第一篇：新視野第一冊(cè)讀寫教程課文第六單元中英文對(duì)照
Unit 6
Section A The Trashman Saturday, April 7 Steve and I hauled trash for four solid hours continuously, except for about five minutes when we stopped to talk.My shoulder hurt wickedly each time I put another full barrel on it, and my legs occasionally trembled as I was heading to the street.But the rest of me said,“Go,trashman,go.” I could not have imaged there would be joy in this.Dump.Lift.Walk.Lift.Walk.The hours flew by.Saturday meant most adults were at home on the route.So were school-age children.I thought this might mean more exchanges as I made the rounds today.Many people were out-doors working in their gardens or greenhouses.Most looked approachable enough.There wasn't time for lengthy talks
but enough to exchange greetings that go with civilized ways.That is where I got my shock.I said hello in quite a few yards before the message registered that this wasn't normally done.Occasionally,I got a direct reply from someone who looked me in the eye, smiled,and asked “How are you?” or “Isn't this a nice day?” I felt human then.But most often the response was either nothing at all, or a surprised stare because I had spoken.One woman in a housecoat was startled as I came around the corner of her
house.At the sound of my greeting, she gathered her housecoat tightly about her and retreated quickly indoors.I heard the lock click.Another woman had a huge, peculiar animal in her yard.I asked what it was.She stared at me.I thought she was deaf and spoke louder.She seemed frightened as she turned coldly away.Steve raged spontaneously about these things on the long ride to the dump.“The way most people look at you,you'd think a trashman was a monster.Say hello and they stare at you in surprise.They don't realize we're human.” “One lady put ashes in her trashcan.I said we couldn't take them.She said,'Who are you to say what goes? You're nothing but a trashman.' I told her,'Listen,lady,I've got an I.Q.of 137, and I graduated near the top of my high school class.I do this for the money, not because it's the only work I can do.”
“I want to tell them,'Look,I am as clean as you are,'but it wouldn't help.I don't tell anyone I'm a garbageman.I say I'm a truck driver.My family knows, but my wife's folks don't.If someone comes right out and asks, 'Do you drive for a garbage company?'I say yes.I believe we're doing a service people need, like being a police officer or a fire fighter.I'm not ashamed of it,but I don't go around boasting about it either.” “A friend of my wife yelled at her kids one day when they ran out to meet a trash truck.'Stay away from those trashmen.They're dirty.’ I was angry with her.' They’re as good as we are,' I told her.' You seem to have a lot of sympathy for them,’ she said.'Yes, I do.’ But I never told her why.” I had originally planned to stay at this employment for only two days but now I'm going to continue.The exercise is great;the lifting gets easier with every load, even if my shoulder muscle is sore.I become faster and neater each day.I’m outdoors in clean air.And, contrary to what people think, I don't get dirty on the job.I have decided, too, to keep saying hello in people's yards.It doesn't do any harm, and it still feels right.Frankly, I'm proud.I'm doing an essential task.I left this country a little cleaner than I found it this morning.Not many people can say that tonight.John Gardner wrote that a society which praises its philosophers and looks down on its plumbers is in for trouble.“Neither its pipes nor its theories will hold water,” he warns.He might have gone a step further
and called for respect for both our economists and our trashmen;otherwise, they’ll both leave garbage behind.Unit6-A 4月7日，星期六
我和史蒂夫已拖運(yùn)垃圾整整四個(gè)小時(shí)了，中間只停下來(lái)說(shuō)了約五分鐘的話。每次我將滿滿的一桶垃圾扛上肩，肩膀就痛得厲害，有時(shí)候扛著垃圾朝街上走，腿都打顫，可我心里卻對(duì)自己說(shuō)：“挺住，垃圾工，要挺住。”
我原本就沒(méi)有想過(guò)這工作會(huì)有什么快樂(lè)可言。倒、扛、走、扛、走。時(shí)間過(guò)得飛快。
星期六意味著一路上大多數(shù)成年人會(huì)呆在家里。上學(xué)的孩子也一樣。我心里琢磨，這可能意味著我挨家挨戶收垃圾時(shí)可以和人們多搭上幾句話了。很多人在花園里或花房里干活兒。多數(shù)人看上去是可以說(shuō)說(shuō)話的。雖沒(méi)有工夫聊很久，但問(wèn)候幾句以示禮貌還是有時(shí)間的。
但我吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)并不是這么回事。
直到我在幾家院子里問(wèn)候了幾次以后，才意識(shí)到這么做是不常見的。偶爾，有人也會(huì)看著我，微笑一下，對(duì)我說(shuō)一聲“你好”，或者“今天天氣真好”。這時(shí)，我還是感到有人情味兒。可多數(shù)情況下，人們的反應(yīng)要么是不理我，要么是因?yàn)槲疫@個(gè)垃圾工竟然也和他們說(shuō)話而驚訝地盯著我看。
一個(gè)身著家常便服的婦女見我繞過(guò)她家的拐角，臉上露出驚訝之色。聽到我向她打招呼，她就趕緊用衣服把自己嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)地遮了起來(lái)，并匆忙退回屋里。我還聽到咔嗒一聲門被鎖上了。另一個(gè)婦女，院子里養(yǎng)了一只巨大古怪的動(dòng)物。我問(wèn)她那是什么動(dòng)物，她兩眼盯著我。我以為她耳背，所以提高了聲音。她好像給嚇著了似的，冷冷地轉(zhuǎn)身走了。
這兒離垃圾場(chǎng)有很長(zhǎng)一段路，在駕車去垃圾場(chǎng)的路上，史蒂夫氣憤地?cái)⒄f(shuō)著
這些事情。
“從多數(shù)人看你的那種眼光，就知道在他們眼里垃圾工是怪物。如果你對(duì)他們問(wèn)聲好，他們就驚奇地看著你。他們根本沒(méi)想到我們也是人。”
“有個(gè)女人往垃圾箱里倒煙灰。我說(shuō)，我們這樣沒(méi)法裝運(yùn)。她說(shuō)，?我倒什么你管得著嗎，你算什么東西? 你不過(guò)是個(gè)垃圾工罷了。?我說(shuō)，?聽著，太太，我的智商是137，高中畢業(yè)時(shí)是班上的尖子生。我干這活是為了掙錢，不是因?yàn)槲抑荒芨蛇@個(gè)。?”
“我真想對(duì)他們說(shuō)，?你瞧瞧，我跟你們一樣干凈。?可這沒(méi)用。我從不對(duì)任何人說(shuō)我是垃圾工。我說(shuō)我是卡車司機(jī)。我家里人知道，可我妻子的家人不知道。如果有人正好碰到，問(wèn)?你是給垃圾公司開車嗎??我就說(shuō)是。我相信我們做的事是人們所需要的，就像當(dāng)警察或者消防隊(duì)員一樣。我并不為此而感到見不得人，可我也不會(huì)到處去吹噓自己的工作。”
“有一天，我妻子的一個(gè)朋友見到她孩子從家里跑出來(lái)看垃圾車，她就大聲叫嚷起來(lái)，?離那些垃圾工遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)，他們身上臟?。我很生她的氣。我說(shuō)，?那些垃圾工和我們一樣干凈。??你好像很同情他們似的，?她說(shuō)。?是的，我是很同情他們。?可我從沒(méi)有告訴她這是為什么。”
這活兒我原先只打算干兩天，可現(xiàn)在我要干下去。這可鍛煉人呢，雖然肩部肌肉酸痛，可我扛垃圾桶越扛越得心應(yīng)手了。我越干越快，越干越利索。在室外干活還可以呼吸新鮮空氣，而且完全不像人們認(rèn)為的那樣，我干的活兒其實(shí)很干凈。
我還決定繼續(xù)在人家的院子里向人們說(shuō)“你好”。這不會(huì)有什么壞處，而且感覺(jué)依舊不錯(cuò)。說(shuō)實(shí)話，我感到驕傲，我在做一項(xiàng)必不可少的工作。每晚工作結(jié)束時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)國(guó)家比早上更干凈了。并不是許多人每晚都能這樣說(shuō)的。
約翰?加德納曾寫道，一個(gè)只贊揚(yáng)哲學(xué)家而蔑視管道工的社會(huì)必定會(huì)出現(xiàn)麻煩。他警告說(shuō)：“這個(gè)社會(huì)的管道和理論都會(huì)出問(wèn)題。”他也許應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步要求人們既尊重經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家又尊重垃圾工；不然的話，他們都會(huì)在身后留下垃圾。
He worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00 A.M.Sunday morning.最終，他于星期天凌晨3點(diǎn)工作致死。
The obituary didn't say that, of course.當(dāng)然，訃告上沒(méi)有這樣寫。It said that he died of a coronary thrombosis--I think that was it--but everyone among his friends and acquaintances knew it instantly.訃告上寫的是死于冠狀動(dòng)脈血栓證，但他的好友和熟識(shí)的人都心知肚明。He was a perfect Type A, a workaholic, a classic, they said to each other and shook their heads--and thought for five or ten minutes about the way they lived.他們互相握著手，搖頭嘆息地說(shuō)他是一個(gè)追求完美的A型血人，一個(gè)典型的工作狂，然后用幾分鐘時(shí)間來(lái)反思自己的生活方式。
This man who worked himself to death finally and precisely at 3:00 A.M.這個(gè)男人最終在星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整工作致死。Sunday morning--on his day off--was fifty-one years old and a vice-president.星期天的早上，這天剛好是這個(gè)51歲的副總裁的休息日。He was, however, one of six vice-presidents, and one of three who might conceivably--if the president died or retired soon enough--have moved to the top spot.Phil knew that.他是公司六位副總裁之一，也是副總裁中三位最讓人信任的人之一，如果總裁已經(jīng)逝世或者退休的話，他已經(jīng)成為了最高職位。菲爾清楚這一點(diǎn)。
He worked six days a week, five of them until eight or nine at night, during a time when his own company had begun the four-day week for everyone but the executives.他一周工作六天，其中五天工作到夜里八九點(diǎn)，他的公司里除了高級(jí)官員，其他人都已經(jīng)開始四天工作制。He worked like the Important People.他工作起來(lái)像一個(gè)重要人物。He had no outside “extracurricular interests,” unless, of course, you think about a monthly golf game that way.當(dāng)然，就像你想象中那樣，他每月打一次高爾夫球，他沒(méi)有其他的愛(ài)好。To Phil, it was work.對(duì)菲爾而言，高爾夫是工作。He always ate egg salad sandwiches at his desk.He was, of course, overweight, by 20 or 25 pounds.他總是在他的桌前吃著吃雞蛋沙拉三明治，他難免有點(diǎn)發(fā)福，超重了20-25磅。He thought it was okay, though, because he didn't smoke.他想這沒(méi)什么關(guān)系，因?yàn)樗麖牟怀闊煛?/p>
On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit, because it was the weekend.星期六，菲爾換下西服，穿著運(yùn)動(dòng)衫去上班，因?yàn)檫@是周末。
He had a lot of people working for him, maybe sixty, and most of them liked him most of the time.他有大約60個(gè)人為他效力，大部分人在大部分時(shí)候覺(jué)得他很不錯(cuò)。Three of them will be seriously considered for his job.其中三位緊盯著他的職位。The obituary didn't mention that.訃告上沒(méi)有提及這些。
But it did list his “survivors” quite accurately.但是訃告詳細(xì)地介紹了他的遺孀。He is survived by his wife, Helen, forty-eight years old, a good woman of no particular marketable skills, who worked in an office before marrying and mothering.他的妻子，海倫，一個(gè)48歲的好女人，沒(méi)有什么特別的市場(chǎng)能力，在結(jié)婚生子之前在一家公司上班。She had, according to her daughter, given up trying to compete with his work years ago, when the children were small.她說(shuō)，在女兒的記憶里，她很多年前，當(dāng)孩子們還很小的時(shí)候，就放棄了和他工作的抗?fàn)帯 company friend said, “I know how much you will miss him.” And she answered, “I already have.” 一個(gè)工作伙伴說(shuō)，“我知道你將對(duì)他有多思念”，她回答到，“我一直都很想他。”
“Missing him all these years,” she must have given up part of herself which had cared too much for the man.She would be “well taken care of.” “想了他這么多年了，”她如此在乎的這個(gè)男人，必須放棄她，以后她將會(huì)被“好好的照顧”。
His “dearly beloved” eldest of the “dearly beloved” children is a hard-working executive in a manufacturing firm down South.他的“最愛(ài)的”孩子們中“最愛(ài)的”長(zhǎng)子是南方某制造公司努力工作的經(jīng)理。In the day and a half before the funeral, he went around the neighborhood researching his father, asking the neighbors what he was like.They were embarrassed.在葬禮前的一天半里，他走訪鄰居詢問(wèn)鄰居們?cè)儐?wèn)鄰居對(duì)他的印象。他們很尷尬。
His second child is a girl, who is twenty-four and newly married.他的第二個(gè)孩子是一個(gè)女孩，24歲了，剛剛結(jié)婚。She lives near her mother and they are close, but whenever she was alone with her father, in a car driving somewhere, they had nothing to say to each other.她和媽媽住的很近，很親密，但是無(wú)論什么時(shí)候，當(dāng)她和爸爸獨(dú)處的時(shí)候，哪怕是在一輛車中，他們互相沒(méi)有什么言語(yǔ)。
The youngest is twenty, a boy, a high-school graduate who has spent the last couple of years, like a lot of his friends, doing enough odd jobs to stay in grass and food.最小的是一個(gè)男孩，20歲，高中畢業(yè)生，像很多他的朋友一樣，做一些零工，吃喝玩樂(lè)。He was the one who tried to grab at his father, and tried to mean enough to him to keep the man at home.他是唯一一個(gè)能夠抓住父親的人，嘗試把父親留到家里。He was his father's favorite.Over the last two years, Phil stayed up nights worrying about the boy.他是他父親最喜歡的兒子，在生命的最后兩年里，菲爾整夜擔(dān)心這個(gè)孩子。
The boy once said, “My father and I only board here.” 他曾說(shuō)過(guò)，“父親和我只是在這里寄宿”
At the funeral, the sixty-year-old company president told the forty-eight-year-old widow that the fifty-one-year-old deceased had meant much to the company and would be missed and would be hard to replace.在葬禮上，60歲的總裁安慰48歲的遺孀說(shuō)，這位51歲的死者對(duì)公司的貢獻(xiàn)巨大，沒(méi)有人可以替代他的位置。The widow didn't look him in the eye.這位遺孀不敢直視他眼睛。She was afraid he would read her bitterness and, after all, she would need him to straighten out the finances--the stock options and all that.她害怕他可以讀出她的苦痛，畢竟，她需要他幫忙清理丈夫的財(cái)政—股票什么的。
Phil was overweight and nervous and worked too hard.菲爾超重、焦慮、工作強(qiáng)度太大。If he wasn't at the office he was worried about it.如果他不在公司，就會(huì)擔(dān)心公司的工作。Phil was a Type A, heart-attack natural.You could have picked him out in a minute from a lineup.菲爾是一個(gè)A型血，先天易發(fā)心臟病。在人群中，你可以一眼就把他認(rèn)出來(lái)。
So when he finally worked himself to death, at precisely 3:00 A.M.Sunday morning, no one was really surprised.所以當(dāng)他最終因工作死于星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整，沒(méi)人感到意外。
By 5:00 P.M.the afternoon of the funeral, the company president had begun, discreetly of course, with care and taste, to make inquiries about his replacement.One of three men.He asked around: “Who's
been working the hardest?” 葬禮過(guò)后的下午5點(diǎn)，公司總裁已經(jīng)開始謹(jǐn)慎地，帶著小心和鑒賞，審視著三位可以代替他職位的人。他問(wèn)到“誰(shuí)工作最努力？”
Unit6-B 星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整，他終于把自己累死了。
當(dāng)然，訃告并沒(méi)有這么說(shuō)，只說(shuō)他死于心臟病。但是他的朋友和熟人很快就明白了是怎么回事。他是個(gè)典型的A型人，工作成癮。相互間他們這么說(shuō)，搖著頭，并且沉思五或十分鐘，反思他們的生活方式。
此君叫菲爾，星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整，把自己累死了。那天是他的休息日，可他卻在工作。他把自己生命中的最后18年獻(xiàn)給了那項(xiàng)工作。他51歲，是公司的一位副總裁。更確切地說(shuō)，他是六位副總裁之一，而且，假如公司總裁去世或者很快退休的話，他是有可能升至最高職位的三位副總裁之一。菲爾是休息不起的。
他每周工作六天，其中五天每天工作到晚上八點(diǎn)或九點(diǎn)，而此時(shí)他的公司除了當(dāng)官的，其他人都已開始每周工作四天。他撥不出時(shí)間來(lái)做戶外活動(dòng)，除非你把他每月打一次高爾夫球也算在內(nèi)。對(duì)于菲爾來(lái)說(shuō)，那也是工作。他總是在辦公桌上吃雞蛋色拉三明治。當(dāng)然，他比較胖，患有高血壓。每逢星期六，菲爾就穿運(yùn)動(dòng)茄克衫而不是西服去辦公室，因?yàn)槭侵苣?/p>
他手下有很多人，大約60個(gè)，多數(shù)時(shí)候大多數(shù)人都喜歡他，敬慕他。其中三人將被認(rèn)真考慮來(lái)接替他的工作。訃告對(duì)此避而不談。
然而訃告卻一一列出了被他“留下的人”。在他身后有妻子海倫，她48歲，心地善良，但卻沒(méi)有特別的職業(yè)技能，結(jié)婚生子之前曾做過(guò)辦公室工作。據(jù)她女兒說(shuō)，多年前孩子們還小時(shí)，她就放棄了與他的工作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。公司的一位朋友說(shuō)：“我知道你將多么思念他。”而她回答道：“我早已這樣了。”
“這些年來(lái)思念著他，”她已經(jīng)放棄了自己的一部分，這部分的她太關(guān)心這個(gè)男人了。從此她將“得到很好的關(guān)照”。
他“親愛(ài)的孩子”中“親愛(ài)的長(zhǎng)子”在南方的一家制造公司當(dāng)經(jīng)理，工作很努力。在安葬父親的前一天，他走訪了鄰居，試圖多了解他的父親。鄰居們很尷尬，只能裝作比事實(shí)上更了解他的父親。
他的第二個(gè)孩子是個(gè)女兒，今年24歲，剛剛結(jié)婚。她住在她母親附近，兩人關(guān)系親密。但是，以前每當(dāng)她和父親單獨(dú)在一起時(shí)，比如開車去什么地方時(shí)，兩人幾乎無(wú)話可說(shuō)。
最小的是個(gè)男孩，今年20歲，是個(gè)高中畢業(yè)生。和他的許多朋友一樣，他滿足于打零工，以維持吃飯和吸大麻。他父親的工作不適合他。雖然如此，他依然努力理解他父親，努力表明自己對(duì)他很重要，以此將他拴在家里。他是他父親的最愛(ài)。在過(guò)去的兩年里，菲爾常為擔(dān)心這個(gè)男孩而睡不著覺(jué)。
這男孩有一次說(shuō)道：“我和我父親只住在這里。”
在葬禮上，60歲的公司總裁告訴48歲的寡婦，51歲的死者對(duì)公司非常重要，公司會(huì)思念他，很難找到人來(lái)代替他。寡婦不敢正面看他。她擔(dān)心他會(huì)看出她的不快。畢竟，她需要他來(lái)理清他們之間的財(cái)務(wù)——優(yōu)先認(rèn)股權(quán)等等之類。
菲爾身體胖，弦總是繃得緊緊的，工作太賣力。如果他不在辦公室，他就放心不下。他是容易患心臟病的那種人。在一大群人中，你一眼就能將他辨認(rèn)出來(lái)。
因此，當(dāng)他星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整終于把自己累死時(shí)，沒(méi)有人真正感到吃驚。安葬的那天下午五點(diǎn)，公司總裁開始（當(dāng)然非常謹(jǐn)慎地）向他的左右詢問(wèn)接替菲爾的人選（三者之一）的情況。他問(wèn)大家：“誰(shuí)工作最賣力？”
第二篇：新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第二版讀寫教程課文翻譯【第一冊(cè)】
Unit1a 學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)是我一生中最艱苦也是最有意義的經(jīng)歷之一。雖然時(shí)常遭遇挫折，但卻非常有價(jià)值。
我學(xué)外語(yǔ)的經(jīng)歷始于初中的第一堂英語(yǔ)課。老師很慈祥耐心，時(shí)常表?yè)P(yáng)學(xué)生。
由于這種積極的教學(xué)方法，我踴躍回答各種問(wèn)題，從不怕答錯(cuò)。兩年中，我的成績(jī)一直名列前茅。
到了高中后，我渴望繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。然而，高中時(shí)的經(jīng)歷與以前大不相同。以前，老師對(duì)所有的學(xué)生都很耐心，而新老師則總是懲罰答錯(cuò)的學(xué)生。
每當(dāng)有誰(shuí)回答錯(cuò)了，她就會(huì)用長(zhǎng)教鞭指著我們，上下?lián)]舞大喊：“錯(cuò)！錯(cuò)！錯(cuò)！” 沒(méi)有多久，我便不再渴望回答問(wèn)題了。
我不僅失去了回答問(wèn)題的樂(lè)趣，而且根本就不想再用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)半個(gè)字。
好在這種情況沒(méi)持續(xù)多久。
到了大學(xué)，我了解到所有學(xué)生必須上英語(yǔ)課。
與高中老師不同，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)老師非常耐心和藹，而且從來(lái)不帶教鞭！不過(guò)情況卻遠(yuǎn)不盡如人意。
由于班大，每堂課能輪到我回答的問(wèn)題寥寥無(wú)幾。
上了幾周課后，我還發(fā)現(xiàn)許多同學(xué)的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得比我要好得多。我開始產(chǎn)生一種畏懼感。
雖然原因與高中時(shí)不同，但我卻又一次不敢開口了。看來(lái)我的英語(yǔ)水平要永遠(yuǎn)停步不前了。
直到幾年后我有機(jī)會(huì)參加遠(yuǎn)程英語(yǔ)課程，情況才有所改善。這種課程的媒介是一臺(tái)電腦、一條電話線和一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器。
我很快配齊了必要的設(shè)備并跟一個(gè)朋友學(xué)會(huì)了電腦操作技術(shù)，于是我每周用5到7天在網(wǎng)上的虛擬課堂里學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)并不比普通的課堂學(xué)習(xí)容易。
它需要花許多的時(shí)間，需要學(xué)習(xí)者專心自律，以跟上課程進(jìn)度。我盡力達(dá)到課程的最低要求，并按時(shí)完成作業(yè)。
我隨時(shí)隨地都在學(xué)習(xí)。
不管去哪里，我都隨身攜帶一本袖珍字典和筆記本，筆記本上記著我遇到的生詞。我學(xué)習(xí)中出過(guò)許多錯(cuò)，有時(shí)是令人尷尬的錯(cuò)誤。有時(shí)我會(huì)因挫折而哭泣，有時(shí)甚至想放棄。
但我從未因別的同學(xué)英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得比我快而感到畏懼，因?yàn)樵陔娔X屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根據(jù)自己的需要花時(shí)間去琢磨自己的想法。
突然有一天我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我說(shuō)起英語(yǔ)來(lái)靈活自如。盡管我還是常常出錯(cuò)，還有很多東西要學(xué)，但我已嘗到了刻苦學(xué)習(xí)的甜頭。
學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是非常艱辛的經(jīng)歷，但它又無(wú)比珍貴。
它不僅使我懂得了艱苦努力的意義，而且讓我了解了不同的文化，讓我以一種全新的思維去看待事物。
學(xué)習(xí)一門外語(yǔ)最令人興奮的收獲是我能與更多的人交流。
與人交談是我最喜歡的一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，新的語(yǔ)言使我能與陌生人交往，參與他們的談話，并建立新的難以忘懷的友誼。
由于我已能說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，別人講英語(yǔ)時(shí)我不再茫然不解了。我能夠參與其中，并結(jié)交朋友。
我能與人交流，并能夠彌合我所說(shuō)的語(yǔ)言和所處的文化與他們的語(yǔ)言和文化之間的鴻溝。Unit1b
雖然常規(guī)的學(xué)校依然存在，但虛擬課堂在今天的教學(xué)領(lǐng)域中起著重要的作用。
隨著學(xué)生就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的迅速增多，越來(lái)越多不同年齡層的人開始意識(shí)到這種在家就學(xué)的網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)方式。
然而，網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)生需要具備一些特別的素質(zhì)才能取得成功。以下是網(wǎng)上學(xué)生要取得成功必備的一些理想素質(zhì)。
1.與人分享生活、工作及學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這些是網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)的一部分。
許多人發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)需要他們運(yùn)用各自的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，同時(shí)又為他們提供了相互交流的場(chǎng)所。這一交流場(chǎng)所消除了一些學(xué)生自我表達(dá)的視覺(jué)障礙。此外，學(xué)生在答題之前有時(shí)間進(jìn)行思考，這就使得網(wǎng)上環(huán)境開放而友好。2.能通過(guò)書寫進(jìn)行交流。
虛擬課堂的交流幾乎都是書面形式。因而很重要的一點(diǎn)是學(xué)生要具有書面表達(dá)能力。
有些學(xué)生書面表達(dá)能力差，有待提高，可以在網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)之前提高或?qū)⑵渥鳛榫W(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)的一部分。這常常需要他們加倍努力。
不管是單獨(dú)學(xué)習(xí)還是小組學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生們就學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容交流觀點(diǎn)和見解，并展開討論，同時(shí)了解其他同學(xué)的意見。
這樣，學(xué)生可以從同齡人那里得到啟發(fā)，既跟老師學(xué)，又互相學(xué)習(xí)。
3.說(shuō)出你的困難。
記住，虛擬課堂里老師看不見學(xué)生。
這就意味學(xué)生必須直接明了地表達(dá)自己的看法和要求。
如果碰到技術(shù)方面的問(wèn)題，或在理解課程中遇到困難，必須大膽說(shuō)出來(lái)，否則任何人都無(wú)從知曉問(wèn)題所在。
如果某人不理解某個(gè)問(wèn)題，或許別人也有同樣的問(wèn)題。如果有哪個(gè)學(xué)生能解決，他(她)也許就會(huì)幫助你。
學(xué)生在給他人解釋問(wèn)題時(shí)，自己對(duì)該問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)也加深了。
4.認(rèn)真對(duì)待課程。
網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)并不比課堂學(xué)習(xí)容易。
事實(shí)上，許多學(xué)生說(shuō)它需要花更多的時(shí)間和努力。網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程的要求不低于其他任何一種優(yōu)質(zhì)課程。
然而，取得成功的學(xué)生認(rèn)為網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)是一種便捷的受教育方式，但并不容易。晚上或周末，為了完成作業(yè)，許多網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)生在電腦前一坐就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。別人已完成作業(yè)和學(xué)習(xí)，開始玩耍，而此時(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)生卻很可能還在上課。他們每門課程每周要上4到15小時(shí)。
5.把批判性思維和決策作為網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)的一部分。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程要求學(xué)生根據(jù)事實(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出決定。
對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)講，理解并消化信息，并通過(guò)批判性思維做出正確的決定是十分必要的。
在積極的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中，學(xué)生從老師、同學(xué)那里感受到自己的價(jià)值，對(duì)自己的學(xué)習(xí)也感到滿意。
6.三思而后答。
在虛擬課堂上做出有意義、高質(zhì)量的回答是網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)的重要部分。要花時(shí)間斟酌并仔細(xì)作答，提倡對(duì)不同觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證和質(zhì)疑。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)生往往并不總是對(duì)的；他們應(yīng)做好準(zhǔn)備，迎接挑戰(zhàn)。
7.跟上課程進(jìn)度。
網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)通常是循序漸進(jìn)的，要求學(xué)生專心投入。與網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程保持同步，并按時(shí)完成所有功課至關(guān)重要。一旦落后就很難趕上。
學(xué)生要有成功的欲望，而且也要渴望這種經(jīng)歷。
老師可能會(huì)與學(xué)生面對(duì)面交流，提供幫助并提醒他們跟上進(jìn)度的必要性。
正如許多優(yōu)秀教師并不能有效地用網(wǎng)絡(luò)輔助教學(xué)一樣，并不是所有學(xué)生都具備在網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)中取得成功所需的素質(zhì)。
具備上述素質(zhì)的人通常能夠成為優(yōu)秀的網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)生。
一旦擁有這些素質(zhì)，網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)說(shuō)不定將是你最有價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。Unit2a
收音機(jī)“咔嗒”一聲，搖滾樂(lè)就大聲地響開了。音樂(lè)像槍聲似的將桑迪吵醒。她看了一下鐘，早上6點(diǎn)一刻。
她躺在床上，聽著她喜歡的電臺(tái)廣播，嘴里哼著歌詞。
“桑迪，” 她父親喊道，“桑迪，把音樂(lè)關(guān)了！” 史蒂夫·芬奇沖進(jìn)她的臥室。
“你為什么一定要聽這么糟糕的音樂(lè)？ 還聽了一遍又一遍。
雖然有節(jié)奏，可恐怕不是真正的音樂(lè)。” “我喜歡這種音樂(lè)，爸爸。這是我最喜歡的。您聽一下吧，您肯定會(huì)喜歡的。” 桑迪伸手把音樂(lè)開得更響。
“別，別開那么響，我受不了。
把收音機(jī)音量調(diào)低點(diǎn)，這樣我和你媽媽就聽不到了。我敢肯定，那音樂(lè)既傷你的耳朵，又傷你的大腦。”
桑迪走進(jìn)浴室，打開淋浴噴頭。
然后她抓起香皂，渾身上下洗個(gè)遍，連頭發(fā)也洗了。
淋浴后，桑迪梳了梳頭發(fā)，穿上一件舊的綠色圓領(lǐng)衫和一條牛仔褲。接著她化好妝，走進(jìn)了廚房。
和往常一樣，她不知道早餐該吃什么，便抓了杯牛奶，站在洗滌槽旁吃烤面包。就在此時(shí)，她媽媽簡(jiǎn)走進(jìn)了廚房。
“桑迪，你怎么不坐下吃飯？ 站著吃飯對(duì)身體不好。”
“我知道，媽媽，可我沒(méi)時(shí)間坐著吃。”
“昨天做作業(yè)了吧，寶貝？”
“做了。”
“刷過(guò)牙了？”
“媽媽，我還沒(méi)吃完飯呢。吃完了再刷。”
“桑迪，你怎么穿那件舊圓領(lǐng)衫呢？ 難看死了。”
“媽媽，請(qǐng)別這樣。”
“別怎么樣？”
“別這樣煩我。”
“桑迪，你怎么描起眼線來(lái)了？”
“我是描了，媽媽。我都描了幾個(gè)月了。難道不漂亮？”
“桑迪·芬奇，你還小，不能化這么濃的妝。”
“媽媽，我都15歲了，到了可以化妝的年齡了。
給您說(shuō)實(shí)話吧，學(xué)校的女孩子都化妝，有些還文身，有的還戴耳環(huán)、鼻環(huán)、舌環(huán)呢。媽媽，我現(xiàn)在沒(méi)時(shí)間給您說(shuō)，我快遲到了，得走了。再見。” 桑迪匆匆吻了一下媽媽的臉頰，拿起書沖出了屋子。
桑迪離家上學(xué)后，簡(jiǎn)·芬奇平靜地坐下來(lái)喝咖啡。沒(méi)過(guò)一會(huì)兒，她丈夫走了進(jìn)來(lái)。
“史蒂夫，喝點(diǎn)咖啡吧？”簡(jiǎn)問(wèn)道。
“不，謝謝，親愛(ài)的。我胃不舒服，心亂如麻。可能是因?yàn)槟怯憛挼囊魳?lè)每天早上把我吵醒。
我想我還不至于老得落伍吧，可沒(méi)完沒(méi)了地聽那毫無(wú)韻律、令人討厭的歌曲實(shí)在讓我生氣。”
“你知道，親愛(ài)的，不同年齡的人喜歡不同的音樂(lè)，” 簡(jiǎn)勸說(shuō)道。“還記得我們聽過(guò)的一些音樂(lè)嗎？”
史蒂夫笑了，“你說(shuō)得有道理。也許吃點(diǎn)早飯能讓我感覺(jué)好一點(diǎn)。”
“你注意到了嗎，今天早晨我們15歲的女兒都化了什么樣的妝？ 我真不敢相信自己以前沒(méi)有注意到。
我想我們應(yīng)該感到幸運(yùn)，因?yàn)槲覀兣畠旱淖畲髥?wèn)題還只是化妝。我看到其他年輕人在鎮(zhèn)上游手好閑，還文身，渾身穿了許多洞。”
“令我擔(dān)心的是，”史蒂夫說(shuō)，“那種音樂(lè)對(duì)桑迪可能有負(fù)面的影響。我不知道我們的女兒到底怎么回事。她在變，我很擔(dān)心她。
化妝品，糟糕的音樂(lè)，誰(shuí)知道以后還會(huì)有什么花樣？ 我們得和她談?wù)劇?/p>
新聞里報(bào)道的盡是惹上麻煩的青少年，可他們的父母卻不知道自己的孩子有什么問(wèn)題。”
“哦，我倒不認(rèn)為她的音樂(lè)如此糟糕。
但不管怎么說(shuō)，你還是說(shuō)得對(duì)，我們需要和桑迪談?wù)劊?簡(jiǎn)說(shuō)道。
去上班的路上，簡(jiǎn)·芬奇一面開著車，一面想著她的桑迪。她知道自己想說(shuō)什么，得對(duì)桑迪說(shuō)什么。她和桑迪之間還可以進(jìn)行交流，這令她很高興。
她知道自己得有耐心，得保持自己和桑迪之間溝通的渠道暢通。她想在桑迪的身邊，做她的保護(hù)人，同時(shí)又給她尋找自我的自由。Unit2b “代溝”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)于20世紀(jì)60年代。
代溝的概念之一是指父母和孩子有不同的價(jià)值觀和信仰。
因此，很多父母害怕孩子贊成伙伴的觀點(diǎn)，父母轉(zhuǎn)而失去影響力。
雖然這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)還是常常被使用，有人卻開始問(wèn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題：“今天的社會(huì)還有代溝嗎？”
有一項(xiàng)研究比較了四代人：18-30歲的人，31-48歲的人，49-62歲的人，63歲和63歲以上的人，問(wèn)了幾個(gè)問(wèn)題以了解人們對(duì)一些問(wèn)題的基本信仰和價(jià)值觀，如“努力工作是成功之道”，“美國(guó)是世界上最佳的生活地”。四代人給出的答案非常接近。
許多對(duì)年輕人的研究駁斥了代溝這一觀念的存在。
這些研究顯示，較之父母對(duì)音樂(lè)、服裝和何為“酷”的評(píng)價(jià)，年輕人更趨于贊同伙伴的見解，與此同時(shí)，在生活中更重要的方面，如職業(yè)生涯、終身目標(biāo)等，他們還是繼續(xù)依賴父母的基本價(jià)值觀和指導(dǎo)。
當(dāng)然，總趨勢(shì)是不能時(shí)時(shí)用于個(gè)例的。
覺(jué)得在我們和我們的十多歲孩子之間好像存在令人不快的“代溝”，需要彌合它，這是自然的。
然而，問(wèn)題也許不在于見解和價(jià)值觀的不同，而在于我們相互理解和溝通的方式。下面的建議摘自于一篇題為“彌合代溝”的文章，也許對(duì)彌合代溝有所幫助。
尊重他人。
尊重與信任是能感染人的。
年輕人往往以父母看待他們的方式看待自己。
反過(guò)來(lái)，當(dāng)你表示你尊重他們有能力決策和從錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，他們會(huì)因此而獲得自信和自尊。
多聽少說(shuō)。
詢問(wèn)聽起來(lái)可能像審問(wèn)，不要這樣。應(yīng)該抱有好奇的態(tài)度而不是控制之心。
問(wèn)些這樣的問(wèn)題：“怎么會(huì)這樣？你現(xiàn)在怎么看？當(dāng)時(shí)吃驚嗎？現(xiàn)在打算怎么做？你有什么計(jì)劃？這事你是不是需要幫助？”
如果你的目的只是聽，在孩子說(shuō)話時(shí)，你就需小心別在心里琢磨怎么回答。這樣你會(huì)聽得更好，而孩子也會(huì)受到鼓勵(lì)說(shuō)得更多。
先問(wèn)孩子是否想聽，然后才說(shuō)你的觀點(diǎn)。
只有當(dāng)孩子說(shuō)“是”時(shí)才繼續(xù)說(shuō)下去，而且要簡(jiǎn)潔。不要說(shuō)教，不要期待孩子同意你的觀點(diǎn)。
說(shuō)話時(shí)，如果你的態(tài)度是“我是這樣理解的”，而不是“這樣看問(wèn)題才對(duì)”，孩子就可能更愿意聽，而不會(huì)有逆反心理。
用“我們”而不用“你”。
“離開家之前我們要做家務(wù)，我們?cè)趺戳侠肀仨氉龅氖履兀俊?/p>
不論你用什么方式，只要能將“這是我們共同的事”這一信息傳達(dá)給孩子，就有助于彌合本可能由沖突帶來(lái)的鴻溝。
保持冷靜。
交談時(shí)生氣或者太激動(dòng)，你就可能輕易地毀了自己的可信度。
不要說(shuō)“你毀了你的一生！”而要說(shuō)“我擔(dān)心如果......會(huì)怎么樣。在這種情況下，你想你可能怎么辦？”
不要使用雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。青少年非常警惕雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
別指望他們遵守你自己都不遵守的規(guī)則。
無(wú)論是打電話報(bào)平安，還是叫他們收拾東西，或用奶盒喝牛奶，“照我說(shuō)的做”而不是“照我做的做”是不會(huì)改善關(guān)系的。
承認(rèn)自己的錯(cuò)誤，說(shuō)說(shuō)你從他們身上學(xué)到了什么。
表現(xiàn)出自我接受和對(duì)不完美的容忍能很好地鼓勵(lì)青少年（以及你身邊的其他人），也往往能讓他們更容易接近你，向你提出問(wèn)題、表達(dá)遺憾甚至對(duì)你提出挑戰(zhàn)。
當(dāng)你認(rèn)為自己做錯(cuò)了事或說(shuō)錯(cuò)了話，比如發(fā)了脾氣或爭(zhēng)論時(shí)說(shuō)了令人傷心的話，就道歉。
有欣賞之心。
青少年常有幽默感，充滿活力，看什么事都覺(jué)得可能，這些能使父母意識(shí)到自己身上已被忘記或忽略的好的方面。
當(dāng)十多歲的孩子體驗(yàn)到被人愛(ài)時(shí)，他們通常表現(xiàn)得更可愛(ài)。Unit3a 在我還未成年時(shí)，如果有人看到我和父親在一塊兒，我就會(huì)覺(jué)得難堪。
他腿瘸得很厲害，個(gè)子又矮。我們一起走路時(shí)，他的手搭在我臂上以保持平衡，人們就會(huì)盯著看。對(duì)于這種討厭的注視，我打心眼里感到別扭。
即使父親注意到這些或感到不安，他也從不表露出來(lái)。
我們的步伐難以協(xié)調(diào)一致——他常常停下腳步，而我的步子卻顯得不耐煩。正因?yàn)槿绱耍覀円宦泛苌僬f(shuō)話。
但每次出門時(shí)，他總說(shuō)：“你按你的步速走，我跟著你。”
我們通常就在地鐵口和家門口之間來(lái)回，那是他上班的路線。他生病或天氣惡劣時(shí)也堅(jiān)持上班，幾乎從不缺勤。他總是準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)到辦公室，即使別人做不到。這是件可以引以為榮的事。
當(dāng)路上覆蓋冰雪時(shí)，即使有人攙扶，他也難以行走。
這種時(shí)候，我或者我的姐妹們就用一輛帶有鋼輪的兒童推車?yán)┻^(guò)紐約布魯克林的街道到地鐵站口。
一到那兒，他就緊抓著地鐵口的扶手一直往下走，因?yàn)榈罔F內(nèi)比較暖和，下面幾級(jí)臺(tái)階沒(méi)有冰雪。曼哈頓的地鐵站直通他們辦公樓的地下室，他不用出站（就可到辦公室）。下班回家時(shí)，我們會(huì)去布魯克林的地鐵站口接他。
現(xiàn)在回想起來(lái)，我不禁驚嘆：像他那樣一個(gè)成年人，得有多大的勇氣才能承受這樣的屈辱和壓力，而當(dāng)時(shí)他卻顯得毫無(wú)痛苦，也沒(méi)怨言。
他從不說(shuō)自己可憐，也從不表現(xiàn)出對(duì)那些比他幸運(yùn)或健康的人的羨慕。
他從別人那兒尋找的是一顆“好心”。一旦找到了，那人在他心目中就是個(gè)大好人。
現(xiàn)在我長(zhǎng)大了，我相信這是判斷一個(gè)人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。雖然我還沒(méi)有確切理解什么是“好心”，但我知道自己有時(shí)候并沒(méi)有這么一顆“好心”。
雖說(shuō)很多活動(dòng)父親都不能參加，但他還是試著以某種方式來(lái)參與。當(dāng)?shù)匾粋€(gè)棒球隊(duì)缺少一個(gè)經(jīng)理時(shí)，是他使球隊(duì)正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
他是一個(gè)見多識(shí)廣的棒球迷，常常帶我到埃貝茨球場(chǎng)，觀看布魯克林道奇隊(duì)的比賽。他喜歡參加各種舞會(huì)和聚會(huì)，雖然在那兒他只能坐著觀看，卻也能享受一番樂(lè)趣。
記得在一次沙灘聚會(huì)上，進(jìn)行了一場(chǎng)毆斗，人人揮拳上陣，相互推撞。他不滿足只是坐著觀看，然而在松軟的沙地上如果沒(méi)人幫助，他又站不起來(lái)。
于是在極度無(wú)助的情況下，他高聲喊道：“誰(shuí)坐下來(lái)和我對(duì)打!誰(shuí)愿意坐下來(lái)和我對(duì)打!”
沒(méi)有人坐下來(lái)和他對(duì)打。
第二天，人們和他開玩笑，說(shuō)是第一次聽到拳擊手在開打之前，就有人要求他倒地服輸。
如今我知道他是通過(guò)我，他唯一的兒子，間接地參與了一些事情。我打球時(shí)（球技很糟），他也“打”；后來(lái)我加入海軍，他也“加入”了。我休假回家時(shí)，他一定要讓我去參觀他的辦公室。
在介紹我時(shí)，雖然沒(méi)有說(shuō)出口，但他實(shí)際上在說(shuō)：“這是我兒子，但也是我。如果我沒(méi)瘸，我也會(huì)和他一樣。”
如今父親已去世多年，但我時(shí)常想起他。
不知他當(dāng)時(shí)是否留意在我們同行時(shí)，我不愿意被人看到。
若他確實(shí)注意到了，那我真慚愧當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)能對(duì)他說(shuō)我是多么對(duì)不起他，我是多么不孝，我有多么后
悔。
現(xiàn)在，每當(dāng)我因一些瑣事而怨天尤人的時(shí)候，每當(dāng)我嫉妒別人運(yùn)氣比我好的時(shí)候，每當(dāng)我沒(méi)有一顆“好心”的時(shí)候，我就會(huì)想起他。
每逢此時(shí)，我就設(shè)想自己將手搭在他的臂上，重新找回自己的平衡，我會(huì)說(shuō)：“你按你的步速走，我跟著你。” Unit3b 故事開始于布魯克林鬧市區(qū)的一個(gè)街角處。
有個(gè)老漢過(guò)馬路時(shí)突然暈倒在地, 一輛救護(hù)車把他急速送往金斯縣醫(yī)院。在醫(yī)院里, 老人時(shí)昏時(shí)醒, 反反復(fù)復(fù)叫喊著,要見兒子。
急救室的一位護(hù)士在他口袋里發(fā)現(xiàn)一封已被揉皺的信，從信中得知他兒子是海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)的戰(zhàn)士，隨部隊(duì)駐扎在北卡羅來(lái)納州。看來(lái), 他沒(méi)有別的親戚。
醫(yī)院有人給布魯克林區(qū)的紅十字辦公室掛了電話，向北卡羅來(lái)納州海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)營(yíng)地的紅十字機(jī)構(gòu)的主任發(fā)出請(qǐng)求, 讓那個(gè)年輕人趕緊回布魯克林。
由于時(shí)間緊迫——病人已奄奄一息——紅十字會(huì)的人和一名軍官乘一輛軍車出發(fā)。趕到部隊(duì)時(shí)他們看到那個(gè)年輕人正在參加軍事演習(xí)，徒步穿越沼澤地。他被及時(shí)送到機(jī)場(chǎng), 趕上那班能把他送到臨終的父親身邊的唯一的一架班機(jī)。
年輕的海軍戰(zhàn)士走進(jìn)金斯縣醫(yī)院的入口大廳時(shí)，已是黃昏。一名護(hù)士將這位疲勞、焦急的軍人帶到了老人床邊。
她對(duì)老人說(shuō)：“您兒子來(lái)了。”
她重復(fù)說(shuō)了好幾遍，老人的眼睛才睜開。
老人服用了醫(yī)治心臟病的藥物，損害了他的視力，所以他只能看見一個(gè)年輕人的身影，身穿海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)軍服，站在氧氣帳外。
他伸出手，那位海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)隊(duì)員立刻用自己有力的手緊緊握住了這只無(wú)力的手，充滿了愛(ài)與鼓勵(lì)。護(hù)士搬來(lái)一張椅子，那海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)隊(duì)員就坐在床邊守著。
醫(yī)院里長(zhǎng)夜漫漫，年輕的海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)士整夜坐在燈光昏暗的病房里，握著老人的手，給予老人希望與力量。
護(hù)士偶爾會(huì)過(guò)來(lái)勸他休息一會(huì)兒，但他都拒絕了。
護(hù)士每次進(jìn)來(lái)，海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)士都坐在那兒。對(duì)于護(hù)士的進(jìn)出、醫(yī)院晚上的各種響動(dòng)——氧氣瓶的撞擊聲、值夜班的醫(yī)生護(hù)士打招呼時(shí)的笑聲、其他病人的哭喊、呻吟聲和呼吸聲——他都視若不見。
不時(shí)地，護(hù)士聽見他柔聲說(shuō)著什么。
彌留之際的老人則什么也沒(méi)說(shuō)，只是在那一夜大部分的時(shí)間里緊緊抓著兒子的手。
天快亮?xí)r老人去世了。
海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)隊(duì)員把那只他一直握著的、現(xiàn)在已失去生命的手放回床上，然后去通知護(hù)士。在護(hù)士去做善后工作時(shí)，他抽了根煙，這是他進(jìn)醫(yī)院后抽的第一支香煙。
最后，護(hù)士回到了護(hù)士辦公室，而他則一直等在那兒。護(hù)士開始安慰他，但他卻打斷了她，“那位老人是誰(shuí)?”他問(wèn)。
“他是你父親啊!”她回答道，詫異萬(wàn)分。
“不，他不是，”海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)隊(duì)員回答道。“我以前從沒(méi)見過(guò)這個(gè)人。”
“那我?guī)氵M(jìn)去時(shí)，你為什么不說(shuō)?”護(hù)士問(wèn)道。
“當(dāng)時(shí)我就知道弄錯(cuò)了。但我同樣也知道，他需要他的兒子，而他的兒子又恰好不在。當(dāng)我發(fā)現(xiàn)他病得這么重，都認(rèn)不出我不是他的兒子后，我想他確實(shí)是很需要我的。所以我留下來(lái)了。”
說(shuō)完這些話后，海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)士轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身，離開了醫(yī)院。
兩天后，北卡羅來(lái)納海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)基地給布魯克林紅十字會(huì)發(fā)來(lái)一份通知：老人真正的兒子正在前往布魯克林參加他父親葬禮的路上。
原來(lái)，軍中恰好有兩個(gè)海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)隊(duì)員同名同姓，并且編號(hào)相近。人事部的官員拿錯(cuò)了檔案。
但是，這個(gè)假兒子在老人真正需要兒子的時(shí)刻卻成了真正的兒子。而且他以一種非常人道的方式，證明了在這個(gè)世界上確實(shí)有人會(huì)關(guān)心自己同胞的遭遇。Unit4a 有研究顯示，我們對(duì)他人的判斷是根據(jù)我們最初遇到他們的七秒鐘里所進(jìn)行的無(wú)聲交流形成的。無(wú)論是有意識(shí)還是無(wú)意識(shí)，我們都會(huì)用我們的眼神、面部表情、形體動(dòng)作和態(tài)度來(lái)表現(xiàn)我們的真實(shí)情感，從而使他人產(chǎn)生從舒適到害怕等一連串反應(yīng)。
想想那些讓你最為難忘的會(huì)面：被介紹給你未來(lái)的妻子或丈夫、一次求職面試、與陌生人的一次邂逅。
將注意力集中在最初的七秒鐘，你當(dāng)時(shí)有何感想？ 你是如何“解讀”他人的？ 你認(rèn)為他又是如何解讀你的？
你本人就是信息。
25年來(lái)，我在工作中和數(shù)千個(gè)想要成功的人打過(guò)交道。
我?guī)椭麄儯顾麄兯鞯难葜v有說(shuō)服力，教他們?nèi)绾位卮鸩挥押玫奶釂?wèn)，以及如何與人更有效地溝通。
而所有這一切的秘訣都在于要懂得你本人就是信息。
如果你能利用你的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，別人就會(huì)愿意跟你在一起，并且愿意幫助你。
這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括：外表、活力、語(yǔ)速、語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)、手勢(shì)、眼神，以及使他人對(duì)你保持興趣的能力。別人對(duì)你的印象就是根據(jù)這些因素形成的。
想想有哪幾次你確切知道你給人留下了好印象。你成功的原因又是什么？
那是因?yàn)槟銓?duì)你所談?wù)摰氖虑榉浅Ｍ度耄惝?dāng)時(shí)完全沉浸其中，以至于完全沒(méi)有了羞澀的感覺(jué)。
保持自我。
許多指導(dǎo)性的書籍會(huì)建議你大步走進(jìn)一個(gè)房間，用你的優(yōu)點(diǎn)給別人留下深刻印象。他們會(huì)教你以 “有力的握手”問(wèn)候他人，并且告訴你要用雙眼注視對(duì)方。可你如果遵循了所有這些建議，你會(huì)讓所有的人都受不了——包括你自己。
訣竅在于要始終如一地保持自我，保持最佳狀態(tài)的自我。給人印象最深的那些人從不隨著情境的變化而改變自己。
無(wú)論是在與人交談時(shí)，在園藝俱樂(lè)部上發(fā)表演說(shuō)時(shí)，還是在求職面試中，他們的表現(xiàn)都是一樣的。他們?nèi)硇牡嘏c人交流；他們的音調(diào)和手勢(shì)與他們說(shuō)的話保持著一致。
然而，演說(shuō)家常常會(huì)傳遞一些混合不清的信息。
我最喜歡用來(lái)作例子的一類演說(shuō)家是那些邊看自己的鞋子邊說(shuō)“女士們、先生們，我很高興來(lái)到這里”的人。
他們看上去并不高興。
他們看上去氣憤、恐懼或沮喪。
聽眾總是相信自己的親眼所見勝過(guò)耳聞。
他們會(huì)想，“他告訴我他很高興，可他并不是這樣。他并沒(méi)有說(shuō)實(shí)話。”
用你的眼睛。
不管你是和一個(gè)人交談，還是對(duì)一百個(gè)人發(fā)表講話，始終記住你要看著他們。
有些人在開始說(shuō)話時(shí)會(huì)直視你，但一句話剛說(shuō)了幾個(gè)字，他就會(huì)中斷與你目光的接觸，把目光移向窗外。
當(dāng)你走進(jìn)房間時(shí)，目光從容地掃視；然后直視房間里的人，并對(duì)他們微笑。微笑是很重要的，它表明你很放松。
有人認(rèn)為走進(jìn)一個(gè)有很多人的房間就像走進(jìn)一個(gè)獅子籠。我不同意這種說(shuō)法。
就算我同意，我也肯定不會(huì)看著自己的腳或是天花板。我會(huì)注視那頭獅子。
別太當(dāng)真。
一次在員工會(huì)議上，一位娛樂(lè)業(yè)最有影響的董事長(zhǎng)由于一些微不足道的問(wèn)題大發(fā)雷霆，責(zé)備每一位員工，為能使員工害怕自己而感到滿足。
當(dāng)他走向我，對(duì)我喊道，“還有你，艾爾斯，你在忙些什么？”
我說(shuō)：“你是說(shuō)現(xiàn)在？今晚？還是在我的余生中？”之后有片刻的沉默。接著董事長(zhǎng)仰頭放聲大笑。其他人也跟著笑起來(lái)。幽默可以打破尷尬場(chǎng)合中的緊張氣氛。
如果一定要我用幾個(gè)字說(shuō)出我的建議的話，那就是“別太當(dāng)真”!你總會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有一些人對(duì)待自己太過(guò)認(rèn)真。
他們通常不是在沉思，就是在滔滔不絕地談?wù)撟约骸?/p>
仔細(xì)地觀察一下你自己，你說(shuō)“我”的次數(shù)是否過(guò)多？ 你通常是否將注意力集中在你個(gè)人的問(wèn)題上？ 你是否經(jīng)常抱怨？
對(duì)于上述問(wèn)題，哪怕只有其中一個(gè)你給出的是肯定的回答，那么你就需要“別太當(dāng)真”了。為了讓別人感到自在，你自己先要表現(xiàn)得輕松。不必作出大的改變，只需要保持自我。
你本身已具備了給人留下良好印象的能力，因?yàn)橐３帜愕淖晕遥挥心阕约翰拍茏龅煤茫l(shuí)也代替不了你。Unit4b “我一看見他就喜歡上了他!”
“她甚至還沒(méi)有開口說(shuō)一個(gè)字，我就知道她很有趣。”
此類說(shuō)法就是“快速判斷”的例子，也就是迅速形成的根本沒(méi)有充分理由的判斷。多數(shù)人說(shuō)這種快速判斷是不可靠的，甚至是危險(xiǎn)的。
但他們也承認(rèn)他們常常會(huì)作出快速判斷，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)這些判斷是相當(dāng)合理的。
像“一見鐘情”或“瞬間成恨”這樣的快速判斷，如果被過(guò)于當(dāng)真，通常會(huì)被看成是不成熟或缺乏判斷力的表現(xiàn)。
當(dāng)一個(gè)人對(duì)另一個(gè)人“有感覺(jué)”時(shí)，人們更多的是付之一笑，不會(huì)太在意。多數(shù)人認(rèn)為了解一個(gè)人要通過(guò)在一段時(shí)間里傾聽這個(gè)人說(shuō)的話。
還有一些人說(shuō)“說(shuō)得好不如做得好”，這通常與信守諾言、付賬、以及寄錢回家等行為相關(guān)。
由于人們以為“對(duì)你的了解是通過(guò)你的言談”，他們就通過(guò)大量的交談去結(jié)識(shí)對(duì)方。一旦兩個(gè)人認(rèn)識(shí)了，他們就會(huì)認(rèn)為是談話給了他們有關(guān)對(duì)方的信息。
然而，隨著行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言的重要性被高估了。
盡管語(yǔ)言是最顯而易見的交流形式，但我們確實(shí)在使用其他一些交際形式。對(duì)于這些形式，我們也許只是部分地意識(shí)到了，而在有些情況下我們完全沒(méi)有意識(shí)到。
我們有可能無(wú)意識(shí)地用我們的行為發(fā)出信息，這些信息又會(huì)被別人無(wú)意識(shí)地接收到，并藉以形成判斷。
這些無(wú)意識(shí)的行為以及對(duì)它們產(chǎn)生的反應(yīng)也許可以在某種程度上解釋我們的“感覺(jué)”和“快速判斷”。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們用形體進(jìn)行著大量的交流——通過(guò)我們走、坐和站的方式，以及我們的手和頭的動(dòng)作。
想象一下：幾個(gè)坐在一間等候室里的人，一個(gè)在用手指輕輕敲打公文包，一個(gè)在不停地揉搓雙手，一個(gè)在咬自己的手指甲，一個(gè)用手緊抓著椅子的扶手，還有一個(gè)在不斷地用手指梳理著頭發(fā)。這些人都沒(méi)有說(shuō)話，但是如果你知道他們所使用的“形體語(yǔ)言”，他們實(shí)際上“說(shuō)”了很多。
最“說(shuō)明問(wèn)題”的兩種行為方式是開車和玩游戲。
注意一下一個(gè)人在這類情況下遇到壓力時(shí)的反應(yīng)，以及他們?cè)谄渌闆r下遇到挑釁性行為時(shí)的反應(yīng)。
那些在開車和玩游戲時(shí)容易氣憤、興奮、消極或是憤恨的人也許會(huì)向別人揭示他們內(nèi)心的那個(gè)自我。
盡管衣服純粹是一種實(shí)際需要，但你的著裝方式也會(huì)傳遞很多東西，如你的社會(huì)地位、精神狀態(tài)，甚至你的渴望和夢(mèng)想。
一個(gè)11歲的女孩穿得像個(gè)大學(xué)生，或是一個(gè)40歲的女人穿得像個(gè)十幾歲的少女，她們都在通過(guò)自己的穿著表達(dá)某種信息。
你通過(guò)自己的服裝所傳達(dá)的信息肯定會(huì)影響到其他人，使他們認(rèn)同你正在傳遞的自己的形象：在商界，一個(gè)穿著像個(gè)成功經(jīng)理的人很有可能被提升到經(jīng)理職位上來(lái)。
同樣重要的還有一個(gè)人佩戴的飾物：徽章、獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆⒅閷毜取?/p>
這些飾物常常是一個(gè)人顯示其各方面情況的手段：信念（競(jìng)選運(yùn)動(dòng)徽章）、信仰（宗教標(biāo)志）、作為某一特定組織成員的身份（俱樂(lè)部飾針或徽章）、昔日的成就（大學(xué)畢業(yè)紀(jì)念指環(huán)或PBK聯(lián)誼會(huì)鑰匙），以及經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況（鉆石）。
表現(xiàn)人本性的另一種標(biāo)記在于其對(duì)建筑風(fēng)格和家具的選擇。一個(gè)確實(shí)愿意住在城堡里的人，如果生活在中世紀(jì)可能會(huì)更自在。
那些喜歡維多利亞式家庭住宅和家具的人也許在心底里歡迎更為嚴(yán)格的社會(huì)規(guī)范。對(duì)現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)感到滿意的人，現(xiàn)代的生活方式可能會(huì)使他們心滿意足。
你初次見到一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，即使他不跟你說(shuō)話，你也開始觀察他了：他的行為、態(tài)度、衣著，以及許多其他東西。
如果你知道如何“解讀”，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其中包含著豐富的信息。也許快速判斷并非那么不合理。Unit5a 獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征（艾滋病）是20世紀(jì)70年代末在美國(guó)發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
自那時(shí)以來(lái)，艾滋病已奪走了20.4萬(wàn)多美國(guó)人的生命——其中有一半是在過(guò)去幾年中喪生的。此外，在100萬(wàn)感染艾滋病病毒的人當(dāng)中有18.5萬(wàn)人也將在一年內(nèi)死亡。
被診斷感染艾滋病病毒的人當(dāng)中有一半是黑人和來(lái)自拉丁美洲的美國(guó)人。南部農(nóng)村社區(qū)的婦女和青年是數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)最快的艾滋病患者群體。
盡管數(shù)量大得驚人，但聯(lián)邦和各州政府在實(shí)施防止艾滋病蔓延的計(jì)劃方面行動(dòng)遲緩。鑒于政府行動(dòng)不力，許多地方性組織便應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。
南卡羅來(lái)納艾滋病教育網(wǎng)絡(luò)機(jī)構(gòu)成立于1985年，目的在于防止艾滋病病例數(shù)量的增加。和許多地方性組織一樣，該組織缺乏資金，這迫使它創(chuàng)造性地使用其資源。為接觸更多的社區(qū)居民，有些艾滋病教育計(jì)劃在美發(fā)店實(shí)施。
美發(fā)店老板在顧客進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)向他們散發(fā)艾滋病資料，在他們等著頭發(fā)晾干時(shí)，向他們放映有關(guān)預(yù)防艾滋病的錄像片。
她還在店里放一些書籍和其他出版物，供顧客等候時(shí)閱讀。她在工作的同時(shí)使許許多多人受到了教育，這一點(diǎn)著實(shí)讓人贊嘆。
最近，這一教育網(wǎng)絡(luò)機(jī)構(gòu)已開始幫助整個(gè)美國(guó)東南部的發(fā)型設(shè)計(jì)師們?cè)谒麄兊拿腊l(fā)店里實(shí)施類似計(jì)劃。
他們也是向?qū)W校、社區(qū)組織和教堂傳播信息的有價(jià)值的資源。
這一組織還總結(jié)出了一些對(duì)其他從事同樣工作的團(tuán)體頗有裨益的方法。
盡管還沒(méi)有一種能戰(zhàn)勝艾滋病的方法，但這一網(wǎng)絡(luò)機(jī)構(gòu)在與艾滋病斗爭(zhēng)中獲得了以下經(jīng)驗(yàn)：
以社區(qū)居民能接受的方式與他們交談。
許多社區(qū)的居民受教育比例低，這使得向他們散發(fā)艾滋病資料、希望他們自己閱讀這一做法不切實(shí)際。
為解決這一問(wèn)題，需要請(qǐng)一些善于繪畫的人來(lái)編寫適合于教育程度低的居民閱讀的艾滋病教育圖書。
這些書采用簡(jiǎn)單的、手工繪制的“憂傷的臉”和“幸福的臉”等圖畫，說(shuō)明防止感染艾滋病的方法。
這些書也展示一些看上去同那些需要接受教育的人很相似的圖片。當(dāng)居民們看到熟悉的面孔和能夠理解的語(yǔ)言時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)表更多的議論和看法。
這樣一來(lái)，這些書在使用它們的社區(qū)里所產(chǎn)生的影響要比政府出版的書產(chǎn)生的影響大，而政府出版的書籍成本要高出數(shù)千美元。
培訓(xùn)青少年去教育自己的同齡人。
由于艾滋病在南部農(nóng)村地區(qū)的青少年當(dāng)中傳播速度最快，發(fā)型設(shè)計(jì)師們?cè)O(shè)立了一個(gè)稱為“艾滋病克星”的項(xiàng)目，培訓(xùn)8到26歲的青少年，讓他們到社區(qū)給同齡人上“艾滋病101”課程。這些青少年使這門課程變得簡(jiǎn)單易學(xué)，在向他們的同齡朋友解釋感染艾滋病的危險(xiǎn)性時(shí)，他們干得比成年人出色得多。
他們?cè)趲椭改咐斫夂⒆铀?jīng)受的各種來(lái)自于同齡人的壓力方面也起著重要作用。
對(duì)“存在危險(xiǎn)”這一概念重新界定，從而把不同背景、不同婚姻狀況的婦女都包括進(jìn)去。一位婦女的醫(yī)生對(duì)她說(shuō)她不存在染上艾滋病的危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)結(jié)婚，而且不吸毒。這類錯(cuò)誤觀念困擾著醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)。
根據(jù)疾病控制中心的預(yù)測(cè)，女性將占感染艾滋病病毒人數(shù)的80%。
發(fā)型設(shè)計(jì)師們也強(qiáng)調(diào)每個(gè)人都存在著危險(xiǎn)，所以我們每個(gè)人都有權(quán)保護(hù)自己——無(wú)論結(jié)婚與否。
這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)不是解決艾滋病危機(jī)的唯一方法，但在找到治療艾滋病的方法之前，教育不失為預(yù)防感染艾滋病病毒的唯一安全措施。
和以前其他傳染病不同，艾滋病這一傳染性疾病有可能奪去一代人的生命，從而使另一代人失去雙親。
因而我們決不能讓文化、種族和社會(huì)的障礙阻止我們專心從事我們必須做的工作。我們也不能因?yàn)檎ぷ餍实投艞壩覀兊墓ぷ鳌＿@是一場(chǎng)不宣而戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，我們每個(gè)人都必須參加，只有這樣我們才能取得勝利。我們絕對(duì)不能因?yàn)檎務(wù)摪滩?huì)使我們感到難受，而聽任人們繼續(xù)被艾滋病奪去生命。每個(gè)人都必須成為教育者，必須學(xué)會(huì)生存。Unit5b 我登上梯子，聽到起跳的指令，便開始做躍入空中的動(dòng)作。
我用腳蹬跳板，臂膀向后抬起，但馬上意識(shí)到身體下落時(shí)可能會(huì)靠近跳板，碰傷手。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)身體時(shí)，我努力糾正動(dòng)作，盡量把胳膊張開。接著我聽到一種奇怪的響聲，身體就失去了控制。很快我便意識(shí)到自己的頭部碰到了跳板。
開始時(shí)我覺(jué)得很尷尬，想藏起來(lái)，想離開游泳池，而不讓別人發(fā)現(xiàn)。接著便感到十分恐懼。頭碰破了嗎？ 流血了嗎？
游泳池里有沒(méi)有血？
我游到池邊，注意到許多張?bào)@愕的臉。
人們都擔(dān)心我頭部是否受傷，而我卻擔(dān)心著比這更為可怕的事情。一位官員來(lái)檢查我的頭部。
我趕忙把他和其他所有接近我的人推開。“別碰我！”我?guī)缀跏窃诖蠼校白唛_！”
這是1988年在韓國(guó)漢城舉行的奧運(yùn)會(huì)預(yù)選賽。在這一跳之前，我的成績(jī)名列前茅。但現(xiàn)在，另外一件事情比獲勝更重要。
要是我的血濺到了游泳池里，就會(huì)危及其他跳水選手的生命。因?yàn)槲抑馈渌贁?shù)幾個(gè)人也知道——我是艾滋病病毒攜帶者。
母親告訴我，我的生身父母是薩摩亞人，我出生時(shí)他們才十幾歲，所以他們把我送給別人撫養(yǎng)。我18個(gè)月大的時(shí)候便開始接受體操訓(xùn)練。10歲時(shí)我便在游泳池的跳板上訓(xùn)練。
由于我膚色黑，常常遭到學(xué)校里孩子們的辱罵。
放學(xué)回家時(shí)常常遭到欺負(fù)。盡管同齡孩子們讓我覺(jué)得自己不如別人，但跳水卻使我對(duì)自己有了信
心。
上七年級(jí)時(shí)，我開始吸毒。
在16歲時(shí)，我獲得參加1976年奧運(yùn)會(huì)的機(jī)會(huì)。
在決賽前一個(gè)月舉行的預(yù)賽中，我獲得了十米跳臺(tái)和跳板的第一名！這是驚人的，因?yàn)槲抑饕M(jìn)行的是跳臺(tái)訓(xùn)練。在決賽中我獲得了跳臺(tái)銀牌。遺憾的是，我并不感到快樂(lè)。
相反，我覺(jué)得自己失敗了，因?yàn)槲覜](méi)能獲得金牌。之后，我就跟著著名的奧運(yùn)跳水教練羅恩·布賴恩訓(xùn)練。羅恩了解我，幫我加大訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度。我很快成了國(guó)際跳水運(yùn)動(dòng)的頂尖選手。
在1984年奧運(yùn)會(huì)上我奪得兩枚金牌：一枚跳臺(tái)金牌，一枚跳板金牌。這是可喜的勝利。
除了羅恩和幾個(gè)朋友外，那時(shí)沒(méi)有人知道我是同性戀者。我害怕如果人們知道了這一情況會(huì)對(duì)我感到厭惡。
四年之后，當(dāng)我為1988年漢城奧運(yùn)會(huì)作準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，得知我的伴侶得了艾滋病。我可能也是艾滋病病毒陽(yáng)性或染上了艾滋病, 我得接受這一現(xiàn)實(shí)。當(dāng)我知道自己的艾滋病檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果是陽(yáng)性時(shí)，我感到震驚和困惑。我會(huì)死去嗎？
我想在88年奧運(yùn)會(huì)上再鑄輝煌的心愿會(huì)化為泡影嗎？ 我該怎么辦？
然而在這艱難的時(shí)刻，我卻不能把這些告訴任何人，因?yàn)橐坏┤藗冎牢沂前滩〔《娟?yáng)性，我便不能參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)比賽了。
漢城奧運(yùn)會(huì)預(yù)賽時(shí)我頭部碰到了跳板，大家都很吃驚。盡管如此，我還是進(jìn)入了決賽。
第二天早晨訓(xùn)練時(shí)，教練讓我從頭部碰到跳板時(shí)的跳水動(dòng)作開始練。起先我很害怕，但羅恩讓我做了6次。每重復(fù)一次，我的信心就更增強(qiáng)一分。
在決賽的最后一跳時(shí)，我最后一次領(lǐng)略了水下的寧?kù)o，然后我游到池邊。我不敢看計(jì)分牌，我看著羅恩的臉。
突然他跳了起來(lái)，人群歡呼了起來(lái)，我知道自己贏了——兩枚金牌，一枚三米跳板金牌，一枚十米跳臺(tái)金牌。
除了知道我是艾滋病病毒陽(yáng)性的羅恩和幾個(gè)朋友，沒(méi)有人知道這是多么的不容易。
艾滋病迫使我停止跳水；這次奧運(yùn)會(huì)之后，我只好退出職業(yè)跳水生涯。Unit6a 4月7日，星期六
我和史蒂夫已拖運(yùn)垃圾整整四個(gè)小時(shí)了，中間只停下來(lái)說(shuō)了約五分鐘的話。
每次我將滿滿的一桶垃圾扛上肩，肩膀就痛得厲害，有時(shí)候扛著垃圾朝街上走，腿都打顫，可我心里卻對(duì)自己說(shuō)：“挺住，垃圾工，要挺住。”
我原本就沒(méi)有想過(guò)這工作會(huì)有什么快樂(lè)可言。倒、扛、走、扛、走。時(shí)間過(guò)得飛快。
星期六意味著一路上大多數(shù)成年人會(huì)呆在家里。上學(xué)的孩子也一樣。
我心里琢磨，這可能意味著我挨家挨戶收垃圾時(shí)可以和人們多搭上幾句話了。很多人在花園里或花房里干活兒。多數(shù)人看上去是可以說(shuō)說(shuō)話的。
雖沒(méi)有工夫聊很久，但問(wèn)候幾句以示禮貌還是有時(shí)間的。
但我吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)并不是這么回事。
直到我在幾家院子里問(wèn)候了幾次以后，才意識(shí)到這么做是不常見的。
偶爾，有人也會(huì)看著我，微笑一下，對(duì)我說(shuō)一聲“你好”，或者“今天天氣真好”。這時(shí)，我還是感到有人情味兒。
可多數(shù)情況下，人們的反應(yīng)要么是不理我，要么是因?yàn)槲疫@個(gè)垃圾工竟然也和他們說(shuō)話而驚訝地盯著我看。
一個(gè)身著家常便服的婦女見我繞過(guò)她家的拐角，臉上露出驚訝之色。
聽到我向她打招呼，她就趕緊用衣服把自己嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)地遮了起來(lái)，并匆忙退回屋里。
我還聽到咔嗒一聲門被鎖上了。
另一個(gè)婦女，院子里養(yǎng)了一只巨大古怪的動(dòng)物。我問(wèn)她那是什么動(dòng)物，她兩眼盯著我。
我以為她耳背，所以提高了聲音。她好像給嚇著了似的，冷冷地轉(zhuǎn)身走了。
這兒離垃圾場(chǎng)有很長(zhǎng)一段路，在駕車去垃圾場(chǎng)的路上，史蒂夫氣憤地?cái)⒄f(shuō)著這些事情。
“從多數(shù)人看你的那種眼光，就知道在他們眼里垃圾工是怪物。如果你對(duì)他們問(wèn)聲好，他們就驚奇地看著你。他們根本沒(méi)想到我們也是人。”
“有個(gè)女人往垃圾箱里倒煙灰。我說(shuō)，我們這樣沒(méi)法裝運(yùn)。
她說(shuō)，‘我倒什么你管得著嗎，你算什么東西? 你不過(guò)是個(gè)垃圾工罷了。’
我說(shuō)，‘聽著，太太，我的智商是137，高中畢業(yè)時(shí)是班上的尖子生。我干這活是為了掙錢，不是因?yàn)槲抑荒芨蛇@個(gè)。’”
“我真想對(duì)他們說(shuō)，‘你瞧瞧，我跟你們一樣干凈。’可這沒(méi)用。我從不對(duì)任何人說(shuō)我是垃圾工。我說(shuō)我是卡車司機(jī)。
我家里人知道，可我妻子的家人不知道。
如果有人正好碰到，問(wèn)‘你是給垃圾公司開車嗎?’我就說(shuō)是。我相信我們做的事是人們所需要的，就像當(dāng)警察或者消防隊(duì)員一樣。我并不為此而感到見不得人，可我也不會(huì)到處去吹噓自己的工作。”
“有一天，我妻子的一個(gè)朋友見到她孩子從家里跑出來(lái)看垃圾車，她就大聲叫嚷起來(lái)，‘離那些垃圾工遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)，他們身上臟’。我很生她的氣。
我說(shuō)，‘那些垃圾工和我們一樣干凈。’ ‘你好像很同情他們似的，’她說(shuō)。‘是的，我是很同情他們。’ 可我從沒(méi)有告訴她這是為什么。”
這活兒我原先只打算干兩天，可現(xiàn)在我要干下去。
這可鍛煉人呢，雖然肩部肌肉酸痛，可我扛垃圾桶越扛越得心應(yīng)手了。我越干越快，越干越利索。在室外干活還可以呼吸新鮮空氣，而且完全不像人們認(rèn)為的那樣，我干的活兒其實(shí)很干凈。
我還決定繼續(xù)在人家的院子里向人們說(shuō)“你好”。這不會(huì)有什么壞處，而且感覺(jué)依舊不錯(cuò)。
說(shuō)實(shí)話，我感到驕傲，我在做一項(xiàng)必不可少的工作。每晚工作結(jié)束時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)國(guó)家比早上更干凈了。并不是許多人每晚都能這樣說(shuō)的。
約翰·加德納曾寫道，一個(gè)只贊揚(yáng)哲學(xué)家而蔑視管道工的社會(huì)必定會(huì)出現(xiàn)麻煩。他警告說(shuō)：“這個(gè)社會(huì)的管道和理論都會(huì)出問(wèn)題。”
他也許應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步要求人們既尊重經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家又尊重垃圾工；不然的話，他們都會(huì)在身后留下垃圾。Unit6b 星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整，他終于把自己累死了。
當(dāng)然，訃告并沒(méi)有這么說(shuō)，只說(shuō)他死于心臟病。但是他的朋友和熟人很快就明白了是怎么回事。
他是個(gè)典型的A型人，工作成癮。相互間他們這么說(shuō)，搖著頭，并且沉思五或十分鐘，反思他們的生活方式。
此君叫菲爾，星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整，把自己累死了。那天是他的休息日，可他卻在工作。他把自己生命中的最后18年獻(xiàn)給了那項(xiàng)工作。他51歲，是公司的一位副總裁。
更確切地說(shuō)，他是六位副總裁之一，而且，假如公司總裁去世或者很快退休的話，他是有可能升至最高職位的三位副總裁之一。菲爾是休息不起的。
他每周工作六天，其中五天每天工作到晚上八點(diǎn)或九點(diǎn)，而此時(shí)他的公司除了當(dāng)官的，其他人都已開始每周工作四天。
他撥不出時(shí)間來(lái)做戶外活動(dòng)，除非你把他每月打一次高爾夫球也算在內(nèi)。對(duì)于菲爾來(lái)說(shuō)，那也是工作。
他總是在辦公桌上吃雞蛋色拉三明治。當(dāng)然，他比較胖，患有高血壓。
每逢星期六，菲爾就穿運(yùn)動(dòng)茄克衫而不是西服去辦公室，因?yàn)槭侵苣?/p>
他手下有很多人，大約60個(gè)，多數(shù)時(shí)候大多數(shù)人都喜歡他，敬慕他。其中三人將被認(rèn)真考慮來(lái)接替他的工作。訃告對(duì)此避而不談。
然而訃告卻一一列出了被他“留下的人”。
在他身后有妻子海倫，她48歲，心地善良，但卻沒(méi)有特別的職業(yè)技能，結(jié)婚生子之前曾做過(guò)辦公室工作。
據(jù)她女兒說(shuō)，多年前孩子們還小時(shí)，她就放棄了與他的工作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。公司的一位朋友說(shuō)：“我知道你將多么思念他。” 而她回答道：“我早已這樣了。”
“這些年來(lái)思念著他，”她已經(jīng)放棄了自己的一部分，這部分的她太關(guān)心這個(gè)男人了。從此她將“得到很好的關(guān)照”。
他“親愛(ài)的孩子”中“親愛(ài)的長(zhǎng)子”在南方的一家制造公司當(dāng)經(jīng)理，工作很努力。在安葬父親的前一天，他走訪了鄰居，試圖多了解他的父親。鄰居們很尷尬，只能裝作比事實(shí)上更了解他的父親。
他的第二個(gè)孩子是個(gè)女兒，今年24歲，剛剛結(jié)婚。
她住在她母親附近，兩人關(guān)系親密。但是，以前每當(dāng)她和父親單獨(dú)在一起時(shí)，比如開車去什么地方時(shí)，兩人幾乎無(wú)話可說(shuō)。
最小的是個(gè)男孩，今年20歲，是個(gè)高中畢業(yè)生。和他的許多朋友一樣，他滿足于打零工，以維持吃飯和吸大麻。他父親的工作不適合他。雖然如此，他依然努力理解他父親，努力表明自己對(duì)他很重要，以此將他拴在家里。他是他父親的最愛(ài)。
在過(guò)去的兩年里，菲爾常為擔(dān)心這個(gè)男孩而睡不著覺(jué)。
這男孩有一次說(shuō)道：“我和我父親只住在這里。”
在葬禮上，60歲的公司總裁告訴48歲的寡婦，51歲的死者對(duì)公司非常重要，公司會(huì)思念他，很難找到人來(lái)代替他。寡婦不敢正面看他。
她擔(dān)心他會(huì)看出她的不快。畢竟，她需要他來(lái)理清他們之間的財(cái)務(wù)——優(yōu)先認(rèn)股權(quán)等等之類。
菲爾身體胖，弦總是繃得緊緊的，工作太賣力。如果他不在辦公室，他就放心不下。他是容易患心臟病的那種人。
在一大群人中，你一眼就能將他辨認(rèn)出來(lái)。
因此，當(dāng)他星期天凌晨三點(diǎn)整終于把自己累死時(shí)，沒(méi)有人真正感到吃驚。
安葬的那天下午五點(diǎn)，公司總裁開始（當(dāng)然非常謹(jǐn)慎地）向他的左右詢問(wèn)接替菲爾的人選（三者之一）的情況。
他問(wèn)大家：“誰(shuí)工作最賣力？” Unit7a 和大多數(shù)城里人一樣，我非常小心謹(jǐn)慎。
在把車開進(jìn)車庫(kù)前，我會(huì)掃視街道和周圍的小路，看看有沒(méi)有異常的人或物。那天晚上也不例外。
可是當(dāng)我手里拿著肯德基炸雞走出車庫(kù)時(shí)，一個(gè)身材圓胖、留著短髭、頭戴絨線帽、身穿深色尼龍夾克的年輕人從停車處旁的灌木叢中鉆出來(lái)，把手槍頂在我的雙眼之間。
“交出來(lái)，他媽的──，”他威脅道，“交出來(lái)。”
“嗨，”我說(shuō)，“拿去吧。”
我一邊說(shuō)，一邊把肯德基快餐盒放在小路旁邊的花盆上，同時(shí)設(shè)法把我房子的鑰匙扔進(jìn)灌木叢中。
“你的錢在哪兒? 你的錢在哪兒?”他吼道。
在我們?cè)庥龅娜^(guò)程中，他會(huì)重復(fù)自己說(shuō)的每一句話；出于本能，我也同樣重復(fù)著自己的話。
“在我錢包里，在我錢包里。”我說(shuō)。
他走到我的背后，把槍頂在我的脖子上，開始搜我的褲子口袋。
“錢包在哪兒?”他問(wèn)。
“在后面的口袋里。”
“還有呢?”
“我就這么多錢了。”
“手表在哪兒?”
“在這兒，”我邊回答邊把左臂伸出去。
就在這時(shí)，他的同伙出現(xiàn)了。
他很瘦小，手持一支加大的藍(lán)色鋼制手槍。
他深色的眼睛里閃著光，好似擦亮了的玻璃；他手臂和雙腿毫無(wú)預(yù)示地移動(dòng)著，就好像是連著看不見的電線似的。
他厲聲說(shuō)道，“不許看我們，不許看我們。”
他并不蠢。
我看過(guò)許多刑事審判，因而知道在那些武裝襲擊的受害者中，很少有人能夠辨認(rèn)出襲擊他們的人，因?yàn)樗麄兊淖⒁饬θ性跇屔希鴽](méi)有注意持槍人。我有意識(shí)地留意了一下他們的面部細(xì)節(jié)。
“我沒(méi)有看你們。”當(dāng)那個(gè)大個(gè)子劫匪把手表從我的手腕上扯下來(lái)時(shí)，我撒了個(gè)謊。“趴下，趴下，”那小個(gè)子命令我，并一把摘下了我的眼鏡，把它扔到草坪上。
這時(shí)，我已面朝下趴在了地上，前額緊貼著地面的泥土。
那個(gè)大個(gè)子劫匪用槍頂著我的后腦勺，小個(gè)子用手槍緊緊頂著我左邊的太陽(yáng)穴。
我當(dāng)時(shí)想，“這下完了。萊斯利會(huì)受不了的。主啊，可憐可憐我這個(gè)有罪的人吧。”
“這是什么?”大個(gè)子問(wèn)道。
我把頭轉(zhuǎn)向右邊。
“是肯德基炸雞，”我說(shuō)。
“我們要帶走，”大個(gè)子厲聲說(shuō)道。
于是，突然間，劫匪們手里拿著錢包、手表和炸雞，腳步聲在黑暗的街道上越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)。
我轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身，看見他們的影子鉆進(jìn)了一輛汽車，急速地開走了。
他們沒(méi)有殺我，但他們?yōu)槭裁催@么做呢? 是仁慈? 是因?yàn)闀r(shí)間太緊而顧不上? 還是因?yàn)轲囸I?
“多奇怪啊，”我心中暗想，“竟然是炸雞救了我的命。我看到的是死亡，而他們看到的是食物。”
我站起身來(lái)，找到了鑰匙，進(jìn)了屋，然后撥通了911。接線員記下了我對(duì)劫匪的描述，然后派了輛警車來(lái)。
我為自己倒了一杯烈性酒，不一會(huì)兒，兩個(gè)穿制服的洛杉磯警察局的警察就到了。他們對(duì)此事作了筆錄，說(shuō)“幸好”沒(méi)有受傷。
“但是，” 臨走時(shí)一個(gè)警察對(duì)我說(shuō)，“他們拿走了你的炸雞，這實(shí)在太不像話了。”
后來(lái)，一個(gè)警察打電話來(lái)詢問(wèn)其他細(xì)節(jié)。
他說(shuō)這兩個(gè)劫匪的作案手法表明他們可能就是過(guò)去幾個(gè)月里這一地區(qū)多起搶劫案的實(shí)施者。
他讓我到警察局去看一下疑犯的照片。
于是，上周一我翻看了相簿大小的幾本照片，多數(shù)是年輕人的──令人驚訝的是其中有相當(dāng)一部分實(shí)際上還是孩子。
一張張翻看并研讀這些照片，仿佛漂流在一條讓人傷心的河流上，就像身處英國(guó)詩(shī)人布萊克筆下的泰晤士河，似乎“看見每一個(gè)過(guò)往行人都是滿臉饑色，一副苦相”。
這些年輕人聚合在一起構(gòu)成了一條河流──一條已失去控制的河流，這條河流正吞噬著我們所珍視的東西的基礎(chǔ)：我們的行動(dòng)自由，我們的勞動(dòng)果實(shí)，我們的生命，以及那些我們所珍視的人的生命。
總有一天，我們將不得不面對(duì)這條河流，并探索其對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)不滿的深層原因。
而目前，我們所能做的就是看看罪犯的照片，并參與到構(gòu)筑抑制犯罪的大壩中去。Unit7b
我有一支黑色手槍，手柄是棕色的。
手槍就擱在我的床頭，里面裝著五顆子彈，并且總是上了膛的。
我一貫主張控制槍支，奇怪的是我現(xiàn)在依然主張控制槍支。
以前我沒(méi)有槍，并不是因?yàn)槲覍?duì)有關(guān)犯罪的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料不了解，也不是因?yàn)槲易哉J(rèn)為可以不受暴力的襲擊。
以前我認(rèn)為自己不相信暴力，我自己也沒(méi)暴力傾向，所以我不會(huì)受到暴力的侵襲。我還認(rèn)為我對(duì)人性本善的信念會(huì)使這一假想成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。
我應(yīng)該把槍從住所帶到車上，但是我沒(méi)有這樣做。
這支槍可以做的、被用來(lái)做的，比它所能阻止的更讓我感到恐懼。
如果我?guī)е鴺尩臅r(shí)候遭到了襲擊，那我就一定會(huì)用它來(lái)殺人，而不僅僅是傷人。
我曾想象自己遭遇歹徒的襲擊，并不是真的遇到這種事： 一個(gè)男子正在街上走。
我鎖上車，朝公寓走去，拿著鑰匙準(zhǔn)備開門。
還沒(méi)有走到門口，我覺(jué)得我聽到一個(gè)聲音在說(shuō)，“把錢給我。” 在我打開門之前我又聽到了一個(gè)聲音，然后我轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身，看到了一個(gè)持槍的人。
他很害怕。
我害怕我會(huì)嚇著他，致使他朝我開槍，我還擔(dān)心我把錢給他以后，他仍然會(huì)朝我開槍。我同樣也很生氣，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)我從未見過(guò)、也從未傷害過(guò)的人在用槍指著我。
我想象的這起搶劫中有某種令我不安的東西，這是我不愿承認(rèn)的東西，這是因?yàn)樾呃⒍晃矣幸饴匀サ臇| 西。
我明白我為什么會(huì)想象自己遭到一個(gè)男子的搶劫：他們?cè)谏眢w上占有優(yōu)勢(shì)，而且我也從沒(méi)聽說(shuō)有誰(shuí)遭到過(guò)一個(gè)女人的搶劫。
但為什么這個(gè)人是個(gè)黑人呢? 為什么是個(gè)穿著破舊T恤, 雙眼發(fā)亮的黑人男子呢? 為什么不是個(gè)白人?
我想象我站在克萊爾本街和杰克遜街拐角處的一個(gè)加油站等待付款，這時(shí)，一個(gè)黑人從我身后走來(lái)。
我沒(méi)有回頭，而是正眼朝前看，等著付款。
我盡量不表現(xiàn)出自己的焦慮，而這種焦慮的產(chǎn)生僅僅是因?yàn)樵谝粋€(gè)名聲不好的街區(qū)的加油站有一個(gè)黑人從我身后走來(lái)，而且他沒(méi)有汽車。
我又想象另一種可能性。
當(dāng)我聽見那個(gè)聲音時(shí)，我正帶著槍在街上走。那人一定沒(méi)看見我的槍。
我很生氣，因?yàn)槲沂艿搅送{，因?yàn)橛腥藶榱说玫轿铱诖锏腻X而危及著我的生命。
于是我轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身，既憤怒又恐懼，還未細(xì)想就開了槍。我也許只是因?yàn)?0或100美元就殺了一個(gè)人。他曾試圖搶劫我，可這一點(diǎn)并不重要。
一個(gè)人因?yàn)殄X而死，不一定是我的錢或者是他的錢，只是錢。是誰(shuí)給他的生命如此標(biāo)價(jià)的呢?
我記得有一個(gè)晚上和朋友一起開著她父母的車，在卡爾頓街和圖蘭街交叉處遇到紅燈，車停了下來(lái)。這時(shí)有一個(gè)黑人從我們車前穿過(guò)馬路。我的朋友便不由自主地鎖上了車門。
我很討厭她一看到那個(gè)黑人就鎖上車門的舉動(dòng)。不知他是否注意到了我們這一舉動(dòng)。
不知當(dāng)別人一看到你就鎖上車門，那會(huì)是一種什么樣的感覺(jué)。
我又設(shè)想另外一種在我的公寓前遭遇歹徒的情景。當(dāng)一個(gè)人向我要錢時(shí)我正帶著槍。我很生氣又很害怕，但我沒(méi)有用槍。
我害怕在我不使用槍的情況下可能發(fā)生的事情，但我更害怕殺死別人，害怕在因?yàn)闅⒘巳硕沽夹脑馐艿臒o(wú)盡譴責(zé)中活著。
于是我以生命做賭注，希望他拿了我的錢就會(huì)離開。但愿我能贏。
現(xiàn)在我走進(jìn)了我家附近的一家加油站。一個(gè)黑人已經(jīng)在排隊(duì)等候。
他突然跳起來(lái)并轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身，在看見我以后才放松下來(lái)，對(duì)我說(shuō)我嚇著他了，因?yàn)檫@一帶常出事。
“對(duì)不起，”我微笑著說(shuō)。
我意識(shí)到擔(dān)驚受怕的并不只是我一個(gè)人。Unit8a
奇思妙想是如何形成的，現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有令人滿意的解釋。
你對(duì)某一個(gè)問(wèn)題思考了很久，直至感到疲勞，把它忘掉了，也許暫時(shí)不去想它了，可后來(lái)卻忽然來(lái)了靈感!
當(dāng)你不去想它的時(shí)候，答案卻突然從天而降，仿佛上蒼賜予你的一份禮物。
當(dāng)然，并非所有的思想都是這樣產(chǎn)生的，但許多思想的產(chǎn)生確實(shí)如此，尤其是那些最為重要的思想。
它們猛然間躍入人的腦海，閃爍著創(chuàng)造的光芒。
它們是如何出現(xiàn)在人的腦海中的呢?這還是個(gè)謎。但這些思想一定來(lái)自某個(gè)地方。我們姑且假定它們是來(lái)自“潛意識(shí)”吧。這是有道理的，心理學(xué)家就是用這一術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)描述不為人知的思維過(guò)程。創(chuàng)造性思維有賴于未知的東西變成已知的東西。
我們都有過(guò)靈機(jī)一動(dòng)、突然有了一個(gè)新想法的經(jīng)歷，而這在那些富有創(chuàng)造性的天才人物身上最顯而易見。他們中的許多人對(duì)這種經(jīng)歷有著強(qiáng)烈的感受，并在回憶錄和信函中將其記錄了下來(lái)。無(wú)論是宗教、哲學(xué)、文學(xué)，還是藝術(shù)、音樂(lè)，甚至數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)、技術(shù)發(fā)明，在任何領(lǐng)域的天才人物身上，我們都能找到這樣的例子，雖然人們常常認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)以及技術(shù)發(fā)明所依賴的僅僅是邏輯和實(shí)驗(yàn)。
一切真正創(chuàng)造性的活動(dòng)都在某種程度上依賴于潛意識(shí)中的這些信號(hào)；一個(gè)人洞察力越強(qiáng)，這些信號(hào)就越鮮明、越引人注目。
以理查德·瓦格納創(chuàng)作《萊茵河的黃金》的前奏曲為例。
有關(guān)“鐘聲”的創(chuàng)意瓦格納已經(jīng)構(gòu)思了幾年時(shí)間，而他竭盡全力著手進(jìn)行作曲也已經(jīng)數(shù)月。1853年9月4日他抵達(dá)斯佩齊亞，當(dāng)時(shí)他正在生病。他去了一家旅館。由于旅館外面噪音太大，而他又在發(fā)燒，所以他無(wú)法入睡。第二天，他出去散步，走了很長(zhǎng)的路，下午，他一頭扎進(jìn)沙發(fā)想睡一覺(jué)。
這時(shí)候，他的潛意識(shí)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直在尋找的奇跡發(fā)生了。
他進(jìn)入了似睡非睡的朦朧狀態(tài)，驟然間感覺(jué)到自己仿佛掉進(jìn)了滔滔洪水之中, 不斷地下沉，很快，洪水的沖擊聲和咆哮聲以音樂(lè)的形式呈現(xiàn)在他的腦海里。
他意識(shí)到，久存于心中、卻始終未能譜寫成的《萊茵河的黃金》管弦樂(lè)前奏曲終于在他腦海里形成了。
在這個(gè)事例中，意識(shí)在創(chuàng)作的時(shí)候?qū)Πl(fā)現(xiàn)答案的實(shí)際過(guò)程一無(wú)所知。
作為對(duì)照，我們可以舉一個(gè)有名的事例，即法國(guó)偉大的數(shù)學(xué)家亨利·龐加萊發(fā)現(xiàn)被稱為富克斯函數(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)新方法的故事。
我們看到，在這位天才人物身上，意識(shí)活動(dòng)事實(shí)上一直注視著潛意識(shí)所起的作用。一連幾個(gè)星期，他每天伏案工作，花上一兩個(gè)小時(shí)嘗試著大量的組合，但毫無(wú)結(jié)果。一天夜里，他一反常規(guī)，喝了些清咖啡，無(wú)法入睡。
許多想法在他腦子里不斷涌現(xiàn)；他幾乎能感覺(jué)到這些想法在相互碰撞，直到其中的兩個(gè)結(jié)合在一起，形成了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的組合。
到了早晨，他已經(jīng)確證了一類富克斯函數(shù)的存在。他只需去證明其結(jié)果，而這只需要幾個(gè)小時(shí)即可以解決。
在這件事中，我們看到意識(shí)一直注視著在潛意識(shí)中形成的新組合，而瓦格納的例子則顯示了一個(gè)
新想法在意識(shí)中的突然迸發(fā)。
笛卡爾23歲時(shí)所做過(guò)的、決定了他的人生道路的一些夢(mèng)，可以作為第三種創(chuàng)造性經(jīng)歷的例證。在這之前，笛卡爾一直在尋找確定性，先是在書本里，然后是在人群中，但均未成功。然后，在1619年11月10日的一次睡夢(mèng)中，他有了一個(gè)意義重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)，即確定性只存在于自己的思想中，“我思，故我在”。這場(chǎng)夢(mèng)使他充滿了強(qiáng)烈的宗教熱情。
瓦格納、龐加萊和笛卡爾的經(jīng)歷代表了各個(gè)文化領(lǐng)域中無(wú)數(shù)其他的經(jīng)歷。潛意識(shí)無(wú)疑是本能活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的源泉。
然而，在創(chuàng)造性思維過(guò)程中，正是潛意識(shí)使得相對(duì)無(wú)序的成分變成新的有序形式。Unit8b
客人已經(jīng)到了, 但我又一次忘了把葡萄酒放進(jìn)冰箱里。“別擔(dān)心，” 一位朋友說(shuō)，“我馬上就能替你把酒冰好。”
五分鐘后，她拿著完全冰鎮(zhèn)好的葡萄酒從廚房走出來(lái)。
當(dāng)被問(wèn)到有什么秘訣時(shí)，她說(shuō)：“我把葡萄酒倒進(jìn)塑料袋里，再把袋子浸入冰水中。”
客人們鼓掌喝彩。
其中一個(gè)說(shuō)，“要是我們大家都能這么聰明, 該多好啊!”
十年來(lái)的研究使我確信, 我們都能變得那樣聰明。
普通人與愛(ài)迪生、畢加索或者莎士比亞之間的差別不在于是否有創(chuàng)造力, 而在于是否有通過(guò)激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性靈感并將這種靈感付諸實(shí)踐來(lái)利用創(chuàng)造力的能力。
我們大多數(shù)人很少能充分發(fā)揮自己的創(chuàng)造潛力，可蘊(yùn)藏在我們每個(gè)人大腦里的思想寶庫(kù)是能夠被開啟的。
下面介紹幾種提高創(chuàng)造力的具體方法。
捕捉稍縱即逝的想法。
好的想法就像兔子，會(huì)飛快地溜走，有時(shí)我們只能看到它的耳朵或者尾巴。所以, 要抓住它必須有所準(zhǔn)備。
有創(chuàng)造力的人總是隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備采取行動(dòng)——這也許是我們與這些人之間的唯一差別。
1821年，路德維希·凡·貝多芬在給朋友的一封信中談到他在馬車上打盹時(shí)想到了一首美妙的曲子，“可我一醒來(lái), 那首曲子便無(wú)影無(wú)蹤了，我怎么也記不起來(lái)。”
好在當(dāng)貝多芬第二天乘坐同一輛馬車時(shí)，那首曲子又回到了他的腦海，于是他把它記錄了下來(lái)，這對(duì)于貝多芬和我們都可謂是一件幸事。
有好主意的時(shí)候，把它寫下來(lái)——必要時(shí)就寫在手臂上。并非所有的想法都有價(jià)值, 但先捉住它, 以后再作評(píng)價(jià)。
冥思遐想。
畫家薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利經(jīng)常手拿著勺子躺在沙發(fā)上。當(dāng)他要入睡時(shí)，勺子就會(huì)掉到地板上的盤子里。
響聲會(huì)將他驚醒，他便立刻把在那個(gè)似睡非睡時(shí)的豐富世界里腦海中所浮現(xiàn)出來(lái)的眾多形象繪成草圖。
人人都會(huì)經(jīng)歷這種奇特的狀態(tài)，并可以加以利用。不妨試一試達(dá)利的方法或者干脆讓自己隨心所欲地遐想。
身處“三地”——床、浴室和公共汽車——常常會(huì)使你產(chǎn)生奇思妙想。只要你的思維不受干擾，你就會(huì)才思如泉涌。
尋找挑戰(zhàn)。
試一試邀請(qǐng)你生活中不同領(lǐng)域的朋友和商業(yè)伙伴來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
把不同年齡、不同社會(huì)地位的人組合在一起，會(huì)促使你用新的方法來(lái)思考問(wèn)題。
美國(guó)最具創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)明家之一埃德溫·蘭德說(shuō)，使他產(chǎn)生發(fā)明寶麗來(lái)相機(jī)這一想法的是他三歲的女兒。
1943年在去圣菲游覽時(shí)，女兒?jiǎn)査瑸槭裁此裏o(wú)法看到他剛剛拍攝的照片。
在接下來(lái)的一小時(shí)里，蘭德一邊在圣菲游覽，一邊在腦中匯聚著他學(xué)過(guò)的所有化學(xué)知識(shí)。“照相機(jī)和膠片對(duì)于我變得清晰可見。在我的腦海里，它們?nèi)绱苏鎸?shí)，我用了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)琢磨它們。”
拓展你的視野。
許多理工和人文科學(xué)方面的發(fā)現(xiàn)都融合了不同領(lǐng)域中的思想。以“兩繩問(wèn)題”為例。
兩根相距甚遠(yuǎn)的繩子分別從天花板上垂下來(lái)。
盡管你無(wú)法同時(shí)夠到兩根繩子，但有沒(méi)有可能只用一把鉗子就把兩根繩子系到一起呢?
一位大學(xué)生把鉗子系到一根繩子上，然后讓它像鐘擺那樣擺動(dòng)起來(lái)。在繩子來(lái)回?cái)[動(dòng)的時(shí)候，他迅速走到另一根繩子那兒，將其盡量向前拉。當(dāng)擺動(dòng)的繩子靠近他時(shí)，他把它抓住，然后將兩根繩子系到一起。
當(dāng)被問(wèn)到是如何取得成功時(shí)，這個(gè)大學(xué)生解釋道，他剛剛上完一堂有關(guān)擺動(dòng)的物理課。他是把課堂上學(xué)到的知識(shí)應(yīng)用到了一個(gè)完全不同的地方。
這個(gè)道理在其他方面也同樣有效。要提高創(chuàng)造力，就得學(xué)習(xí)新的知識(shí)。
如果你是銀行家，就學(xué)一學(xué)跳踢踏舞；如果你是護(hù)士，就學(xué)一學(xué)維他命療法。讀一本關(guān)于某一門新學(xué)科的書，不要總是讀同一家日?qǐng)?bào)。
新的東西與舊的東西會(huì)以全新的、可能是非常誘人的方式結(jié)合起來(lái)。
要變得更有創(chuàng)造力意味著你得留心你那些無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的想法, 學(xué)會(huì)捕捉你腦子里的新東西，并將之付諸行動(dòng)。Unit9a
一個(gè)大學(xué)教授的學(xué)生可能多達(dá)百人或百人以上，也可能少至三人。不管有多少學(xué)生，這當(dāng)中總有一個(gè)學(xué)生與眾不同，甚至是出類拔萃。不管教授的問(wèn)題有多艱深，這種學(xué)生似乎都知道該如何作答。而且不管要求什么時(shí)候交功課，他都能按時(shí)交，而且不犯一點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤。
你當(dāng)然知道有這樣的學(xué)生，也許他會(huì)激起你心中的怨氣。
當(dāng)然了，能成為這樣的人會(huì)是一件非常美妙的事情，但是因?yàn)椴皇悄惚救吮憩F(xiàn)得那么優(yōu)秀，你拿不出高分，也不能游刃有余地完成作業(yè)，于是怨氣越積越多。
你也許會(huì)自問(wèn)：“為什么我就不能像那家伙一樣呢？為什么我就成不了出類拔萃的人呢？” 那我現(xiàn)在就告訴你，你能成為那樣的人。
作為一個(gè)大學(xué)生，我對(duì)好學(xué)生和差學(xué)生所體現(xiàn)出的不同之處非常感興趣。
我并沒(méi)有坐著不動(dòng)，也沒(méi)有嫉恨好學(xué)生，相反，我決定以此為己任去調(diào)查是什么神秘的原因讓他們表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異。
在訪談了很多優(yōu)秀學(xué)生及其教授后，我通過(guò)分析得出了幾條建議，任何人都可以采納這幾條建議來(lái)激發(fā)自己身上的優(yōu)秀潛質(zhì)，使自己更上一層樓。
第一條建議是：不要拖欠。
對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)，開始動(dòng)手就很難，但如果你想把三周的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)在一個(gè)周末就搞定，幾乎是不可能的。即使閱讀速度最快的人也難以完成。
再說(shuō)了，如果該交的書面作業(yè)你拖欠了的話，就是老師后面收了也會(huì)扣你的分。或許他根本就不接受遲交的作業(yè)。
大多數(shù)老師都認(rèn)為，你應(yīng)該有合理的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃，并且要認(rèn)真對(duì)待。不能處理好學(xué)習(xí)和時(shí)間問(wèn)題的學(xué)生是難以有機(jī)會(huì)出頭的。
學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)大問(wèn)題就是如何應(yīng)付大量的學(xué)習(xí)資料；東西太多了，你簡(jiǎn)直不知道何從下手。很多人可能想從最容易的做起，然而，這種想法是錯(cuò)誤的。得考慮換種方式。
應(yīng)該總是從最困難的地方入手，先除掉攔路虎。也許這需要你投入更多的精力。
如果你開始就選擇從難的部分下手，你就會(huì)投入更多的精力。
如果任務(wù)個(gè)個(gè)都看起來(lái)一樣簡(jiǎn)單（或困難），那就把最喜歡的留到最后做。
在十一點(diǎn)半的時(shí)候你會(huì)更愿意去閱讀那些聽起來(lái)都的確有趣的政治學(xué)文章，而不太情愿去學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，那任務(wù)讓人覺(jué)得十分枯燥，但又不能不做。完成困難的后再做有趣的會(huì)讓人覺(jué)得這是對(duì)自己的犒勞。這是第二條建議。
第三條建議跟考試有關(guān)。
盡管我們?cè)趯W(xué)校里參加過(guò)千百次的考試，但我們卻很少停下來(lái)想想怎樣考好試。考試考得好的人并不是馬不停蹄做到底，見一個(gè)問(wèn)題就答一個(gè)。首先，他們快速通讀試題。
接著，他們集中精力完成自己掌握得最好的部分，因?yàn)橛凶孕牛曰卮鸬靡部臁Ｗ詈笏麄儾盘幚碛幸欢y度的問(wèn)題。
對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)，適應(yīng)這一套應(yīng)付考試的做法可能顯得怪異，但它確實(shí)會(huì)對(duì)你有好處。
這三條建議會(huì)讓你學(xué)業(yè)更加成功。
如果你問(wèn)一下自己周圍表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的同學(xué)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的好點(diǎn)子。
要向他人學(xué)習(xí)，采用他們的方法來(lái)改善自己的學(xué)習(xí)狀況，這樣你肯定會(huì)提高自己的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)。過(guò)一段時(shí)間后，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，你自己就是一個(gè)“與眾不同”的人。然后你也會(huì)注意到其他學(xué)生正妒忌你或者想方設(shè)法去發(fā)現(xiàn)你的秘訣。Unit9b
這個(gè)問(wèn)題無(wú)處不在。
從走廊到校園的每個(gè)角落到處都能聽到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。每個(gè)人都在問(wèn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題。它是新的流行詞匯，新的搭訕語(yǔ)，比“你是什么星座的？”用得還多。不過(guò)我卻難以作答。我討厭這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
我的專業(yè)尚未確定，就跟那些尚在腹中剛剛開始孕育的嬰兒一樣。而且，按照我的態(tài)勢(shì)，我只能等著流產(chǎn)了。看著可供選擇的專業(yè)目錄，我還是拿不定主意。我會(huì)因?yàn)楠q豫不決而不得不退學(xué)嗎？
如果這個(gè)難題解決不了，我的生活會(huì)沒(méi)有了快樂(lè)嗎？
明天是確定專業(yè)的最后一天。最后一天哪！
其他每個(gè)人都在快樂(lè)地生活著，他們都選定了學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，憧憬著未來(lái)。這個(gè)決定實(shí)在是重大之極，我仍然沒(méi)有取得大的進(jìn)展。“甭著急，”朋友們會(huì)說(shuō)，“你總還可以學(xué)商業(yè)”。
商業(yè)？ 我不干。我是個(gè)藝術(shù)家。寧死也不學(xué)商業(yè)。
實(shí)際上，我甚至連大學(xué)都可以不上，只要出去闖世界就行了，我出眾的技藝和能力很快就會(huì)得到認(rèn)同。就在我命運(yùn)即將被決定的前夜，我父母設(shè)宴款待他們的兩個(gè)朋友。
終于可以歇口氣了！難道我父母的朋友會(huì)關(guān)心專業(yè)什么的？
我可以心平氣和地吃飯，可以暫時(shí)擺脫這個(gè)問(wèn)題休息幾小時(shí)了。不過(guò)我錯(cuò)了，他們談的內(nèi)容都跟專業(yè)有關(guān)。
他倆都把自己的專業(yè)講給我聽，還對(duì)我該選什么專業(yè)發(fā)表意見。盡管如此，他們的建議根本不能讓我在選專業(yè)的道路上有任何進(jìn)展，而是讓我更加糊涂。
我們的客人似乎都不太適合他們所選的工作。
就說(shuō)艾爾肯斯醫(yī)生吧，他宣稱自己是外科手術(shù)專家，可連切肉都成問(wèn)題。而艾伯森先生雖然是個(gè)海軍飛行員，卻連飯都喂不到嘴里去。他老是把飯往地板上掉。
我無(wú)法想象他開戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)的技術(shù)會(huì)是什么樣子。
飯吃完了，客人也離開了，夜更深了，而我的專業(yè)還是處于“未定”狀態(tài)。
我把專業(yè)目錄拿出來(lái)，又開始一頁(yè)頁(yè)地翻看起可選的專業(yè)來(lái)，這都翻得有上百萬(wàn)次了。計(jì)算機(jī)？
學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)的人已經(jīng)數(shù)不勝數(shù)了。漢語(yǔ)？
我倒是一直想去中國(guó)，但似乎我到中國(guó)也用不著學(xué)漢語(yǔ)專業(yè)，甚至也不需要流利地說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)。機(jī)械？ 不。廣告？ 還是不行。真是沒(méi)指望了。
像其他大學(xué)生常常做的一樣，我決定只管睡上一陣子，只要早點(diǎn)醒來(lái)，我就能給這個(gè)巨難的問(wèn)題找到答案。
我也鬧不太清楚為什么大學(xué)生會(huì)認(rèn)為他們的大腦在凌晨?jī)牲c(diǎn)到六點(diǎn)之間會(huì)發(fā)生特殊的處理過(guò)程，讓他們一下子把事情都弄清楚。
這辦法過(guò)去對(duì)我是管用的，但這次卻失效了。
實(shí)際上，跟其他大學(xué)生也常常可能遇到的情形一樣，我睡過(guò)頭了，早上10點(diǎn)才醒過(guò)來(lái)，錯(cuò)過(guò)了第一堂課──英語(yǔ)文學(xué)概況。我還有三個(gè)小時(shí)來(lái)決定將來(lái)致力于哪個(gè)工作，或者做隨便什么事情。
我總還可以學(xué)商業(yè)。
在沖向?qū)W校的時(shí)候，我路過(guò)了一家電影院，那里正在上映《一次不夠》。這部電影取材于杰奎琳·蘇珊的暢銷小說(shuō)，大衛(wèi)·簡(jiǎn)森主演。等等！電影，我喜歡電影！
我可以學(xué)習(xí)電影專業(yè)。不行，沒(méi)有電影這個(gè)專業(yè)。
“但有電影制作專業(yè)”，我想起來(lái)了。就是它了！
我曾經(jīng)迷茫，但現(xiàn)在我找回自我了。我有專業(yè)了！
十五年后，我想起了我那些朋友，他們當(dāng)時(shí)確定了專業(yè)，滿懷信心地開始自己的大學(xué)生涯。想起那些到處問(wèn)“你學(xué)什么專業(yè)？”的朋友們，現(xiàn)在他們中極少有人從事自己當(dāng)初所選專業(yè)方面的工作。
我最后也沒(méi)有成為電影制作人。有時(shí)候我仍然感到自己專業(yè)“未定”。
只要你的大學(xué)生活是豐富多彩的，你學(xué)什么專業(yè)真的無(wú)關(guān)緊要。你要參加自己感興趣的活動(dòng)，樂(lè)于了解這個(gè)世界。你有充足的時(shí)間來(lái)決定將來(lái)做什么工作。Unit10a
我祖父母認(rèn)為，一個(gè)人要么誠(chéng)實(shí)，要么不誠(chéng)實(shí)，兩者之間沒(méi)有折中可言。
在他們起居室的墻上掛著一句樸實(shí)無(wú)華的格言：“生活如新雪覆蓋的大地，走過(guò)之處必定留下足跡。”
他們沒(méi)有必要去用語(yǔ)言作出解釋, 因?yàn)樗麄冇米约旱纳罘绞接∽C了這一真理。他們生來(lái)就認(rèn)為，所謂正直，就是有自己的道德界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既不貪財(cái)圖利，也不因所處的環(huán)境而妥協(xié)。
正直是判斷自身行為的心靈標(biāo)尺。
遺憾的是，正直這一品格如今已不多見，而且越來(lái)越難尋覓了。
但它卻是社會(huì)各領(lǐng)域的真正基礎(chǔ)，也是我們必須要求自己遵循的一條原則。
檢驗(yàn)這一價(jià)值觀的一個(gè)好辦法就是運(yùn)用本人所說(shuō)的“正直三角原則”，即下列三大原則：
在面對(duì)個(gè)人壓力的時(shí)候要堅(jiān)定自己的信念。
有這樣一個(gè)故事，講的是一位外科護(hù)士第一天到一家知名醫(yī)院的醫(yī)療小組協(xié)助手術(shù)的故事。她的責(zé)任是確保將手術(shù)中的每樣手術(shù)器械和手術(shù)材料都如數(shù)清點(diǎn)好。
這位護(hù)士對(duì)主刀醫(yī)生說(shuō)：“您只拿出了11塊止血紗布，而我們一共用了12塊。我們必須找到最后那一塊紗布。”
“我全拿出來(lái)了，” 外科醫(yī)生肯定地對(duì)她說(shuō)。“現(xiàn)在開始縫合刀口。”
“您不能這樣做，先生，”護(hù)士堅(jiān)決反對(duì)，“我們應(yīng)該為病人著想。”
醫(yī)生露出了笑容，他抬起腳，讓護(hù)士看到了第12塊紗布。
“你在這家醫(yī)院或其他任何一家醫(yī)院都會(huì)干得很出色的。”他用肯定的語(yǔ)氣對(duì)她說(shuō)。
所以，當(dāng)你確信自己是正確的，就決不能讓步。
總是給予別人他們應(yīng)得的表?yè)P(yáng)。
不要害怕那些主意比你妙甚至比你聰明的人。
戴維·奧格爾維是奧美廣告公司的創(chuàng)始人，他送給新任命的各部門主管每人一個(gè)俄羅斯套娃，每個(gè)套娃從大到小依次有五個(gè)娃娃，以此來(lái)說(shuō)明這個(gè)道理。
最小的那個(gè)娃娃里面裝著奧格爾維要告訴他們的話：“如果我們每個(gè)人都聘用比我們小的人，那么我們的公司就會(huì)變成一個(gè)矮子公司。但是如果我們每個(gè)人都聘用比我們大的人，那么奧美廣告
公司就會(huì)變成一家巨人公司。”
而奧美廣告公司后來(lái)真的變成了巨人——國(guó)際上規(guī)模最大、名望最高的廣告公司之一。
要誠(chéng)實(shí)坦白地表現(xiàn)真正的自我。
缺乏實(shí)實(shí)在在內(nèi)涵的人會(huì)去依靠外部因素——如長(zhǎng)相或地位——來(lái)保持良好的自我感覺(jué)。他們必然會(huì)不擇手段地去維護(hù)自己的這種假面具，而不太會(huì)去努力提高自己的內(nèi)涵和素質(zhì)。
因此，要表現(xiàn)出真正的自我。
別去設(shè)法掩蓋生活中那些不盡人意的方面。
正如羅伯特·舒勒所說(shuō)，“艱苦的時(shí)光終將過(guò)去，堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人必將苦盡甘來(lái)。” 換言之，要正視現(xiàn)實(shí)，要以成熟的心態(tài)去迎接生活的挑戰(zhàn)。
自尊和問(wèn)心無(wú)愧是正直的兩個(gè)重要組成部分，也是加深你與他人關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。
為人正直意味著去做你應(yīng)該做的事，因?yàn)槟鞘菍?duì)的，而不是因?yàn)楹虾醭绷骰蛴狭苏紊系男枰Ｔ谏钪腥绻軋?jiān)持原則，抵制住放松道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的種種誘惑，那你就會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)立于不敗之地。這樣，你在跨入21世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，就不必為自己過(guò)去的所做所為而抱憾。這就是我祖父祖母教給我的做人的道理。Unit10b
對(duì)一代又一代的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，寫學(xué)期論文即使不是最可怕的作業(yè)，也至少一直是讓他們頭疼和沮喪的主要原因。
但是對(duì)于那些可以上網(wǎng)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，借助幾次鏈接就可以竊取到相關(guān)的資料。
當(dāng)代學(xué)生若想抄襲學(xué)期論文，用不著費(fèi)勁去查找。
他只要找對(duì)網(wǎng)址，就可以在那兒購(gòu)買、預(yù)定或免費(fèi)下載網(wǎng)上的論文。
例如在“大學(xué)關(guān)心網(wǎng)助研中心”就能辦到。
你想“寫”一篇關(guān)于“哈姆雷特所面臨的不可調(diào)和的道德困境”的論文嗎? 只要交上29.75美元，文章就歸你了。
對(duì)于那些覺(jué)得這還太貴的人來(lái)說(shuō)，可以另覓他法。
“大學(xué)關(guān)心網(wǎng)”以每頁(yè)5.95美元的價(jià)格出售收錄在檔的現(xiàn)成論文，且“論文質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)低”。這樣，對(duì)于那些在乎價(jià)格的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，買上幾頁(yè)就可大功告成了。“論文精粹”是另一個(gè)學(xué)生援助網(wǎng)站，它提供“優(yōu)質(zhì)” 而“價(jià)廉”的學(xué)期論文。“讓您稱心、保您成功”，這是該網(wǎng)站向潛在客戶夸下的海口。
如果你實(shí)在太懶或?qū)嵲谔Γ瑳](méi)時(shí)間寫學(xué)期論文，那么“論文精粹”時(shí)刻恭候著你。只要一次性交費(fèi)9.95美元，你就能在一整學(xué)期看到別人的論文。
有的網(wǎng)址，如“學(xué)期論文大賣場(chǎng)”和“絕對(duì)免費(fèi)：網(wǎng)上論文”免費(fèi)提供課程論文。也就是說(shuō)，只要你找到了想要的文章，你只需按一下鍵，然后下載即可。
當(dāng)然，學(xué)生們對(duì)這些網(wǎng)上資源了如指掌，于是有人擔(dān)心，因特網(wǎng)一旦成為廣受歡迎的最佳學(xué)習(xí)工具，也可能會(huì)變成作弊的最佳輔助手段。
對(duì)于教師來(lái)說(shuō)，他們面對(duì)的問(wèn)題是要分辨學(xué)生是否是論文的真正作者。
不過(guò)，據(jù)簡(jiǎn)·莫里森助教解釋，對(duì)于眼光敏銳的老師來(lái)說(shuō)，這件事也許不太難。
“如果文章是來(lái)自因特網(wǎng)，學(xué)生會(huì)不敢正眼看我，他們會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不安，只是低頭看著自己的雙腳。而如果論文是自己一字一句寫出來(lái)的，這樣的學(xué)生能就自己的文章侃侃而談，而且敢正視我。”莫里森說(shuō)。
抄襲學(xué)期論文并不是什么新鮮事，多年來(lái)人們一直在用盜來(lái)的知識(shí)財(cái)富做交易。但是因特網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)提出了這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：這種新技術(shù)是否在使作弊變得更為普遍?
伯克利大學(xué)的一位高級(jí)管理人員對(duì)此表示懷疑。
“對(duì)想要作弊的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，不管技術(shù)水平如何，他都會(huì)作弊。認(rèn)為因特網(wǎng)這種新工具會(huì)提高作弊的發(fā)生率，我覺(jué)得這是一種偏激的觀點(diǎn)。”加里·漢德曼說(shuō)。
這一觀點(diǎn)得到了伯克利大學(xué)一位名叫阿里亞尼·徹諾克的研究生的支持。他說(shuō)，學(xué)生們最終還是要靠自己來(lái)判斷怎樣做對(duì)自己最有利。
“這是個(gè)關(guān)乎誠(chéng)實(shí)與否的問(wèn)題。我們來(lái)這兒是學(xué)知識(shí)的，所以我們應(yīng)該充分利用這個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。”
再則，有創(chuàng)造力的教師可以布置出學(xué)生無(wú)法作弊的作業(yè)來(lái)。
“如果你布置的作業(yè)新穎獨(dú)特，比如學(xué)生們必須根據(jù)給定的內(nèi)容寫一份講義、寫一個(gè)劇本，或用
第一人稱寫一篇敘述文，那么你就能制止來(lái)路不正的作業(yè)。”圖書館媒體教師萊斯利·法默如是說(shuō)。
有的專家說(shuō)，這種策略將從根本上迫使學(xué)生去更多地學(xué)習(xí)，而不只是下載網(wǎng)上的資料。
第三篇：新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫教程第一冊(cè)答案
1.The kind and patient teacher and her positive method of praising all students often.2.In junior middle school, his English teacher was kind and patient.He liked to answer questions in class and he made much progress in English.But, in his senior middle school, his teacher punished those who gave wrong answers.He didn’t want to answer questions any more in class.As a result, he did not make much progress in English.3.In college and junior middle school, his English teachers were both patient and kind, but he didn’t have as many chances to answer questions in college as he did in junior middle school.4.It requires much time, commitment and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course.5.Hard work.6.He could take all the time he needed to consider his ideas and write a reply before posting it on the screen.7.Learning a foreign language taught him the value of hard work and gave him insights into another culture.8.He could communicate with many more people than before.《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.III, p.7 1.embarrass 2.Discipline 3.access 4.positive 5.commitment 6.frustrate 7.intimidate 8.reap
《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.IV, p.8
1.into 2.into 3.from 4.with 5.to 6.about 7.with/in 8.in
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.8 1.Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a beautiful sight.2.Not wanting to meet John there, he refused to attend the party.3.Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to the cottage.4.It rained for two weeks, completely ruining our holidays.5.Staring into space, the small girl felt frustrated at what the teacher asked her.《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.VI, p.8 1.Not only does he easily accept other people’s opinions, but he is also patient.2.Not only does she sing beautifully but she also dances wonderfully.3.Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.4.Not only did we learn the technology through an online course but we also learned to communicate with friends in English.5.Not only did Smith learn the Chinese language but also bridged the gap between his culture and ours.《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.VII, p.9
1.We can reap a lot from the rewarding experience of communicating with native speakers of English.2.With the mayor’s help, we were at last allowed access to those people who suffered from the traffic accident.3.Bob and Frank didn’t get along well with each other.It was embarrassing that they were to work in the same department.4.As a boy, I used to intimidate my sister into crying by telling her that a wolf was coming.5.It is not easy to do scientific research;it requires time, energy and money as well as discipline and commitment.Section BKeys to Successful Online Learning
Reading Skills 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B Comprehension of the Text 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.20 1.absolute 2.unique 3.commit4.facilitate 5.reinforced 6.sequential 7.arose 8.forum
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.20 1.to 2.in 3.on 4.for 5.on 6.of 7.In 8.up
2.Unit 2 Section A.A Busy Weekday Morning《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.31 1.Rock music woke up her up.2.He didn’t like the music his daughter listened to;he thought it was horrible stuff.3.No, because she thought the music had a really powerful message.4.Because her mother or father would bang on the door to rush her.5.She was going to have a music class because her mother reminded her to take the instrument with her.6.No.Instead, she thought her mother was bugging her.7.She was serious and letting her daughter know she was speaking to her as her parent.8.They suggest that there is a gap between the two generations.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.32 1.weekdays 2.Youngsters 3.annoyed 4.definitely 5.disgusting 6.powerful 7.disturb 8.offensive
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.32 1.down/off 2.off 3.up/on 4.on 5.for 6.of/about 7.up 8.off/out
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.32 1.Kate saw her brother Bill as she was getting off the school bus.2.As she was standing up from her seat, Mother dropped her glass.3.A policeman fired at the thief as he was bolting out of the house.4.As she ran to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her talk with her mother.5.All the students shouted “Happy birthday” to the teacher as he entered the classroom.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.33 1.She listened to her favorite rock music while singing along with the words.2.She was putting on her jeans while asking me to hand her the sweater.3.He banged on the door while opening it.4.In the bathroom she put on some makeup while looking in the mirror.5.The school master looked angrily at the naughty student while talking with his parents.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.33 1.Mr.Finch burst into her room and shouted at her, “Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?” 2.I like rock music because it usually has a strong rhythm and a powerful message.3.As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start to bug him.4.Generation gaps exist in the United States as well as in China.5.As her mother bugged Sandy much more than before, she argued with her mother a lot more than usual, too.Section BParent Talk
Reading Skills 1.O 2.O 3.F 4.F 5.O 6.O 7.F 8.F Comprehension of the Text 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.C
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.43 1.appeals 2.concern 3.permanent 4.influence 5.rebels 6.identity 7.upset8.tuneless/tuneful
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.43 1.It makes my blood boil when I read about violence among young people.2.This kind of jeans is old-fashioned now;young people do not like to wear them any more.3.This computer often freezes.I want to get rid of it.4.Our youngsters’ way of expressing their identity is different from ours.5.In America the news is full of stories about teenagers who are in trouble with drugs.6.On her way to work, Jane was still thinking about / thought about her daughter.7.Don’t press your young daughter too hard, or she’ll drop out of high school.8.Come and see me in my office after class, and we’ll talk over your problems.Unit 3 Section A.A Good Heart to Lean on
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.57 1.He felt embarrassed to be seen with his father, because his father was severely crippled and very short.2.His father always said:“You set the pace.I will try to adjust to you.”
3.He means that it is a matter of pride for his father to have almost never missed a day and have made it to the office even when/if others could not.4.In very bad weather his father went to work with the help of the writer and his sisters, who would pull their father through the street on a child’s wagon with steel runners to the subway station.5.In an office building on top of a subway station in Manhattan.6.Having a “good heart” is the proper standard to judge people by, according to the writer now he is grown up.7.One example is: when a local baseball team found itself without a manager, he kept it going.Another example is that he liked to go to dances and parties, although he could just sit and watch.8.He now feels sorry about having been reluctant to be seen walking together with his crippled and short father.《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.III, p.57
1.inwardly 2.amazed 3.occasion 4.complained 5.urged 6.coordinate 7.reluctance 8.envious 《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.IV, p.58
1.in 2.off/out 3.on 4.up 5.to 6.out 7.to 8.to
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.58 1.He borrowed my laptop computer even though I told him not to.2.It was an exciting game even though no goals were scored.3.He was treated exactly like all the workers even though he had just joined the company.4.They gave money to Project Hope even though they themselves were not rich by any standard.5.There was never enough money to support his family even though he was hard-working and did two jobs at the same time.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.58 1.Though understanding no Chinese, the American girl was able to communicate with the other students in her class.2.Once having left the museum, you must buy another ticket to re-enter.3.When doing the writing exercise for this course, you should remember that you are writing according to specific structure.4.Until finished, the problem was a continuous worry to me.5.While working at the computer, the young man was listening to music over the radio all the time.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.59 1.Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to a cold weather.2.He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance.3.This is an important meeting.Please see to it that you are not late for it.4.He is an experienced businessman;he has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years.5.She urged me to accept the new post, although the job is not very well paid.Section B.The Right Son at the Right Time Reading Skills:
1.They found the man.2.He reached the airport in time.3.The old man saw the young man(his son).4.The young man sat by the old man the whole night.5.A message came saying the real son was arriving.Comprehension of the Text 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.B
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.69 1.locate 2.apparently 3.limp 4.interrupt 5.sole 6.collapse 7.occasionally 8.staff 9.inform 10.extend
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.69 1.sole 2.extend 3.staff 4.located 5.inform 6.interpret 7.collapse 8.occasionally
《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XVI, p.69 1.The government has called for an immediate examination of the activities of the police.2.We used medicine and in a few minutes Mrs.Johnson suddenly came to.3.My father has a huge lot of magazines to which I return now and then.4.Whatever your reason, I shall hold to my idea that people should be allowed to have private lives.5.To our surprise the stranger turned out to be an old friend of my mother’s.6.He's not in the office;he's now on his way to London for a meeting.7.When setting out on a long walk, always wear suitable shoes.8.He was too disappointed by this lack of success to try again.Unit 4 Section A.How to Make a Good Impression
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.79 1.We show our true feelings through unspoken communication, i.e.through our eyes, faces, bodies and attitudes.2.We can use such good qualities as physical appearance, energy, rate of speech, pitch and tone of voice, gestures, expression through the eyes, and the ability to hold the interest of other people.3.These books advise us to stride into a room and impress others with our qualities, to greet them with “power handshakes”, and to fix our eyes on the other person, which is often viewed as strange and sometimes offensive.4.We should never change from one situation to another, whether we are having a conversation, or addressing a garden club, or being interviewed for a job.5.He means that what they say does not match the way they look or what they do.6.The author believes that, if you agreed these are similar, you would keep your eyes on the lion, and would not look at your feet or at the ceiling.7.Look at those in the room and give a natural smile.8.He believes that it is we who can be ourselves at our best, not anyone else.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.79 1.presentation 2.conscious 3.depressed 4.ranges 5.consistent 6.impressed 7.reaction 8.toencounter 《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.80 1.are committed to 2.takes;seriously 3.absorbed in 4.focus on 5.made up his mind 6.driving me crazy 7.range from;to8.base;on
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.80 1.It rained for two weeks on end, completely flooding the village.2.Running to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her older brother Bill who was away at college.3.The bus arrived one hour late, causing me to miss the beginning of the game.4.The Marine sat there in the dimly-lit ward, holding the old man’s hand and offering words of hope and strength.5.Realizing he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I guessed he really needed me.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.80 1.I was so excited about going away(that)I couldn’t sleep.2.The chairman became so angry with his secretary(that)he decided to fire him.3.She speaks English so well(that)you would think it was her native language.4.He was so frightened(that)he broke eye contact and looked out the window.5.His presentation was so interesting(that)everyone listened very carefully.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.81 1.Consciously or unconsciously, people show their true feelings with their eyes, faces, bodies and attitudes, causing a chain of reactions, ranging from comfort to fear.2.Think of your encounter with a stranger.Focus on the first seven seconds.What did you feel and think? How did you “read” this person? 3.You were committed to what you were talking about and so absorbed in the moment that you lost all self-consciousness.4.Public speakers often send mixed messages, but the audience believe what they see over what they hear.5.If you want to make a good impression, the trick/skilled way is to be consistently you, at your best.Section B.Body Language
Reading Skills:
1.Main Idea: People use other forms other than language for communication.2.Main Idea: We communicate with our body movements.3.Main Idea: The clothes you wear also communicate many things.4.Main Idea: Small ornaments you wear communicate many things, too.5.Main Idea: A wealth of information in body language makes snap judgments seem sound.Comprehension of the Text 1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.20 1.status 2.conviction 3.function 4.promoted 5.assumed 6.estimate 7.signal 8.judgment
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.20 1.account for 2.in part 3.is content with 4.at home 5.lack of;lack of 6.in relation to 7.At first sight8.pick up
Unit 5 Section A.The Battle Against AIDS
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.104 1.More than 102,000 people.2.Women and youth in rural Southern communities.3.The spread of AIDS and government inactivity in stopping it.4.To reduce the number of AIDS cases.5.The people have a low literacy level in some communities.6.They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to their peers much better than adults.7.First, speak to your community in a way they can hear.Second, train teenagers to educate their peers.Last, redefine “at risk” to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status.8.Everyone should take part in the war against AIDS.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.104 1.immune to 2.diagnose 3.implementing 4.combat 5.define 6.established 7.represented 8.regardless
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.105 1.regardless of 2.at risk 3.passed out 4.distracts… from 5.sign up 6.infected with 7.a solution to/for 8.provide… for
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.105 1.the way he teaches English
2.whom I was expecting to stay with me 3.which was lost in the department store yesterday 4.where I spent my childhood with Mary 5.which the whole family considered a great honor
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.105 1.Despite his illness
2.Despite a lot of difficulties 3.despite his old age 4.Despite the bad weather 5.despite his hard work
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.106 1.We will do our best to help the girl infected with the AIDS virus to live longer, regardless of the cost.2.Please turn off the TV, because the noise will distract her from her homework.3.It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment.4.When giving a lecture, Bob often prepared some pictures to illustrate how the situation mentioned in a text took place.5.An able and successful businessman is good at making use of all the resources to make money.Section B.The Last Dive at the Olympics
Reading Skills:
1.D;C 2.C;C 3.A;C Comprehension of the Text 1.D 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.117 1.commenced 2.an intense3.explored4.Initially 5.adopted 6.triumph 7.spill 8.quit
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.117 1.prior to 2.confident in/of 3.in haste 4.find out 5.assist...with 6.for fear7.compete…for8.thrust … into
Unit 6 Section A.The Widow
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, P130 1.The word “widow”.2.Because the quotation from Elizabeth Jolley exactly describes how she feels at that moment.3.She was near-sighted, and without glasses, she could not see clearly.4.We know that the couple’s colleagues and old schoolmates thought they were well-matched, so they were excited.However, the couple’s relatives and mothers were not satisfied with their marriage learning from the words “crying”, “offering pity” and “would have insisted they wanted only the best for their children”.5.The writer means that the husband and the wife loved each other because, whenever there was time and opportunity, they helped each other and showed concerns for each other.6.The words “worn, fading and kept for so long”.7.No.He was still in doubt about Aunt Esther’s identity.We can base our point on the phrase in his message “whether she came from heaven or a nearby town”.8.So long as the wife and husband work hard and love each other, they will live a good life and be happy.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, P130 1.underline2.anniversary3.regarding4.curiosity5.restrain6.surrounded7.considerably8.responsibility
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, P131 1.with2.as3.from4.for5.for6.from7.from8.about/of
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, P131 1.Whoever he is, I don’t want to see him.2.The business would be a success, whoever owned it.Or: whoever owned it, the business would be a success.3.Whoever has broken the window, I’ll take him to his parents.4.Whoever else objects, I won’t.5.Whoever else goes hungry, I won’t.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, P131 1.My colleagues and old schoolmates did feel happy for me when I told them I had a chance to go and study in London University.2.Bill does have some problem with his math class.3.She did go next door to help Mrs.Norton with her sick children.4.These words do convey her feelings at the moment.5.In the picture the bride and groom did feel shy before crowds of relatives and friends.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, P132 1.With the money given by his father，he could afford a house in the town nearby.(Or ….he could afford to buy a house in the town nearby.)
2.The young lady was so excited that she could not restrain herself from bringing up the subject of marriage.Or: … that she could not help bringing up the subject of marriage.3.I’m afraid you can’t see him today because he was sent on an important mission just an hour ago.4.When she was young，she used to store quotations from poems in a notebook.5.Whoever they are，they should take the responsibility for the accident/they should be responsible for the accident.Section B.The Trashman
Reading Skills:
1.I 2.F 3.B 4.A 5.H 6.D 7.E 8.G 9.C
Comprehension of the Text 1.A 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.C
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, P142 1.boas t2.isregistered 3.philosophe r4.economis t5.headed 6.graduated 7.Frankl y8.retreat
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, P142 1.They made the rounds of the shopping center.2.I like the way the blue carpet goes with the golden curtains.3.She shouldn’t have married him as she looks down on/upon him.4.At the sound of the steps, he began to tremble.5.The man sat down and called for some beer.6.Contrary to what you might think, I haven’t met him before.7.He is a kind man and always has sympathy for the poor.8.You say I’m fired? Thanks.I didn’t want to stay at the job for long.Unit 7 Section A.Face to Face with Guns
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.154 1.He looked at the street and pathway carefully to make sure nothing was unusual there.2.He managed to throw his house keys into a bush.3.Because they focus their attention on the guns rather than on their users during the encounter.4.Because he paid attention to the appearances of these two robbers on purpose.5.They might have committed a number of robberies in the area over the past few months.6.A river.7.They are bit by bit destroying the basic ideas we hold dear: our freedom to move about;the fruits of labor;our lives and those of people we value.8.He means that some day we will have to deal with these young men and try to find out the cause of their discontent.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.154 1.cautious 2.exception 3.instinct 4.enlarge 5.unusual 6.offend 7.detail 8.sligh t9.foundation 10.additional
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.155 1.detail s2.foundation 3.offended 4.exception 5.enlarge6.slight 7.instinct 8.cautious
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.155 1.attached to 2.Looking through3.hold dear4.pulling into 5.face to face with6.rather than7.out of control8.eat away
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.155 1.They should have their pay increased.2.I had my first book accepted for publication that year.3.George had his papers taken from him at the police station.4.I had my wallet stolen on a bus.5.The couple are going to have their wedding photos enlarged at the store.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.156 1.rather than to her daughter 2.rather than(use)scientific Latin ones
3.rather than leaving everything to the last minute 4.Rather than using the last of my cash 5.rather than increase pay
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VIII, p.156 1.The other day when I was walking along the street, I had my wallet stolen.2.When I go to work, I prefer taking a bus rather than driving and that morning was no exception.3.Some victims of armed attacks are seldom able to identify their offenders because their attention focuses on the guns, rather than on their users.4.The two robbers’ methods suggested that they might be the same men who had committed a number of robberies in the area over the pass few months.5.We hold dear our freedom to move about, the fruits of labor and our own lives.Section B.Should I Have a Gun? Reading Skills 1.Possible answer: For self-defense.2.Possible answer: She is afraid that she might kill someone, an act much more harmful than just injuring.3.Possible answer: According to the following paragraphs, the writer feels uncomfortable about the imagined robbery because she unfairly imagined the robber was a black man.4.Possible answer: According to common sense, a robber must be physically strong.Females are considered too weak for that and black men are often thought of being strong in the physical sense.5.Possible answer: A neighborhood with a bad name because of its frequent happenings of crime or violence or safety problems.6.Possible answer: No.Killing a human being just because of money is a shame to the writer.7.Possible answer: Locking the doors at the sight of a black man is really insulting.8.Possible answer: This means that the robber takes away the money and no violence happens to either side.Comprehension of the Text 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C
《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XV, p.166 1.intention 2.endanger 3.violence 4.dominate 5.possibility 6.omit 7.confronted 8.affected
《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XVI, p.166 1.is… intended for 2.be capable of 3.At the sight of 4.Pointing…at 5.be immune to 6.keep …from 7.believe in 8.die for
Unit 8 Section A.Birth of Bright Ideas
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.178 1.Good ideas come from the unconscious.Psychologists use the term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the individual.2.No.All of us have experienced the sudden arrival of a new idea, but it is easiest to examine it in the great creative personalities.3.He was sick and could not sleep for noise without and fever within.4.No.He had been occupied with the idea of the “Ring” for several years, and for many months had been struggling to make a start with the actual composing.5.The rush and roar of water had become music and the orchestral opening to the “Rhinegold” had at last taken its shape within him.6.The unconscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual process by which the solution was found.A new concept may suddenly explode into consciousness.7.In the example of Henri Poincare, we see the conscious mind actually watching the unconscious at work.8.Dream plays an important role.Descartes was able to make the discovery with the help of his dream.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.178 1.sources 2.stable 3.surged 4.reasonable 5.exemplifies 6.intense 7.flung 8.enthusiasm
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.179 1.taken the shape 2.responsible for 3.depend on 4.representative of 5.at work 6.arrive at 7.Write down 8.occupied with
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.179 1.It is easiest to examine the sudden arrival of a new idea in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form.2.The Gaels’ offspring are the modern Scots and Irish, some of whom still speak the Gaelic language.3.George explained that this was the official dress for taking examinations, many of which were held in June.4.At last the miracle happened, for which his unconscious mind had been seeking for so long.5.The conscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processes by which the solution was found.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.179 1.The more books a man reads, the more knowledge he will have.2.The more he thought about it, the less he liked it.3.The smaller the house is, the less you have to pay for it.4.The more dangerous it is, the more excited he feels.5.The more you talk in English, the more progress you will make.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.180 1.She was filled with pity for the poor diseased baby.2.He who would search for jewels must dive below.3.I intended to go to see a film last night, but it rained.4.There was a flood of complaints about the poor service at the restaurant.5.Medical tests established that she was in good health.Section B.Ways of Increasing Creativity Reading Skills B.1.A 2.B 3C 4.C 5.A
Comprehension of the Text 1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A 《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.191 1.reveal 2.expand 3.evaluate 4.fertile 5.productive 6.impulse 7.reach 8.transferred
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.191 1.right away 2.Acting upon his advice 3.came John’s way 4.at once 5.set the motor in motion 6.took up 7.took advantage of 8.back and forth
Unit 9 Section A.Looking to the 21 Century
st《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.205 1.We ourselves or our actions determine our future.2.He found that he could predict the performance of tested volunteers from the strength of the brain’s electrical activity.3.They will depend more on computers in their medical diagnosis and treatment.4.Yes.With computers, drivers know where they are, what kind of problems their car engines have, how to get to the nearest places of repair, and at what cost to get the needed new parts.5.Through computer connections, students in the future will get worldwide resources from such sources as museums, libraries, databases, and other science facilities all around the world.They can also get assistance from teachers and fellow students around the globe.6.Information and specialists will be more important to the success of a business.7.Yes.There are two reasons for this: first, governments and businesses now realize the importance of environmental protection;second, they are taking actions to protect the environment.For example, many European countries and the United States check automobiles for gas and smoke emissions.8.On one hand, they prescribe pills for them;on the other, they require them to focus on healthy lifestyles by changing diets and using more exercise as means to keep well.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.205 1.performance 2.policy/policies 3.survive 4.tension 5.interactive 6.career 7.profit 8.advertisement
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.206 1.on/upon 2.out/over 3.about 4.for 5.for/up to 6.on 7.through/from 8.up
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.206 1.Should you fail to solve the arithmetic problem, come to me.2.Should your car break down, change to a bus.3.Should a serious crisis arise, the public would have to be informed of what it means.4.Should you fail in the exam, your parents and teachers would not blame you.5.Should you change your mind, no one would say anything against it.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.206 1.The poor teaching facilities make it difficult for teachers and students to have proper teaching and learning.2.Lack of money makes it hard for one to start up a new business.3.Frequent computer analysis makes it possible for a manager to tell whether a worker is performing well in his work.4.The Internet makes it easier for shoppers to order their groceries at home.5.The new teaching building makes it
possible for the university to admit more
students this year.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.207 1.In the 21st century people will order their goods at home through the Internet and have them delivered.2.The increase in information and knowledge about management will be more important to top managers.3.As smoking advertising is banned in many areas, smoking cigarettes will be under siege.4.Eight out of every ten students will use sources such as museums and science facilities in doing their homework assignments.5.It is what we do and what we do not do that determine our future.Section B.Trends for the 21st Century Reading Skills B.!.B 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A
Comprehension of the Text 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.A
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.218 1.available 2.decline 3.accomplish 4.inhabitants 5.conclusions 6.breakthrough 7.outstanding 8.tends
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.219 1.posing 2.trends 3.on our planet/on this planet/on the planet 4.wash away 5.utilize 6.consider nuclear energy too expensive 7.altered 8.be involved in/involve ourselves in
Unit 10 Section A.Being Honest and Open 《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.230 1.Because, as the saying implies, one’s actions demonstrate whether one is honest or dishonest.2.Integrity involves having a personal standard of morality and boundaries that does not sell out to convenience and that is not relative to the situation at hand.3.It is in short supply and getting scarcer.4.They are:
1)Stand firmly for your convictions when confronted with personal pressure;
2)Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs;3)Be honest and open about who you really are.5.It tells us that when you know you are right, do not give up.6.It means that one should always give other people the praise that they merit.7.Because they lack genuine core values.8.They are self-respect and a clear conscience.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.230 1.convenience 2.clarify 3.demonstrating 4.genuine 5.assured 6.ensured 7.conscience 8.progressively
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.231 1.out 2.in 3.of 4.for 5.on / upo 6.of 7.in 8.for 9.on
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.231 1.Where I live there are plenty of sheep.2.Your coat is where you left it.3.I will go where you go.4.Where conscience remains integrity stays.5.Where he appears laughter can be heard.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.231 1.The article deals with what the author calls “generation gap”.2.He is lost in what I call “blind happiness”.3.The children are playing what they call “cat-and-rat”.4.She is suffering from what experts call “feeling cancer”.5.There is appearing what I call “sandwich generation” — people who are struggling to care for both their children and their elders while trying hard to hold their jobs.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.232 1.You have to either go out with us or stay at home.There is no middle point.2.The teacher gave credit to the students who had studied hard and done well in the exam.3.Where I work there are plenty of computers.4.In other words, be yourself and face reality, but don’t sell out to convenience.5.Those who lack genuine core values always rely on external factors——their looks or status——in order to feel good about themselves.Section B.Web Site Resources:The Best Aid for Cheating? Reading Skills 1.G 2.F 3.A 4.H 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.E
Comprehension of the Text 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B
《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XIV, p.244 1.strategy 2.inclined 3.readily 4.contemporary 5.semester 6.perceiving 7.ultimate 8.appropriate
《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XV, p.244 1.handed him over to2.did the trick3.have access to4.Regardless of5.make the most of her freedom6.hailed her as7.for free8.sort of
第四篇：新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫教程第一冊(cè)答案
新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（第一冊(cè)）答案Unit 1Section A.Learning a Foreign Language《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.II, p.71.The kind and patient teacher and her positive method of praising all students often.2.In junior middle school, his English teacher was kind and patient.He liked to answer questions in class and he made much progress in English.But, in his senior middle school, his teacher punished those who gave wrong answers.He didn’t want to answer questions any more in class.As a result, he did not make much progress in English.3.In college and junior middle school, his English teachers were both patient and kind, but he didn’t have as many chances to answer questions in college as he did in junior middle school.4.It requires much time, commitment and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course.5.Hard work.6.He could take all the time he needed to consider his ideas and write a reply before posting it on the screen.7.Learning a foreign language taught him the value of hard work and gave him insights into another culture.8.He could communicate with many more people than before.《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.III, p.71.embarrass
2.Discipline3.access4.positive5.commitment6.frustrate7.intimidate8.reap《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.IV, p.81.into2.into3.from4.with5.to6.about7.with/in8.in《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.81.Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a beautiful sight.2.Not wanting to meet John there, he refused to attend the party.3.Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to the cottage.4.It rained for two weeks, completely ruining our holidays.5.Staring into space, the small girl felt frustrated at what the teacher asked her.《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.VI, p.81.Not only does he easily accept other people’s opinions, but he is also patient.2.Not only does she sing beautifully but she also dances wonderfully.3.Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.4.Not only did we learn the technology through an online course but we also learned to communicate with friends in English.5.Not only did Smith learn the Chinese language but also bridged the gap between his culture and ours.《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.VII, p.91.We can reap a lot from the rewarding experience of communicating with native speakers of English.2.With the mayor’s help, we were at last allowed access to those people who suffered from the traffic accident.3.Bob and Frank didn’t get along well with each other.It was embarrassing that they were to work in the same department.4.As a boy, I used to intimidate my sister into crying by telling her that a wolf was coming.5.It is not easy to do scientific research;it requires time, energy and money as well as discipline and commitment.Section B Keys to Successful Online LearningReading Skills1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.BComprehension of the Text1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.201.absolute2.unique3.commit4.facilitate5.reinforced6.sequential7.arose8.forum
《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.201.to2.in3.on4.for5.on6.of7.In 8.upUnit
2Section A.A Busy Weekday Morning《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.311.Rock music woke up her up.2.He didn’t like the music his daughter listened to;he thought it was horrible stuff.3.No, because she thought the music had a really powerful message.4.Because her mother or father would bang on the door to rush her.5.She was going to have a music class because her mother reminded her to take the instrument with her.6.No.Instead, she thought her mother was bugging her.7.She was serious and letting her daughter know she was speaking to her as her parent.8.They suggest that there is a gap between the two generations.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.321.weekdays2.Youngsters3.annoyed4.definitely5.disgusting6.powerful7.disturb8.offensive《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.321.down/off2.off3.up/on4.on5.for6.of/about7.up8.off/out《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.321.Kate saw her brother Bill as she was getting off the school bus.2.As she was standing up from her seat, Mother dropped her glass.3.A policeman fired at the thief as he was bolting out of the house.4.As she ran to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her talk with her mother.5.All the students shouted “Happy birthday” to the teacher as he entered the classroom.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.331.She listened to her favorite rock music while singing along with the words.2.She was putting on her jeans while asking me to hand her the sweater.3.He banged on the door while opening it.4.In the bathroom she put on some makeup while looking in the mirror.5.The school master looked angrily at the naughty student while talking with his parents.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.331.Mr.Finch burst into her room and shouted at her, “Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?”2.I like rock music because it usually has a strong rhythm and a powerful message.3.As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start to bug him.4.Generation gaps exist in the United States as well as in China.5.As her mother bugged Sandy much more than before, she argued with her mother a lot more than usual, too.Section B Parent TalkReading Skills1.O 2.O 3.F 4.F 5.O 6.O 7.F 8.FComprehension of the Text1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.C《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.431.appeals2.concern3.permanent4.influence5.rebels6.identity7.upset8.tuneless/tuneful《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.431.It makes my blood boil when I read about violence among young people.2.This kind of jeans is old-fashioned now;young people do not like to wear them any more.3.This computer often freezes.I want to get rid of it.4.Our youngsters’ way of expressing their identity is different from ours.5.In America the news is full of stories about teenagers who are in trouble with drugs.6.On her way to work, Jane was still thinking about /
thought about her daughter.7.Don’t press your young daughter too hard, or she’ll drop out of high school.8.Come and see me in my office after class, and we’ll talk over your problems.Unit 3Section A.A Good Heart to Lean on 《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.571.He felt embarrassed to be seen with his father, because his father was severely crippled and very short.2.His father always said:“You set the pace.I will try to adjust to you.”3.He means that it is a matter of pride for his father to have almost never missed a day and have made it to the office even when/if others could not.4.In very bad weather his father went to work with the help of the writer and his sisters, who would pull their father through the street on a child’s wagon with steel runners to the subway station.5.In an office building on top of a subway station in Manhattan.6.Having a “good heart” is the proper standard to judge people by, according to the writer now he is grown up.7.One example is: when a local baseball team found itself without a manager, he kept it going.Another example is that he liked to go to dances and parties, although he could just sit and watch.8.He now feels sorry about having been reluctant to be seen walking together with his crippled and short father.《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.III, p.571.inwardly2.amazed3.occasion4.complained5.urged6.coordinate7.reluctance8.envious《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.IV, p.581.in2.off/out3.on4.up5.to6.out7.to8.to《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.581.He borrowed my laptop computer even though I told him not to.2.It was an exciting game even though no goals were scored.3.He was treated exactly like all the workers even though he had just joined the company.4.They gave money to Project Hope even though they themselves were not rich by any standard.5.There was never enough money to support his family even though he was hard-working and did two jobs at the same time.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.581.Though understanding no Chinese, the American girl was able to communicate with the other students in her class.2.Once having left the museum, you must buy another ticket to re-enter.3.When doing the writing exercise for this course, you should remember that you are writing according to specific structure.4.Until finished, the problem was a continuous worry to me.5.While working at the computer, the young man was listening to music over the radio all the time.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.591.Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to a cold weather.2.He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance.3.This is an important meeting.Please see to it that you are not late for it.4.He is an experienced businessman;he has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years.5.She urged me to accept the new post, although the job is not very well paid.Section B.The Right Son at the Right TimeReading Skills:
1.They found the man.2.He reached the airport in time.3.The old man saw the young man(his son).4.The young man sat by the old man the whole night.5.A message came saying the real son was arriving.Comprehension of the Text1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.B《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.691.locate2.apparently3.limp4.interrupt5.sole6.collapse7.occasionally8.staff9.inform10.extend《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.691.sole2.extend3.staff4.located5.inform6.interpret7.collapse8.occasionally《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XVI, p.691.The government has called for an immediate examination of the activities of the police.2.We used medicine and in a few minutes Mrs.Johnson suddenly came to.3.My father has a huge lot of magazines to which I return now and then.4.Whatever your reason, I shall hold to my idea that people should be allowed to have private lives.5.To our surprise the stranger turned out to be an old friend of my mother’s.6.He's not in the office;he's now on his way to London for a meeting.7.When setting out on a long walk, always wear suitable shoes.8.He was too disappointed by this lack of success to try again.Unit 4Section A.How to Make a Good Impression《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.791.We show our true feelings through unspoken communication, i.e.through our eyes, faces, bodies and attitudes.2.We can use such good qualities as physical appearance, energy, rate of speech, pitch and tone of voice, gestures, expression through the eyes, and the ability to hold the interest of other people.3.These books advise us to stride into a room and impress others with our qualities, to greet them with “power handshakes”, and to fix our eyes on the other person, which is often viewed as strange and sometimes offensive.4.We should never change from one situation to another, whether we are having a conversation, or addressing a garden club, or being interviewed for a job.5.He means that what they say does not match the way they look or what they do.6.The author believes that, if you agreed these are similar, you would keep your eyes on the lion, and would not look at your feet or at the ceiling.7.Look at those in the room and give a natural smile.8.He believes that it is we who can be ourselves at our best, not anyone else.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.791.presentation2.conscious3.depressed4.ranges5.consistent6.impressed7.reaction8.toencounter《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.801.are committed to 2.takes;seriously3.absorbed in4.focus on5.made up his mind6.driving me crazy7.range from;to8.base;on 《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.801.It rained for two weeks on end, completely flooding the village.2.Running to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her older brother Bill who was away at college.3.The bus arrived one hour late, causing me to miss the beginning of the game.4.The Marine sat there in the dimly-lit ward, holding the old man’s hand and offering words of hope and strength.5.Realizing he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I guessed he really needed me.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.801.I was so excited about going away(that)I couldn’t sleep.2.The chairman became so angry with his secretary(that)he decided to fire him.3.She speaks English so well(that)you would think it was her native language.4.He was so frightened(that)he broke eye contact and looked out the window.5.His presentation was so interesting(that)
everyone listened very carefully.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.811.Consciously or unconsciously, people show their true feelings with their eyes, faces, bodies and attitudes, causing a chain of reactions, ranging from comfort to fear.2.Think of your encounter with a stranger.Focus on the first seven seconds.What did you feel and think? How did you “read” this person?3.You were committed to what you were talking about and so absorbed in the moment that you lost all self-consciousness.4.Public speakers often send mixed messages, but the audience believe what they see over what they hear.5.If you want to make a good impression, the trick/skilled way is to be consistently you, at your best.Section B.Body LanguageReading Skills:
1.Main Idea: People use other forms other than language for communication.2.Main Idea: We communicate with our body movements.3.Main Idea: The clothes you wear also communicate many things.4.Main Idea: Small ornaments you wear communicate many things, too.5.Main Idea: A wealth of information in body language makes snap judgments seem sound.Comprehension of the Text1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.201.status2.conviction3.function4.promoted5.assumed6.estimate7.signal8.judgment《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.201.account for2.in part3.is content with4.at home5.lack of;lack of6.in relation to7.At first sight8.pick upUnit 5Section A.The Battle Against AIDS《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.1041.More than 102,000 people.2.Women and youth in rural Southern commUnities.3.The spread of AIDS and government inactivity in stopping it.4.To reduce the number of AIDS cases.5.The people have a low literacy level in some commUnities.6.They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to their peers much better than adults.7.First, speak to your commUnity in a way they can hear.Second, train teenagers to educate their peers.Last, redefine “at risk” to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status.8.Everyone should take part in the war against AIDS.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.1041.immune to2.diagnose3.implementing4.combat5.define6.established7.represented8.regardless《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.1051.regardless of2.at risk3.passed out4.distracts… from 5.sign up6.infected with7.a solution to/for8.provide… for《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.1051.the way he teaches English2.whom I was expecting to stay with me3.which was lost in the department store yesterday4.where I spent my childhood with Mary5.which the whole family considered a great honor《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.1051.Despite his illness2.Despite a lot of difficulties3.despite his old age4.Despite the bad
weather5.despite his hard work《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.1061.We will do our best to help the girl infected with the AIDS virus to live longer, regardless of the cost.2.Please turn off the TV, because the noise will distract her from her homework.3.It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment.4.When giving a lecture, Bob often prepared some pictures to illustrate how the situation mentioned in a text took place.5.An able and successful businessman is good at making use of all the resources to make money.Section B.The Last Dive at the OlympicsReading Skills:
1.D;C 2.C;C 3.A;CComprehension of the Text1.D 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.1171.commenced2.an intense3.explored4.Initially 5.adopted6.triumph7.spill8.quit《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.1171.prior to 2.confident in/of 3.in haste 4.find out 5.assist...with 6.for fear7.compete…for8.thrust … into Unit 6Section A.The Widow《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, P1301.The word “widow”.2.Because the quotation from Elizabeth Jolley exactly describes how she feels at that moment.3.She was near-sighted, and without glasses, she could not see clearly.4.We know that the couple’s colleagues and old schoolmates thought they were well-matched, so they were excited.However, the couple’s relatives and mothers were not satisfied with their marriage learning from the words “crying”, “offering pity” and “would have insisted they wanted only the best for their children”.5.The writer means that the husband and the wife loved each other because, whenever there was time and opportUnity, they helped each other and showed concerns for each other.6.The words “worn, fading and kept for so long”.7.No.He was still in doubt about Aunt Esther’s identity.We can base our point on the phrase in his message “whether she came from heaven or a nearby town”.8.So long as the wife and husband work hard and love each other, they will live a good life and be happy.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, P1301.underline2.anniversary3.regarding4.curiosity5.restrain6.surrounded7.considerably8.responsibility《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, P1311.with2.as3.from4.for5.for6.from7.from8.about/of《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, P1311.Whoever he is, I don’t want to see him.2.The business would be a success, whoever owned it.Or: whoever owned it, the business would be a success.3.Whoever has broken the window, I’ll take him to his parents.4.Whoever else objects, I won’t.5.Whoever else goes hungry, I won’t.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, P1311.My colleagues and old schoolmates did feel happy for me when I told them I had a chance to go and study in London University.2.Bill does have some problem
with his math class.3.She did go next door to help Mrs.Norton with her sick children.4.These words do convey her feelings at the moment.5.In the picture the bride and groom did feel shy before crowds of relatives and friends.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, P1321.With the money given by his father，he could afford a house in the town nearby.(Or ….he could afford to buy a house in the town nearby.)2.The young lady was so excited that she could not restrain herself from bringing up the subject of marriage.Or: … that she could not help bringing up the subject of marriage.3.I’m afraid you can’t see him today because he was sent on an important mission just an hour ago.4.When she was young，she used to store quotations from poems in a notebook.5.Whoever they are，they should take the responsibility for the accident/they should be responsible for the accident.Section B.The TrashmanReading Skills:
1.I2.F3.B4.A5.H6.D7.E8.G 9.CComprehension of the Text1.A 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.C《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, P1421.boast2.isregistered3.philosopher4.economist5.headed6.graduated7.Frankly8.retreat《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, P1421.They made the rounds of the shopping center.2.I like the way the blue carpet goes with the golden curtains.3.She shouldn’t have married him as she looks down on/upon him.4.At the sound of the steps, he began to tremble.5.The man sat down and called for some beer.6.Contrary to what you might think, I haven’t met him before.7.He is a kind man and always has sympathy for the poor.8.You say I’m fired? Thanks.I didn’t want to stay at the job for long.Unit 7Section A.Face to Face with Guns《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.1541.He looked at the street and pathway carefully to make sure nothing was unusual there.2.He managed to throw his house keys into a bush.3.Because they focus their attention on the guns rather than on their users during the encounter.4.Because he paid attention to the appearances of these two robbers on purpose.5.They might have committed a number of robberies in the area over the past few months.6.A river.7.They are bit by bit destroying the basic ideas we hold dear: our freedom to move about;the fruits of labor;our lives and those of people we value.8.He means that some day we will have to deal with these young men and try to find out the cause of their discontent.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.1541.cautious2.exception3.instinct4.enlarge5.unusual6.offend7.detail8.slight9.foundation10.additional《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.1551.details2.foundation3.offended4.exception5.enlarge6.slight7.instinct8.cautious《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.1551.attached to2.Looking through3.hold dear4.pulling into5.face to face with6.rather than7.out of control8.eat away《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.1551.They should have their pay increased.2.I had my first book accepted for publication that year.3.George had his papers taken from him at the police station.4.I had my wallet stolen on a bus.5.The couple are going to have their wedding photos enlarged at the store.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.1561.rather than to her daughter2.rather than(use)scientific Latin ones3.rather than leaving everything to the last minute4.Rather than using the last of my cash5.rather than increase pay《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VIII, p.1561.The other day when I was walking along the street, I had my wallet stolen.2.When I go to work, I prefer taking a bus rather than driving and that morning was no exception.3.Some victims of armed attacks are seldom able to identify their offenders because their attention focuses on the guns, rather than on their users.4.The two robbers’ methods suggested that they might be the same men who had committed a number of robberies in the area over the pass few months.5.We hold dear our freedom to move about, the fruits of labor and our own lives.Section B.Should I Have a Gun?Reading Skills1.Possible answer: For self-defense.2.Possible answer: She is afraid that she might kill someone, an act much more harmful than just injuring.3.Possible answer: According to the following paragraphs, the writer feels uncomfortable about the imagined robbery because she unfairly imagined the robber was a black man.4.Possible answer: According to common sense, a robber must be physically strong.Females are considered too weak for that and black men are often thought of being strong in the physical sense.5.Possible answer: A neighborhood with a bad name because of its frequent happenings of crime or violence or safety problems.6.Possible answer: No.Killing a human being just because of money is a shame to the writer.7.Possible answer: Locking the doors at the sight of a black man is really insulting.8.Possible answer: This means that the robber takes away the money and no violence happens to either side.Comprehension of the Text1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XV, p.1661.intention2.endanger3.violence4.dominate5.possibility6.omit7.confronted8.affected《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XVI, p.1661.is… intended for2.be capable of3.At the sight of4.Pointing…at5.be immune to6.keep …from7.believe in8.die forUnit 8Section A.Birth of Bright Ideas《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.1781.Good ideas come from the unconscious.Psychologists use the term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the individual.2.No.All of us have experienced the sudden arrival of a new idea, but it is easiest to examine it in the great creative personalities.3.He was sick and could not sleep for noise without and fever within.4.No.He had been occupied with the idea of the “Ring” for several years, and for many months had been struggling to make a start with the actual composing.5.The rush and roar of water had become music and the orchestral opening to the “Rhinegold” had at last taken its shape within him.6.The unconscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual process by which the solution was found.A new concept may suddenly explode into consciousness.7.In the example of Henri Poincare, we see the conscious mind actually watching the unconscious at work.8.Dream plays an important role.Descartes was able to make the discovery with the help of his dream.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.1781.sources2.stable3.surged4.reasonable5.exemplifies6.intense7.flung8.enthusiasm《讀寫教程
I》: Ex.IV, p.1791.taken the shape2.responsible for3.depend on4.representative of5.at work6.arrive at7.Write down8.occupied with《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.1791.It is easiest to examine the sudden arrival of a new idea in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form.2.The Gaels’ offspring are the modern Scots and Irish, some of whom still speak the Gaelic language.3.George explained that this was the official dress for taking examinations, many of which were held in June.4.At last the miracle happened, for which his unconscious mind had been seeking for so long.5.The conscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processes by which the solution was found.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.1791.The more books a man reads, the more knowledge he will have.2.The more he thought about it, the less he liked it.3.The smaller the house is, the less you have to pay for it.4.The more dangerous it is, the more excited he feels.5.The more you talk in English, the more progress you will make.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.1801.She was filled with pity for the poor diseased baby.2.He who would search for jewels must dive below.3.I intended to go to see a film last night, but it rained.4.There was a flood of complaints about the poor service at the restaurant.5.Medical tests established that she was in good health.Section B.Ways of Increasing CreativityReading SkillsB.1.A 2.B 3C 4.C 5.AComprehension of the Text1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.1911.reveal2.expand3.evaluate4.fertile5.productive6.impulse7.reach8.transferred《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.1911.right away2.Acting upon his advice3.came John’s way4.at once5.set the motor in motion6.took up7.took advantage of8.back and forthUnit 9Section A.Looking to the 21 Century
st《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.2051.We ourselves or our actions determine our future.2.He found that he could predict the performance of tested volunteers from the strength of the brain’s electrical activity.3.They will depend more on computers in their medical diagnosis and treatment.4.Yes.With computers, drivers know where they are, what kind of problems their car engines have, how to get to the nearest places of repair, and at what cost to get the needed new parts.5.Through computer connections, students in the future will get worldwide resources from such sources as museums, libraries, databases, and other science facilities all around the world.They can also get assistance from teachers and fellow students around the globe.6.Information and specialists will be more important to the success of a business.7.Yes.There are two reasons for this: first, governments and businesses now realize the importance of environmental protection;second, they are taking actions to protect the environment.For example, many European countries and the United States check automobiles for gas and smoke emissions.8.On one hand, they prescribe pills for them;
on the other, they require them to focus on healthy lifestyles by changing diets and using more exercise as means to keep well.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.2051.performance2.policy/policies3.survive4.tension5.interactive6.career7.profit8.advertisement《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.2061.on/upon2.out/over3.about4.for5.for/up to6.on7.through/from8.up《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.2061.Should you fail to solve the arithmetic problem, come to me.2.Should your car break down, change to a bus.3.Should a serious crisis arise, the public would have to be informed of what it means.4.Should you fail in the exam, your parents and teachers would not blame you.5.Should you change your mind, no one would say anything against it.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.2061.The poor teaching facilities make it difficult for teachers and students to have proper teaching and learning.2.Lack of money makes it hard for one to start up a new business.3.Frequent computer analysis makes it possible for a manager to tell whether a worker is performing well in his work.4.The Internet makes it easier for shoppers to order their groceries at home.5.The new teaching building makes it
possible for the university to admit more
students this year.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.2071.In the 21st century people will order their goods at home through the Internet and have them delivered.2.The increase in information and knowledge about management will be more important to top managers.3.As smoking advertising is banned in many areas, smoking cigarettes will be under siege.4.Eight out of every ten students will use sources such as museums and science facilities in doing their homework assignments.5.It is what we do and what we do not do that determine our future.Section B.Trends for the 21st CenturyReading SkillsB.!.B 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.AComprehension of the Text1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.A《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XIV, p.2181.available2.decline3.accomplish4.inhabitants5.conclusions6.breakthrough7.outstanding8.tends《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.XV, p.2191.posing2.trends3.on our planet/on this planet/on the planet4.wash away5.utilize6.consider nuclear energy too expensive7.altered8.be involved in/involve ourselves inUnit 10Section A.Being Honest and Open《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.II, p.2301.Because, as the saying implies, one’s actions demonstrate whether one is honest or dishonest.2.Integrity involves having a personal standard of morality and boundaries that does not sell out to convenience and that is not relative to the situation at hand.3.It is in short supply and getting scarcer.4.They are: 1)Stand firmly for your convictions when confronted with personal pressure;2)Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs;3)Be honest and open about who you really are.5.It
tells us that when you know you are right, do not give up.6.It means that one should always give other people the praise that they merit.7.Because they lack genuine core values.8.They are self-respect and a clear conscience.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.III, p.2301.convenience2.clarify3.demonstrating4.genuine5.assured6.ensured7.conscience8.progressively《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.IV, p.2311.out2.in3.of4.for5.on / upon6.of7.in8.for9.on《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.V, p.2311.Where I live there are plenty of sheep.2.Your coat is where you left it.3.I will go where you go.4.Where conscience remains integrity stays.5.Where he appears laughter can be heard.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VI, p.2311.The article deals with what the author calls “generation gap”.2.He is lost in what I call “blind happiness”.3.The children are playing what they call “cat-and-rat”.4.She is suffering from what experts call “feeling cancer”.5.There is appearing what I call “sandwich generation” — people who are struggling to care for both their children and their elders while trying hard to hold their jobs.《讀寫教程 I》: Ex.VII, p.2321.You have to either go out with us or stay at home.There is no middle point.2.The teacher gave credit to the students who had studied hard and done well in the exam.3.Where I work there are plenty of computers.4.In other words, be yourself and face reality, but don’t sell out to convenience.5.Those who lack genuine core values always rely on external factors——their looks or status——in order to feel good about themselves.Section B.Web Site Resources:The Best Aid for Cheating?Reading Skills1.G 2.F 3.A 4.H 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.EComprehension of the Text1.D 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XIV, p.2441.strategy2.inclined3.readily4.contemporary5.semester6.perceiving7.ultimate8.appropriate《讀寫教程 I》:Ex.XV, p.2441.handed him over to2.did the trick3.have access to4.Regardless of5.make the most of her freedom6.hailed her as7.for free8.sort of
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