第一篇：詞型轉(zhuǎn)換

1.community(復(fù)數(shù))—

21.safe（反義詞)—

2.gas(復(fù)數(shù))— 3.hair(復(fù)數(shù))— 4.bakery(復(fù)數(shù))— 5.newspaper(復(fù)數(shù))— 6.write(同音詞)— 7.left(反義詞)— 8.buy(同音詞)— 9.stop(現(xiàn)在分詞)— 10.direction(動詞)— 11.see(同音詞)— 12.happy(反義詞)— 13.simple(近義詞)— 14.cross(名詞)— 15.there(對應(yīng)詞)— 16.jog(名詞)— 17.photo(近義詞)— 18.mouse(復(fù)數(shù))— 19.have(單三)— 20.love(近義詞)—

22.danger(形容詞)— 23.good(副詞)— 24.tall(反義詞)— 25.match(復(fù)數(shù))— 26.leaf(復(fù)數(shù))— 27.big(比較級)— 28.(最高級)— 29.bring(近義詞)— 30.too(同義詞)— 31.hobby(復(fù)數(shù))— 32.travel(現(xiàn)在分詞)— 33.fun(同義詞)— 34.(反義詞)— 35.busy(名詞)— 36.swim(現(xiàn)在分詞)— 37.knit(現(xiàn)在分詞)— 38.let’s(完全形式)— 39.no(同音詞)— 40.do(單三)— 41.hard(反義詞)— 42.meet(同音詞)— 43.can not(縮寫)— 44.aunt(同音詞)— 45.same(反義詞)— 46.they(單數(shù))— 47.Chinese(名詞)— 48.eye(同音詞)— 49.study(單三)— 50.(近義詞)— 51.good(比較級)— 52.(最高級)— 53.first(基數(shù)詞)— 54.many(近義詞)— 55.(近義詞組)— 56.old(反義詞)— 57.Canada(形容詞)— 58.Japanese(名詞)— 59.vacation(近義詞)— 60.hour(同音詞)—

61.stick(名詞)— 62.go(過去式)— 63.bring(過去式)— 64.break(過去式)— 65.are(過去式)— 66.is(過去式)— 67.see(過去式)— 68.have(過去式)— 69.take(過去式)— 70.feel(過去式)— 71.do(過去式)— 72.run(過去式)— 73.find(過去式)— 74.stop(過去式)—

? big— ? new— ? beautiful— ? hot— ? short— ? cool— ? safe— ? left— ? easy— ? behind— ? good— ? tall— ? up— ? thin— ? go— ? old— ? answer— ? bring— ? begin— ? open— ? black— ? green— ? cry—

? here— ? same— ? this— ? those— ? sit— ? wrong— ? no— ? boring—

同 義 詞 1.start— 2.fun— 3.picture— 4.love— 5.learn— 6.many— 7.too— 8.job— 9.nice— 10.laugh— 11.easy— 12.get to— 13.hard— 14.good— 15.vacation—

動詞現(xiàn)在分詞 1.cut— 2.making— 3.sing— 4.put— 5.give— 6.swimming— 7.stop— 8.begin— 9.bring— 10.shop— 11.run— 12.boat— 13.jog— 14.sit— 15.get— 16.have— 17.lying— 18.forget— 19.take— 20.travel— 21.knit—

動詞和名詞互換 1.building— 2.flight— 3.driver— 4.invite— 5.tour— 6.teach— 7.bake— 8.crossing— 9.visit— 10.write— 11.jog— 12.sticker— 13.sing—

形容詞和副詞互換 1.good— 2.finally— 3.careful—

第二篇：英語詞型轉(zhuǎn)換題

can(過去式)old（反義詞）

put(過去式)big（反義詞）

read(過去式)tall（反義詞）dance(現(xiàn)在分詞）do(現(xiàn)在分詞）

sing(現(xiàn)在分詞）short(比較級）come(過去式)see(現(xiàn)在分詞）teach(三單）see(同音詞)nice(比較級）easy（反義詞）buy(過去式)grandfather（對應(yīng)詞）lie(現(xiàn)在分詞）good(比較級）get(過去式)have(三單）sit(現(xiàn)在分詞）make(過去式)have(現(xiàn)在分詞）

do(過去式)say(現(xiàn)在分詞）give(過去式)

big(比較級）run(過去式)

cut(現(xiàn)在分詞）fix(三單）no(同音詞)easy(比較級）heavy（反義詞）feel(過去式)meet(同音詞)

die(現(xiàn)在分詞）much(比較級）learn(過去式)like(三單）run(現(xiàn)在分詞）teach(過去式)

take(現(xiàn)在分詞）drink(過去式)

cat(復(fù)數(shù)）

go(過去式)

hot(比較級）bring(過去式)

swim(現(xiàn)在分詞）say(三單）write(同音詞)heavy(比較級）same（反義詞）have(過去式)buy(同音詞)

come(現(xiàn)在分詞）different(比較級）meet(過去式)look(三單）get(現(xiàn)在分詞）tell(過去式)

think(現(xiàn)在分詞）eat(過去式)

friend(復(fù)數(shù)）ride(過去式)

bus(復(fù)數(shù)）

quiz(復(fù)數(shù)）fox(復(fù)數(shù)）

write(過去式)

take(過去式)

forget(過去式)sport(復(fù)數(shù)）work(過去式)story(復(fù)數(shù)）do(三單）move(過去式)make(三單）drop(過去式)woman(復(fù)數(shù)）morning（對應(yīng)詞）

piece(復(fù)數(shù)）play(過去式)knife(復(fù)數(shù)）go(三單）study(過去式)eat(三單）stop(過去式)child(復(fù)數(shù)）uncle（對應(yīng)詞）

fairy(復(fù)數(shù)）live(過去式)life(復(fù)數(shù)）watch(三單）try(過去式)fly(三單）leaf(復(fù)數(shù)）small(比較級）girl（對應(yīng)詞）

第三篇：Conversion詞的轉(zhuǎn)換譯法

Conversion詞的轉(zhuǎn)換譯法（1）

大體可分為 7 種：①詞類轉(zhuǎn)換（轉(zhuǎn)性）；②句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換；③表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換；④自然語序和倒裝語序轉(zhuǎn)換；⑤正面表達(dá)與反面表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換；⑥主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換；⑦分句轉(zhuǎn)換。Converted into verb

英語中的某些名詞、介詞、副詞，翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的動詞。1.Noun-->verb

一）英語中很多由名詞派生的動詞，以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞，在漢語中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動詞，這時可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞。

1.名詞派生的動詞

1）Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個特點，就是以禮相待。

2）To them, he personified the absolute power.在他們看來，他就是絕對權(quán)威的化身。

2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞

1）Most U.S.spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's

atmosphere after completing their missions.美國絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設(shè)計，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。

2）The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.植物沒有專門的排泄系統(tǒng)，可用同樣的方式加以說明。

3）As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去時，忘記了穿鞋子。

Practice 1.My admiration for him grows more and more.我對他越來越欽佩了。2.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the studies of current affairs.了解世界歷史對研究時事很有幫助。

3.He said he didn’t know whether the Russians were ready for a showdown.他說他不知道俄國人是否準(zhǔn)備攤牌。

-er,-or-->Verb

He is a heavy drinker and a chain smoker.他這個人既能抽煙，又能喝酒。

Londoners are great readers.倫敦人喜歡讀書。

2.Adj.-->Verb

Be convinced that…確信… 3.Prep./ Adv-->verb

Are you for or against my opinion? 你贊同還是反對我的觀點？

Watermelons are in.西瓜上市了。

4.take/have/give/make

They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他們最后看了鐵麥克一眼---它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗中。

The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一個新聞節(jié)目比通常短，沒有提到游行。

II.Converted into Noun

1.Verb-->Noun, such as aim, characterize, impress, etc

The camel is characterized by an ability to go for many days without water.駱駝的特點是不喝水能行走多日。

What impressed me most was his heroic deed.他的英雄壯舉給我留下了深刻的印象。

有些英語被動式句子中的動詞，可以譯成“受（遭）到……+名詞”、“予（加）2 以+名詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.（由于經(jīng)常受到太陽、月亮以及地球引力的影響，衛(wèi)星活動必須加以密切的觀察。）

2.Adj.-->Noun

1.英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類的人，漢譯時常譯成名詞。The decreased死者（表單數(shù)）/The accused被告（表單數(shù)）/ 其余: the + adj.表復(fù)數(shù)。/The fittest survive.適者生存。如：

1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。

2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人，熱愛并保護(hù)窮人。

2.此外，根據(jù)情況還有些形容詞可以譯成名詞。如：

1）Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。

2）They were considered insincere.他們被人認(rèn)為是偽君子

III.Adj.-->Adv.We should make a systematic and comprehensive study of the theory on art and literature.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)系統(tǒng)全面地研究文藝?yán)碚摗?/p>

Conversion詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯練習(xí)

1.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.在學(xué)習(xí)中，獨立思考是絕對必要的。

2.If the newspapers want to have a large circulation number, they must be informative, instructive and entertaining.如果報紙想得以大量發(fā)行，必須具有知識性、思想性和趣味性。

3.Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and cooperation.各國社會制度不同，不應(yīng)妨礙彼此接近和相互合作。

4.We are deeply convinced of the correctness of the reform and opening up policy and firmly determined to pursue it.我們堅信改革開放的正確性，并決心繼續(xù)奉行。

5.In those years the Republicans are in.在那些年是共和黨執(zhí)政。

6.Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.他們之間始終保持著傳統(tǒng)的友好關(guān)系。

7.Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我們時代是一場深刻社會變革的見證。

8.Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, making careful observation on the way.他們沿著北冰洋海岸慢慢地航行，一路仔細(xì)觀察。

9.Please let us know if our terms are acceptable.請告是否接受我方條款。

10.The new contract would be good for 5 years.新的合同有效期為五年。

11.The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.千百萬的非洲人民已經(jīng)逐漸認(rèn)識到他們的貧困落后，這就促使他們?nèi)ゲ扇〈?/p>

施，創(chuàng)造新的條件。

12.We guarantee prompt delivery of goods.我們保證迅速發(fā)貨。

13.He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Taiwan issue.他注意到兩國在臺灣問題上的看法是非常一致的。

14.These problems defy easy classification.這些問題難以歸類。

15.He personified the evil that was in the world.他是世間一切邪惡的化身。

16.On this question people of different age groups think differently.對于這個問題，不同年齡段的人有不同的看法。

17.He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.他的動機是希望達(dá)成某種妥協(xié)。

18.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此，對于從事社會活動的人來說，培養(yǎng)一種愛好和新的興趣至關(guān)重要。

19.His style is characterized by brevity.他的寫作特點是簡潔。

20.No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generations back 36 years ago.怪不得老一輩的人看到這個情景就會想起36年前的往事。

21.Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.每個國家應(yīng)該如何保證他的安全，只有他自己才能做出決策。

22.His words and deeds testify to his honesty.他的言行證明他是誠實的。

23.Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer.每個英國人都了解一些我們這位偉大作家的作品，不管他了解多少。

24.Americans have a craze for the sun, a belief that the sun will cure chronic illness and that where there is sunshine, there will be a job.美國人狂熱地喜歡太陽，相信太陽能治療慢性病，有太陽的地方就有工作。

詞的轉(zhuǎn)換譯法（2）

轉(zhuǎn)性譯法是指在翻譯過程中,根據(jù)譯語的規(guī)范,把原句中某種詞類的詞轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞類的詞,也就是我們通常所說的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。英語和漢語的詞類大部分重合，但是在英語中某個詞類的詞語可以充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞窒鄬^少。例如，英語中充當(dāng)主語的只有代詞、名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的動名詞或不定式，充當(dāng)謂語的大多為動詞；而漢語中，名詞、動詞、形容詞都可以做主語、謂語、賓語以及表語。

一、漢語動詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯

漢語的一個顯著特點是大量使用動詞，包括連動式和兼動式。有時，一個句子會出現(xiàn)多個動詞，如：你媽媽叫你回去。

而英語中，一個句子通常只有一個主動詞：your mother wants you back at once.漢語中動詞使用比較頻繁，當(dāng)翻譯成英語時，常用名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞等詞來譯。

（一）漢語動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語名詞

英語中名詞結(jié)構(gòu)占絕對優(yōu)勢，因此常用名詞來表示漢語中的動詞。英語有詞形變化，這大大豐富了英語的名詞，有些動詞只要在后面加上后綴就變成名詞了。漢譯英時如果能適當(dāng)?shù)匕褎釉~轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞，則能使譯文更自然，更凝練。

1.醫(yī)生建議我多鍛煉一些。

譯文：the doctor gave me some advice of doing more exercise．

2.操作機器需要懂得機器的一些性能。

譯文：the operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its function．

3.一定要少說空話，多做工作。

譯文：there must be less empty talk and more hard work．

4.人口在不斷地增加。

譯文：there is a steady increase in population．

（二）漢語動詞譯為英語介詞或介詞短語

英語中介詞不僅數(shù)量多（大約有280多個），而且與其他的詞類搭配靈活，名詞、代詞、動名詞、從句均可以作它的賓語。英語中介詞意義豐富，且隨著搭配的不同，意義會發(fā)生變化。而且有些英語介詞是由動詞演變而來的，依然具有動詞特征，所以有時漢語動詞可以用英語介詞或介詞詞組來翻譯。

（1）他到商店去買醬油。

譯文：he went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.（2）她漂亮得無法形容。譯文：her beauty is beyond word.（3）一座跨越杭州灣的大橋已經(jīng)開始建設(shè)。

譯文：a bridge has been under construction, which will span the Hangzhou bay.二、漢語名詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯

漢語名詞作主語、表語或賓語時，一般譯為相應(yīng)的英語名詞。

但有時漢語的名詞不能硬譯為英語名詞，而是應(yīng)該根據(jù)英文習(xí)慣，轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語的動詞、形容詞或副詞等詞類。

（一）漢語名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語動詞

英語中有一部分動詞是從名詞派生而來的，有的英語名詞同時可以兼做動詞用。漢語中的名詞，尤其是抽象名詞，如果也把它們翻譯成英語名詞，那么句子就會不地道，不符合英文的習(xí)慣。在這種情況下，我們可以把這些漢語名詞譯為相應(yīng)的英語動詞，原來主語、表語或賓語的定語就譯為英語中的主語。

例如：

1)雄偉的人民大會堂給我們留下了深刻的印象。

the magnificent great hall of the people impressed us tremendously.2)他的畫的特點是筆力沉著，色彩鮮艷。

his paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors

上面兩個例句中的“印象”、“特點”在漢語中只能用做名詞表示，而在英語 常常用動詞表達(dá)。3)如果旅館都滿客了，我們可以給你提供住處。we can house you if the hotels are full.4)他是世上一切邪惡的化身。

he personified the evil that was in the world.5)他的呼吸有股大蒜味道。he breaths smells of garlic.6)無知和疏忽是這錯誤的原因。

ignorance and negligence has caused this mistake.7)橄欖枝是和平的象征。olive branch symbolizes peace.8)這只船容易顛覆，因為它造型不合理。

譯文一：this boat is apt to overturn because its shape is unreasonably.譯文二：this boat is apt to overturn because it unreasonably is shaped.（二）漢語名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語形容詞或副詞

詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是英漢翻譯很重要的手段之一，運用得當(dāng)，可使譯文通順流暢，否則譯文可能生硬晦澀。下面將英漢互譯中最常見的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換現(xiàn)象介紹如下:

1.漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語中的名詞

漢語中動詞用的較多，除了動賓結(jié)構(gòu)外，還有連動式、兼語式等兩個動詞以上連用的現(xiàn)象。英語則不然，一句話往往只有一個謂語動詞，但英語中的名詞比漢語中的名詞用的多。基于兩種語言的這一特點，在漢譯英時常把漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為英語中的名詞。

如：

1.你必須好好地照顧病人。You must take good care of the patient.2.他善于觀察。He is a good observer.在上述兩句中，“照顧”，“觀察”都是動詞，但譯成英語，則用的是名詞care和 observer。

不過，在翻譯過程中，有時也要把漢語中的名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的動詞。如：

他的演講給我們的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.8 2.漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為英語的形容詞

漢語中一些表示知覺、情感的動詞，往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語形容詞，通常用“be +形容詞......”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。

如：

我為他的健康擔(dān)憂。I am worried about his health.我們對她所做的一切感到滿意。We are satisfied with what she did.3.漢語中的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的介詞或介詞短語

與漢語相比，英語用介詞較多，而且有一些英語介詞本身是由動詞演變而來，具有動詞的特征。因此，在漢譯英時，漢語中的動詞常可用英語中的介詞或介詞短語來翻譯。

1.露西和莉莉上同一個學(xué)校。Lucy and Lily are in the same school.2.我反對這項法律。I am against the law.4.漢語中的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為英語中的名詞。如：

1.你說他傻不傻？Don't you think he is an idiot? 2.他的生日宴會很成功。His birthday party was a great success.5.英語中的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語中的名詞。如：

Robinhood often looted the rich and helped the poor.羅賓漢經(jīng)常劫富濟(jì)貧。

6.英語中的副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語名詞。如：

1.What is the fare to Nanjing and back? 去南京一個來回車費是多少？ 2.She is physically weak but mentally sound.她體質(zhì)差但頭腦健全。

詞 的 轉(zhuǎn) 換(3)

一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 1.名詞到動詞

1）表示心理狀態(tài)和觀點表達(dá)的名詞。

Opinion/thought/objection/ refusal /declaration /declination/ proposal/ suggestion /hope/ wish/ dream/dread/ afraid/ worry My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建議他立刻戒煙。

2)“七感”以及衍生名詞

sight /hearing/ touch /smelling/ taste /feeling /hunch/intuition /spectator /audience For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land.數(shù)百萬移民一踏上這塊希望的土地，第一眼看到的是自由女神像。Large numbers enjoy the spectator sports.許多人喜歡觀看比賽。

3)加er或or結(jié)尾的動詞派生詞，不表示身份或職業(yè)，而有較強的動作意味。

a fast runner跑得很快, a smart learner學(xué)得很快,a good liar你真會說謊,a bad kisser你吻技真差

You are such a loser!你真遜！

4)四大基本趨勢以及任何表示動態(tài)變化的名詞 Increase/decrease/estabilization /fluctuation The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.在過去的 20 年當(dāng)中，美國航空業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展。

Extension/concentration /dilution /growth/ boom /prosperity

2.介詞到動詞

1)off 脫離；離開；出去；走了 2）beyond 超過

The book is beyond my understanding.我根本讀不懂這本書。

The classroom is beyond its maximum seating capacity.這個教室坐不下那么多人。Beyond paradise 3)above / below超過/ 低于

It’s below the average level.4)with /without 具有；擁有/缺乏；沒有 5）from/to 包括；如

the developing countries from China to Brazil 包括中國、巴西在內(nèi)的發(fā)展中國家 如中國、巴西的發(fā)展中國家

from /derive from 來源于/free from脫離/to /gift to you贈與；給 6）over 戰(zhàn)勝

The victory of justice over arbitrary acts, of reason over decadence and blindness, of democracy over imperialism, of good over evil.正義戰(zhàn)勝了專斷行為，理智戰(zhàn)勝了墮落和盲目，民主戰(zhàn)勝了帝國主義，善戰(zhàn)勝了惡。7)under 客觀的具有；

under the policy under the assumption 中國政府無義務(wù)承諾

The Chinese government is under no obligation to 8）during 趕上

During the 10th anniversary of our corporation’s founding, I’d like to have 35% off the original price.3.形容詞和副詞互轉(zhuǎn)

Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我國政府十分關(guān)心海外僑胞。

4.動詞到名詞

Our proposal was warmly welcomed by all the representatives.我們的提議得到了全體代表的熱烈歡迎。

The girl impressed her relatives’ favorably with her vivacity and sense of humor.這個女孩以她的活潑和幽默感給她親戚們留下了極好的印象。The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上周日，來訪客和陪同人員一起參觀了黃鶴樓。

一般來說，詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧的運用可從以下四個方面加以注意。

2、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。

英語中的某些動詞、形容詞，翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語中的名詞。The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我們居住的地球，形狀象一個大球。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.醫(yī)生盡了最大的努力來治療病號和傷員。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）

3、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。

英語中有些作表語或賓語的抽象名詞，以及某些形容詞派生的名詞，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的形容詞。

另外，當(dāng)英語動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞時，原來修飾該動詞的副詞也往往隨之轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的形容詞。

It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷達(dá)探測水下目標(biāo)是沒有用的。（作表語的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.太陽對人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）

4、轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞。

英語中的某些名詞、形容詞，翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的副詞。

When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風(fēng)趣將這些人爭取過來。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）

英譯漢翻譯技巧句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換

有些譯者喜歡在英漢兩種語言中尋找相應(yīng)的語法成分，如主語、謂語、賓語，并進(jìn)行一對一的轉(zhuǎn)換，這種翻譯在很多情況下是不成功的，因為英漢在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上存在一個很大的區(qū)別。英語句子以SV（O）為框架，可以迭加多種形式的從屬句子——從句、分詞短語、介詞短語等等——形成一個明顯的形式結(jié)構(gòu)。而漢語的主謂關(guān)系和英語存在很大的差別。它的形式結(jié)構(gòu)不像英語那么明顯，主要靠小句的串接、意義的連貫來組建句子。這類句子的謂語與主語的關(guān)系是一種陳述與被陳述。說明與被說明的關(guān)系，而不必有動作上的支配關(guān)系。英語的主謂賓語有明確的形式結(jié)構(gòu)特征，而漢語主謂主要是一種語義上的結(jié)合，是一種“主題+述題”或“話題+說明”的信息結(jié)構(gòu)，往往是先提出一個話題，然后對它加以評價。所以，在英譯漢的過程中未必能進(jìn)行語法成分的直接轉(zhuǎn)換，而需要重新確立漢語的主語，經(jīng)歷了一種從形合結(jié)構(gòu)向意向結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化的趨勢，這種趨勢常體現(xiàn)在兩個方面：一個是把英語句子拆開，成為兩、三個漢語句子；二是把英語從屬成分譯為漢語小句，成為小句串接的意合結(jié)構(gòu)。試看下例：

1.Tact must be used in requesting permission.譯文：征求同意，應(yīng)注意方式方法

2.Mere chance seemed to determine who lived and who died.譯文：究竟誰死誰活，似乎只有一種偶然性決定。

3.The constant sunshine and mild climate of southern California made it an ideal

site for shooting motion pictures.譯文：加利佛尼亞洲南部陽光充足，氣候宜人，是拍攝影片的理想場所。

可以看出：翻譯時往往要將英語句子的賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的話題，有時也會將其他成分進(jìn)行話題轉(zhuǎn)換。這要視上下文及漢語表達(dá)的需求而定。

淺析英漢翻譯中詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法的運用

英語屬印歐語系，漢語屬藏族語系。英漢兩種語言在詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)方面有許多不同，在大多數(shù)情況下英譯漢時很難將兩種語言的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)一一對應(yīng)。為了使譯文符合漢語習(xí)慣，翻譯時不必拘泥于原文表層結(jié)構(gòu)，可以在忠實原文意義的前提下將原文中某些詞的詞類成分轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的其他詞類或成分。

下面是幾個涉及詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的實例。例1：

Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.譯文：在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求；另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。(形容詞reasonable轉(zhuǎn)為副詞，名詞results轉(zhuǎn)為動詞，consequences of轉(zhuǎn)為動賓結(jié)構(gòu))

例2：

This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.譯文：這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏使農(nóng)業(yè)難以以高能量消耗這種美國耕作形式繼續(xù)下去了，而這種耕作方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。(副詞particularly、名詞energy轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞，形容詞possible轉(zhuǎn)為名詞，介詞with轉(zhuǎn)為動詞。)

例3：

The emphasis on data gathered firsthand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, make this study a unique and distinctly important social science.譯文：強調(diào)收集第一手材料，加上在分析過去和現(xiàn)在文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角，使得這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學(xué)。

(名詞emphasis、過去分詞短語combined with轉(zhuǎn)為動詞)

英譯漢中的詞類或句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換情況:

1、英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的動詞、形容詞或副詞在現(xiàn)代英語中，名詞使用的范圍比較廣，不僅常用作主語、賓語、表語、同位語，還可以用作定語或狀語。具有動作意義的名詞，往往可以與介詞短語一起構(gòu)成名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)，其意義相當(dāng)于一個句子。英語中許多名詞含義靈活，翻譯時需要從其基本意義出發(fā)，聯(lián)系上下文加以靈活處理。

一般說來，具有動作意義的名詞或含有動作意味的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語動詞；由形容詞派生的名詞和一些加不定冠詞作表語用的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。有些意義抽象的名詞或名詞短語與句子其他成分之間存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系時，可以根據(jù)其意義轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞或相應(yīng)的狀語從句。

例如: 1)A glance though his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial.從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀(jì)念碑和林肯紀(jì)念館的全景。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞)

2)We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.我們感到，解決這個復(fù)雜的問題是復(fù)雜的。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞)3)I had the fortune to meet him.我幸運地見到了他。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞)

4)I had the impression that your brother was the director of the company.在我的印象中，你哥哥是那家公司的懂事長(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語)

2、英語形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的副詞、動詞或名詞由于英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)方式上的不同，由于英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)方式上的不同，有些英語形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語副詞這種轉(zhuǎn)譯法在形容詞修飾的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞時更常運用。表示心理狀態(tài)的形容詞在聯(lián)系動詞后作表語時常轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞。可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞的英語形容詞通常有兩種：一種是加上定冠詞表示某一類人的形容詞；另一種是用來表示特征或性質(zhì)的形容詞，可以根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。

例如:

1)He was a regular visitor.他以前經(jīng)常來(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成副詞)

2)A successful scientist must be a good observer.一個成功的科學(xué)家一定善于觀察(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞)

3)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞)

3、英語可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的名詞、動詞或形容詞英語中副詞使用頻繁，有的表示時間、地點、方式，用來修飾動詞；有的表示程度，用來修飾形容詞或其它副詞；有的起連接作用引導(dǎo)從句；有的用來修飾整個句子。英語副詞在句子中的位置也比較靈活，有時在句首，有時在動詞前后，有時在詞語中間翻譯時首先要弄清它的修飾關(guān)系，正確理解其含義，然后根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣靈活處理。英語形容詞或動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞時，原來修飾形容詞或動詞的副詞往往隨著轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語形容詞。

1)I love having Friday off.我喜歡每星期五休息(副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞)2)How long will he be away? 他要離開多久(副詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞)

3)I suppose boys think differently from girls.我想男孩和女孩的思維方式不同(副詞轉(zhuǎn)化成形容詞)

4、英語動詞可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞和副詞英語中一些由名詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞，其概念很難用漢語動詞來表達(dá)，翻譯時可將該英語動詞轉(zhuǎn)義成漢語名詞。英語被動句譯成漢語“受到…+名詞”或“加以+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時，該英語動詞則轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞。英語中有些動詞具有漢語副詞的含義，翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞。例如: 1)I succeeded in persuading him.我成功地說服了他(動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成副詞)

2)He aims to enter the university next year.他的目標(biāo)是明年進(jìn)大學(xué)(動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞)

5、英語介詞可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞

英語介詞在句子中表示詞與詞之間的關(guān)系，用得相當(dāng)廣泛。英語介詞含義靈活，搭配關(guān)系復(fù)雜，翻譯時要根據(jù)其搭配關(guān)系和上下文靈活處理。一般說來，與動詞搭配使用的介詞往往可以省略不譯，如：arrive at/in(到達(dá))，look after(照看)，persist in(堅持)，put up with(忍受)，take care of(照管)等。

具有動作含義的英語介詞或介詞短語翻譯時往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞。例如:

go by car乘汽車去

a present for Susan 給蘇姍的禮物

a letter written by English 一封英文書信

Break the circuit first in case of fire 如遇火警，首先切斷電源

6、句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換在很多情況下，英語中的句子成分在翻譯時也可根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:

1)As the match burns, heat and light are given off.火柴燃燒時發(fā)出光和熱(主語轉(zhuǎn)為賓語)2)This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.這種石頭的相對密度是2.7(賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)

3)Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.只要仔細(xì)把它們比較一下，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)不同之處(主語轉(zhuǎn)為謂語,賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)

4)The baby doubled its weight in a year.嬰兒的體重一年中漲了一倍(主語轉(zhuǎn)為定語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)

5)Thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast.成千上萬的觀眾目瞪口呆，心怦怦直跳(定語轉(zhuǎn)為謂語)

6)The ocean was filled with turtles and fish.海洋里魚鱉成群，張網(wǎng)可得(主語轉(zhuǎn)為狀語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)為主語)參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Carter R & McCarthy M.Vocabulary and LanguageTeaching[M].London:Longman, 1998.[2] Corson D J.Using English Words [M].Dordrech: Kluwer Academic Publishers.1995.[3]王文斌.英語詞法概論[M].上海外語教育出版社，2006.[4]胡文仲.英美文化詞典[M].北京：外語教學(xué)研究出版社，1997.

第四篇：專升本詞形轉(zhuǎn)換常考詞總結(jié)

大學(xué)英語A級考試詞形轉(zhuǎn)換常考詞總結(jié)

（總共246個核心詞匯）

詞形轉(zhuǎn)換主要是考查名、動、形、副四種詞形的相互轉(zhuǎn)換

詞形轉(zhuǎn)換四大法寶:

1.be + adj/doing/done

2.vt/prep/a/an/the/adj + n

3.prep + n/doing

4.adv + v/adj/adv/clause(+ adv)

accomplish-accomplishment

advertise-advertisement-advertiser

agree-agreement-agreeable

amaze-amazement-amazed-amazing

appoint-appointment-disappoint-disappointment-disappointed-disappointing argue-argument

arrange-arrangement

commit-commitment犯

courage-encourage-encouragement-discourage-discouragement-discouraging develop-development

employ-employment-employer-employee

entertain-entertainment

govern-government

improve-improvement

large-enlarge-enlargement

move-movement

require-requirement-request

able-ability-enable-inability-disable-disability-unable

possible-possibility

probable-probability

responsible-responsibility

miss-missing

appear-appearance-disappear-disappearance-apparent-apparently

think-thought-thoughtful-thoughtfulness-thoughtless-thoughtlessness thank-thankful

beauty-beautiful-beautifully

wonder-wonderful-wonderfully

permit-permission

admit-admission

exhibit-exhibition

true-truth-truly

know-known-knowledge-knowledgeable

fortune-fortunate-fortunately-misfortune-unfortunate-unfortunately

honest-honesty-honestly-dishonest-dishonestly-dishonesty

deliver-delivery

cover-discover-discovery

inquire-inquiry

recover-recovery

break-breakage-broken-breakable

advantage-advantageous-disadvantage-disadvantageous

use-usage-useful-useless

marry-marriage-married-unmarried

percent-percentage

short-shortage

single

married-unmarried

separate-separation

divorce-divorced-divorcement

agree-agreeable-agreement-disagreeable

change-changeable

desire-desirable

favor-favorable-favorite

advise-advisable-adviser

knowledge-knowledgeable

normal-in/im/un/mis/ir/il/abnormal

add-addition-additional-additionally

respond-response-responsible-responsibility-irresponsible-irresponsibility

suspect-suspicion-suspicious

qualify-qualification-qualified

class-classify-classification

exam-examine-examination

general-generalize-generalization

operate-operation-operator

locate-location

relax-relaxation

apply-application-applicant

assist-assistant-assistance

ten-ant-tenant房客

imply-implication-implied

educate-education-educator

graduate-graduation

indicate-indication

translate-translation-translator

misery-miserable

mystery-mysterious-mysteriously

nerve-nervous

curiosity-curious-curiously

occur-occurrence

refer-reference

differ-difference-different

rich-richness-enrich

poor-poverty

long-length-lengthen

high-height-heighten

strong-strength-strengthen

short-shortage-shorten

threat-threaten

wide-width-widen

deep-deepen

quick-quicken

sharp-sharpen

accurate-accuracy

private-privacy

agent-agency

constant-constancy

consistent-consistency

current-currency

effect-effective-effectively-effectiveness效果

efficient-efficiency-inefficient-inefficiency 效率

emergent-emergency

fluent-fluency

frequent-frequency

urge-urgent-urgency

complain-complaint

ignore-ignorant-ignorance

arrive-arrival

approve-approval-disapprove-disapproval

propose-proposal

refuse-refusal

remove-removal

survive-survival-survivor

like-dislike-likely-likelihood-unlike-unlikely-likeness-likelier-likeliest

friend-friendly-friendliness-friendship

love-lovely

die-dead-deadly-death

live-lively-life

year-yearly

month-monthly

week-weekly

day-daily-date

real-unreal-realize-realization

recognize-recognition

consider-consideration-considerable-considerably

concentrate-concentration

contribute-contribution

distract-distraction

investigate-investigation-investigator-investigative

translate-translation

organize-organization

occupy-occupation

solve-solution

resolve-resolution

introduce-introduction-introducer

produce-production-productive-product

-producer

protect-protection-protector

complete-completion

exhibit-exhibition

divide-division

comprehend-comprehension-comprehensive

comfort-discomfort-comfortable-uncomfortable

sign-signal

depend-dependable-dependent-dependence

-independent-independence-independently

satisfy-satisfaction-satisfied-unsatisfied-satisfactory-unsatisfactory-satisfying

free-freedom

wise-wisdom

king-kingdom

laugh-laughter笑聲

believe-belief

plenty-plentiful

hang-hung-hung懸掛（不絞死我，我就不規(guī)則）

hang-hanged-hanged 絞死（-ed 可以想象為一根繩子（e）掛在脖子（d）上的樣子）rise-rose-risen-risingvi

raise-raised-raised-raising vt

lie-lied-lied-lying-liar 說謊

lie-lay-lain-lying躺

lay-laid-laid-laying放置、下蛋

intelligent-intelligence-intellectual

aware-awareness

perform-performance-performer

act-action-activity-active-actively-inactive-inactively-inactivity confuse-confusion-confused-confusing

mean-meaning-meaningful-meaningless

excess-excessive-excessively

success-succeed-successful-successfully

-unsuccessful-unsuccessfully

fail-failure

decide-decision-decisive

ease-easy-easier-easiest

discuss-discussion

tour-tourism-tourist-tourist attraction

attract-attraction-attractive

trouble-troublesome

tire-tiresome

hand-handsome

rely-reliable

benefit-beneficial

guide-guidance

science-scientist-scientific

communicate-communication

electric-electricity-electrician-electronic mail

music-musician

technique-technology-technician-technical

patient-patience-impatient-impatience

understand-understanding-misunderstanding

history-historical-historic

lead-leader-leadership-mislead-misleading

hard-hardship

member-membership

read-reader-readership

curious-curiosity

symbol-symbolize

endure-endurance

occur-occurrence

help-helpful-helpless

hope-hopeful-hopeless

use-useful-useless-usage

diligent-diligence

explode-explosion-explosive-explosively-explosiveness attend-attendance-attendant

defend-defendant-defensive-defensively

-defensiveness

assist-assistant-assistance

ant-tenant

apply-applicant-application

participate-participant-participation

appreciate-appreciation

resist-resistance

necessary-necessity-necessarily

observe-observation-observer

tradition-traditional-traditionally

person-personal-personally

loyal-loyalty

safe-safety

accept-acceptance-acceptable

attend-attendance-attendant

distant-distance

please-pleasant-pleasantly-pleased

worry-worried-worrying-worryingly

equal-equality-equivalent-equivalence amaze-amazed-amazing-amazement

astonish-astonished-astonishing

interest-interested-interesting

surprise-surprised-surprising

invent-invention-inventor-inventive

occasion-occasional-occasionally

union-reunion

visit-visitor

west-westernize

intent-intention-intensive

annoy-annoyed-annoying-annoyance

construct-construction

differ-different-difference

destroy-destruction-destructive

extreme-extremely

compete-competition-competitive-competitor recognize-recognition

hunger-hungry

regular-regularly-irregular-irregularly bore-bored-boring

restrict-restriction-restrictive

express-expression-expressive-expressively right-rightly

introduce-introducer-introduction-introductive

第五篇：2011聯(lián)大專升本英語詞型轉(zhuǎn)換綜合訓(xùn)練及答案

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