新編輯； 〃參照擬投稿期刊最近發(fā)表的摘要或擬申請參加會議的前幾屆的會議文集，核查自己對單詞和句式的選擇。

建議書

包括會議摘要和基金申請書。

第三篇：英文讀書筆記

(1)把握大局 ：grasp the overall situation(2)擺譜兒 ：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家: start from scratch(4)拜年：pay New Year call(5)班門弄斧：teach one's grandma to suck eggs(5)保質(zhì)期：guarantee period(6)報銷 ：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷門：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comfortable life(10)閉門羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)變相漲價：disguised inflation(14)邊遠(yuǎn)貧困地區(qū)：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)邊緣知識人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17)博導(dǎo)：Ph.D supervisor(18)補(bǔ)發(fā)拖欠的養(yǎng)腦筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鳥：green hand(21)產(chǎn)品科技含量 technoligical element of a product(22)長江三角洲：Yangtze River delta(23)長江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River(24)超前消費(fèi):pre-mature consumption(25)城鎮(zhèn)居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城鎮(zhèn)職工醫(yī)療保險制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers(27)重復(fù)建設(shè)：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春運(yùn)：passenger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)電腦盲：computer illiterate(32)點(diǎn)球：penalty kick(33)電視會議：video conference(34)電視直銷：TV home shopping(35)定向培訓(xùn)：training for specific posts(36)動感電影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)對...毫無顧忌：make no bones about(39)奪冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralism(41)服務(wù)行業(yè)：catering industry(42)復(fù)合型人才：inter-disciplinary talent(43)崗位培訓(xùn)：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自學(xué)考試：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)區(qū)：high and new technological industrial development zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各業(yè)：every walk of life(48)功夫不負(fù)有心人：Everything comes to him who waits(49)各盡其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活動：public welfare activities(51)工薪階層：state employee;salaried person(52)過猶不及：going too far ia as bad as not going far enough(53)函授大學(xué)：correspondence university(54)好萊塢大片：Hollywood blockbuster(55)核心競爭力：core competitiveness(56)虎父無犬子：A wise goose never lays a tame leg(57)基本國情：fundamental realities of the country(58)激烈競爭：cut-throat competition(59)極限運(yùn)動：maximal exercise/X-games(60)集中精力把經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)搞上去：go all out for economic development(61)加班：work extra shifts(62)嘉賓:distinguished/honored guest(63)加快市場步伐：quicken the pace of marketization(64)假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品：counterfeit and shoddy products(65)減負(fù)：alleviate burdens on sb(66)江南水鄉(xiāng)：the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River(67)教書育人：impart knowledge and educate people(68)腳踏實(shí)地：be down-to-earth(69)解除勞動關(guān)系：sever labor relations(70)擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需：expand domestic demand(71)拉拉隊：cheering squad(72)論文答辯：(thesis)oral defence(73)馬到成功：achieve immediate victory(74)三維電影/動畫片：three-dimensional movie/animation

(75)森林覆蓋率：forest coverage(76)社會保險機(jī)構(gòu)：social security institutions(77)社會熱點(diǎn)問題：hot spots of society(78)社會治安情況:law-and-order situation(79)申辦城市：the bidding cities(80):身體素質(zhì)：physical constitution（81）生計問題：bread-and-butter issue(82)生意興隆 ：business flourishes(82)市場疲軟：sluggish market(83)市政工程：municipal works/engineering(84)事業(yè)單位：public institution（85）試用期：probationary period(86)首創(chuàng)精神：pioneering spirit(87)手機(jī)充值：cellular phone replenishing(88)臺灣同胞：Taiwan compatriots(89)脫貧致富：cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity(90)西部大開發(fā)：Development of the West Regions(91)新秀：up-and-coming star（92）學(xué)生處：students' affairs division(93)輿論導(dǎo)向：direction of public opinion(94)招生就業(yè)指導(dǎo)辦公事：enrolment and

vocation guidance office(95)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)：pillar conerstone industry(96)中專生：secondary specialized or technical school student(97)專題報道：special coverage(98)《阿Q正傳》:The True Story of Ah Q(99)《春秋》:Spring and Autumn Annals(100)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)：intellectual property rights 匆忙地做某事 do something in a rush 商務(wù)禮節(jié)：business etiquette 面部表情facial expression 你與客戶、同事或賣主的初次接觸對你的業(yè)務(wù)成功而言是至關(guān)重要的。Your initial contact with a client,colleague or vendor is critical to your success in business.在長期看來你的第一步就會走的扎實(shí)，會帶你走向良好的人際關(guān)系。You will have a solid start for long-term and profitable relationships.(profitable有益的，盈利的)肢體語言 body language被困在盆栽后面無法起身be trapped behind a potted plant and can’t stand up（potted plant盆栽）看著其他地方或眼光亂飄,那么人家會決定你在等某個更有趣、更重要的人出現(xiàn)If you are staring off somewhere else or glancing around the room,you give the appearance of looking for someone more interesting or important to come along.(come along 出現(xiàn))堅定有力地握手offer a firm handshake伸手extend your hand抵抗住沖動 resist the urge to do先伸出手的一方往往被視為自信而且自在The person who puts a hand first comes across as confident and at ease.直觀地、直覺地intuitively 順暢而專業(yè)地做自我介紹make introductions smoothly and professionally 地位較低的人lower ranking pelple親密共處close proximity拖凈灑出來的水wipe up the spills 每個人共同承擔(dān)著公司順暢運(yùn)營的職責(zé)Everyone shares the responsibility for making the company run smoothly.回應(yīng)接受能力不強(qiáng)unresponsive and unreceptive增加工作滿意度boost job satisfiction重要線索valuable cues 咬指甲 bite your nails 在你將咖啡壺里的咖啡倒空時，花一分鐘時間再煮一壺，這樣下一個人就能喝了。After you’ve drained the coffee pot into your cup, take a minute to make another pot for the next person.（drain排干、倒干）昨夜剩下的食物 leftover food 別這么做 Forget about it.將復(fù)印機(jī)參數(shù)重新設(shè)定回正常值 reset the copy machine to normal copying.（reset重置）在你剩下的東西發(fā)霉之前，扔掉它們。Before your leftovers sprout green fuzz,toss them.這些東西會塞滿公用的冰箱 that jam up the communal refrigerator(communal 公用的)為自己設(shè)立時間表，每天花幾個時間段閱讀、回復(fù)電子郵件。Set up a schedule to read and respond to your e-mail several times each day.（Set up a schedule）由于非語言交流是在無意識的層面上學(xué)習(xí)和采用的because nonverbal communication is learned and practiced on an unconscious level（nonverbal communication 非語言交流）你應(yīng)該清楚地了解哪些行為讓人很難接近你。（hinder 阻礙；vital 必不可少的，極其重要的）it is vital to understand some of the non-receptive behaviors that hinder your approachability.避免以下六種交流障礙 aviod the following six barriers to communication（barrier 障礙）將陌生人變成有價值的聯(lián)系人transtform strangers into valuable connections（transtform?into）別人會認(rèn)為你很焦慮 you will be perceived as anxious 你的目光向上your eyes are focused up 沉浸于沉思中be engrossed in deep thought 思維閉塞close minded會評判別人的judgmental 聳肩 close your shoulders聽耳機(jī) listen to headphones知道最新的新聞 catch up the news 惟一一個阻擋了你將他人轉(zhuǎn)化為互相有用的聯(lián)系人的人，就是你自己。The only thing that stands in your way of transforming people into mutually valuable connections is you.具有感染性的微笑contagious smile 把自己與互動隔絕shield yourself from interaction其他人會很樂意接近你的others will be happy to step onto your front porch 推銷單sales pitch一份手寫感謝信是最好的方法 A handwritten thank you note is the best route to take.你永遠(yuǎn)不知道以后你會在何時何處需要他們 You never know what you may need from them down the road.(down the road在將來，今后)完成你的目標(biāo) accomplish your goal 有時候，短期的損失能帶來長期的收獲Sometimes a short term loss can equal a long term gain.粗體筆 A bold pen 特別亮麗的顏色 distinct bright colors 贅述 become hung up on length有破損的衣服frayed clothing 相關(guān)建

議attire recommendations 合成材料synthetic material在我們工作的環(huán)境中，衣服應(yīng)該平正無皺。In our work environment ,clothing should be pressed and never wrinkled.有品位的領(lǐng)帶 tasteful ties 有節(jié)制with restraint工作中有幾天是便服日，通常是周五。Certain days can be declared dress down days,generally Fridays.(dress down days便服日)沒有后續(xù)行動does not include any followup沒有任何一種著裝能涵蓋所有的可能性，因此，員工們必須在某種程度上做出自己的判斷。No dress code can cover all contigencies so employees must exert a certain amount of judgement in their choice of clothing to wear to work.在此期間in the mean time雙方both parties專業(yè)形象是值得提倡的，濃妝艷抹是不專業(yè)的體現(xiàn)。A professional appearance is encouraged and excessive makeup is unprofessional.我深深堅信 I believe profoundly that如果著裝依舊不符合要求，那么公司將會采取進(jìn)一步的規(guī)范行動。Progressive disciplinary action will be applied if dress code violations continue.一段關(guān)系必須經(jīng)過培養(yǎng) A relationship must be nurtured.理所當(dāng)然地 understandably.它會隨著時間的推移而增長It grows over time.一個現(xiàn)實(shí)的希望a realistic aspiration在有效的關(guān)系中，每一方都開誠布公的表達(dá)他們的立場和感受。In effective relationships,parties openly express their position and feelings.如果我決定了，我與某人的關(guān)系很重要，那么我會投入時間和精力，以了解那個人的需求并處理過程中出現(xiàn)的任何障礙。If I decide my relationship with someone is important,then I will invest time and energy to understand that person’s needs and to deal with anything that gets in the way.在非正式場合 in informal settings 無用的futile即使我嘗試后失敗了，我也知道我已經(jīng)盡了全力，這會讓我心里寬慰些。Even if I try and fail, I will know that I gave it my best shot and gain comfort from that.提及對自己重要的事項 raising issues that are important to them借以whereby建立一個人們能夠表達(dá)感受的文化develop a culture whereby people can express their feelings.建立親密感build closeness大家都是那樣的All are like that.讓我們依次研究一下這些阻礙吧Let’s take a look at each of these in turn.鼓勵人們互相聯(lián)系的公司文化會促使人們做出一種充滿激情的、共同達(dá)成美好目標(biāo)的互相承諾。Organizational cultures that encourage people to connect can generate a passionate commitment to achieve wonderful things together.不管不顧地將任務(wù)達(dá)成drive through the task regardless在形成有效關(guān)系時，有很多困難和阻礙，如，曾經(jīng)有過互不信任或刻板印象，關(guān)系不好而責(zé)怪對方，專注于任務(wù)本身而忽略了對方的感受和需求，還有雙方目標(biāo)、角色和期待不清晰等。A number of things can get in the way of forming an effective relationship , including: a history of mistrust or stersotyping, blaming the other party for a difficult relationship,focusing on the task and excluding the feelings and needs of others, and unclear objectives, roles and expectations of each other.這會導(dǎo)致關(guān)系的破裂 This causes distruction in relationships.疏遠(yuǎn)自己的客戶alienate your customers誤解無法避免，關(guān)系也會因此惡化 misunderstandings are inevitable and the relationship will suffer他將信息反饋給對方He then feeds back to this person.接著雙方角色對調(diào)Then the roles are reversed.得出解決方案arrive at a solution一張紙a sheet of paper 開個全體會議meet together in a plenary session 研究數(shù)據(jù)examine the data解決共有的問題tackle common problems啦啦隊the cheerleader知己the confidante密友the sidekick守護(hù)神the guardian ['gɑrd??n] angel圣人the sage全力支持某人root for sb.甚至在我們偶爾摸索前進(jìn)的時候even in the rare moments when we fumble忠誠的loyal鏡子反射出你的成就和錯過的機(jī)遇，并以一種基于事實(shí)的方式呈現(xiàn)出來。The mirror reflects back your accomplishments and missed opportunities in a fair evidence-based way.對你持有中性態(tài)度Be neutral about you 在最平凡的日子里in the most mundane day 在附近埋伏著lurk nearby當(dāng)有人緊隨其后時，你會跑得更快You run faster when there’s someone right on your heals.低估underrate深刻的見解insightful ideas他們不會為各種各樣的壓力而分心They don’t get distracted by miscellaneous [,m?s?'lenj?s] pressures or issues.提出方法和建議propose

solutions and suggestions討論后續(xù)行動或接下來的步驟discuss follow-up or next steps這兒有一些基本步驟，幫你解決與上司直接的棘手問題。Here are some basic steps to help you address a touchy issue with your boss.徹底地回顧一遍review it thoroughly他需要點(diǎn)時間看看財務(wù)記錄之后才能答應(yīng)你的要求He needs time to review the financial records in advance of committing to your request.新主管a new supervisor現(xiàn)在你的努力會為長期的有利工作關(guān)系打下基礎(chǔ)Your efforts now will lay the groundwork for a productive working relationship over the long haul.對你一整天的情況都緊密監(jiān)控keep close tabs on you throughout the workday職業(yè)背景vocational background一家大型投資銀行a major investment bank 衣櫥wardrobe表現(xiàn)主動性demonstrate initiative拿一摞文件，在別人要求你閱讀它們之前把它們讀完taking a stack of files and going through them before you are asked它值得再三提起it bears repeating 它使我明白了許多道理It has made me realize lots of common sense.言而由衷，說話算話。Say what you mean and mean what you say.沒有什么比真心交流更有效了There’s no substitute for authentic communication.降低自己給別人提意見的欲望，提高尋求他人意見的欲望Be less inclined to give advice and more inclined to seek it.克制沖動，不要對他人及其動機(jī)草率地下結(jié)論。查查源頭、獲得事實(shí)，再作出決定Resist the urge to jump to conclusions about people and their motives.Go to the source,get the facts,and then decide.認(rèn)清總讓你抓狂的人的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)，下次你倆互動時，將這個有點(diǎn)牢記在腦中Identify the biggest redeeming quality of that person who’s always driving you crazy.Keep it in mind the next time the two of you interact.（redeeming補(bǔ)償?shù)模瑥浹a(bǔ)的）當(dāng)與同事打招呼時，跳過愚蠢的“你好么？”問一個能夠顯示出你真的對他感興趣的問題When greeting a colleague,skip the mindless“How are you ?”Ask a question that shows the genuine interest.不用自己的方式向別人道謝。真誠的感謝是很有力的武器——它集反饋、認(rèn)可和尊重于一體。Go out of your way to say thank you.Sincere appreciation is powerful stuff——it’s feedback, recognition,and respect all wrapped in one.（all wrapped in one集??于一體）如果你表達(dá)感激過晚，那就要補(bǔ)償這一延誤。與每個你還未感謝的人聯(lián)系，讓他們知道你多么感謝他們的幫助。.If you’re overdue in showing gratitude,make up for lost time.Contact everyone who’s owed thanks from you, and let them know how much you appreciate their help.將功勞和奉承獻(xiàn)給每一個有所貢獻(xiàn)的人。如果你認(rèn)為某一個可喜的成就完全出自你手，那就再想想吧.When credit and compliments come your way ,spread them around to all who helped.And if you’re solely responsible for that honored achievement,think again.只有當(dāng)你確實(shí)做得到的時候再做出承諾。如果你沒有做到，就要向他人解釋為什么Promise only what you can deliver,If what you deliver falls short,explain why.當(dāng)事情出現(xiàn)問題的時候，忍住不要責(zé)怪他人。失敗來自體系，所以糾正體系，不要糾正別人。When things go wrong.Resist the urge to assign blame.It’s the system that really fails,so fix the system,not the people.擴(kuò)大你的社交圈。如果你總是和同一批人吃午飯，那你應(yīng)該邀請新的人加入。Widen your social circle.If you always go to lunch with the same group,invite someone new.無緣無故也要送禮。如果你和熱愛自然的人一起工作，那就送些植物或花卉。如果團(tuán)隊常年喜愛甜食，那就弄些甜食來，并隨時補(bǔ)足。Give a gift for no reason.If you work with nature lovers,order some plants or flowers.If the group has a chronic sweet tooth,get some sweet dishes and keep them full.當(dāng)你聽到一個謠言時，要左耳進(jìn)右耳出When a rumor reaches your ear,let it go out the other.適時地將每天的單調(diào)任務(wù)放到一邊，和同事閑聊一會。如果這個同事很少與你交談，那就更好了。Step down from the treadmill of daily task and have an inefficient chat with a colleague.If it’s someone you rarely engage in conversation,all the better.對他人的興趣表示你的興趣。你可能對帕特的集郵興趣并不那么感冒，不過如果你問起的話，帕特總是會興高采烈的。.Show interest in someone else’s interests.You may not be dying to hear about Pat’s passion for stamp collecting,but Pat will be

thrilled you asked.當(dāng)你選擇了一個立場，并在稍后發(fā)現(xiàn)自己站錯了邊，那么就誠實(shí)地說出來。When you take a stand and later realize it’s the wrong stand,be honest enough to say so.在權(quán)衡選擇和作出決定的時候，讓更多的人參與進(jìn)來。你周圍有讓人難以置信的絕妙想法，所以干嘛不好好利用呢？Involve more people in weighing options and making decisions.There‘s incredible brainpower all around you,so why not put it to work?如果你想要給步行幾步即可走到他面前的同事發(fā)郵件，別這么做。起身、走過去，跟他們直說你要說的。If you tend to send e-mails to colleagues who are an easy walk away.Give the computer a rest.Get up,walk over, and talk to them.試著一整天都不要對人做出評價。祝你好運(yùn)，這可不是容易事兒。Try going a whole day without making judgment about people.Good luck——it’s tough!不要等著別人對你友善。甘地明白這一點(diǎn)：我們必須成為我們想要在世界上看到的變化。Don’t wait for kindness to come your way.Gandi had it right:we must be the change we wish to see in the world.寫郵件compose a email一旦你想到了這封電子郵件的讀者，你傳達(dá)信息的語調(diào)和內(nèi)容就會起相應(yīng)的變化。Once you have your reader in mind, youe message’s tone and contest follows suit.主題欄永遠(yuǎn)要與你的主題相關(guān)Always align your subject line to your subject.有負(fù)面后果have negtive consequences將你的要求隱藏在郵件的中間段落當(dāng)中bury your request in the middle of the paragraphs強(qiáng)調(diào)信息highlight information草稿箱draft folder簡短而到位short and sharp正式的晚宴上，對話不應(yīng)該冒犯到周圍的人 Conversation at a formal dinner should nor be offensive to those around you.如果你覺得你說的有些過頭了If you sense that you’ve crossed the line in dinner topics.(cross the line做的太過分了，過格了)用牙簽剔牙pick up your teeth with a toothpick 如果接電話的人不知道打電話的人是誰，那么立刻告知打電話的目的和打電話的人的相關(guān)信息就很重要了If the caller is not known to the receiver it is important that the purpose of the call and the caller’s credentials are established immediately.在電話交談中，詳細(xì)說明你致電的原因Particularize your intension behind the call.詳細(xì)敘述信息并詳細(xì)說明打電話的目的Expand upon information and specify the purpose of the call在打電話的時候，你要時刻牢記秘密事件的隱私性和安全性Privacy and security around furtive issues must always be borne in mind on the phone.如果電話交談中敏感話題必須出現(xiàn)，商務(wù)禮節(jié)要求你向接電話的人確定這么做是否合時。If it is imperative that sensitive discussions take place over the phone,business etiquette requires that you confirm with the receiver whether this is appropriate.輕率的行為或決定rash actions or decisions 簡體中文字simplified Chinese characters 金色是一種會帶來幸運(yùn)的顏色Gold is an auspicious color頭銜title 表現(xiàn)良好禮節(jié)demonstrate good etiquette幾個重要例子a few key examples對??也適用be applicable to 佛經(jīng)故事Buddhist Parables過去有一個人，頭上沒有毛發(fā) Once,there was a man who was bothered by total baldness.夏天苦于暴曬之熱 In summer, the heat scorched his head.(scorch v.炙烤)他晝夜不得安寧 He had no peace day or night.所以這個禿子便來到醫(yī)師的住所，對醫(yī)師說：“大師，替我治好這個病吧。”So the bald man called on him at his residence and implored him,“Master ,please cure my illness.”(implore v.懇求，請求；implore sb to do sth.)他非常愚昧無知His foolishness knew no bounds 看到一個極美的三層樓的樓房，高大富麗、寬敞明亮 see a magnificent three-storeyed building which was tall ,spacious and bright.(magnificent極美的.多形容建筑 spacious 寬敞的)喚來木匠 call in a carpenter 于是他要求給他建一座類似的房子 whereupon he ordered a similar house be built for him.(whereupon conj.于是，在此以后)木匠開始測量地基，壘磚造樓The carpenter started to clear the ground and piled up mud bricks.無法自制unable to restrain himself 看守keep an eye on 戴一條條紋領(lǐng)帶wear a striped tie由于燈光的照射天空是棕黑色的 The sky is dark brown because of all the city lights that shine up into the sky.旗子在旗桿上，旗桿使旗子直插云霄，所以旗桿風(fēng)可以使旗子迎風(fēng)招展The flag is

on a pole.The pole puts the flag high into the air,so the wind can make it flap.旗桿是豎直的，旗子是水平的。The pole is vertical and the flag is horizontal.它有13條條紋是因為13個殖民地打敗了英國It has 13 stripes because 13 colonies defeated the British.除了幾朵云彩，天空晴朗The weather in this picture is clear except for a few clouds.驢子拉著一個無蓋的運(yùn)貨車This wagon is being pulled by a mule.他麻袋里的貨物像是食物His cargo looks like food in sacks.這些食物將被帶到集市上去賣These sacks of foods will be moved to the market where they will be sold.貨物對運(yùn)貨車來說太重了The cargo is very heavy for the wagon.輪胎似乎沒有氣了The tires also look like they have low air pressure.電線桿an electrical pole磚墻（磚壁）brick wall 夸大其詞，效果甚微overpromising,under-delivering格子裙a plaid skirt

第四篇：英文讀書筆記

英文讀書筆記

The Old Man And The Sea 《老人與海》

The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway's most enduring works.Told in language of great simplicity and power,it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman,down on his luck,and his supreme ordeal——a relentless,agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream.Here Hemingway recasts,in strikingly contemporary style,the classic thene of courage in the face of defeat,of personal triumph won from los.Written in 1952,this hugely successfully novella confirmed his power and presence in the literary world and played a huge part in his winning the 1954 Nobel prize for Literature.The novel is very famous in the world, so lot of people like this novel.We also studied it in our Chinese class, Hemingway's novel are always interesting I like his novel much, also in his novel we can learn a lot by his meanings.It’s really a good novel for people to read.第二篇

《雙城記》

After reading “A tale of two cities” “A tale of two cities” is one of Dickens's most important representative works.The novel profoundly exposed the society contradiction before the French Revolution,intensely attacks the aristocratic social clais dissolute and cruel,and sincerely sympathizes with the depressed classes.The novel also described many magnificent scenes like the revolt people attacked Bastille and so on,which displayed people's great strength.The novel has portrayed many different people.Doctor Manette is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually，Lucie is beautiful and gentle，Charles is graceful and noble，Lorry is upright and honest，Sydney is semblance of indifferent, innermost feelings of warm,unconventional but also selfleand lofty，Miprois straightforward and loyal，Evremonde brothers are cruel and sinister......The complex hatred is hard to solve, the cruel revenge has made more hatreds, loves rebirth in the hell edge,but take the life as the price.As an outstanding writer,in Dickens's work,the language skill is essential.Each kind of rhetoric technique,like the analogy,the exaggeration,the contrast,the humorous,and the taunt are handled skillfully,and the artistry of the work is also delivered the peak.“A tale of two cities” has its difference with the general historical novel, its character and the main plot are all fictionalizes.With the broad real background of the French Revolution,the author take the fictional character Doctor Manette's experience as the main clue,interweaves the unjust charge, upholstery and so many techniques,causes the structure integrity and strictness,the plot winding anxious and rich of theatrical nature,it displayed the remarkable artistic skill.the style “A tale of two cities” is solemnity and melancholy,fills indignantion,but lacks the humor of the early works.

第五篇：英文讀書筆記

英文讀書筆記

篇一：英語小說讀書筆記

Books and Novels

Books and Novels

Books and Novels Books and Novels 篇二：英語讀書筆記

1、Good Spirit Makes You Brave--After reading ?A New Year's surprise?良好的精神讓你勇敢的——在閱讀?新一年的驚喜?

A New Year’s surprise by John Milne is a wonderful story.It tells us how a girl called Kaya could defeat a robber who had a gun in his hand.And she is only 17 years old!Kaya used her courage and wisdom to beat the robbers.Finally she became a superstar because of her excellent deed.After reading this book, I thought about my life.Sometimes I was brave but sometimes I was a coward.People always have their own weak side.Some people often show how brave they are and how strong they are, but when a disaster comes, they always run away quickly and scream more loudly than any other people.So, we should try our best and show our bravey when something or somebody is in danger.Something happens out of the blue and you don't have much time to think about it, so remember: whatever anything happens, don't evade it, but treat it as a challenge.Someday you will find you can solve the problem and you are the winner!Good spirit makes you be brave, if you really want to learn how to be a brave man or woman, you must have a good spirit, and you must try to face anything and to do everything with your courage and wisdom.Well, life is always full of frustrations, but you must know how to solve your problems, and you must be brave.But what can make you be brave? Only good spirit!新一年的驚喜由約翰?米爾恩是一個精彩的故事。它告訴我們一個女孩叫卡婭可以打敗一個強(qiáng)盜手里有槍。和她只有17歲!卡亞用她的勇氣和智慧來擊敗強(qiáng)盜。最后她成為了一個超級巨星,因為她出色的契約。

讀完這本書,我想到我的生活。有時我很勇敢,但有時我是一個懦夫。人們總是有自己的弱點(diǎn)。有些人經(jīng)常顯示他們有多么勇敢,他們有多強(qiáng),但當(dāng)災(zāi)難來臨時,他們總是跑迅速和更大聲尖叫比任何其他的人。所以,我們應(yīng)該盡力和顯示我們的bravey當(dāng)某人或某事正處于危險之中。

發(fā)生的藍(lán)色和你沒有多少時間去想它,所以記住:無論發(fā)生什么事,不要躲避它,但是把它當(dāng)作挑戰(zhàn)。總有一天你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你可以解決這個問題,你是勝利者!良好的精神使你是勇敢的,如果你真的想要學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個勇敢的男人或女人,你必須有一個良好的精神,你必須努力面對一切,盡全力與你的勇氣和智慧。

嗯,生活總是充滿了挫折,但你必須知道如何解決你的問題,你必須勇敢。但是什么會使你勇敢嗎?只有好的精神!

2、The Old Man And The Sea

The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway's most enduring works.Told in language of great simplicity and power,it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman,down on his luck,and his supreme ordeal——a relentless,agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream.Here Hemingway recasts,in strikingly contemporary style,the classic thene of courage in the face of defeat,of personal triumph won from los.Written in 1952,this hugely successfully novella confirmed his power and presence in the literary world and played a huge part in his winning the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature.The novel is very famous in the world, so lot of people like this novel.We also studied it in our Chinese class, Hemingway's novel are always interesting I like his novel much, also in his novel we can learn a lot by his meanings.It’s really a good novel for people to read.老人與海是海明威的作品最持久。告訴在語言偉大的簡易性和強(qiáng)大,它講述的是一個老古巴漁夫,放在他的運(yùn)氣,和他的最高折磨——一個無情的,痛苦的戰(zhàn)斗與馬林魚遠(yuǎn)在墨西哥灣流。在這里,海明威重新解釋,在引人注目的當(dāng)代風(fēng)格,經(jīng)典的thene勇氣面對失敗,個人的勝利贏得了從洛杉磯。寫于1952年,這非常成功的中篇小說證實(shí)了他的力量和存在的文學(xué)世界,起到了舉足輕重的作用在他贏得了1954年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。這部小說是在世界非常有名,所以很多人喜歡這本小說。我們還研究了它在我們的中文課,海明威的小說總是有趣的我喜歡他的小說多,還在他的小說中我們可以學(xué)到很多,他的意思。那是一個非常好的小說供人閱讀。

3、“If I have a bright day,” “如果我有一個美好的一天。”

Helen Keller was born just 19 months, blind due to illness, soon after the impact of the hearing.From then on she is on the long night of darkness and silence through the world.Long-term life of the blind, made her eyes bright and extremely valuable.She can not be the same as ordinary people feel the joy of life, we can not enjoy this beautiful world full of fun and can only use their hands to touch her delicate to regret and frustration, but she never give up.Helen Keller her solely, to forge ahead in the spirit of dedication and inspired generations of people, let us cherish a blind eye as to cherish our lives, like it!Help make life more meaningful, more valuable.海倫·凱勒出生僅僅19個月,盲人因病后不久,聽力的影響。從那時起,她在漫長的夜晚的黑暗和寂靜通過世界。長期生活的盲人,使她的眼睛明亮和極具價值。她不能同普通的人感到快樂的生活,我們不能享受這美麗的世界充滿樂趣和只能使用他們的手來撫摸她的精致的后悔和沮喪,但她從來沒有放棄。

4、《Jane Eyre》《簡·愛》

I have read a book called 《Jane Eyre》.I think the story was very interesting.The girl called Jane Eyre was very brave.Jane was an orphan.She lived in her aunt’s house.Her aunt didn’t like her, so she took her to an orphanage.Jane studied in the orphanage（孤兒院）and learned a lot of things.When Jane grew up, she worked as a governess(女家庭教師)in a big family and taught the child in this family.Bit by bit（一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地）, Jane and her master Mr Rochester came to fall in love with each other.But the master had a wife.She was a madwoman.When Jane knew this, she left her teaching post.But she could not forget her master.So, at last, she visited her master.At that time, her master’ house was burnt down and he became handicapped.His mad wife died in the big fire.Jane decided to get married with him and look after him.Jane Eyre found his real love and she was a happy woman.The most important thing is that Jane believed everybody were equal.Do you think so? 我讀過一本書,書名叫《簡·愛》。我認(rèn)為這個故事很有趣。那個女孩叫《簡愛》是非常勇敢的。

簡是一個孤兒。她住在她姑媽的房子。她的姑媽不喜歡她,所以她帶她去一家孤兒院。簡研究的孤兒院,那里學(xué)到很多東西。當(dāng)簡長大,她擔(dān)任家庭教師在一個大家庭,教孩子在這個家庭。一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地,簡和她的主人羅切斯特先生來到愛上對方。但是師父有個妻子。她是一個瘋女人。當(dāng)簡知道這一點(diǎn),她離開了她的教學(xué)職位。

但她無法忘記她的主人。所以,最后,她去拜訪了她的主人。在那個時候,她的主人的房子被燒毀了,他成了殘廢。他的瘋狂的妻子死后在大火。簡決定和他結(jié)婚了,照顧他。

《簡愛》發(fā)現(xiàn)他真正的愛,她是一個快樂的女人。最重要的是簡認(rèn)為每個人都是平等的。你這樣認(rèn)為嗎?

5、Alice in Wonderland愛麗絲奇遇記

One hot summer day, Alice and her sister are sitting under the tree.Alice sees a white rabbit, and she run after it.The rabbit goes down a rabbit whole and Alice follows it, she is now in a strange wonderland.Alice eats some special things, and she changes her size!Everything is different and strange there.The animals there can speak!Alice meets many interesting things.At last, she wakes up.It’s just a dream!一個炎熱的夏日,愛麗絲和她的妹妹是坐在樹下。愛麗絲看到一個白色的兔子,她之后運(yùn)行它。兔子來到一個兔子整體和愛麗絲遵循它,她現(xiàn)在在一個陌生的仙境。愛麗絲吃一些特別的東西,她改變她的尺寸!一切都是不同的,奇怪的那里。這些動物有能講!愛麗絲遇到許多有趣的東西。最后,她醒了。這只是一個夢!

6、Five Famous Fairy Tales 著名童話五則

This book tells five famous fairy tales.Today, I will mainly introduce the story, The White Birds, written by Hans Anderson.There is a king with ten sons and one daughter.Their mother died when the daughter, Elisa, was born.Then the king married with another woman.But she is a bad and jealous woman.She changes the boys in to ten white birds.Elisa makes the coats of gold flowers to help them.Finally she succeeds, her brothers change bake to people, and she married with a king.這本書講述了五個著名的童話故事。今天,我將主要介紹故事,白色的鳥,作者漢斯·安德森。有一個國王,他有十個兒子和一個女兒。他們的母親去世時,女兒,Elisa,出生。王與另一個女人結(jié)婚。但她是一個壞和嫉妒的女人。她改變了男孩在十只白色的小鳥。Elisa使大衣的黃金鮮花來幫助他們。她終于成功了,她的兄弟改變的人,也和她烤已婚,有一個國王。

7、Yesterday, I read a book, the name of the book is《Dr Bethune》.昨天,我讀了一本書,書的名字是《白求恩醫(yī)生》。

Dr Bethune was a famous doctor From Canada.In 1938, he came 篇三：英語讀書筆記范文

英語讀書筆記范文

GOOD SENTENCES He little imagined how my heart warmed towards him when I beheld his black eyes withdraw so suspiciously under their brows, as I rode up, and when his fingers sheltered themselves, with a jealous resolution, still further in his waistcoat, as I announced my name.We crept through a broken hedge, groped our way up the path, and planted ourselves on a flower-plot under the drawing-room window.It was beautifulI believe...>> she is eleven, a year younger than Cathy-lay screaming at the farther end of the room, shrieking as if witches were running red-hot needles into her.The long light hair curled slightly on the temples;the eyes were large and serious;the figure almost too graceful.She, supposing Edgar could not see her, snatched the cloth from my hand, and pinched me, with a prolonged wrench, very spitef/wenzi/ully on the arm.Her eyes began to glisten and her lids to twinkle.Her lips were half asunder, as if she meant to speak, and she drew a breath;but it escaped in a sigh instead of a sentence.My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods: time will change it, I’m well aware, as winter changes the trees.My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary.There was a violent wind, as well as thunder, and either one or the other split a tree off at the corner of the building: a huge bough fell across the roof, and knocked down a portion of the east chimney-stack, sending a clatter of stones and soot into the kitchen-fire.And her teeth chattered as she shrank closer to the almost extinguished embers.It had got dusk, and the moon looked over the high wall of the court, causing undefined shadows to lurk in the corners of the numerous projecting portions of the building.A ray fell on his features;the cheeks were sallow, and half covered with black whiskers;the brows lowering, the eyes deep-set and singular.《英文讀書筆記》