第一篇：中石化2011職稱英語教材(綜合)

1.How to be Happy如何獲得幸福

In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H(happiness)= S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+ C(the conditions of your life)+ V(the voluntary choices you make).Next, we'll look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.過去兩周我們研究了一項幸福公式，這是由樂觀心理學家馬丁塞利格曼定義的。H(幸福)=S(個人生理幸福感受的固定指數)+C(個人生活狀態)+V(個人主觀選擇)。接下來我們將著眼于能提升幸福指數的生活狀態。

Step 1: Peace and quiet第一步：平和寧靜

Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, 'The Happiness Hypothesis', notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution.喬納森海迪在他的優秀著作《幸福假說》當中提到，研究調查顯示，我們不可能完全適應噪音污染，無論是新近的還是長期的。

Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses(the other is the fear of falling)and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.巨大噪聲會引起我們某種面對恐懼本能反映(另一種是對于墜落的恐懼)，如果周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不可能完全放松。

Noisy neighbours are one of the most emotive causes of domestic upset for a very good reason.這樣看來，吵鬧的鄰居的確對我們家庭不和起到很大影響。

It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day.If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council.每日保持平和寧靜事關重要。如果你的生活環境不幸比較吵，請一定要堅持去居委會投訴。

Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to give you some respite.If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.另外，試試實用耳塞，可能會緩解噪聲。如果你一定要大聲看電視、聽收音機放音樂的話，記得戴上耳機。別影響鄰里，這樣可以使雙方都感到舒適。

Step 2: Relationships第二步：人際關系

This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient.這是增加幸福指數的一條至關重要的內部條件。

Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others.A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.我們感到不快樂的最深層原因，往往就是人際關系欠佳。如果一個在職同事對我們表示威嚇的話，會造成難以言語的抑郁情緒。

A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned.與拍檔或者愛人的關系陷入殘酷競爭之中，會讓我們感到背叛和背棄。

A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery.We never fully adapt to hostile relationships, they invidiously contaminate our wellbeing, squatting inside our minds as unresolved, destructive ruminations.與父母孩子之間的關系缺乏同情心和無私關心，那么這會造成隔閡生產痛苦。我們不可能適應這種敵對關系，這種不良的人際關系會損害身心健康，長久留存在我們心里，會讓人陷入無以解決的惡性心理困境。

When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.當我們面臨這類問題時，最好的辦法，就是直面難題，挽救關系，或者學著繼續前進。

Step 3: Share第三步：分享

If I have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved my wellbeing, I would like to share them with you.如果我發覺生活狀態或者做的某項決定對幸福生活有極大幫助的話，我很想說出來同你們一起分享。

Passing on what works is essential to improve our own and the wellbeing of others.將有用的發現與更多人分享，這對增進自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有積極作用。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1.What's the happiness formula according to the passage? The formula refer to H(happiness)= S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+ C(the conditions of your life)+ V(the voluntary choices you make)2.Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.3.How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? If we need our TV, radio or music up loud，wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors．

4.Where does the unhappiness come from? Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others． 5.What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? What you call do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on．

【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

1．吵鬧的鄰居的確對我們家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影響。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2．在職場上，如果一個同事對我們表示威嚇的話，會造成難以言表的抑郁情緒(unwretchedness)。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness．

3．我們不可能適應這種敵對關系，這種不良的人際關系會損害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships，which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4．如果這種壞情緒長時問留在人們的心里，會讓人陷入無法解決的惡性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind，it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression．

5．我們不應當回避這些問題，而是要正確面對它們。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.B．英譯漢

There are many benefits to being happy．Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more．They also tend to volunteer more，be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne” or genuine smiles．What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious．幸福有許多好處。越幸福的人往往越健康、越長壽、掙的錢越多。他們通常也會從事更多的志愿工作、更善于處理人際關系、發出更多心理學家所說的“杜興微笑”，即真誠的微笑。我們了解不深的是，為什么幸福可以傳染。

According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis，authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends，family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future．More specifically，they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life．全球暢銷書《關聯》餉作者詹姆斯?福勒和尼古拉斯?克里斯塔基斯發現，如果你身邊那些重要的人際網絡中有許多幸福的朋友、家人與鄰居，那么你將也會很幸福。他們表示，更準確地說，如果居住在離你1英里內的一個朋友生活幸福感得到顯著提升，你的生活幸福感就會增加25％。

Similar effects are seen in co—resident spouses(8 per cent happier)；siblings who live within a-mile of each other(14 per cent)；and next-door neighbours(34 per cent)．What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact(due to physical proximity)than on deep social connections．Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace．具有同樣效果的還有同居配偶(幸福感提升8％)、居住在1英里之內的兄弟姐妹(14％)和鄰居(34％)。這意味著，幸福傳播的強度似乎更取決于交往的頻繁度(與地域鄰近相關)，而不是社會關系的深度。可惜由于某種原因，這并不適用于工作場合。

So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family(for example，by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous)．Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them．Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious．那么，為什么幸福能夠傳染?一個原因或許是，幸福的人會與親朋好友分享好運氣(例如，提供實際的幫助。或在經濟上慷慨解囊)。另一個原因可能是，幸福的人往往會改善自己的行為，會對周圍的人更加友好，或減少敵意。又或許只是因為正面情緒具有高度傳染性。

2.City Design城市設計

When I'm being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn't help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots.當我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會議中心時，映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場。

The world's cities are in trouble.In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating.Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day.全世界的城市都陷入了困境，數以百計的城市日常生活的質量正繼不斷下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。

The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.每天上班族驅車時因街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時間逐年升高，郁悶也隨之加深。

In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergence of a new urbanism.針對上述情況，我們可以看到一種新城市主義的理念正在興起。

In just a few years, many cities banned the parking of cars on sidewalks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-based rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees, and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods.在短短的幾年內，許多城市的人行道上不再允許停車，新建和改造了更多的停車場，建立了一套以公共汽車為基礎的極為成功的快速運行系統，興建了數百公里的自行車道和步行街，高峰時段的交通擁擠得以減緩，種植了更多的樹木，并吸收當地市民直接參與社區的改善工作。

The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.城市設計以人為本的理念使這些城市的生活質量有了很大的提高。

Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars.現在，各地政府的規劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是為汽車設計城市的方法。

Cars promise mobility.But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city.汽車應帶給人們活動的便捷。但是在一個不斷城市化的世界里，存在著一個根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽車與城市之間的矛盾。

After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.超過一個臨界點之后，隨著汽車數量的累加，汽車提供的不再是便捷，而是停滯。

Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increasing urban mobility by moving away from the car.基于這個觀點，無論在發達的工業國家還是發展中國家，一些城市將會通過遠離汽車來極大增加市區的通暢。

Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars.讓我再次提醒你，城市是為了人，不是為了汽車而建設的。

A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted-all mechanism and no human.In order to avoid this disaster, we'd better start designing sustainable cities.擠滿汽車的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說里描繪的—全是機械沒有人性。為了避免這場災難，我們最好開始設計可持續發展的城市。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1.What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?(He takes)a bus． 2.According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars? Cars not only do harm to people's health but also cause heavy traffic jam．

3.What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed for people” in paragraph 2 mean? Design cities for people not(for)cars．

4.Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas? Because people depend largely on cars．

5.How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all Cars(mechanism)no human． 【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

1.隨著大量市民被迫遷到遙遠的郊外，汽車的需求量正在飛漲。The demand for Cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2.生態城市將把傳統設計要素同最先進的綠色技術相結合。The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3.預計到2010年將有一千輛燃料電池車（fuel-cell vehicles）投入使用，而到2012年將增至一萬輛。One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012.4.如今，各地方政府幾乎無一不在探討有關生態農村、生態城鎮或生態城市計劃的話題。These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.5.全世界大約一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能緩解城市對環境影響的途徑勢在必行。It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world's population is now city-dwellers(is now living in cities).B．英譯漢．

Once at a supermarket，I read a thought-provoking sign at the check—out counter.It said the store was using only plastic bags．The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn't biodegradable：Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport，SO the store．Believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic．It got me thinking further．Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times，or until they start falling apart，you have really done a good thing．You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets．Instead of purchasing plastic trash bags．有一次在一家超市的收銀處，我看到了一則發人深思的廣告，上面寫著：本店只用塑料袋。超市聲稱：事實上生產和運輸同量紙袋所消耗的能源和所排放的廢氣的危害大大超過塑料袋不能進行生物降解的危害。而且紙袋占用的空間更大，需要更多的卡車運送。因此，超市認為使用塑料袋可以減少碳足跡。該告示促使我作了進一步的思考。為什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去雜貨店時帶上重復使用呢?如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了為止，你豈不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋鋪在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再買垃圾專用塑料袋。

3.Population人口

A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet.在我們這個星球上居住的人越來越多，是一個很重要的全球問題。

The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.如果繼續按照現有的增長率發展下去，那么有限的土地及土地資源很快不能養活這么巨大的人口。

So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control”.那么為什么會出現人口的大量增長呢?這的確是因為知識的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結果。

You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control”its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades.但是，我們并沒有這樣做!反而我們正在消耗它的“本錢”——其不可再生的化石燃料與其它礦藏，它們是在幾百萬年的時間里才形成的，然而現在，幾十年內就會被消耗殆盡。

We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share earth with us.我們對待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然資源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百萬與我們共同居住在地球上的物種。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．What can be learnt about the population growth at present? It continues to increase／grow at its present rate．

2．According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? Death Control 3．What is the doctors' job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive．

4．Why isn't there enough land to support human beings? Because the world's land has already been taken up occupied by the ever-increasing population．

5．In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as_____.nonrenewable 【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

1.亞洲大陸面積占世界陸地面積的29％。Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world's land area． 2.人口的增加使土地必須生產更多的糧食。The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain．

3.我們應該先進行抽樣調查再寫報告。We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.4.我承認我在工作中因缺乏經驗犯過這樣那樣的錯誤。I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds．

5.中國的現代化工業和商品經濟的發展，促進了職業流動和人口流動。The development of modem industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational(mobility)and population mobility．

B．英譯漢 A report，based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations，suggests that by mid-century, humanity's demand on nature will be twice the biosphere's productive capacity．At this level of ecological deficit，exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real．一份以聯合國所作的經濟和火口緩慢增長的預期為基礎的報告顯示。到本世紀中葉，人類對自然界的需求將達到生態圈自身生產能力的兩倍。在這樣的生態“赤字”水平下，生態資源的枯竭和大規模的生態系統崩潰將會成為事實。

Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now．Population size changes slowly, and human-made capitalvibrations and other physical sensations that are now used, for instance, to let a gamer know she's reached a new level, but that can also be used to communicate emotions and may soon give a touch-screen keyboard the feel of a physical keyboard.其它開發人員正在研究“觸覺”反饋的升級技術，它們不但可用來提醒游戲玩家已經過關，也可以用來進行感情交流，并且有可能很快就能使觸摸屏具有真空鍵盤的觸覺。

And for those who still prefer to work with keys on their phones, even some traditional keyboards will perform certain functions in response to touch commands.對于那些更喜歡使用手機鍵盤的人來說，即便傳統的鍵盤也將能發揮與觸摸指令相對應的功能。

Software developers set to work on multi-touch applications.Some, for instance, allow users to play virtual musical instruments on the phone.But multi-touch developers have largely focused on games.軟件開發人員開始研發多觸摸應用軟件。例如，有些軟件可以使用戶在電話上彈奏虛擬樂器。但是，多觸點開發人員主要以開發游戲為主。

Haptic technology already has many non-mobile applications.In videogames, for instance, it can give gamers the sensation of actually steering a car they're controlling on the screen.觸覺技術已經在非移動領域得到了廣泛應用。例如，在視頻游戲當中，它可以讓游戲玩家感到自己好像真的在駕駛他們所控制的熒屏賽車。

In medical training, it can make procedures like endoscopy performed on a simulator feel real, so that medical personnel can develop a better sense of how to perform them.在醫療培訓中，它可以讓在模擬器上操作的內窺鏡檢測法等程序感覺異常真實，從而使醫療人員能更自如地操作這些儀器。

The use of haptics in mobile phones is still in its infancy, but the wider deployment of haptic enabled phones will open the door to new applications.觸覺技術在手機方面的使用仍然處于初創階段，但是觸覺技術手機的廣泛運用將為這項技術得以更多、更新的應用開辟新的途徑。

For now, at least, many mobile users prefer the accuracy of a physical keyboard rather than a touch screen.目前看來，至少還有許多手機用戶仍然偏愛物理鍵盤的準確性，他們對觸摸屏并不十分感興趣。

A new technology is being designed to allow the best of both worlds: a keyboard that can also respond to touch commands.開發人員正在設計一項可以兼顧這兩種需求的新技術：即可以同時回應觸摸指令的物理鍵盤。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．Why do we say Apple's iPhone is a revolution? Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen．

2．What is the advantage of multi-touch screen? The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger．

3．What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations．

4．What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The garners feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games．

5．Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard．

【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英 1．這項技術使移動通訊行業產生了突破性變革。This technology revolutionized mobile communication.2．多觸摸功能是其最大的賣點之一(eye-catching feature)。The multi-touch capability is among its most eye-catching features.3．戴爾是一家跨國技術公司，總部設在德克薩斯州。Dell Inc.based in Texas, is a multinational company.4．制造商經常在用戶購買新電腦的時候提供免費更換服務。Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.5．很多多點觸控界面(interfaces)的產品已經出現，而且正在廣泛地應用。Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied.B．英譯漢 The keyboard，being developed by the researchers，responds normally when a letter or number is pressed．But a user could scroll down a Web page by running a finger lightly across the key board；Pressing a little harder might be the command to scroll faster or zoom in on a Page．The technology is expected to start being employed in mobile phones in 2010 or 2011．研究人員在研制這樣一種鍵盤，當用戶按下一個字母或者數字的時候，它可以作出正確的反應。用戶可以通過手指輕輕地上下觸摸鍵盤來滑動網頁；如果用力稍重一點，則表明滑動得更快或者放大頁面的指令。這項技術有望于2010年或者2011年運用在手機上。

9.Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料與我們的生活

Oil and natural gas are an important part of everyday life.Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.石油與天然氣是我們日常生活的重要組成部分。它們不僅使我們出行方便,它們還可以使我們的住所冬暖夏涼并且為我們提供電力。

Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.我們日常生活中的許多物品都是由石油和天然氣制成的，如塑料、治病救人的藥品、服裝、化妝品等等。

In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector(cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.)comes from fuels made from oil.在美國，交通運輸系統(私人汽車、公共汽車、地鐵、火車、飛機等)的運行所依賴的能源中有97％來自石油煉制的燃料。

Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternative fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol.However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.雖然汽車制造商們正在研制使用像電、氫氣和乙醇這樣的替代能源作為燃料的汽車，但是，汽車電池需要充電而且電池發電所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然氣。

The hydrogen needed for fuel cells could also be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products.燃料電池所需要的氫氣也可能是由天然氣或石油產品制成的。

Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for foreseeable future.所以，盡管人們在研制開發替代燃料，在可預測的將來，能夠確保人們出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。

In areas of the world that are still developing, businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products.在全世界的發展中地區，不論企業還是個人，不論是為了自己方便還是為銷售公司的產品，對交通出行的需求都大大增加。

World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations.據預測世界汽車保有量將由1999年的每千人122輛增加至2020年的每千人144輛，這些增加的部分都是來自發展中國家。

Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand.同樣在這些發展中國家，由于機場也在擴建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不斷增長。

Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57% of total world oil consumption by 2020.在可預測的將來，石油仍將是世界各地交通的主要能源，預計到2020年交通燃料將占全世界石油消耗總量的57％。

World population is currently around 6 billion people, but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020.目前世界人口為60億，但是到2020年將會增至約76億。

That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.這將意味著人們對石油和天燃氣制成的交通燃料、電力以及其它消費產品需求的大量增加。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．According to the text, how important is oil to our life? Oil and gas give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity．They can also be made into many products that we use every day．

2．What is a disadvantage of electric batteries used in automobiles? They must be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas． 3．Can alternate energy completely replace oil and gas in the foreseeable future? Why? No．it can't．Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future．

4．Where in the world can we see the big increase in car ownership? In the developing world．

5．What will the increase of world population indicate? That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas． 【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

1．大多數替代能源不僅可以給我們帶來清潔空氣，它們還是可再生的。Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air, they are renewable as well.2．許多生活日用品都是由石油制成的。Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.3．盡管許多國家在研發并開始使用不同的替代能源，在未來很長的一段時間化石燃料仍將是占據主導地位的能源。Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alternative energy, fossil fuels will remain crucially important for a long time in future.4．專家預計北京的汽車占有量將超過每千人200輛。It is estimated(projected)that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.5．在未來幾十年，世界人口仍將持續增長。這意味著能源需求將進一步增加。World population will continue to grow in the next few decades.This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.B．英譯漢

Energy is available in many forms．Some are renewable such as gravity, which can be converted to hydroelectricity．Another renewable，such as solar energy, can be used directly to heat water and dwellings or be converted into electricity by photovoltaic methods(direct conversion)or by the production of steam using a system of mirror.Solar energy can also be employed indirectly through the force of the wind and waves(an example is the tidal-power station on the Rance in France)or by utilizing the difference in temperature between the surface and bottom of the oceans or between any two points on the Earth's crust.The latter is known as geothermal energy.能源的形式多種多樣。有些能源可再生，如重力勢能可轉化為水電。另一種可再生能源，如太陽能可直接用于加熱水和給住房供暖，也可通過光電方法（直接轉化）或者利用一組反射鏡系統產生蒸汽而轉化成電力。太陽能也可借助風和波浪（例如法國蘭斯的潮汐發電站），或者利用海底和海面或者地殼任意兩點之間的溫差而被間接利用。后者又被稱作地熱能。

Other forms of energy are nonrenewable.These include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, oil sand, oil shale and natural gas.These fuels can in fact be considered to be the product of the work of solar energy during millions of years and represent a kind of stored solar energy.其它形式的能源是不可再生的。包括化石燃料如煤、石油、油沙、油頁巖和天然氣。這些燃料其實可看作是經過幾百萬年太陽能作用的產物，是一種儲存的太陽能。

10.Carbon Emissions碳排放

The taskis challenging for any fuel source, but particularly so for coal, which produces more carbon dioxide than oil or natural gas.將燃料燃燒排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空氣中這項任務對于任何一種燃料的碳排放處理都是一件艱巨的工作。尤其對于煤炭來說，這項任務就更為困難，因為煤炭燃燒比石油和天然氣燃燒所排放出的二氧化碳更多。

Under optimal current conditions, coal produces more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit of electricity as natural gas, the second most common fuel used for electricity generation.在最佳燃燒狀況下，每發一個單位電所燃燒煤炭而產生的二氧化碳是燃燒天然氣的兩倍。天然氣是發電使用的第二大燃料。

In the developing world, where even new coal plants use lower grade coal and less efficient machinery, the equation is even worse.在發展中國家，情況則更糕，因為那里所使用的煤炭及發電設備都是低檔次的。

Without carbon capture and storage, coal cannot be green.But solving that problem will take global coordination and billions of dollars in investment, which no one country or company seems inclined to spend.如果不進行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成為綠色能源。但是解決這一問題不僅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花費數以十億計甚至更多的投資，而沒有任何一個國家和公司愿意花費這筆投資。

There are a few dozen small demonstration projects in Europe and in the United States, most in the early stages.But progress has not been promising.雖然在歐洲和美國人們為此進行了一些小規模的試驗項目，但這些項目都剛剛興起，并沒有取得什么實質性的進展。

The European Union had pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture projects for Europe.Many have likened carbon capture's road from the demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available reality as a challenge equivalent to putting a man on the moon.歐盟已經承諾在歐洲建設l2個試驗性碳捕獲項目。很多國家也已經將碳捕獲這項任務從實驗室轉化為安全、低價的實際應用，但他們都把這項任務比作把人送往月球那么難。

Norway, which is investing heavily to test the technology, calls carbon capture its “moon landing.”挪威正在對此大量投資做技術測試，他們就把碳捕獲稱為“月球登陸計劃”。

Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide, which is at some level an inherently local issue.碳捕獲之后面臨的問題就是碳封存。碳封存從某種程度上來說則屬于地域問題。

Geologists have to determine if there is a suitable underground site, calculate how much carbon dioxide it can hold and then equip it in a way that prevents leaks and ensures safety.地質學家們需要確定地下是否有合適的地點，計算其對二氧化碳的存儲量，然后再配備設施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以確保安全。

A large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.地下二氧化碳一旦發生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一樣危險。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．In paragraph 1, what does the underlined word “so” refer to? The word “so” refers to “challenging”.2．What can be learned about carbon emission in the coal plants in developing countries? The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient．As a result，produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.3．How can the use of coal become “green”? Coal can become ‘green’ through carbon capture and storage． 4．According to the text, what has Norway been doing? Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology.5．What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at an underground site? The carbon stored at an underground site could leak，and a large leak underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

1．在很多以煤為主要能源的發展中國家，減少碳排放是一件極具挑戰的工作。Reducing carbon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where coal is a major source of energy.2．20世紀末的世界人口是20世紀六十年代的兩倍。The world population by the end of the 20 century was twice as much as that of the 1960s.3．如果沒有先進的技術，環境污染無法得以改善。Without advanced technology, environmental pollution could not be improved.4．過量飲食對人體帶來的危害與過量飲酒帶給人體的傷害一樣嚴重。Excessive eating could be as harmful to health as excessive drinking.5．該公司正在就如何有效減少二氧化碳排放做一項實驗性研究。The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort to cut carbon emission efficiently.B．英譯漢

Many chemical compounds found in the Earth's atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.”These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely．When sunlight strikes the Earth's surface，some of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation(heat)．Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heal the atmosphere．Over time，the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth's surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth's surface roughly constant．地球大氣中的很多化合物都具有“溫室氣體”效果。這些氣體可使太陽的光線沒有任何阻礙地進入到大氣中。陽光到達地球表面時，其中的一部分會變為紅外線輻射（即熱量）被反射回太空。溫室氣體吸收這些紅外輻射能量并把熱量圈在大氣當中。日復一日，從太陽發射到地球表面的能量與反射回太空的能量應是相等的，這樣即可使地球表面的溫度基本保持恒定。

Many gases exhibit these“greenhouse”properties．Some of them occur in nature(water vapor, carbon dioxide，methane，and nitrous oxide)，while others are exclusively human-made．許多氣體都具備這些“溫室氣體”的特性。這種氣體就存在于自然界中，如水蒸氣、二氧化碳、甲烷和氮氧化物，而其它的“溫室氣體”則完全是人類制造的。

Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around l50 years ago．During the past 20 years，about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels．150年前開始的大規模工業化使主要溫室氣體的數量增加了25%。在過去的20年中，由人類活動排放的二氧化碳約75%都是由燃燒化石燃料造成的。

World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by l.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025．Much of the increase in these emissions expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies，such China and India．fuel their economic development with fossil energy．Developing countries' emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025．人們預測2010年至2025年全球二氧化碳排放將會以1.9%的年增長率增加。這其中大部分的增長將會發生在以燃燒化石能源促進經濟發展的新興經濟體中，例如中國和印度。2001年至2025年這些發展中國家的碳排放將會以平均每年2.7%的比例增長，這個數字大大超過了世界的年平均增長率。

th11.Marine Pollution海洋污染

By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's population could have increased to around 9 billion.到2050年，估計世界人口可能會增加到l20億。

Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60km of the sea.The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas.其中大約有60％的人口居住在距離海洋60公里的范圍內。為養活這些人口而進行的農業和工業活動將會加大富饒的沿海地區已面臨的巨大壓力。

One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution.The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea.人類活動產生的一個重大影響是海洋污染。最顯而易見和為人熟知的是油輪事故和在海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。

Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources(including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges).雖然這些影響有一定的規模、且顯而易見，但是，與其它直接和間接的海洋污染源(包括民用污水、工業排放物、廢料堆泄漏、都市和工業污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋傾泄垃圾的行為、石油生產、采礦、依業肥料和殺蟲劑、熱源廢料和放射性排放物)相比，一系列油輪發生災難性油泄漏而造成的海洋污染物質總量還是顯得很少。

Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous “blooms” of algae in coastal waters.污水排放物和農業生產所造成的肥料污染使海岸水域里的藻類開出難看而且可能危險的花朵。

As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water.This led, in some areas, to “creeping dead zones”.這些花朵死亡和腐爛將耗盡水里的氧氣，使這些地區變成了“逐漸蔓延的死亡區”。

Radioactive pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations.放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常運轉的核電站。

Radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.遠在格陵蘭島西部海岸的海草里都能發現核燃料再處理所產生的放射性元索。

Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some sea foods unfit for human consumption.金屬采礦、生產和加工所造成的微量金屬污染會損害海洋植物和動物的健康，使一些海產品不再適合人類食用。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．Why is it difficult to support the population on fertile coastal areas by the year 2050? Because 60％ of the World's population will live within 60km of the sea．

2．How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned in the passage? What are they? There are four：marine pollution，nutrient pollution，radioactive pollution, trace metal pollution．

3．What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution? Oil pollution． 4．Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of ___.Oxygen． 5．The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by ____.Radioactive elements． 【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

1．一些污染源已經通過立法得到控制。Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation．

2．用電動車來取代汽油和柴油車可減少城市污染。Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars can free our cities from pollution.3．要從源頭(at source)來規范危險化學品的生產和使用。The production and use of dangerous chemicals could be regulated at source.4．最近所發生的一切除了會造成明顯可見的短期影響外，也會導致嚴重的長期問題。In addition to the visible short-term impacts, what has happened recently can also cause/result longer-term problems.5．污染的海岸水域引發的死亡和疾病每年要耗費全球經濟128億美元。Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US$12.8 billion a year.B．英譯漢

In addition to the sewage，cities produce many tons of trash and junk each day．Bottles，garbage，plastic bags，waste paper, Cans and even junked cars make up much of this waste．Solid waste is an increasing problem．If it is dumped on land，it breeds rats，flies and mosquitoes and produces odors．One way to handle it is to make sanitary landfills．Here the trash is crushed and covered with soil．除了污水外，城市每天還要產生很多噸的垃圾及廢棄物。垃圾堆里大部分東西是瓶子、殘羹剩飯、塑料袋、廢紙、罐頭盒，甚至還有報廢的汽車。固體垃圾的問題越來越大。隨地倒垃圾會滋生老鼠、蒼蠅和蚊子并產生臭味。有一種處理垃圾的方法就是進行衛生填埋，將垃圾壓碎之后用土蓋上。

12.China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中國的經濟增長與清潔能源技術

China's unprecedented growth in recent years has come at a terrible price.中國近年來史無前例的經濟增長是以可怕的代價換來的。

Two-thirds of its rivers and lakes are too polluted for industrial use, let alone agriculture or drinking.中國2/3的河流湖泊污染嚴重，無法用于工業，更別說農業或飲用了。

Just 1 in 100 of China's nearly 600 million city dwellers breathes air that would be considered safe in Europe.中國近6億城市人口中只有1％的人呼吸著按歐洲標準堪稱安全的空氣。

At a time when arable land is in short supply, poisoned floodwaters have ruined many productive fields.在可耕地緊缺之際，受到污染的洪水又毀壞了大量良田。

The immensity of these troubles has produced a result that may surprise many outside China: The nation has emerged as an incubator for clean technology, vaulting to the forefront in several categories.諸如此類的眾多問題卻產生了一個令很多國外人士感到驚訝的結果：中國逐漸成為清潔技術的培育基地，在若干領域走到了前列。

Among all countries, China is now the largest producer of photovoltaic solar panels, thanks to such homegrown manufacturers as Suntech Power.憑借尚德太陽能電力有限公司等本土廠商，中國現在是世界上最大的光電太陽能電池板生產國。

The country is the world's second-largest market for wind turbines.中國也是全球第二大風電機組市場。In car-making, China's BYD Auto has leapfrogged global giants, launching the first mass-produced hybrid that plugs into an electrical outlet.在汽車制造方面，中國的比亞迪汽車有限公司已超過全球汽車巨頭，推出了第一款可大批量生產的充電式混合動力車。

Understanding they are in a global race, China's leaders are supporting businesses with policies and incentives.中國領導人認識到了他們正處于一場全球競賽中，于是以各種政策和激勵措施對企業予以扶持。

Beijing recently hiked China's auto mileage standards to a level the U.S.is not expected to reach until 2020.北京前不久將中國的汽車里程標準大幅提高到美國估計要到2020年才能達到的水平。

Beijing also says it will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020, from 16% today, on par with similar targets in Europe.Beijing's green intentions will soon be put to the test.北京還表示，到2020年，中國的可再生性資源發電量所占比例將從目前的16％上升到23％，與歐洲的類似指標不相上下。北京的綠色環保意向很快將受到考驗。

China is in the midst of the biggest building boom in history.A study estimates that over 350 million people will migrate from the countryside into cities by 2025.中國正處于有史以來最大的建筑熱潮中。一項研究估計，到2025年，中國將有超過3.5億人從農村遷入城市。

Five million buildings will be added, including 50,000 skyscrapers—equal to 10 New York Cities.中國將新增500萬幢建筑，包括5萬幢摩天大樓，相當于10座紐約市的規模。

And as new offices and houses multiply, they are filled with energy-hungry computers, TVs, air conditioners, and the like, sharply increasing demand for electricity, which comes mainly from coal-powered plants.隨著新建辦公室和房屋的成倍增長，那些耗費能源的計算機、電視、空調等設備也要裝備到這些建筑中，這就大量增加了電力的需求，而大部分電力是來自以煤做燃料的發電廠。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】 1．What are some of the downsides to China's growth? Rivers, 1akes and air are seriously polluted．Water and agricultural land have been poisoned．

2．According to the passage，how many people in China breathe safe air? 6 million．

3．What can be learned about Suntech Power? It is a domestic(homegrown)manufacturer of photovoltaic solar panels．

4．What are Beijing's green intentions? Beijing will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23％ by 2020．

5．What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population． 【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英 1．環境污染和自然災害是經濟發展應付出的代價。Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.2．化石能源的緊缺促使很多能源公司去開發替代能源。The shortage of fossil fuels has made many energy companies develop alternative energy sources.3．豐田汽車公司已經開始大規模生產其混合動力車Prius，這在很大程度上超過了其它汽車制造大企業。Toyota Auto has begun to mass-producing its hybrid model Prius, which has leapfrogged other auto giants.4．政府通過政策激勵來促使國有企業節能減排。Governments are boosting(promoting)energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.5．隨著人口的成倍增長(multiply)，世界將會對能源有如饑似渴般的需求。As population multiplies, the world will become energy-hungry.B．英譯漢

China's investments in renewable energy in 2009 exceeded those made by the United States for the first time．With its investments growing 50 percent in 2009，China committed $34.6 billion to wind power，solar energy and other forms of renewable energy，making it the world's biggest investor in such projects．China invested nearly double the United States' $18.6 billion，while the United Kingdom, which has a much smaller population，was the third largest investor with $11.2 billion in 2009．The study of investments by G-20 nations also found that China's installed renewable energy capacity surged to 52.5 gigawatts，putting it just behind the United States，which had 53.4 gigawatts of capacity in 2009．2009年中國在可再生能源上的投資首次超過美國。2009年中國政府為開發風電、太陽能和其它可再生資源共投資346億美元，同比增長了50%，這也使得中國成為世界上最大的可再生能源的投資者。中國的這項投資幾乎相當于美國186億美元投資的兩倍，而英國，雖然人口數量要比中國和美國小很多，但在可再生能源上的投資卻排在世界第三位，他們2009年投資額為112億。20國集團（G-20）對可再生能源投資所做的研究還表明，目前中國已安裝完善的可再生能源發電總量已飛速發展到525億瓦特，僅次于美國2009年的534億瓦特發電總量。

China is emerging as the world's clean energy powerhouse．Having built a strong manufacturing base and export markets，China is working now to meet domestic demand by installing substantial new clean energy-generating capacity to meet ambitious renewable energy targets．Over the past six months alone，China has signed deals with American solar companies to build solar power plants that would generate 4,000 megawatts of electricity．中國已成為世界新興的清潔能源發電站。擁有強大的生產基地和龐大的出口市場，中國目前正致力于大批安裝清潔能源發電設施以滿足國內對可再生能源不斷增加的需求。僅僅在過去的六個月中，中國就已經和一些美國的太陽能公司簽署了建造擁有4000兆瓦發電能力的太陽能發電站的協議。

13.Market Economy市場經濟

There are pros and cons for command and market economies.計劃經濟和市場經濟各有利弊。

Let's look at the command economy first.The foundation of it is that it is directed and controlled by a centralize government.首先我們來看一下計劃經濟。計劃經濟的基礎是由中央集權的政府指導和控制。

A command economy means that the government is involved in every step.There are other downsides to a command economy.計劃經濟意味著政府涉足經濟生活的每一步。計劃經濟還有其它的負面影響。

Often factories don't meet quotas, needs are underestimated, and a product could sell too quickly, and so on.工廠經常會達不到配額，市場的需求會被低估，一種產品可能會很快銷售一空等等。

Basically things have to be adjusted.Production and prices might have to be increased or decreased;there might be restrictions on the number of items a person could buy.總的來說必須做出調整：產品和價格可能不得不或升或降；也可能會限制人們購買產品的數量等等。

Now let's look at the market economy.That means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.現在我們來看一下市場經濟。這意味著企業私有制而政府并不能為它們做任何決定。

Here's how it works.We'll use the example of clothing.Maybe somebody – say Jack – decides to open a company making clothes.He designs and makes them fashionable so people will want to buy and wear them.If the clothes become popular then Jack can increase the price and keep increasing it.我們用服裝行業的例子來說明它的運行方式。假如某人，我們就叫他杰克，決定開一家服裝制造公司。他設計和制造時尚的服裝，使人們愿意購買和穿著。如果服裝受歡迎，杰克會提高價格，并維持價格的攀升。

By doing this Jack can make more profit and or expand his business to make even more money.At the same time other people will have noticed how well he is doing and will start up new businesses in competition.通過這種方式，杰克可獲取更大的利滑。或者通過擴展業務，創造更多的財富。與此同時，別人將注意到他做的很優秀，于是這些人將創辦新的企業與杰克競爭。

This way prices will level off or even come down because people will buy the thing costing less.這樣價格將穩定下來，甚至可能降低，因為人們都愿意買更便宜的衣服。

The companies will have to cut costs, and perhaps do with less profit to stay in business.In this case the market economy is the way to go.各家公司將不得不降低成本、減少利潤，使自己在行業內得以生存。在這種情況下，市場經濟才是正確的方向。

With a command economy the government runs everything and everybody, but with a market economy the government supposedly provides assistance only to correct problems that can't be solved by the market.在計劃經濟下，政府掌管每件事和每個人；而在市場經濟下，政府提供幫助來解決市場不能解決的問題。

With a command economy come chronic shortages, inefficiencies.On the other hand, the market economy offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progress and prosperity.計劃經濟逐漸導致長期物質短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市場經濟能夠更大程度地帶來經濟增長、技術進步和社會繁榮的良機。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．What is the role of government in the command economy? The economy is directed，controlled by the centralized government．

2．What might be restricted in the command economy? How much of an item a person can buy．

3．What is the market economy? Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions．

4．Who is Jack according to the text? Jack is a virtual person who owns a company that makes clothes． 5．What does the market economy provide? The market economy provides／offers greater opportunities for economic growth，technological progress and prosperity．

【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

當今，經濟學在商業方面起著越來越大的作用。商人們清楚地認識到研究工作的重要性，他們需要通過研究來發現什么樣的條件有助予出售他們的商品，對他們的商品有什么需求，以及能夠得到什么樣的國際市場等等。Economics play an increasingly important part in business today.Businessmen see clearly the necessity for research.They need research to discover what sort of conditions will help them sell their goods, what demand there will be for their goods, what foreign markets will be available and so on.B．英譯漢

Globalization is a fact of life．But we have underestimated its fragility．The problem is this．The spread of markets grow faster than the ability of societies and their political systems to adjust to them．Let alone to guide the course they take.History teaches us that such an imbalance between the economic, social and political realms can never be sustained for very long．全球化已成為無法回避的事實。但是我們低估了它的脆弱。問題就在于此，市場的快速擴展已超出了社會及其政治制度適應其發展的能力，更談不上引導市場發展的進程。歷史的經驗告訴我們：這種經濟、社會和政治領域的不平衡絕不會持續很久。

The industrialized countries learned that lesson in their bitter and costly encounter with the Great Depression．In order to restore social harmony and political stability, they adopted social safety nets and other measures．That insured possible successive moves towards globalization，which brought about the long-period of expansion．工業化國家在遭遇經濟大蕭條時付出了慘重、昂貴的代價，因此而吸取了教訓。為了恢復社會和諧、政治穩定，他們采用了社會安全體系和其它一些措施，確保了不斷邁向經濟全球化而帶來的長期市場擴張。

14.CPI消費者物價指數

If the CPI, Consumer Price Index was 2.1% in a country, what does that mean? In a nutshell, it means that consumers in that country paid 2.1% more than in the previous year for the goods and services included in the CPI basket.如果某個國家的消費者物價指數為2.l％，那意味著什么?簡單地說，這意味著這個國家的消費者為消費者物價指數籃子里的商品及服務的支出比上一年多了2.1％。

Although prices of goods and services rise and fall over time, when prices change too dramatically, they can have negative effects on an economy.雖然商品和服務的價格隨時間而上下波動，但是如果價格變動幅度過大，則會給經濟帶來負面影響。

In order to tell if an economy is experiencing inflation, deflation or stagflation, we use the CPI as a gauge of the price of goods and services.為了說明經濟是否正在經歷通貨膨脹、通貨緊縮或者是滯脹，我們把CPI作為衡量商品及服務價格的尺度。

When the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistic releases the CPI date monthly, the CPI's result are widely anticipated and watched.勞工部勞動數據統計局每月公布CPI數據的時候，很多人都期待并關注CPI結果。

Who would eagerly await the results, you might ask? Well, the CPI plays an important role for many key financial decision makers, including individual investors, the Central Banks and the Federal Reserve in the U.S.你或許會問什么人會熱切地等待著這些結果?CPI對許多重要的財政決策者來說起著重要的作用，其中包括個人投資者、中央銀行和美國聯邦貯備銀行。

The CPI helps central banks forecast the interest-rate policy and other decisions of major banks and corporations.CPI幫助中央銀行預測主要銀行和企業的利息政策和其它決策。

I mentioned the CPI basket before and now I want to expand on what this basket is and how we get the information.前面提到過CPI籃子，現在我想進一步說明一下這個籃子是什么，以及我們如何獲取信息。

The base-year market basket, which makes up the CPI, comes from detailed expenditure information collected from surveys of thousands of families.組成CPI的基本年度市場籃子是在調查了成千上萬戶家庭的詳細支出信息之后得出的。

The information is not randomly collected, instead, the information is gathered through interviews and diaries kept by participants who have agreed to disclose their buying habits.這些信息不是隨機搜集來的，而是通過對那些愿意公開自己購買習慣的消費者所進行采訪和記錄中得到的信息。

The basket is divided into eight groups: food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication, and other goods and services, and includes more than 200 categories.基本籃子可分為8個組，包括了200多個種類，食品和飲料、住宅、服裝、交通工具、醫療、休閑、教育和通訊以及其它商品的服務。

Finally, the prices of 80,000 items in the market basket are collected monthly from thousands of retail stores, service establishments, rental units, and doctors' offices.最后，市場籃子中的8萬件物品的價格是從成千上萬個零售商店、服務部門、租賃店、診所等的每個月匯總中得來的。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．What is CPI short for? Consumer Price Index．

2．What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3% in a country this year? Consumers in a country have to pay 3.3％ more than in the previous year for the goods and services．

3．What will happen if prices change a lot? They can have negative effects on an economy．

4．Who are eager to await the results of the CPI? Why? Many key financial decision makers．Because the CPI plays an important role for them．

5．How is the information of the CPI basket collected? The information is collected through interviews and diaries kept by the participants．

【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

20世紀30年代的大蕭條(Great Depression)對大部分的美國人產生了巨大的影響。工廠倒閉，工人失業，公司和銀行破產，農民不能償付貸款并失去了他們的農場，他們中的許多人只能離開家鄉去尋找工作。20世紀30年代的大蕭條不僅影響了美國，它把整個世界都攪亂了。The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound(serious)effect on most of the population of the United States.Factories closed and workers were out of work;businesses and banks collapsed;farmers could not repay their loans and lost their farms.Many of them had to leave their farms to search for jobs(look for jobs).The Great Depression of 1930s didn't only affect the USA alone but turned the whole world upside down.B．英譯漢

Social assistance is considered a job，which is correct．This sector, accounting for 6 percent of all jobs in this country, is made up of firms and organizations that have goals that go beyond making money．Their goal is to improve the quality and accessibility of their products in addition to increasing the quality of life of their members and employees，by educating and training them．社會援助被看作是一個職業，這是正確的。這個領域占該國所有就業機會的6%，是由一些不以盈利為目的的公司和組織構成的。他們的主要目標是通過教育和培訓的方式提高他們的成員或雇員的生活質量。此外，還要提升他們的產品質量和可獲性。

Many of these companies focus more specifically on helping build basic job skills in the most needy peopleand is making it possible to unleash supercomputing power on everyday tasks：analyzing a city's traffic patterns，for example，to predict where jams will crop up． 我們需要從兩個方面來理解這一平臺。第一個方面與處理能力及數據存儲有關——這部分功能已經從個人電腦轉移到了大型的中央集成數據中心。它將使數據處理形成產業化規模并使超級計算機能力可以被用于日常工作：比如，分析某個城市的交通模式，以便預測哪個地點會發生交通堵塞。

The second part lies in the billions of intelligent personal devicescapable of plugging into this centralized computing resource via the internet．That means individuals(and not just companies or governments)will be able to take advantage of these information“clouds”．第二個方面是，數十億臺智能個人設備——如智能手機、上網本——能夠通過互聯網接入這一集中化計算資源。這意味著，個人（而不僅僅是企業或政府）將能夠利用這些信息“云”。

So where does this lead us? Two broad predictions spring to mind．0ne is that making so much information and processing power available at very low cost will produce new breakthroughs．Science，for instance，could be revolutionized，as researchers gain access to previously unimaginable amounts of data and develop ways to cross-refer between disciplines．那么，它將帶領我們走向何方？我腦海中閃現了兩個寬泛的預測。一個是，使人們能以非常低的成本獲得如此多的信息與處理能力，將會帶來新的突破。例如，科學領域可能會發生徹底的變革，因為研究人員能夠獲取之前難以想象的海量數據，并且研發出在各學科之間相互指引參照的方法。

The second prediction is that personal computing devices will become super smart as they are able to draw on the intelligence of the “cloud”．Already，Google is talking about adding instantaneous voice translation to its phones．第二個預測是，個人計算設備將變得超級智能，因為它們可以利用“云”的智能。谷歌已經開始討論在其手機中加入同步語音翻譯功能。

The big changes represented by these computing shifts may not be complete by the end of this decadewe won't do much about it.全球變暖或許是也或許不是21世紀的環境大危機。但不管是與否，我們都不會采取什么措施。

We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it.我們會對其爭論不休，甚至作為一個國家發表一些聽起來莊重的誓言來避免全球變暖。

But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.但這些誓言聽起來越激動人心、越意味深長，實現它們的可能性卻越小。

A1 Gore, former US Vice President, calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.美國前副總統戈爾將全球變暖稱作“令人不快的真相”，似乎只要我們認識到這個真相就可以找到解決這一問題的途徑。

But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, andwe can't do much about it.但是實際的真相是我們并沒有足夠的能力消除全球變暖；若沒有重大的科技突破，我們根本無能為力。

From 2003 to 2050, the world's population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase.2003年至2050年世界人口預計將增長42％，即從64億增長至91億。

if energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions(mainly,CO2)will be 42% higher in 2050.如果人均消耗能源和科技水平不變，到2050年，能源消耗總量和溫室氣體排放將增加42％。

But that's too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy.但是這只是一個保守數字，因為社會的進步和富足意味著更多的能源消耗。

We need economic growth unless we condemn the world's poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else's living standards.經濟發展是必需的，除非不再提高人們的生活水準，讓世界上的貧困人口永遠過貧窮的生活。

With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.但即使經濟保守地發展，到2050年，能源消耗及溫室氣體排放也會增加一倍多。

No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom(limits on electricity usage, driving and travel)that might cut back global warming.任何政府都不會采取剛性的措施限制經濟發展和個人自由(如：限制用電量、開車出行、外出旅行等)，盡管這樣的措施會減緩全球變暖。

Still, politicians want to show they're “doing something” Consider the Kyoto Protocol.It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn't.But it hasn't reduced CO2 emissions, and many signatories didn't adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.但是政治家們依然想證明他們沒有對全球變暖“置之不理”。“京都議定書”就是個實例。其中規定所有簽約國家有權利懲罰那些非簽約國。但是“京都議定書”并沒有使二氧化碳的排放有所減少，況且很多簽約國也并沒有采取足夠嚴厲的措施以實現2008—2010年碳排放目標。

The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology.Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.我們得出的現實的結論就是如果全球變暖是一場潛在的災難，解決全球變暖的唯一辦法是新技術。只有靠我們大力的研究和技術開發才能使我們打破對化石燃料的依賴或找到應對全球變暖的方法。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．What is said about global warming in the first paragraph? Human being will not do much about global warming．

2．According to the author’s understanding, what is A1 Gore’s view on global warming? A1 Gore calls global warming an“inconvenient truth,”as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution．

3．Why will greenhouse emissions double by the year 2050? Because the world population will grow by 42％ by 2050，and as economy will grow, and so will the energy consumption and greenhouse emission． 4．In paragraph 4, the sentence “It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t.” What does the word “didn’t” refer to? “Those that didn't” here refers to“those countries that didn't join the Kyoto Protocol.5．What message does the author try to convey in the last paragraph? We must develop breakthrough technology in order to deal with the problem of global warming.【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

全球氣候變暖主要是由于人們焚燒化石礦物以生成能量時所產生的二氧化碳等多種溫室氣體導致。全球平均氣溫總體看為上升趨勢。進入20世紀八十年代后，全球氣溫明顯上升。全球變暖的后果，會使全球降水量重新分配（reallocation），冰川消融，海平面上升，既危害自然生態系統的平衡，更威脅人類的食物供應和居住環境。Global warming is primarily caused by the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels for energy by humans.The global average temperature is generally on a rise.We’ve seen a significant rise in global temperature since the 1980s.Global warming will result in the reallocation of global rainfall, the melting of glaciers, and the rise of see level.This will damage the balance of the ecosystem and threaten food supply and the living condition for human beings.B．英譯漢

As the biggest environmental meeting in history opens in Copenhagen, the scientific case for a global agreement to fight man-made climate change remains overwhelming.The furor over alleged data manipulation, following the theft of e-mails from the University of East Anglia, has stirred up the skeptics(and shaken some scientists)but Climategate does not alter the real issue – that, despite many uncertainties, the risks of catastrophic change justify decisive global action to cut carbon emissions.在有史以來規模最大的環境會議在哥本哈根開幕之際，以科學為依據，達成一項以應對人為造成的氣候變化的全球協議勢在必行。英國東英吉利大學的電子郵件被盜后，引發所謂數據操縱的轟動，讓懷疑者振奮，也動搖了某些科學家的觀點，但“氣候門”并未改變真正的議題，即盡管存在眾多不確定性，但地球氣候發生災難性變化的種種風險，意味著有必要采取果斷的全球行動，減少碳排放。

While political realities will not allow the negotiators to conclude a full-scale treaty in Copenhagen, they need to put in place the mechanisms to agree a binding deal next year.The conference must achieve a spirit of genuine progress – over and above the inevitable horse-trading and political fudging – which will convince not only politicians but also billions of individuals around the world that the fight against global warming is worth joining.Business planning, too, requires a predictable path to a decarbonized global economy.盡管政治現實不允許談判者在哥本哈根達成一項全面條約，但他們需要落實相關機制，以便在明年達成一個有約束力的協定。本次會議必須超越不可避免的討價還價和政治作勢并獲得實質性進展，讓世界各地的政界人士乃至數十億人相信：抗擊全球變暖是一項值得投入的事業。就商業規劃而言，也需要一條通向全球低碳經濟的可預測的路徑。

Copenhagen has to make progress on several complex issues: emissions targets for developing and developed countries;financing adaptation and mitigation in poorer nations;technology transfer arrangements;and a governance structure to ensure compliance with agreed carbon targets.It would make sense to decant the more successful outcomes of Kyoto, such as its monitoring mechanism, into a new agreement – carefully relabelled, of course, for US consumption.哥本哈根會議必須在多個復雜的問題上取得進展：針對發展中國家和發達國家的排放指標；資助較貧窮國家的適應與緩解措施；技術轉讓安排；以及一個管治架構，確保商定的碳排放指標得到遵守。應當傳承《京都協議書》比較成功的成果，比如其監督機制，使之成為一份新的協定，當然還要經過精心的考慮措施，讓美國能夠接受。

20.Alternate Energies替代能源

There is a lot of energy that we can harness if we only seek to research and develop the technologies needed to do so.We can get away from the fossil fuels and the old electrical grids by turning to alternatives to these energy sources.只要我們努力去研究和開發所需技術，有很多能源都可供我們利用。我們完全可以遠離化石能源和老式電網，去使用這些替代能源。

One of these alternative energy resources is wind power.Wind turbines continue to be developed that are progressively more energy efficient and less costly.這些替代能源之一就是風能。人們不斷開發改進風力渦輪發電機使其更加節能也越來越便宜。

“Wind farms” have been springing up in many nations, and they have even become more strategically placed over time so that they are not jeopardizing birds as former wind turbines did.在很多國家建立起越來越多的“風電廠”。而且，考慮到以前的風力渦輪對鳥類造成了危害，人們在設置這些新的風力發電機時也更加注意了策略性。

Another alternative energy resource is the one that is most well known: solar energy.This involves the manufacturing of solar cells which gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun, and translate it into electricity or, in some cases, hot water.As with wind energy, solar energy creates absolutely zero pollution.另外一種替代能源是為大家廣泛熟知的太陽能。太陽能技術需要生產太陽能電池來聚集并收集太陽光發出的能量，并將其轉變成電能或有時提取熱水。和風能一樣，太陽能是零污染能源。

Ocean wave energy is seen by governments and investors as having enormous energy generating potential.海洋潮汐能是被很多國家和投資商看好的擁有巨大潛力的能源。

A generator in France has been in operation for many years now and is considered to be a great success, and the Irish and Scots are running experimental facilities.在法國已經有一個潮汐發電設施在運行發電，幾年的運行使用證明這項技術是成功的。愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭目前也正在測試他們的潮汐能發電設施。

Hydroelectric power has been with us for a while and where it is set up, it is a powerful generator of electricity and cleaner than a grid.水力發電已經為人類使用了相當一段時間了，水力發電廠可以產生很多電能，比電網發電要更加清潔。

However, there are certain limitations to the availability of the right places to set up a large dam.Many run-of-the-river, or small and localized, hydroelectric generators have been set up in recent times due to this limitation.但是水力發電存在一定的制約一一不是每個地方都能建造大壩，因此水力發電并不能被廣泛使用。鑒于這些制約，最近，很多河床式發電廠，或者小型的水利發電設施已在興建。

Geothermal energy is extremely abundant, since it lies directly beneath our feet, just a few miles below the earth's surface.This energy is produced by the heating of water through the actions of earth's fantastically hot molten core.地熱能的儲量極其豐富，因為地熱能就在我們腳下，離地面只有幾英里的地下。地熱能是通過地球內部的高溫熔巖活動將地下水加熱而形成的能量。

The water turns to steam, which can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which in turn generate electricity.Great amounts of research and development should be put into geothermal energy tapping.這些被熔巖加熱的水變為蒸汽，這些蒸汽可用來驅動渦輪機最終發電。我們應該對地熱能的開發利用做大量的研究。

Ethanol is a gasoline substitute and is created from such things as wheat, sugarcane, grapes, strawberries, corn, and even wood chips and wood cellulose.乙醇是汽油的替代品，它是由麥予、甘蔗、葡萄、草莓、玉米、木屑和木纖維這些物質制成的。

There is controversy over this fuel with regards to its ever becoming truly economical or practical except in very localized areas, but technologies for its extraction and admixturing are continuously being refined.對于乙醇是否能成為既經濟又實用而且沒有地域局限性的能源仍存在很多爭議，而乙醇的提取和混合的技術也正在不斷地改進。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

l.What are some of the advantages of wind power? Wind power is energy-efficient and less costly and it is clean．

2.How do the solar cells work? Solar cells gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun，and translate it into electricity or hot water.3.Where in the world is ocean wave energy applied? Currently, it is used in France，Ireland and Scotland.4.How is geothermal power converted into electricity? The steam underground can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which can generate electricity.5.What is the controversy over the use of ethanol as a source of energy? The controversy is whether ethanol as a source of energy can be truly economical or practical except in very localized areas.【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

清潔能源是不排放污染物的能源，它包括核能和“可再生能源”。可再生能源是指可以通過自然現象補充的能源，如水力發電、風力發電、太陽能、生物能、海潮能這些能源。可再生能源不存在能源耗竭的可能，因此日益受到許多國家的重視，尤其是能源短缺的國家。Clean energy refers to energy sources that release zero pollutants.This includes nuclear energy and renewable energies.Renewable energy comes from natural processes that are replenished constantly, hydroelectric power, wind power, solar power, biofuels, tidal power are all renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and therefore have attracted the attention of many countries, especially those with a great shortage of energy sources.B．英譯漢 The term “biomass” refers to organic matter that has stored energy through the process of photosynthesis.It exists in one form as plants and may be transferred through the food chain to animals' bodies and their wastes, all of which can be converted for everyday human use through processes such as combustion, which releases the carbon dioxide stored in the plant material.Many of the biomass fuels used today come in the form of wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants.Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades, second only to hydropower in the generation of electricity.It is such a widely utilized source of energy, probably due to its low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 15% of the world's total energy supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for cooking and heating.“生物質”是指通過光合作用儲藏能量的有機物質。它既能以植物的形式存在，也可以通過食物鏈轉化到動物的身體和糞便中，通過燃燒提供人們每日所需的能量同時釋放出存在于這些物質中的二氧化碳，許多我們現在使用的生物能都來自樹木、干蔬菜、莊稼殘留物以及水生植物。在過去的20年中，生物能是人們最常使用的可再生能源之一，在發電方面的作用，僅次于水力發電。生物能的應用之所以如此廣泛，主要是因為成本低和其自然屬性。正因如此，在整個世界能源總供給中生物能就占了將近15%，而在發展中國家這一比例高達35%，主要用于烹飪（煮飯）和取暖。

There are two issues that affect the evaluation of biomass as a viable solution to our energy problem: the effects of the farming and production of biomass and the effects of the factory conversion of biomass into usable energy or electricity.There are as many environmental and economic benefits as there are detriments to each issue, which presents a difficult challenge in evaluating the potential success of biomass as an alternative fuel.For instance, the replacement of coal by biomass could result in “a considerable reduction in net carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect.” On the other hand, the use of wood and other plant material for fuel may mean deforestation.We are all aware of the problems associated with denuding forests, and widespread clear cutting can lead to groundwater contamination and irreversible erosion patterns that could literally change the structure of the world ecology.有兩大因素影響著生物能是否能成為解決能源問題的切實可行的最終方案：有農耕和生物質產量的因素，還有將生物能轉化成可用能源或電力的工廠的因素。就每一個因素而言都存在著許多對環境和經濟帶來的利益和危害。這就使人們很難將生物能作為最具潛力的替代能源。例如，生物質替代煤會大大減少導致溫室效應的碳排放，但另一方面，由于使用木材和其它植物材料又會出現采伐森林現象。我們都清楚伐光樹木和植物會帶來什么樣的問題：地下水污染、不可逆轉的土壤侵蝕，這些還會導致整個世界生態系統結構的徹底改變。

21.Biofuels生物燃料

In order to understand the role of biofuels going forward, we need to look at where we are in the evolution of energy – where Edwin Drake's discovery has taken us over 150 years.為了了解生物燃料的未來走向，我們需要搞清楚我們現在正處于能源發展過程中的哪個階段—150年前埃德溫?德雷克的發現將我們帶到了這個位置上。

The fact is that our world has become reliant on plentiful supplies of energy and current forecasts put us on course for a rise of anything up to 45% in demand for energy by the year 2030.事實上我們這個世界已經變得非常依賴于豐富的能源供應；目前的預測顯示，到2030年我們對能量的需求將增加45％。

Meeting this demand will be tough and it will require investment of at least $1 trillion a year.滿足這個需求將是很艱難的，這將需要每年至少l萬億美元的投資。

So in terms of new fuels, biofuels are the primary means of bringing secure, sustainable, low-carbon fuel to vehicles in the next two decades.因此，就新的燃料而言，生物燃料是在未來20年實現為車輛提供安全、可持續發展和低碳排放的主要手段。

Crude oil is proving to be remarkably difficult to substitute.Biofuels are the only viable contender so far.Our projections suggest biofuels should account for up to 20% of the market by 2030the “resource curse.”這樣的實例極其常見，以至于人們給這種現象起了個“資源詛咒”的名字。

Resource curse applies specifically to poor countries that don't have a lot of sources of wealth to begin with, then there's a discovery of a major resourcethat suddenly becomes a major source of wealth for that country.資源詛咒這個說法尤其適合于一開始就沒有什么財富的貧困國家，石油或銅或金礦等重要資源的發現使得這些資源突然成了這個國家的主要財富來源。

Theoretically the development of that resource could produce great wealth for that nation, but historically it leads to the concentration of wealth in the hands of a fewand the exclusion of the majority from any benefit.理論上講這些資源的開發會給擁有這一資源的國家帶來巨大的財富，但是歷史證明這些財富卻集中到了一小部分人的手中——這些人壟斷著收取礦藏和石油的開采費，使得大多數人不能從這些財富中得到任何利益。

The result is repressive governments that cling to power, so they can monopolize the collection of resource wealth, and an impoverished populationoil or copper or goldnot only dripping from rusty platforms atop the delta waters, but in the water itself, in the air, which smelled of petroleum, and in the gas flares that are a scalding feature of the injured landscape.Because of a host of political and economic ills triggered by the drilling, the Niger Delta is alive not with marine life but with violencecountries with a lot of oil are lucky and rich, right?-a succession of studies show that countries dependent on natural-resource exports experience lower growth rates than countries that have nonresource economies, and they suffer greater amounts of repression and conflict too.The reasons are complex, but in general, a reliance on oil discourages investment in other industries, makes governments less responsive to the desires of citizens and fosters corruption by officials seeking and receiving funds that are not their due.An oil state is, almost by definition, a dysfunctional state.上述國家（還有其它許多國家）所遭受的損害，乃人們稱為“資源詛咒”的種種癥狀。雖然這看起來違反直覺——擁有大量石油的國家是幸運和富裕的，不是嗎？——但一系列研究表明，那些依賴自然資源出口的國家，其經濟增長率低于非資源經濟型的國家，同時它們也遭受更大量的鎮壓與沖突。造成這一切的原因很復雜，但總的來說，對石油的依賴阻礙了對其它產業的投資，使政府較少顧及國民的需求，而助長了官員中尋求并接受不正當資金的腐敗行為。一個石油出產國幾乎可以界定為一個功能失常的國家。

24.Company Management公司管理

Management in an organization can be in different levels.The larger the organization the more levels of management will be needed.公司管理層可以分為不同級別，公司越大，所需要的管理層級也越多。

In general, first-line managers are directly responsible for the production of goods or services.一般來說，第一線經理對商品的生產和服務直接負責。

They may be called sales managers, section heads or production supervisors, depending on the organization.根據企業的不同情況，他們可能被叫做銷售經理、部門負責人或者生產監督。

Employees who report to them do the organization's basic production work–whether of goods or of services.他們的下級雇員直接進行企業中的基礎的商品生產或服務工作。

This level of management is the link between the operations of each department and the rest of the organization.這一層的管理是連接部門的經營和企業的其它部門之間的環節。

First-line managers in most organizations spend little time with higher management or with people from other organizations.大多數公司的第一線經理極少花時間和高層管理人員或其他企業的人在一起。

Most of their time is spent with the people they supervise and with other first-line managers.First-line managers usually need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks.他們的大部分時間都花在與他們所監督的人和其他的一線經理身上。第一線經理通常需要豐富的專業技術來指導下屬并監督他們的日常工作。

As an organization grows, however, so do its problems.Some managers at larger organizations must focus on coordinating employee activities, determining which products or services to provide, and deciding how to market these products or services to customers.隨著企業的不斷成長，管理上就相應出現一些難題。有些大企業的經理必須集中精力來協調雇員的活動，確定生產什么產品或提供什么服務，決定如何向顧客推銷這些產品和服務。

These are the problems of middle managers, who receive broad, general strategies and policies from top managers, and translate them into specific goals and plans for first-line managers to implement.這些是中層經理們所面臨的問題。中層經理從高層經理那兒接受總體的和一般的規劃和政策，然后把它們分解成具體的目標和計劃，交給第一線經理們去實施。

Middle managers typically have titles such as department head, plant manager, and director of finance.They are responsible for directing and coordinating the activities of first-line managers.中層經理通常有這樣一些頭銜：比如部門主任，工廠經理和財務主任等。他們負責指導和協調第一線經理的活動。

Middle managers spend much of their time planning, organizing and leading to enable first-line managers and their subordinates to work as efficiently as possible.中層經理用大部分的時間來計劃、組織、領導，以便使第一線的經理和他們的部下能夠盡可能高效率地工作。

The overall direction of an organization is the responsibilities of top managers.Typical titles of top managers are chief executive officer, president, executive vice-president and so on.Top managers develop goals, policies, and strategies for the entire organization.高層經理的責任是決定一個企業的總體方向。高層經理的典型頭銜是首席執行官、總裁和執行副總裁等，高層經理為整個企業制定目標、政策和戰略。

They set the goals that are handed down through the hierarchy, eventually reaching each worker.他們確定企業奮斗目標，然后通過逐級下傳，最終到達每個工人。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】 1.What is the main idea of this passage? The main idea of this text is the different levels of management in a company．

2.What are required of first-line managers? First-line managers need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks.3.Who are the first-line managers responsible to? First-line managers are responsible to the middle managers．

4.In the sentence “These are the problems of middle managers, who receive broad, general strategies and policies from top managers and translate them into specific goals and plans for first-line managers to implement.” How do you understand the word “translate”? “Translate”here means“轉化為”、“變為”。

5.At an organization, people with what titles are regarded as top managers? Chief executive officer，president，executive vice-president．

【練習題目及參考答案】 A．漢譯英

每個企業都傾盡其力來對付如何組織企業這一問題。組織結構經常需要反映出新的戰略、變化的市場條件以及創新的生產技術方面的影響。全世界的公司都在重新構造自己，以便在當今高度競爭的全球環境中更精干、更有效、更靈活。Every firm wrestles with the problem of how to organize.Reorganization often is necessary to reflect a new strategy, changing market conditions, or innovative production technology.Companies throughout the world are restructuring to become leaner, more efficient and more flexible in today’s highly competitive global environment.B．英譯漢

There are many types of managers and many ways in which managerial jobs differ from each other.One difference is the scope of the activities being managed.The scope of activities performed by general managers is quite broad.經理的種類有很多,管理工作之間同樣存在很大差別。其中的一個差別就是管理工作所包含的范圍，公司總經理從事的管理工作的范圍涉及面非常廣。

Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area, such as accounting, human resources, sales, finance, marketing, or production.For example, the head of a payroll department is a functional manager.That person doesn’t determine employee salaries, as a general manager might, but makes sure that payroll checks are issued on time and in the correct amounts.Usually, functional managers have a great deal of experience and technical expertise in the detailed knowledge they have about the work being done by the people they supervise, the problems those people are likely to face, and the resources they need to perform well.職能部門經理通常管理某一專業領域的員工，如財務、人力資源、銷售、金融、市場或生產等。薪酬管理部門的主任就是職能部門經理。職能部門經理不像公司總經理那樣有決定員工工資多少的權利，但是他們必須確保工資準時準確發放。通常而言，職能部門經理對所管理部門的工作領域都具有豐富的經驗和具體的相關知識，并且能夠熟知部門員工可能會遇到的問題以及如何把本部門工作做好所需的必要資源。

General Managers are responsible for the operations of a more complex unit, such as a company.Usually they oversee the work of functional managers.General Managers must have a broad range of well-developed competencies to do their jobs well.These competencies can be learned through a combination of formal training and various job assignments, or they can be learned simply in the course of trying to adapt and survive in a chosen area.總經理負責經營一個更加復雜的實體，比如公司。通常他們監督職能部門經理的工作。總經理們必須具備多種良好的能力才能把公司管理好。這些能力可以在正規培訓和不同工作實踐中獲取，也可以簡單地在某一領域的實際拼搏中獲得。

25.Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool建立多元化人才庫

Widening the pool from which top employers hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go round smacks of poor timing.在工作崗位不夠分配的當下，擴充人才庫，以便讓頂尖雇主從中招聘畢業生，頗有些不合時宜的味道。

But that is the goal that Leading London, an initiative launched by London First, the employers group, and a recruitment consultants, has set itself.但這正是雇主團體倫敦發展局與一家招聘咨詢公司聯合發起的“Leading London”項目為自己設定的目標。

The program aims to talent-spot students from diverse backgrounds studying at post-1992 universities(former polytechnics), and introduce them to City employers and blue-chip corporations.該項目旨在物色來自1992后大學（即過去的技術學院）不同專業的學生，再把他們介紹給倫敦金融城的雇主和一流企業。

Advocates of the program say action to promote social mobility has never been more necessary.該項目的倡導者表示，增進社會流動性的需求從未如此迫切。

When the economy was booming, employers saw under-represented groups, such as ethnic minorities, lower social income groups and women, as “hidden talent pools”.Now, however, many diversity programs are being squeezed.在經濟繁榮時期，雇主將少數族裔、社會收入較低的人群、以及女性等弱勢群體視為“隱藏的人才庫”。而如今，許多人才多元化項目都受到擠壓。

Leading London, which has been piloted by London Metropolitan University, uses a novel method to bring potential stars to the attention of the initiative's corporate sponsors.It asks tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership.Leading London項目先在倫敦城市大學試點，邀請導師和在校大學生推薦那些表現出事業心和卓越領導力的大四學生，用這種新穎的方式，讓潛在的杰出人才引起項目的企業贊助商的關注。

Supporters argue that diversity is about more than social justice.贊助商們認為，多元化的意義不僅僅在于社會公平。

They say companies need diversity of thought to innovate, and employing people with varied life-experiences can help businesses relate to their clients.他們表示，企業要創新，就需要多元化的思維，而雇用生活經歷各不相同的員工，能幫助企業與客戶良好地溝通。

“If we have a diverse client base, we should also have a diverse workforce,” says Fatimah Gilliam, director of diversity recruitment at Citigroup in New York.花旗集團紐約多元化招聘主管法蒂瑪?吉列姆表示：“如果我們的客戶群十分多元化，那我們也應該擁有多元化的員工隊伍。”

How can businesses maximize the payback from diversity initiatives? One answer is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing.企業怎樣才能將多元化項目的回報最大化呢？一種辦法是進行合作，分攤招聘推介活動的費用。

This arguably does more to make target groups aware of career opportunities than fragmented initiatives funded by individual employers.相對于由單個雇主資助的獨立項目，這更容易讓目標群發現工作機會。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1．What’s the goal of “Leading London”? The goal of “Leading London” is to widen the pool from which top employers hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go around.2．Who are seen as “hidden talent pools”? It refers to the under-represented groups, such as ethnic minorities, lower social income groups and women.3．What is the “novel method to bring potential stars to the attention of the initiative’s corporate sponsors”? The novel method is to ask tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership.4．Why do companies need diversity? Diversity can help businesses relate to their clients since companies have diversified client base.5．How could the employers make target groups aware of career opportunities? One of the methods is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing.【練習參考答案】 A．漢譯英 1.企業像擰水龍頭一樣啟動和停止項目，這種做法是錯誤的，因為只有持久的投資，才能建立起多元化的人才庫。Businesses that turn programs on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool call only be built through sustained investment．

2.她的公司最近就發起了一項開放周（access week）活動，讓倫敦一些貧困地區(deprived boroughs)的公立學校學生前來感受辦公室的生活。Her firm recently launched an access week to bring state school students from deprived London boroughs into its offices．

3.一個23歲的學生16歲初到英國時，還是一個不懂英語的避難者(asylum seeker)。后來他成為了一名社區志愿者，學習會計和金融學，并榮獲一等學位(first class degree)。One 23-year-old student who arrived in Britain as a 16-year-old asylum seeker and was unable to speak English，went on to become a community volunteer，studied accounting and finance，and earned himself a first class degree B．英譯漢

HR policy and diversity manager at Allen & Overy, the law firm, says businesses that turn programmes on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool can only be built through sustained investment.“Coming out of the recession, we need to make sure we have the best people,” she says.安理國際律師事務所人力資源政策及多元化經理表示,那些像擰水龍頭一樣啟動和停止項目的企業，其做法是錯誤的，因為只有持久的投資，才能建立起多元化的人才庫。她表示：“擺脫衰退后，我們需要確保自己擁有最優秀的人才”。

Head of graduate recruitment at KPMG, a sponsor of Leading London, says finding people who excel “both on and off campus” is an important part of the scheme.Overcoming setbacks is a great “transferable skill”.畢馬威(KPMG)是Leading London項目贊助商之一。該公司畢業生招聘主管表示，物色“校園內外”都表現出色的人才，是該計劃的一個重要組成部分。戰勝挫折是一項重要的“通用技能”

Graduate recruitment partner at Herbert Smith, the law firm, says the onus is on companies to push for high standards by asking organisers of programmes such as Leading London: “Out of every hundred candidates who enrol with you, how many are hired by target employers?”密夫律師事務所畢業生招聘合伙人表示，企業有責任高標準要求，詢問Leading London之類的項目組織者：“你登記的求職者中，有百分之幾被目標雇主雇用了?”

Sponsors for Educational Opportunity, a non-profit organisation that operates in the US, London and Hong Kong, works to develop interns' interpersonal skills and technical understanding to the point where they outperform their peers.非營利組織“教育的機會”的發起者們努力培養實習生的人際關系能力和技術理解力，使他們超越自己的同齡人。該組織在美國、倫敦和香港都設有分支機構。

“An internship is effectively a 10-week interview,” says executive director of SEO London.“When our interns start their internships, their industry knowledge is far higher than you would normally expect.” SEO London執行董事表示：“實習實際上就是一次為期10周的面試。我們的實習生開始實習生活時，他們的行業知識要遠遠高出你通常的預期”。

Last year, SEO London's partner banks, which include Goldman Sachs, Citi, JPMorgan Chase and Morgan Stanley, each took an average of 18 SEO interns(16 this year)and more than 80 per cent were offered permanent positions.去年，高盛、花旗、摩根大通和摩根士丹利等SEO London的銀行合作伙伴，平均各接收了l8名SE0的實習生(今年為16名)，其中八成以上最后都得到了永久性的職位。

Employers have yet to figure out how best to co-ordinate diversity policies globally, given that different governments vary in their support for such schemes.鑒于各國政府對待此類計劃的態度相去甚遠，雇主們仍必須弄清楚，如何才能在全球范圍內最有效地協調多元化政策。

Professor of ageing and ethnicity at the University of Central Lancashire, says some governments “don't even require firms to monitor the ethnic mix of staff”.英國中央蘭開夏大學研究老齡化及種族問題教授表示，一些國家政府“甚至不要求公司調整員工的種族比例”。

The law firm Freshfields, Bruckhaus Deringer, a Leading London sponsor, has appointed a global diversity committee to attract ethnic minorities and women.“There is a need for co-ordination,” says a partner in Rome.“But, we cannot have a master plan that is implemented everywhere.”律師事務所Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer也是Leading London項目的贊助商之一。該公司已指定一家全球多元化委員會，來吸引少數族裔和女性。該公司駐羅馬的合伙人表示：“企業有必要進行協作。不過，我們無法制定一項放之四海皆準的總體規劃”。

26.Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘訣

You're in-between jobs and you want to be productive in the meantime.Here are seven ways to keep yourself busy.如果你目前正處在找工作階段而且期望在此期間有所收獲的話，下面就是一些可以讓你忙碌起來的方法。

Get a short-term continuing education.Enroll in academic modules or attend seminars related to your field.參加一些短期繼續教育培訓。你可以報名參加模塊式學術培訓或與你的領域相關的學術研討會。

For example, if you're into sales, be on the lookout for seminars that teach you how to negotiate or how to handle sales objections.You don't always have to spend just to build your skills.比如，如果你是做銷售的，你就可以找一些有關如何談判或怎樣實現銷售目標這樣的研討會。要知道提升技能并不一定要花錢。

Search the net for free study modules.Be on the look out for free workshops in the newspapers.Check bulletin boards and announcements.你可以在網上找到免費的學習模塊，也可以在報紙上找到不收費的研討會學習信息。布告欄和廣播都是你發現這些學習信息的來源。

You'll be surprised at the wealth of educational events you can attend without having to compromise your financial situation.只要你去找，你就會發現你可以不花一分錢就能找到豐富的學習資源和機會。

Freelance.You don't need to be employed to earn a living especially if you are in the service business like writing, graphic designing, interior decorating, etc.做一名自由職業者。謀生并不一定非要找個老板，這種情況尤其適合那些從事服務行業的人群，比如：作家、繪畫設計、室內裝修等等。

Freelancing is also one of the best ways to market yourself.When you do projects for a lot of people, you'll widen your network of clients and possible future employers.從事自由職業還是一個推銷自己的最好方式。在你為很多人做項目的同時，你也拓寬了你的客戶網，說不定這些客戶當中會有你將來的老板呢。

Before advertising vacancies, people usually tend to hire people whom they are already acquainted with.在發布招聘廣告前，人們一般會先考慮聘用他們熟悉的人。

If you are well-liked by the people you work with and you give good value for their money, you'll be certain to get an interesting job offer when the right time comes.如果你被客戶所欣賞，合作時又讓他們物有所值，當合適的時機到來時，你肯定會收到一份滿意的工作邀請。

Learn a new skill.Explore your talents and get into new interests.Play with your creativity.學一門新手藝。可以去開發一下你的天賦和全新的興趣。施展你的創造力。

Learn how to make scented candles, teddy bears or do floral arrangements.The important thing is to spend your time productively and to have fun.你可以學學如何去制作香燭、泰迪熊，或學學插花。不論你做什么，重要的是把時間花得有成效、有意義。

Then, explore the possibility of going into business with your new skills.Some of the most successful ventures started out as hobbies.掌握了這門新技術之后，你就可以考慮在這一行找份工作了。要知道有一些最成功的企業就是從業余愛好開始起步的。

People who enjoy what they're doing, or those who treat work like play tend to be good at what they do.Even if you find a job later on, you can still moonlight your new skills.享受工作或把工作當成樂趣的人一般都會把工作做好。即使在將來找到了新工作，你也可以把這門新手藝當做第三職業去做。

Keep up a proactive job search.These days, it's hard to find a job.More often, you might find yourself sending a lot of applications than you are receiving replies.要不斷主動地尋找工作機會。現在找工作不是一件容易的事。大多數時候你寄出去的求職信要遠遠多于你所收到的回復。

If that happens, don't despair.The best opportunities usually come to those who make the biggest effort.不要因此灰心，因為最好的機會永遠惠顧做好最充分準備的人。

Don't tire in regularly sending applications and searching various mediums for job opportunities.也不要因不斷地寄求職信和在媒體上搜索工作空缺職位而煩惱。

Search online recruitment sites.Build your portfolio and knock on company doors.You'll never know when you'll hit the mark.嘗試一下招聘網站。設計自己的求職宣傳冊并親自到不同的公司做一下自我推銷，說不定哪一天你想要的工作就在那兒等著你呢。

閱讀理解【題目及參考答案】

1.What does “in-between jobs” in the first paragraph possible mean? It possibly means you quit your old job and are now looking for a new job．

第二篇：2015職稱英語教材詞匯

1.call [k??l]

vi.呼叫；拜訪；叫牌

vt.呼叫；稱呼；召集

n.電話；呼叫；要求；訪問

2.space [spe?s]

n.空間；太空；距離;

vi.留間隔;

vt.隔開

3.room [ru?m;r?m]

n.房間；空間；余地；機會；房間里所有的人;

vt.為…提供住處；租房，合住；投宿，住宿；留…住宿;

vi.居住；住宿;

n.（英）魯姆（人名）；（俄）羅姆（人名）

4.at once

馬上，立刻

5.immediate [?'mi?d??t]

adj.立即的；直接的；最接近的6.identify [a?'dent?fa?]

vt.確定；鑒定；識別，辨認出；使參與；把…看成一樣 vi.確定；認同；一致;

vi.確定；認同；一致

7.name [ne?m]

n.名稱，名字；姓名；名譽;

vt.命名，任命；指定；稱呼；提名；叫出;

adj.姓名的；據以取名的;

n.(Name)人名；(日)滑(姓)；(英)內姆

8.occur [?'k??]

vi.發生；出現；存在9.happen ['h?p(?)n]

vi.發生；碰巧；偶然遇到

10.complete [k?m'pli?t]

adj.完整的；完全的；徹底的;

vt.完成

11.finish ['f?n??]

vt.完成；結束；用完;

vi.結束，終止；終結;

n.結束；完美；回味（葡萄酒）

12.eventually [?'vent???l?]

adv.最后，終于

13.finally ['fa?n?l?]

adv.最后；終于；決定性地

14.conversation [k?nv?'se??(?)n]

n.交談，會話；社交；交往，交際；會談；（人與計算機的）人機對話

15.talk [t??k]

vt.說；談話；討論;vi.談話；說閑話;

n.談話；演講；空談

16.attend [?'tend]

vt.出席；上（大學等）；照料；招待；陪伴;

vi.出席；致力于；照料；照顧

17.go to

v.轉到；定位

18.make up one's mind

v.下決心，決定

19.decide [d?'sa?d]

vt.決定；解決；判決;

vi.決定，下決心

20.now andthen

偶爾

21.occasionally [?'ke??(?)n(?)l?;?'ke??(?)n?l?;?'ke???n(?)l?]

adv.偶爾；間或

22.find fault with

挑剔；批評；抱怨

23.criticize ['kr?t?sa?z]

vt.批評；評論；非難;

vi.批評；評論；苛求

24.grasp [grɑ?sp]

n.抓住；理解；控制;

vt.抓住；領會;

vi.抓

25.take hold of

v.握住

26.take into account

考慮；重視；體諒

27.take into consideration

顧及；考慮到……

28.tolerate ['t?l?re?t]

vt.忍受；默許；寬恕

29.put up with

v.忍受；容忍

30.abandon [?'b?nd(?)n]

n.狂熱；放任;

vt.遺棄；放棄

31.give up

放棄；交出

32.lately ['le?tl?]

adv.近來，不久前

33.recently ['ri?sntl?]

adv.最近；新近 34.manual ['m?nj?(?)l]

adj.手工的；體力的;

n.手冊，指南

35.physical ['f?z?k(?)l]

adj.[物] 物理的；身體的；物質的;

n.體格檢查

36.harness ['hɑ?n?s]

vt.治理；套；駕馭；披上甲胄；利用;

n.馬具；甲胄；挽具狀帶子；降落傘背帶

37.utilise ['ju:tilaiz]

vt.使用（等于utilize）；利用

38.resident ['rez?d(?)nt]

adj.居住的；住院醫師；定居的;

n.居民

39.occupant ['?kj?p(?)nt]

n.居住者；占有者

40.steadily ['sted?l?]

adv.穩定地；穩固地；有規則地

41.continuously [k?n't?nj??sli]

adv.連續不斷地

42.remedy ['rem?d?]

vt.補救；治療；糾正;

n.補救；治療；賠償

43.cure [kj??;kj??]

vt.治療；治愈；使硫化；加工處理;

vi.治病；痊愈；受治療；被硫化；被加工處理;

n.治療；治愈；[臨床] 療法;

n.(Cure)人名；(羅)庫雷；(法)屈爾；(英)丘爾；(塞)楚雷

44.draft [drɑ?ft]

n.匯票；草稿；選派；（尤指房間、煙囪、爐子等供暖系統中的）（小股）氣流;

vt.起草；制定；征募;

vi.擬稿；繪樣；作草圖;

adj.初步畫出或（寫出）的；（設計、草圖、提綱或版本）正在起草中的，草擬的；以草稿形式的；草圖的

45.formulate ['f??mj?le?t]

vt.規劃；用公式表示；明確地表達

46.practically ['pr?kt?k(?)l?]

adv.實際地；幾乎；事實上

47.almost ['??lm??st]

adv.差不多，幾乎

48.try [tra?]

vt.試圖，努力；試驗；審判；考驗;

vi.嘗試；努力；試驗;

n.嘗試；努力；試驗;n.(Try)人名；(英、印尼)特里；(柬)德里

49.test [test]

n.試驗；檢驗;

vt.試驗；測試;

vi.試驗；測試;

n.(Test)人名；(英)特斯特

50.rarely ['re?l?]

adv.很少地；難得；罕有地

51.seldom ['seld?m]

adv.很少，不常

52.readily ['red?l?]

adv.容易地；樂意地；無困難地

53.willingly ['w?l??l?]

adv.欣然地；愿意地，樂意地

54.extract [?ekstr?kt]

vt.提取；取出；摘錄；榨取;

n.汁；摘錄；榨出物；選粹

55.take out

v.取出；去掉；出發；發泄；把…帶出去；邀請（某人）外出；開始

56.shine [?a?n]

vi.發出光；反射光，閃耀；出類拔萃，表現突出；露出；照耀；顯露；出眾;

vt.照射，擦亮；把…的光投向；（口）通過擦拭使…變得有光澤或光;

n.光亮，光澤；好天氣；擦亮；晴天；擦皮鞋；鬼把戲或詭計;

n.（英）夏因（人名）；（日）新榮（人名）

57.polish ['p?l??]

n.磨光，擦亮；擦亮劑；優雅，精良;

vi.擦亮，變光滑;

vt.磨光，使發亮；使完美;改進;

v.磨光；修改；潤色;

adj.波蘭的

58.decent ['di?s(?)nt]

adj.正派的；得體的；相當好的59.honest ['?n?st]

adj.誠實的，實在的；可靠的；坦率的60.deadly ['dedl?]

adj.致命的；非常的；死一般的;

adv.非常；如死一般地

61.fatal ['fe?t(?)l]

adj.致命的；重大的；毀滅性的；命中注定的;

n.(Fatal)人名；(葡、芬)法塔爾

62.insist on

堅持，堅決要求；督促，強調

63.demand [d?'mɑ?nd]

vt.要求；需要；查詢;vi.需要；請求；查問;

n.[經] 需求；要求；需要;

n.(Demand)人名；(德)德曼德

64.harmful ['hɑ?mf?l;-f(?)l]

adj.有害的；能造成損害的65.speed [spi?d]

vi.超速，加速；加速，迅速前行；興隆;

n.速度，速率；迅速，快速；昌盛，繁榮;

vt.加快…的速度；使成功，使繁榮;

n.(Speed)人名；(英)斯皮德

66.velocity [v??l?s?ti]

n.速率，速度；周轉率；迅速；高速，快速

67.physician [f?'z??(?)n]

n.[醫] 醫師；內科醫師

68.particularly [p?'t?kj?l?l?]

adv.特別地，獨特地；詳細地，具體地；明確地，細致地

69.especially [?'spe?(?)l?;e-]

adv.特別；尤其；格外

70.safe [se?f]

adj.安全的；可靠的；平安的;

n.保險箱；冷藏室；紗櫥;

n.(Safe)人名；(幾)薩菲

71.secure [s?'kj??;s?'kj??]

adj.安全的；無慮的；有把握的；穩當的;

vt.保護；弄到；招致；縛住;

vi.獲得安全；船拋錨；停止工作

72.branch [brɑ?n(t)?]

vt.分支；出現分歧;

vi.分支；出現分歧;

n.樹枝，分枝；分部；支流;

n.(Branch)人名；(英)布蘭奇

73.division [d?'v??(?)n]

n.[數] 除法；部門；分割；師（軍隊）；賽區

74.abnormal [?b'n??ml]

adj.反常的，不規則的；變態的75.unusual [?n'ju????l]

adj.不尋常的；與眾不同的；不平常的76.abundant [?'b?nd(?)nt]

adj.豐富的；充裕的；盛產

77.plentiful ['plent?f?l;-f(?)l]

adj.豐富的；許多的；豐饒的78.accelerate [?k'sel?re?t]

vt.使……加快；使……增速;

vi.加速；促進；增加 79.step up

提高；增加；走近

80.accumulate [?'kju?mj?le?t]

vi.累積；積聚;

vt.積攢

81.collect [k?'lekt]

vt.收集；募捐;

vi.收集；聚集；募捐;

adv.由收件人付款地;

adj.由收件人付款的;

n.(Collect)人名；(英)科萊克特

82.allocate ['?l?ke?t]

vt.分配；撥出；使坐落于;

vi.分配；指定

83.assign [?'sa?n]

vt.分配；指派；[計][數] 賦值;

vi.將財產過戶（尤指過戶給債權人）

84.childish ['t?a?ld??]

adj.幼稚的，孩子氣的

85.immature [,?m?'tj??;,?m?'tj??]

adj.不成熟的；未成熟的；粗糙的86.barren ['b?r(?)n]

adj.貧瘠的；不生育的；無益的；沉悶無趣的；空洞的;

n.荒地;

n.(Barren)人名；(西、英)巴倫

87.BARE [be?]

adj.空的；赤裸的，無遮蔽的;

vt.露出，使赤裸;

n.(Bare)人名；(英)貝爾

88.APPALLING [?'p??l??]

adj.可怕的；令人震驚的;

v.使驚愕；驚嚇（appal的ing形式）

89.DREADFUL ['dredf?l;-f(?)l]

adj.可怕的；糟透的，令人不快的90.ANYHOW ['en?ha?]

adv.總之；無論如何；不管怎樣

91.ANYWAY ['en?we?]

adv.無論如何，不管怎樣；總之

92.ATTAIN [?'te?n]

vt.達到，實現；獲得；到達;

vi.達到；獲得；到達;

n.成就

93.ACHIEVE [?'t?i?v]

vt.達到；完成;vi.達到目的；如愿以償

94.CAPABILITY [ke?p?'b?l?t?]

n.才能，能力；性能，容量

95.ability [?'b?l?t?]

n.能力，能耐；才能

96.IN CONJUNCTION

互相協調

97.together with

和；連同

98.credible ['kred?b(?)l]

adj.可靠的，可信的

99.CONVINCING [k?n'v?ns??]

adj.令人信服的；有說服力的;

v.使相信；使明白（convince的現在分詞）

100.DILIGENT ['d?l?d?(?)nt]

adj.勤勉的；用功的，費盡心血的;

n.(Diligent)人名；(法)迪利讓

101.HARDWORKING ['hɑ?d,w??k??]

adj.努力工作的；不辭辛勞的，苦干的;

v.努力工作（hardwork的ing形式）

102.DIVERSE [da?'v??s;'da?v??s]

adj.不同的；多種多樣的；變化多的103.VARIED ['ve?r?d]

adj.多變的；各式各樣的；雜色的;

v.改變；使多樣化（vary的過去式和過去分詞形式）

104.FAULTY ['f??lt?;'f?lt?]

adj.有錯誤的；有缺點的105.WRONG [r??]

adv.錯誤地；邪惡的，不正當地;

n.壞事；不公正;

adj.錯誤的；失常的；不適當的;

vt.委屈；無理地對待；誹謗;

n.(Wrong)人名；(英)朗

106.GORGEOUS ['g??d??s]

adj.華麗的，燦爛的；極好的107.MAGNIFICENT [m?g'n?f?s(?)nt]

adj.高尚的；壯麗的；華麗的；宏偉的108.PERSIST [p?'s?st]

vi.存留，堅持；持續，固執;

vt.堅持說，反復說

109.CONTINUE [k?n't?nju?]

vi.繼續，延續；仍舊，連續;

vt.繼續說…；使…繼續；使…延長

110.REGULATE ['regj?le?t] vt.調節，規定；控制；校準；有系統的管理

111.CONTROL [k?n'tr??l]

n.控制；管理；抑制；操縱裝置;

vt.控制；管理；抑制

112.SEPARATE ['sep(?)re?t]

vt.使分離；使分開；使分居;

vi.分開；隔開；分居;

adj.單獨的；分開的;

n.分開；抽印本

113.STANDPOINT ['st?n(d)p??nt]

n.立場；觀點

114.point of view

觀點；見地；立場

115.touching ['t?t???]

adj.動人的，令人同情的;

prep.至于，關于;

v.接觸；感動（touch的ing形式）

116.MOVING ['mu?v??]

adj.移動的；動人的；活動的;

v.移動（move的ing形式）

117.immense [?'mens]

adj.巨大的，廣大的；無邊無際的；非常好的118.phone [f??n]

n.電話；耳機，聽筒

vt.打電話

vi.打電話

119.enormous [?'n??m?s]

adj.龐大的，巨大的；兇暴的，極惡的120.build up

增進，加強

121.overtake [??v?'te?k]

vt.趕上；壓倒；突然來襲;

vi.超車

122.pass [pɑ?s]

n.及格；經過；護照；途徑；傳球;

vi.經過；傳遞；變化；終止;

vt.通過；經過；傳遞;

n.(Pass)人名；(英、法、德、俄)帕斯

123.advisable [?d'va?z?b(?)l]

adj.明智的，可取的，適當的124.wise [wa?z]

adj.明智的；聰明的；博學的;

vt.使知道；教導;

vi.了解;n.(Wise)人名；(英)懷斯

125.puzzle ['p?z(?)l]

vt.使…困惑；使…為難；苦思而得出;

vi.迷惑；冥思苦想;

n.謎；難題；迷惑

126.mystery ['m?st(?)r?]

n.秘密，謎；神秘，神秘的事物；推理小說，推理劇；常作 mysteries 秘技，秘訣

127.exhibit [?g'z?b?t;eg-]

vt.展覽；顯示；提出（證據等）;

n.展覽品；證據；展示會;

vi.展出；開展覽會

128.show [???]

vt.顯示；說明；演出；展出;

vi.顯示；說明；指示;

n.顯示；表演；炫耀;

n.(Show)人名；(中)邵(普通話·威妥瑪)；(英)肖

129.eternal [?'t??n(?)l;i?-]

adj.永恒的；不朽的

130.everlasting [ev?'lɑ?st??]

adj.永恒的；接連不斷的131.depict [d?'p?kt]

vt.描述；描畫

132.describe [d?'skra?b]

vt.描述，形容；描繪

133.operative ['?p(?)r?t?v]

adj.有效的；運轉著的；從事生產勞動的;

n.偵探；技工

134.work [w??k]

n.工作；[物] 功；產品；操作；職業；行為；事業；工廠；著作；文學、音樂或藝術作品;

vt.使工作；操作；經營；使緩慢前進;

vi.工作；運作；起作用;

n.（英、埃塞）沃克（人名）

135.wreck [rek]

n.破壞；失事；殘骸；失去健康的人;

vt.破壞；使失事；拆毀;

vi.失事；營救失事船只

136.damage ['d?m?d?]

vi.損害；損毀；賠償金;

n.損害；損毀;

vt.損害，毀壞

137.include [?n'klu?d]

vt.包含，包括

138.embody [?m'b?d?;em-] vt.體現，使具體化；具體表達;

n.(Embody)人名；(英)恩博迪

139.prevent [pr?'vent]

vt.預防，防止；阻止;

vi.妨礙，阻止

140.sensational [sen'se??(?)n(?)l]

adj.轟動的；聳人聽聞的；非常好的；使人感動的141.exciting [?k'sa?t??;ek-]

adj.令人興奮的；使人激動的;

v.激動；刺激（excite的ing形式）；喚起

142.stroll [str??l]

n.漫步；閑逛；巡回演出;

vi.散步；閑逛；巡回演出;

vt.散步；閑逛

143.walk [w??k]

n.步行，走；散步;

vt.散步；走過;

vi.走，步行；散步;

n.(Walk)人名；(德、葡)瓦爾克；(英)沃克

144.annoying [?'n????]

adj.討厭的；惱人的;

v.騷擾（annoy的ing形式）

145.irritating ['?r?te?t??]

adj.刺激的；氣人的；使憤怒的;

v.刺激（irritate的ing形式）；激怒

146.deliberately [d?'l?b?r?tli]

adv.故意地；謹慎地；慎重地

147.intentionally [?n't?n??nli]

adv.故意地，有意地

148.vague [ve?g]

adj.模糊的；含糊的；不明確的；曖昧的;

n.(Vague)人名；(法)瓦格；(英)韋格

149.imprecise [?mpr?'sa?s]

adj.不精確的；不嚴密的；不確切的150.summit ['s?m?t]

n.頂點；最高級會議；最高階層;

adj.最高級的；政府首腦的151.top of the mountain

攀上山頭

152.the top of the mountain

山頂

153.census ['sens?s]

vt.實施統計調查;

n.人口普查，人口調查 154.count [ka?nt]

vt.計算；認為;

vi.計數；有價值;

n.計數；計算；伯爵;

n.(Count)人名；(法、德、南非)伯爵(歐洲貴族頭銜)，康特(人名)

155.duplicate [?dju?pl?ke?t]

vt.復制；使加倍;

n.副本；復制品;

adj.復制的；二重的;

vi.復制；重復

156.copy ['k?p?]

vi.復制；復印；抄襲;

vt.復制；復印；抄襲;

n.副本；一冊；摹仿

157.ban [b?n]

vt.禁止，取締;

n.禁令，禁忌;

n.(Ban)人名；(日)蕃(名)；(緬、老、柬)班；(東南亞國家華語)萬；(法)邦；(中)餅(廣東話·威妥瑪)；(德、塞、羅、阿拉伯)巴恩；(英)班恩

158.forbid [f?'b?d]

vt.禁止；妨礙，阻止

159.lawful ['l??f?l;-f(?)l]

adj.合法的；法定的；法律許可的160.legal ['li?g(?)l]

adj.法律的；合法的；法定的;

n.(Legal)人名；(法)勒加爾

161.mock [m?k]

vt.嘲弄；模仿；使…失望；使…無效;

vi.嘲弄，嘲笑;

n.嘲弄；仿制品；嘲笑對象;

adj.模擬的；假裝的；偽造的;

adv.虛偽地;

n.(Mock)人名；(德、英、法、西、芬)莫克

162.laugh at

嘲笑；因…而發笑

163.motive ['m??t?v]

n.動機，目的；主題;

adj.發動的；成為動機的;

vt.使產生動機，激起

164.reason ['ri?z(?)n]

n.理由；理性；動機;

vi.推論；勸說;

vt.說服；推論；辯論;

n.(Reason)人名；(英)里森 165.notably ['n??t?bl?]

adv.顯著地；尤其

166.omit [?(?)'m?t]

vt.省略；遺漏；刪除；疏忽

167.fail [fe?l]

vi.失敗，不及格；破產；缺乏；衰退;

vt.不及格；使失望；忘記；舍棄;

n.不及格;

n.(Fail)人名；(葡、捷)法伊爾；(法)法伊

168.orthodox ['??θ?d?ks]

adj.正統的；傳統的；慣常的；東正教的;

n.正統的人；正統的事物

169.conventional [k?n'ven?(?)n(?)l]

adj.符合習俗的，傳統的；常見的；慣例的170.outrageous [a?t're?d??s]

adj.粗暴的；可惡的；令人吃驚的171.unacceptable [?n?k'sept?b(?)l]

adj.不能接受的；不受歡迎的172.scared [ske?d]

adj.害怕的;

v.使害怕（scare的過去分詞）

173.frightened ['fra?tnd]

adj.害怕的；受驚的；受恐嚇的;

v.害怕；使吃驚；嚇走（frighten的過去分詞）

174.hail [he?l]

n.冰雹；致敬；招呼；一陣;

vt.致敬；招呼；向...歡呼；猛發；使象下雹樣落下（過去式hailed，過去分詞hailed，現在分詞hailing，第三人稱單數hails）;

vi.招呼；下雹;

int.萬歲；歡迎;

n.(Hail)人名；(阿拉伯、捷)海爾

175.acclaim [?'kle?m]

vt.稱贊；為…喝采，向…歡呼;

n.歡呼，喝彩；稱贊;

vi.歡呼，喝采

176.principal ['pr?ns?p(?)l]

adj.主要的；資本的;

n.首長；校長；資本；當事人

177.principal organizer 178.planner ['pl?n?]

n.計劃者，規劃師;

n.(Planner)人名；(德、捷)普蘭納

179.postulate ['p?stj?le?t]

vt.假定；要求；視…為理所當然;n.基本條件；假定

180.assume [?'sju?m]

vt.承擔；假定；采取；呈現;

vi.裝腔作勢；多管閑事

181.extinction [?k'st??(k)?(?)n;ek-]

n.消失；消滅；廢止

182.die out

滅絕；消失

183.abrupt [?'br?pt]

adj.生硬的；突然的；唐突的；陡峭的184.sudden ['s?d(?)n]

adj.突然的，意外的；快速的;

n.突然發生的事

185.distribute [d?'str?bju?t;'d?str?bju?t]

vt.分配；散布；分開；把…分類

186.mighty ['ma?t?]

adj.有力的；強有力的；有勢力的;

adv.很；極；非常;

n.有勢力的人

187.strong [str??]

adj.堅強的；強壯的；牢固的；擅長的;

adv.強勁地；猛烈地;

n.(Strong)人名；(英)斯特朗

188.authentic [??'θent?k]

adj.真正的，真實的；可信的189.genuine ['d?enj??n]

adj.真實的，真正的；誠懇的190.eligible ['el?d??b(?)l]

adj.合格的，合適的；符合條件的；有資格當選的;

n.合格者；適任者；有資格者

191.entitle [?n'ta?t(?)l;en-]

vt.稱做…；定名為…；給…稱號；使…有權利

192.asserted [?'s?t?d]

adj.宣稱的；聲稱的;

v.宣稱；聲稱（assert的過去分詞）

193.stated firmly

宣稱的的

194.permit [p?'m?t]

vi.許可；允許;

vt.許可；允許;

n.許可證，執照

195.allow [?'la?]

vt.允許；給予；認可;

vi.容許；考慮 196.propose [pr?'p??z]

vt.建議；打算，計劃；求婚;

vi.建議；求婚；打算

197.suggest [s?'d?est]

vt.提議，建議；啟發；使人想起；顯示；暗示

198.regret [r?'gret]

n.遺憾；抱歉；悲嘆;

vt.后悔；惋惜；哀悼;

vi.感到后悔；感到抱歉

199.sorry ['s?r?]

adj.遺憾的；對不起的，抱歉的;

int.對不起，抱歉（表示委婉的拒絕等）

200.rely on

依靠，依賴

201.depend [d?'pend]

vi.依賴，依靠；取決于；相信，信賴

202.remove [r?'mu?v]

vt.移動，遷移；開除；調動;

vi.移動，遷移；搬家;

n.移動；距離；搬家

203.take off

起飛；脫下；離開

204.improved [?m'pr?vd]

adj.改良的；改進過的;

v.改進；增加（improve的過去式和過去分詞）；變得更好

205.better ['bet?]

n.長輩；較好者；打賭的人（等于bettor）;

adv.更好的；更多的；較大程度地;

adj.較好的;

vt.改善；勝過;

vi.變得較好;

n.(Better)人名；(西、瑞典、德)貝特爾

206.break [bre?k]

v.打破；折斷；弄壞；削弱;

vt.（使）破；打破（紀錄）；（常指好天氣）突變；開始;

vi.（嗓音）突變；突破；破曉；（價格）突然下跌;

n.破裂；間斷；（持續一段時間的狀況的）改變；間歇;

n.(Break)人名；(英)布雷克

207.beat [bi?t]

vt.打；打敗;

vi.打；打敗；拍打；有節奏地舒張與收縮;

n.拍子；敲擊；有規律的一連串敲打;

adj.筋疲力盡的；疲憊不堪的;

n.(Beat)人名；(德)貝亞特 208.provoke [pr?'v??k]

vt.驅使；激怒；煽動；惹起

209.elicit [?'l?s?t]

vt.抽出，引出；引起

210.gangster ['g??st?]

n.歹徒，流氓；惡棍

211.violent criminal

暴力犯

212.framework ['fre?mw??k]

n.框架，骨架；結構，構架

213.skeleton ['skel?t(?)n]

n.骨架，骨骼；綱要；骨瘦如柴的人;

adj.骨骼的；骨瘦如柴的；概略的214.hazard ['h?z?d]

vt.賭運氣；冒…的危險，使遭受危險;

n.危險，冒險；冒險的事;

n.(Hazard)人名；(法)阿扎爾；(英)哈澤德

215.danger ['de?n(d)??]

n.危險；危險物，威脅;

n.(Danger)人名；(法)當熱

216.lure [l(j)??]

n.誘惑；餌；誘惑物;

vt.誘惑；引誘;

n.(Lure)人名；(英)盧爾

217.attraction [?'tr?k?(?)n]

n.吸引，吸引力；引力；吸引人的事物

218.densely ['d?nsli]

adv.濃密地；密集地

219.compactly [k?m'p?ktli]

adv.簡潔地；緊密地；細密地

220.fascinate ['f?s?ne?t]

vt.使著迷，使神魂顛倒;

vi.入迷

221.intrigue [?n'tri?g]

n.陰謀；詭計；復雜的事；私通;

vt.用詭計取得；激起...的興趣;

vi.私通；密謀

222.probe [pr??b]

n.探針；調查;

vi.調查；探測;

vt.探查；用探針探測;

n.(Probe)人名；(法)普羅布

223.explore [?k'spl??;ek-]

vt.探索；探測；探險;vi.探索；探測；探險

224.settle ['set(?)l]

vi.解決；定居；沉淀；下陷;

vt.解決；安排；使…定居;

n.有背長椅;

n.(Settle)人名；(英)塞特爾

225.solve [s?lv]

vt.解決；解答；溶解;

vi.作解答

226.tremble ['tremb(?)l]

vi.發抖；戰栗；焦慮；搖晃;

vt.使揮動；用顫抖的聲音說出;

n.顫抖；戰栗；搖晃

227.shake [?e?k]

vt.動搖；搖動；震動；握手;

vi.動搖；搖動；發抖;

n.搖動；哆嗦

228.shocked [??kt]

adj.震驚的；震撼的;

v.使震動（shock的過去式）

229.surprised [s?'pra?zd]

adj.感到驚訝的，出人意料的;

v.使驚奇（surprise的過去分詞形式）

230.stick to

v.堅持；粘住

231.widen ['wa?d(?)n]

vt.放寬;

vi.變寬;

n.(Widen)人名；(德)維登

232.broaden ['br??d(?)n]

vi.擴大，變闊；變寬，加寬;

vt.使擴大；使變寬

233.shabby ['??b?]

adj.破舊的；卑鄙的；吝嗇的；低劣的234.unfair [?n'fe?]

adj.不公平的，不公正的235.uneasy [?n'i?z?]

adj.不舒服的；心神不安的；不穩定的236.anxious ['??(k)??s]

adj.焦慮的；擔憂的；渴望的；急切的237.demolish [d?'m?l??]

vt.拆除；破壞；毀壞；推翻；駁倒

238.pulldown ['p?l,da?n]

adj.折疊式的 239.adverse ['?dv??s]

adj.不利的；相反的；敵對的（名詞adverseness，副詞adversely）

240.unfavorable [?n'fevr?bl]

adj.不宜的；令人不快的；不順利的241.concise [k?n'sa?s]

adj.簡明的，簡潔的

242.compendious [k?m'pend??s]

adj.簡明的，摘要的；簡練的243.courteous ['k??tj?s]

adj.有禮貌的；謙恭的

244.respectful [r?'spek(t)f?l;-f(?)l]

adj.恭敬的；有禮貌的

245.invaluable [?n'v?lj?(?)b(?)l]

adj.無價的；非常貴重的246.extremely useful

非常有用

247.insane [?n'se?n]

adj.瘋狂的；精神病的；極愚蠢的248.crazy ['kre?z?]

adj.瘋狂的；狂熱的，著迷的249.ingenuous [?n'd?enj??s]

adj.天真的；坦白的；正直的；樸實的250.original [?'r?d??n(?)l;?-]

n.原件；原作；原物；原型;

adj.原始的；最初的；獨創的；新穎的251.vigorous ['v?g(?)r?s]

adj.有力的；精力充沛的252.healthy ['helθ?]

adj.健康的，健全的；有益于健康的

253.abide by

遵守；信守；承擔…的后果

254.bias ['ba??s]

n.偏見；偏愛；斜紋；乖離率;

vt.使存偏見;

adj.偏斜的;

adv.偏斜地;

n.(Bias)人名；(法、德、葡、喀)比亞斯；(英)拜厄斯

255.terminate ['t??m?ne?t]

vt.使終止；使結束；解雇;

vi.結束，終止；結果;

adj.結束的256.put an end to

結束；終止

第三篇：中石化職稱考試習題

第一部分

通用英語（習題歸類）

一、閱讀理解：

(一)How to be Happy如何獲得幸福 In the past two weeks 過去兩周我們研究了一項幸福公式，這是由樂觀心理學家馬丁.塞里格曼定義的。在這個公式中，H（幸福）=S（個人生理幸福感受的固定指數）+C（個人生活狀態）+（個人主觀選擇）。本周我們將著眼于能提升幸福指數的生活狀態。第一步：平和安靜

Jonathon Haidit in his excellent 喬納森.海迪在他的優秀著作《幸福假說》當中提到，研究調查顯示，我們不可能完全適應噪音污染，無論是新近的還是長期的。巨大噪音會引發我們面對恐懼的某種本能反應（另一種時對于墜落的恐懼）。如果周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不可能完全放松。每日保持平和與寧靜事關重要。如果你不幸生活在比較嘈雜吵得環境中，請一定要堅持去居委會投訴。另外，嘗試使用耳塞，可能會緩解噪聲。如果需要大音量看電視、聽收音機或放音樂的話，記得帶上耳機，別影響鄰里，這樣可以使雙方都感到舒適。第二步：人際關系

This is the most important 這是增加幸福指數的一條至關重要的外部條件。我們感到不快樂的最深層原因，往往就是人際關系欠佳。與搭檔或者愛人的關系陷入激烈的沖突中，會讓我們感覺到背叛和遺棄的感覺。父母和孩子之間如果缺乏同情心和無私關懷，會產生隔閡和痛苦。當我們面臨這類問題時，最好的辦法是直視難題，修復關系，或者學著繼續前進。第三步：分享

If you have discovered conditions 如果你發覺生活狀態或做的某項決定對幸福生活有重大幫助的話，記得與你的朋友分享。將有用的發現和更多人分享，這對增進自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有積極的作用。問題：

What’s the happiness formula according to the passage？The formula refers to H=S+C+V Why can we never completely adapt to?

Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.How could we make both ourselves and the ?.If we need our TV,radio or music up loud,wearing headphones demonstrateasour kindness and consideration to our neighbors.Where does the unhappiness come from? Our unhappiness ofen comes from poor relationships with others.What is the positive way to face with the cruelly?

What you can to do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.（二）City Design城市設計

When I’m being driven through a city from 當我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會議中心時，映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場。全世界的城市陷入了困境，數以百計的城市日常生活的質量正在不斷下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。每天上班族驅車時因為街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時間逐年升高，郁悶也隨之加深。

In response to these conditions,we are seeing 這對上述情況，我們可以看到一種新城市主義理念正在興起。在短短的幾年內，許多城市的人行道不再允許停車，新建和改造了更多的停車場，建立了一套以公共汽車為基礎的極為成功的快速運行系統，興建了數百公里的自行車道和步行街，高峰時段的交通擁擠的以緩解，種植了更多的樹木，并吸收當地市民直接參與社區的改善工作。城市設計以人為本的理念使這些城市的生活質量有了很大的提高。

Now government planners everywhere are experimenting 現在，各地政府的規劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是為汽車涉及城市的方法。汽車應帶給人們活動的便捷。但是在一個不斷城市化的世界里，存在著一個根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽車與城市之間的矛盾。超過一個臨界點之后，隨著汽車數量的累加，汽車提供的不再是便捷，而是停滯。

Based on this perspective,some cities in industrial 基于這個觀點，無論在發達的工業國家還是發展中國家，一些城市將會通過遠離汽車來極大增加市區的通暢。讓我再次提醒你，城市是為了人，而不是為了汽車建設的。擠滿汽車的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說里描繪的——全是機械，沒有人性。為了避免這場災難，我們最好開始設計可持續發展的城市。

1、What means of transportation does the author take to the He takes a bus.2、According to the first paragraph what is happening in Cars not only do harm to people’s health but but also cause heavy traffic jam.3、What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed?..Design cities for people not cars.4、Why is there an inherent conflict between the autommobile Because people depend largely on cars.5、How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all cars no human.（三）Population人口

A very important world problem is the increasing 在我們這個星球上那個居住的人越來越多，是一個很重要的全球問題。如果繼續按照現有的增長率發展下去，那么有限的土地及土地資源很快不能養活這么巨大的人口。So why is this huge increase in population taking 那么為什么會出現人口的大量增長呢？這的確是因為知識的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結果。毫無疑問，你肯定聽說過“生育控制”這個術語。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承認了醫生和科學家的工作，現在他們能夠留住那些患有各種各樣絕癥的病人的生命。而這些絕癥在不久之前還是不可治愈的。通過大范圍的技術創新，其中包括耕作方法和對絕癥的控制，我們已經找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是這項成功給人類帶來最大的威脅。If we examine the amount of land available for

如果計算一下維持不斷增長的人口所需的土地量，我們就能意識到這個問題。如果這個星球的每個人都平均分一塊地、我們每個人會擁有五萬平方米。這個數字看似相當振奮人心，二當我們計算一下每個人實際可用耕地之后，就知道這個情況不容樂觀。因為世界上超過3/5的土地都不能生產糧食。

Obviously,with so little land to support us,we should 顯然，能夠養活我們的耕地如此之少，我們就應該想方設法不要讓耕地繼續減少下去。但是，我們并沒有這么做！反而我們正在消耗它的“本錢”——其不可再生的化石燃料與其他礦藏，它們是在幾百萬年的時間里形成的，然而現在，幾十年內就會消耗殆盡。我們對待其他通常看做是不可再生的重要資源亦是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百萬與我們共同居住在地球上的物種。

1、What can be learn about the population growth at present? It continues to increase at its present rate.2、According to the article,what contributes to the population increase? Death Control

3、What is the doctors’ job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.4、Why isn’t there engough land to support human beings? Because the world’s land has already been taken up by the ever-increasing popuiation.5、In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as ___.nonrenewable

(四)Earthquake地震

Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most

地震是人類眾所知的最具有破壞力的自然災害之一。自從有記載以來，估計有地震造成的死亡達數百萬以上，地震造成的破壞更是不計其數。地震造成的破壞如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引發的建筑倒塌、巖石崩落、洪水、火災、疾病等現象造成，而不是由于地震本身。

The great majority of all earthquake occur 大多數地震發生在兩個獨特的地理位置上。一個是環太平洋地區及相鄰的大陸架，另一個是從印度東部延伸到阿特拉斯山脈，其中包括喜馬拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿爾比卑斯地區。那里隨時隨地都可能發生地震。This element of the unknown has for

幾個世紀以來，這種對于地震的未知性更大大增加了地震的可怕和恐懼性。但近幾年來已有跡象表明地震預測是可能的。通過分析動物行為的變化，地殼運動的方式，地球磁場和地心引力的變化以及檢測到輕微地震的頻率，科學家在預測地震發生的時間和地點上已取得了不斷的成功。因此，世界性地震預警網絡已經運轉，而且已經幫助人們對大范圍的破壞做好準備，而這些破壞也可能是完全不能預料的。It is doubtful that man will ever be able 人類是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破壞力還未可知。但是，隨著我們對地震發生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震發生之前，我們就能更好的應對可能造成的破壞。

1、What are the causes of the great part of the damage and loss of life? Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides,floods,fire,disease and other ohenomena from earthquakes.2、Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world? The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses,East Indians To the Atlas Mountains.3、What fact does “element of the unknown” in paragraph 3 refer to? It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time.4、What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity? a)analyzing changes in animal behavior b)patterns of movements in the earth’s crust c)variations in the force of gravity and the earth’s magnetic field d)observation df the frequency of minor earth tremors 5、What is the author’s attitude toward the possibility of earthquake predictions? Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.（五）The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill 英國石油公司墨西哥灣原油泄漏

In the aftermath of the BP oil spill,President Obama 英國石油公司原油泄漏事件后，奧巴馬總統的一次公開講話表達出了無數科學家、環保主義者以及墨西哥灣居民的心聲。他在講話中提到“我們正在應對的是一場巨大的、史無前例的環境災難”。每天足有21萬加侖的原油泄漏并污染者墨西哥灣，這使得很多人認為這次事件對環境所造成短期和長期的危害感到擔憂。The oil spill could severly damage fragile 這次原油泄漏事件對脆弱的生態系統帶來的嚴重破壞會持續很多年，甚至數十年。被石油污染的海灘很難被清理干凈。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油對海灘造成的污染事件正是海鳥筑巢和海龜游到岸上那個孵蛋的季節。

Even worse is the effect the oil spillcould have 還有更糟的事情，石油污染還可能影響敏感的濕地和紅樹林海岸，而這將是幾乎不可能被處理干凈的，有些人甚至擔心這將是永久性的毀壞。這些濕地是捕漁業和水產品工業的搖籃，也是多種野生動物的棲息地和繁殖地。由于這些濕地面積遠遠大于海灘面積，所以它們面臨破壞的風險就大大增加了。

Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish 在墨西哥灣捕獲的魚類和貝類中足有98%依靠河口生存，這些河口就是江河與海水匯合的地方。而河口又依賴于濕地保證其水的質量并為水產品供應鏈提供基礎。濕地是很多物種覓食、七喜和繁殖的場所。

The watets of the Gulf of Mexico are homes 墨西哥灣水域也是成百上千種水棲動物的家園。石油對海水造成污染的時間越長，水產品食物鏈得污染的程度就會越大，這最終會造成大量的魚類死亡以及水產品被嚴重的污染而無法食用。

1、In the first sentence “President Obama voiced the? Voice here means “to express an idea of?”

2、How long could the damage to the ecosystem last? The damage to the ecosystem could last decades.3、How important are the wetlands to the wildlife? The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.4、Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands? Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.5、How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico? Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption.(六)Green Computers“綠色”電腦 Computer manufacturers,chipmakers and software 目前，電腦生產商、芯片制造者和軟件公司都紛紛開發“綠色”產品來滿足那些環保意識強烈的消費者的需求。一些科技公司開發了更節能的生產線，還有一些公司推出了減少現有電腦耗電量的軟件。電子制造企業不斷擴展工藝利用循環材料生產新電腦，并鼓勵消費者循環利用舊電腦。某些環保電子產品可能需要消費者多花些錢，但人有很多環保電腦的價格跟傳統電腦差不多。

Several factors are pushing companies to be greener.有幾大因素推動著電腦公司更注重環保。許多企業希望走在環保法規的前面，贏得環保投資者的支持。同時，隨著能源價格上漲，他們正常是吸引那些設法節省費用的消費者。The computer industry has been working on improving 計算機工業多年來一直致力于減少能源消耗，新焦點已經放到了毒性和循環利用上來了。例如，聯想集團使用的塑料中10%到25%使用回收的水瓶制造的。上個月，英特爾集團將新款芯片投放市場，據稱這些芯片不用耗費更多的能量就可以加快計算的速度。該公司還開發了一種叫做“遠程喚醒”的技術，可以使計算機在使用者不需要通過網絡檢索文件的時候保持低耗能的模式。惠普開發了一個叫做自動開關的新功能，可以不再工作狀態的打印機進入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又會很快的恢復到工作模式。惠普2009年生產的個人桌面激光打印機就已經安裝了這項功能。惠普公司還將注意力優先是放在了制造材料商，他們生產的一塊噴墨打印機就是由83%的回收塑料制造的。Experts say that keeping your old computer 專家表示，就對環境的影響而言，對舊電腦再利用，讓其避免流入垃圾場填埋比買臺新電腦更好。

1、Why are computer manufacturers considering developing greener products? Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers.2、Compared to the old computer,the price of the greener machine is__.A little bit more expensive

3、From the three examples,Lenovo,Intel and HP,we can know that___.Companies want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to get good impression from green investors.On the other hand they are trying to appeal to people who want to save their expenses because of high energy price.4、What is the function of Auto-On/Auto-Off? It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again.5、What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean? Don’t throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean.(七)Cell Phones手機

What would life look like without cell phones? 沒有手機的生活會變得怎么樣呢？今天暢銷的手機都有MP3播放器、電視、音樂、無線相片打印等功能。手機在過去幾年里的變化非常大，隨著每次新產品的問世，手機商們都會再次陷入苦惱之中。該怎么創造下一代人氣商品呢？制造商們該怎樣做才能了解手機使用者們不久的將來真正想要的東西，并且區分暢銷與滯銷的產品呢？業內人士指出最受歡迎的手機具有能夠簡單的迎合顧客個人喜好尖端功能的手機。Manufactures believe that the success of the cell phones 制造商相信手機成功取決于高速網絡的構建和開發以提供如影像或視頻、音樂、高速互聯網的服務。在這些網絡運營的同時，業內人士正在考慮將電話、顯示屏以及服務進行徹底的重新設計，使其新的功能使用簡化。這些開發產品結合了一種讓使用者可以代替PDA（掌上電腦）和其他裝置。手機制造商確信，在不久的將來，消費者將用手機完成一切事務，從看電視到學習和學校考試。開發商們現在應當集中精力設計外形更吸引人的新手機，因為除了手機的外形、顏色或款式所引起的情緒反應外，還幾乎沒有別的東西對消費者多變的購買行為起到更直接的影響。

1、What are the features of today’s mobile phones? They are lasded with MP3 music players,TV,music and wireless photo printing.2、What will manufacyures face if they produce a new product? They will face a big dilemma.3、What should the most popular phones have? The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customizer for individual tastes.4、What will people do with cell phones in the future? People will use phones for everything from watching TV to syudying and writing school exams.5、Why does the writer mention “the enotional respones” in the last sentence? Because he thinks that affects customers’ buying behavior.(八)Touch Tech觸屏技術

For mobile touch technology,it’s only the beginning.就移動觸摸技術而言，現在只是剛剛開始。蘋果公司的電話產品使移動電話行業產生了突破性變革，其便利的觸摸屏技術可以便于用戶瀏覽網絡、發送短信或掌控許多新穎的應用軟件。Deveiopers are working on new applications for

開發人員正致力于新“多觸點”屏幕的應用軟件。這些屏幕可以處理用戶用多手指同時給出的指令，這也增加了這項技術被應用的可能性。其他開發人員正在研究“觸覺”反饋的升級技術——即現在所應用的震動和其他物理感知技術，他們不但可以用來提醒游戲玩家已經過關，也可以用來進行情感交流，并且有可能很快就能使觸摸屏具有真實鍵盤的感覺。對于那些更喜歡使用手機鍵盤的人來說，即便傳統的鍵盤也能發揮與觸摸指令相對應的功能。Software developers set to work on multi-touch 軟件開發人員開始研發多觸點應用軟件。例如，有些軟件可以使用戶在電話上彈奏虛擬樂器。但是多觸點開發人員主要以開發游戲為主。Haptic technology already has many non-mobile 觸覺技術已經在非移動領域得到廣發的應用。例如，視頻游戲中，他可以讓游戲玩家感到自己好像真的在駕駛它們所控制的熒屏賽車。在醫療培訓中，他可以讓在模擬器上操作的內窺鏡檢測法等程序感覺異常真實，從而使醫療人員更自如的操作這些儀器。觸覺技術在手機方面的使用仍然處于初創階段，但是觸覺技術手機的廣泛應用將為這項技術得以更多、更新的應用開辟新的途徑。

For now,at least many mobile users prefer the 目前看來，至少還有許多手機用戶仍然偏愛物理鍵盤的準確性，他們對觸摸屏并不十分感興趣。開發人員設計一項可以兼顧這兩種需求的新技術：即可以同時回應觸摸指令的物理鍵盤。

1、Why do we say Apple’s iPhone is a revolution? Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen.2、What is the advantage of multi-touch screen? The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger.3、What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations.4、What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The gamers feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games.5、Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard.（九）Fossil Fueis and Our Life 化石燃料與我們的生活

Oil and natural gas are and important part of 石油與天然氣是我們日常生活的重要組成部分。安們不僅使我們出行方便，它們還可以使我們的住所冬暖夏涼并且為我們提供電力。我們日常生活中的許多物品都是由石油和天然氣制成，如塑料、治病救人的藥品、服裝、化妝品等等。In the United States,97% of the energy that drives 在美國，交通運輸系統（私人汽車、公共汽車、地鐵、火車、飛機等）的運行所依賴的能源中有97%來自石油煉制的燃料。

Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run 雖然汽車制造商們正在研制使用象電、氫氣和乙醇這樣的替代能源作為燃料的汽車，但是，汽車電池需要充電而且電池發電所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然氣。燃料電池所需要的氫氣也可能是由天然氣或石油產品制成的。所以，盡管人們在研制開發替代燃料，在可預測的將來，能夠確保人們出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。In areas of the world that are still developing 在全世界的發展中地區，不論是企業還是個人，不論是為了自己方便還是為銷售公司的產品，對交通出行的需求都大大增加。據預測世界汽車保有量將由1999年的每千人122輛增加至2020年的每千人144輛，這些增加的部分都是來自發展中國家。同樣在這些發展中國家，由于機場也在擴建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不斷增長。在可預測的將來，石油人將是世界各地交通的主要能源，預計到2020年交通燃料將占全世界石油消耗總量的57%。World population is currently around 6 billion 目前世界人口為60億，但是到2020年將會產至約76億。這將意味著人們對石油和天氣制成的交通燃料、電力以及其它消費產品需求的大量增加。

1、According to the text,how important is oil to our life? Oil and gas give us mobility,they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.They can also be made into many products that we use every day.2、What is a disadvantage of electric batterues??

They must be changed and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.3、Can atlternate energy completely repace oil and gas? No ,it can’t.Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.4、Where in the world can we see the big increase in? In the developing world.5、What will the increase of world population indicate? That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels,electricity,and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.(十)Carbon Emissions碳排放

The task—in which carbon emissions are pumped 將燃料燃燒排放出二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空氣中這項任務對于任何一種燃料的碳排放處理都是一件艱巨的工作。尤其對于煤炭來說，這項任務就更為困難，因為煤炭燃燒比石油和天然氣燃燒所排放出的二氧化碳更多。Under optimal current conditions,coal produces more 在最佳燃燒狀況下，每發一個單位電所燃燒煤炭而產生的二氧化碳是燃燒天然氣的兩倍。天然氣是發電使用的第二大燃料。在發展中國家，情況則更糟，因為那里所使用的煤炭及發電設備都是低檔次的。

Without carbon capture and stotage,coal cannot be green.如果不進行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成為綠色能源。但是解決這一問題不僅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花費數以十億計甚至更多的投資，而沒有任何一個國家和公司愿意花費這筆投資。

There are a few dozen small demonstration projects 雖然在歐洲和美國人們為此進行了一些小規模的試驗項目，但這些項目都剛剛興起，并沒有取得什么實質性的進展。

The European Union had pledges 歐盟已經承諾在歐洲建設12個試驗性碳捕獲項目。很多國家也已經將碳捕獲這項任務從實驗室轉化為安全、低價的實際應用，但他們都把這項任務比作把人送往月球那么難。挪威睛在對此大量投資做技術測試，他們就把碳捕獲稱為“月球登陸計劃”。Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide 碳捕獲之后面臨的問題就是碳封存。碳封存從某種程度上來說則屬于地域問題。地質學家們需要確定地下是否有合適的地點，計算其對二氧化碳的存儲量，然后再配備設施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以確保安全。地下二氧化碳一旦發生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一樣危險。

1、In paragraph 1,what does the underlined word “so” The word “so” refers to “challenging”.2、What can be learn about carbon emissions The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient.As a result,produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.3、How can the use of coal become “green”? Coal can become “green” through carbon capture and storage.4、According to the text,what has Norway been doing? Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology.5、What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at?

The carbon sored at an underground site could leak,and a large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.（十一）Marine pollution海洋污染

By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population 至2050年，估計世界人口可能會增加到120億。其中大約有60%的人口居住在距離海洋60公里的范圍內。為養活這些人口而進行的農業和工業活動將會加大富饒的沿海地區已面臨的巨大壓力。

One significant impact of human activity is marine 人類活動產生的一個重大影響是海洋污染。最顯而易見和為人熟知的是油輪事故和海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。

Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts,the total 雖然這些影響有一定的規模、且顯而易見，但是，與其它直接和間接的海洋污染源（包括民用污水、工業排放物、廢料堆泄漏、都市和工業污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋傾泄垃圾的行為、石油生產、采礦、農業肥料和殺蟲劑、熱源廢料和放射性排放物“相比，一系列油輪發生災難性油泄漏而贊成的海洋污染物質總量還是顯得很少。Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture 污水排放物和農業生產所造成的肥料污染使海巖水域里的藻類開出難看而且可能危險的花朵。這些花朵死亡和腐爛將耗盡水里的氧氣，使這些地區變成了“逐漸蔓延的死亡區“。Radioactive pollution has many causes,including 放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常運轉的核電站。遠在格陵蘭島西部海巖的海草里都能發現核燃料再處理所產生的放射性元素。

Trace metal pollution from metal mining,producation 金屬采礦、生產和加工所造成的微量金屬污染會損害海洋植物和動物的健康，使一些海產品不再適合人類食用。

1、Why is it difficult to support the population on?

Because 60% of the world’s population will live within 60km of the sea.2、How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned?

There are four:marine pollution,nutrient pollution,radioactive pollution,trace metal pollution..3、What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar? Oil pollution.4、Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of? Oxygen.5、The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by___ Radioactive elements.(十二)China’s Growth and theCleanEnergy Tech中國的經濟增長與清潔能源技術 China’s upprecedented growth in recent years has come 中國近年來史無前例的經濟增長是以可怕的代價換來的。中國2/3的河流湖泊污染嚴重，無法用于工業，更別說農業或飲用了。中國近6億城市人口中只有1%的人呼吸著按歐洲標準堪稱安全的空氣。在可耕地緊缺之際，受到污染的洪水又毀壞大量良田。The immensity of these troubles has prouced a result that 諸如此類的眾多問題卻產生了一個令很多國外人士感到驚訝的結果：中國逐漸成為清潔技術的培育基地，在若干領域走到了前列。憑借尚德太陽能電力有限公司等本土廠商，中國現在是世界上最大的光電太陽能電池板生產國。中國也是全球第二大風電機組市場。在汽車制造方面，中國的比亞迪汽車有限公司已超過全球汽車巨頭，推出了第一款可大批量生產的充電式混合動力車。

Understanding they are in a global race,China’s leaders 中國領導人認識到了他們正處于一場全球競賽中，于是以各咱政策和激勵措施對企業予以扶持。北京前不久將中國的汽車里程標準大幅提高到美國估計要到2020年才能達到的水平。北京還表示，到2020年，中國的可再生性資源發電量所占比例將從目前的16%上升到23%，與歐洲的類似指標不相上下。北京的綠色環保意向很快將受到考驗。中國睚處于以史以來最大的建筑熱潮中。一項研究估計，到2025年，中國將有超過3.5億人從農村遷入城市。中國將新增500萬幢建筑，包括5萬幢摩天大樓，相當于10座紐約市的規模。隨著新建辦公室和房屋的成培增長，那些耗費能的計算機、電視、空調等設備也要裝備到這些建筑中，這就大量增加了電力的需求，而大部分電力是來自以煤做燃料的發電廠。

1、What are some of the downsides to China’s growth? Rivers,lakes and air seriousiy polluted.Water and agricultural land have been poisoned.2、According to the passage,how many people in? 6 million

3、What can be learned about Suntech Power? It is a domestic manufacture of photovoltaic solar panels.4、What are Beijing’s green intentions? Beijing will boost the country’s share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020.5、What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population.(十三)Market Economy市場經濟

There are pros and cons for command and

計劃經濟和市場經濟各有利弊。

Let’s look at the command evonomy first.首先我們來看一下計劃經濟。計劃經濟的基礎是由中央集權的政府指導和控制。計劃經濟意味著政府涉足經濟生活的每一步。計劃經濟還有其它的負面影響。工廠經常會達不到配額，市場的需求會被低估，一種產品可能會很快銷售一空等等。總的來說必須做出調整：產品和價格可能不得不或升或降；也可能會限制人們購買產品的數量等等。Mow let’s look at the market economy.現在我們來看一下市場經濟。這意味著企業私有制政府并不能為它們做任何決定。我們用服裝行業的例子來說明它的運行方式。假如某人，我們就叫他杰克，決定開一家服裝制造公司。他設計和制造時尚的服裝，使人們愿意購買和穿著。如果服裝受歡迎，杰克會提高價格，并維持價格的攀升。通過這種方式，杰克可獲取更大的利潤。或者通過擴展業務，創造更多的財富。與此同時，別人將注意到他做的很優秀，于是這些人將創辦新的企業和杰克競爭。這樣價格將穩定下來，甚至可能降低，因為人們都愿意買更便宜的衣服。各家公司將不得不降低成本、減少利潤，使自己在行業內得以生存。在這種情況下，市場經濟才是正確的方向。With a command economy the government runs 在計劃經濟下，政府掌管每件事和每個人；而在市場經濟下，政府提供幫助來解決市場不能解決的問題。計劃經濟逐漸導致長期物質短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市場經濟能夠更大程度地帶來經濟增長、技術進步和社會繁榮的良機。

1、What is the roble of government in the command?

The economy is directed,controlled by the centralized government.2、What might be restricted in the command economy? How much of an item a person can buy.3、What is the market economy? Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.4、Who is Jack according to the text? Jack is a virtusl person who owns a company yhat makes clothes.5、What does the market economy provide? The market economy provides greater opportunities for economoc growth,technological progress and prosperity.(十四)CPI消費者物價指數

If the CPI，Consumer Price Index was 2.1%...如果某個國家的消費者物價指數為2.1%，那意味著什么？簡單地說，這意味著這個國家的消費者為消費者物價指數籃子里的商品及服務的支出比上一年多了2.1%。雖然商品和服務的價格隨時間而上下波動，但是如果價格變動幅度過大，則會給經濟帶來負面影響。為了說明經濟是否正在經歷通貨膨脹、通貨緊縮或者是滯脹，我們把CPI作為衡量商品及服務價格的尺度。

When the Department of Labor’s Bureau?

勞工部勞動數據統計局每月頌CPI數據的時候，很多人都期待關注CPI結果。你或許會問什么會會熱切地等待著這些結果？CPI對許多重要的財政決策者來說起著重要的作用，其中包括個人投資者、中央銀行和美國聯邦貯備銀行。CPI幫助中央銀行預測主要銀行和企業的利息政策和其它決策。

I mentioned the CPI basket before and now?

前面提到過CPI籃子，現在我想進一步說明一下這個籃子是什么，以及我們如何獲取信息。組成CPI的基本市場籃子是在調查了成千上萬戶家庭的詳細支出信息之后得出的。這些信息不是隨機搜集來的，而是通過對那些愿意公開自己購買習慣的消費者所進行采訪和記錄中得到的信息。基本籃子可分為8個組，包括了200多個種類，食品和飲料、住宅、服裝、交通工具、醫療、休閑、教育和通訊以及其它商品的服務。最后，市場籃子中的8萬件物品的價格是從成千上萬個零售商店、服務部門、租賃店、診所等的每個月匯總中得來的。

1、What is CPI short for? Consunmer Price Index.2、What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3% in a country?

Consumers in a country have to pay 3.3% more than in the previous year for the goods and service.3、What will happen if prices change a lot? They can have negative effects on a economy.4、Who are eager to await the results of the CPI?Why? Many key finacial decision makers.Because the CPI plays an important role for them.5、How is the information of the CPI basket collected? The information is collected through interview and diaries kept by the participant.(十五)The Internet互聯網

The Internet is the largest repository of information 互聯網是最大的信息寶庫，它可以提供非常巨大的網絡資源。這種網絡資源可分為網絡設備資源和網絡信息資源。網絡設備資源使我們能夠進行遠程計算和通信。網絡信息資源為我們擔任中種各樣的信息服務，如科學、教育、商務、歷史、法律、藝術和娛樂等等。The most commonly used network service is 最常被使用的網絡服務是電子郵件。電子郵件允許網絡用戶彼此傳送文本消息。計算機和網絡負責傳遞郵件，這樣一來，郵件用戶不必關心傳遞的細節，而且沒有必要在同一時間或地點出現。

Before you can use the Internet, 在上網之前，你必須選擇一種方法，在網絡和你自己的電腦之間移動數據。這個連接可能是一個高速數據通信線路、局域網（LAN）、電話線或無線頻道。大多數情況下，你可以使用一個連接到你的電話線年調制調制解調器來實現網絡連接。Worldwide web(www.tmdps.cnputation and communication and also provide us all kinds of information services.3、Why do most people choose the Internet to? Because it is the fastest and most convenient way.4、What is the most possible way you choose to ? Using a Modem attached to the telephone line.5、Why do people regard the Net as a community ?

Because people can get and do whatever they want at home as more and more sustems join the Internet and more and more forms of information are available to the amount of Internet users.(十六)Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision蘋果公司用ipad延續夢想 The launch of Apple’s iPad in the US is a polarising 當蘋果公司在美國推出iPad時，引發了兩種截然不同的反應。電視新聞會把鏡頭長時間對準蘋果專賣店外的長隊，以及蘋果粉絲們是如何垂涎于這些亮麗的、吸引科技迷們的新產品。而與此同時，懷疑人士則會指出，這類多功能平板電腦以往在市場中一直遭遇慘敗——而且，如果觸摸屏界面真的如此具有革命性，那么蘋果公司為何還打算出售供iPad外接的老式鍵盤呢？

To focus on issues such as these,though,would 不過，若是糾纏于這類問題，我們就抓不到這件事情的關鍵。無論這個新設備有多令人想往，它都決非僅僅是另一件個人高科技硬件產品。這是因為，iPad是個人電腦誕生以來，計算機領域最重要的一項新發展的延伸。如果它能夠大受歡迎，就將確保蘋果公司重新登上計算機業的巔峰位置。該公司先是在2007年推出iPhone，隨后又在同年推出iPad Touch，它一直在改變著人們與智能便攜設備接觸的方式：觸摸已成為人機界面，在線“應用程序商店”（App Store）則成為人們獲取服務和內容的新場所。Between them,the iPone and the Touch already 摩根士丹利互聯網行業分析師瑪麗.米克稱，iPhone與iPad Touch已經代表了有史以來發展最快的新型計算機平臺。通過推出iPad，蘋果公司如今又讓這一平臺延伸出一塊廣袤的新領域。其主要目的是用多功能平板設備證明了以往多家高科技公司在此領域的失敗。但有iPhone作為基礎，蘋果平板電腦的起點高于別人。而且，即使iPad最初的銷售情況不盡人意（就如iPad與iPhone最初的銷售情況一樣），蘋果公司也至少為大批軟件開發商勾勒出了一片大有潛力的新市場的輪廓，而這些軟件開發者已經把自己的財富與蘋果公司的技術綁在了一起。

1、What will be the television news focus after the?

The television news will focus on the long line standing in front of Apple stores,and fans who are drooling over these latest shinly objects of techno-lust.2、In what situation will Apple rebound to the very?

If the iPad becomes popular,it will help Apple rebound to the of the business.3、What changges has Apple already brough to ?

Apple has been changing the way people relate to intelligent portable devices.Tough has become the interface and connected “app stores” the new place to find services and content.4、What’s Mary Meeker’s analysis to iPhone?

The iPhone and the Touch already represent the fastest-growing new computing platform in history.5、In the sentence “Tablet-style devices have proved”

It means that the table-style devices will disappear from listory.（十七）3G Technology3G技術

Cellular technoiogy has been evolving since

無線電通訊技術自其發明以來就一直在不斷更新和進步。隨著貝爾實驗室和AT＆T公司開發了第一代無線電通訊網絡，無線電通訊技術在使用便捷、聲音質量以及數據傳輸上便開始了飛躍的發展。我們今天所熟悉的手機這個奇妙的技術是由一系列創造革新逼睞的，而且將來還會有更新的技術出現。

3G technology,the current standard in cekkuar 第三代（3G）技術，當今無線電通訊服務所使用的標準，又進一步改進了無線電通訊服務。在網絡方面，它比第二代（2G）技術更加有效，容量也更大了。數據連接速度也更快，接近于寬帶速度。它還可以使用戶同時使用語音和數字功能。However,the march of technology goes ever forwatd 但技術是不斷發展的。現在第四代技術已經初露頭角。與其它幾代不同，4G并不是為語音服務而是為因特網而設計的。這代技術會消除無線通訊網絡中不同運營商和國家之間的不兼容性。它有超高的數據傳輸速度，從100Mbps最高可達到1Gbps，并可用于手機和靜態計算機。

The developments in celluar technology promise 無線電通訊技術的發展給我們帶來了一個未曾見過的世界范圍的語音和數據通訊網絡。試想一想與因特網的寬帶連接，還有不論你身在何處都能聽到的清晰電話對話。準備迎接4G的到來吧！

1、What contribution did Bell Lab and AT The developed the first cellular telephone networks.2、What are the advantages of 3G technology ?

3G is even more efficient than 2G and allowed greater capacity on the cellular network.It also allowed much faster data connections and allowed a consumer to use both voice and data features on their phones at the same time.3、How is 4G desogned differently from the previous 4G is not designed around voice services but is designed around the Internet.4、Name the major advantages of 4G.It will do away with many of the celluar network incompatibilities between carriers and countries.It will have blazing fast data speeds.It is designed to be used with both mobile phones and more static computers.5、In the sentence “It will have blazing fast data” It means “the fastest speed can reach 1 Gbps”.(十八)Carbon Capture and Storage 碳捕獲和儲存

Carbon capture and storage(CCS)is a means 碳捕獲和儲存（CCS）是一種從大型發電廠等污染源捕獲二氧化碳，并運用不同方式儲存在非大氣層的環境中，以減輕化石燃料排放對全球變暖影響的手段。它也可以用來描述從大氣中洗滌二氧化碳的一種地球工程技術。The term carbon dioxide capture and storage 碳捕獲和儲存這一概念已經被用于描述以下這些生物技術，如生物碳埋藏。這是一種利用樹木和浮游生特等從空氣中捕獲二氧化碳的生物技術。然而，碳捕獲和儲存現豐通常用來描述從燃燒源捕獲二氧化碳的非生物過程。CCS applied to a modern conventional power 碳捕獲和儲存技術應用到傳統發電廠可以減少約80-90%的二氧化碳排放。據政府間氣候變化專門委員會估計，到2010年，在碳減排總投資中，碳捕獲和儲存的經濟投入將達到10%至55%。

Capturing and commpressing CO2 requires much

捕獲和壓縮二氧化碳需要大量能源，一個應碳捕獲和儲存技術的燃燒電廠的燃料需求將增加25%-40%。那么新的應用碳捕獲和儲存的燃煤發電廠的能源和其它系統成本估計將增加21-91%。而這樣的預算只適用于在碳儲存地附近專門建設的碳捕獲和儲存發電廠：如果在現有的遠離碳儲存位置的發電廠采用該技術，那將更加昂貴。Storage of the CO2 is envisaged either in deep 預計會選擇將二氧化碳儲存在地層深處、深海、或在礦物碳酸鹽中。如果在深海中儲存，很有可能存在增大海洋酸度的風險。海洋酸化問題也主要起源于大氣和海洋中過多的二氧化碳。

1、What is Carbon Capture and Storage? Carbon capture and storage is a method to reduce the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming by capturing carbon dioxide form large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants,and storing it away from the atmosphere by different means.2、How is carbon dioxide capture and storag defined?

It is described as biochar burial,which use trees,plankton,etc.to capture CO2 from the air.3、What is the effect of applying carbon dioxide?

It could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by appoximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS.4、Where will the captured carbon be stored? The captured carbon will be stored either in the deep geological formations,in deep ocean masses,or in the form of mineral carbons.5、What is the problem of deep ocean storage? There is a risk of greatly increasing the problem of ocean acidification,a problem that also stems from the excess of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere and oceans.（十九）Global Warming全球變暖 Global warming may or may not be

全球變暖或許是也或許不是21世紀的環境大危機。但不管是與否，我們都不會采取什么措施。我們會對其爭論不休，甚至作為一個國家發表一些聽起來莊重的誓言來避免全球變暖。但這些誓言聽起來越激動人心、越意味深長，實現它們的可能性卻越小。Al Gore,former US Vice President 美國前副總統弋爾將全球變暖稱作“令人不快的真相“，似乎只要我們認識到這個真相就可以找到解決這一問題途徑。但是實際的真相是我們并沒有足夠的能力消除全球變暖；若沒有重大的科技突破，我們根本無能為力。From 2003 to 2050,the world’s population 2003年至2050年世界人員預計將增長42%，即從64億增長至91億。如果人均消耗能源和技術水平不變，到2050年，能源消耗總量和溫室氣體排放將增加42%。但是這只是一個保守數字，因為社會的進步和富足意味著更多的能源消耗。經濟發展是必需的，除非不再提高人們的生活水準，讓世界上的貧困人口永遠過貧窮的生活。但即使經濟保守地發展，到2050年，能源消耗及溫室氣體排放也會增加一倍多。No government will adopt rigid restrictions 任何政府都不會采取剛性的措施限制經濟發展和個人自由（如：限制用電量、開車出行、外出旅行等），盡管這樣的措施會減緩全球變暖。但是政治家們依然想證明他們沒有對全球變暖“置之不理”。“京都議定書”就是個實例。其中規定所有簽約國家有權利懲罰那些非簽約國。但是“京都議定書”并沒有使二氧化碳的排放有所減少，況且很多簽約國也并沒有采取足夠嚴厲的措施以實現2008-2010年碳排放目標。The practical conclusion is that if global 我們得出的現實的結論就是如果全球變暖是一場潛在的災難，解決全球變暖的唯一辦法是新技術。只有靠我們大力的研究和技術開發才能使我們打破對化石燃料的依賴或找到應對全球變暖的方法。

1、What is said about global warming?

Human being will not do much about global watming.2、According to the author’s understanding,what

Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth”,as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path a solution.3、Why will greenhouse emissions double by Because the world popuiation will grow by 42% by 2050,and as economy will grow,and so will the energy consumption and greenhouse emission.4、In Paragraph 4,the sentence “It allowed countries”

“Those that didn’t”here refers to “those countries that didn’t join the Kyoto Protocol.”

5、What message does the author try to convey We must develop breakthrough technology in order to deal with the problem of global warming.（二十）Alternate Energies替代能源 There is a lot of energy that we can harness 只要我們努力去研究和開發所需技術，有很多能源都可供我們利用。我們完全可以遠離化石能源和老式電網，去使用這些替代能源。One of these alternative energy resource 這些替代能源之一就是風能。人們不斷開發改進風力渦輪發電機使其更加節能也越來越便宜。在很多國家建立起越來越多的“風電廠”。而且，考慮到以前的風力渦輪對鳥類造成了危害，人們在設置這些新的風力發電機時也更加注意了策略性。另外一種替代能源是為大家廣泛熟知的太陽能。太陽能技術需要生產太陽能電池來聚焦并收集太陽光發出的能量，并將其轉變成電能或有時提取熱水。和風能一樣，太陽能是零污染能源。海洋潮汐能是被很多國家和投資商看好的擁有巨大潛力的能源。在法國已經有一個潮汐發電設施在運行發電，幾年的運行使用證明這項技術是成功的。愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭目前也正在測試他們的潮汐能發電設施。水力發電已經為人類使用了相當一段時間了，水力發電廠可以產生很多電能，比電網發電更加清潔。但是水力發電存在一定的制約——不是每個地方都能建造大壩，因此水力發電并不能被廣泛使用。鑒于這些制約，最近，很多河床式發電廠，或者小型的水利發電設施已在興建。地熱能的儲量極其豐富，因為地熱能就在我們腳下，離地面只有幾英里的地下。地熱能是通過地熱球內部的高溫熔巖活動將地下水加熱而形成的能量。這些被熔巖加熱的水變為蒸汽，這些蒸汽可用來驅動渦輪機最終發電。我們應該對地熱能的開發利用做大量的研究。乙醇是汽油的替代品，它是由麥子、甘蔗、葡萄、草莓、玉米、木屑和木纖維這些物質制成的。對于乙醇是否能成為既經濟又實用而且沒有地域局限性的能源仍存在很多爭議，而乙醇的提取和混合的技術也正在不斷地改進。

1、What are some of the advantages of wind power? Wind power is energy-efficient and less costly and it is clean.2、How do the solar cells work/? Solar cells gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun,and translate it into electricity or hot water.3、Where in the world is ocean wave energy applied? Currently,it is used in France,Irelandand Scotland.4/、How is geothermal power converted into electricity? The steam underground can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which can genergy electricity.5、What is the controversy over the use of ethanol as ?

The controversy is whether ethanol as a source of energy can be economical or practical except in very localized areas.（二十一）Biofuels生物燃料

In order to understand the role of biofuels 為了了解生物燃料的未來走向，我們需要搞清楚我們現在正處于能源發展過程中的哪個階段——150年前埃德溫.德雷克的發現將我們帶到了這個位置上。事實上我們這個世界已經變得非常依賴于豐富的能源供應；目前的預測顯示，到2030年我們對能量的需求將增加45%。滿足這個需求將是很艱難的，這將需要每年至少1萬億美元的投資。因此，就新的燃料而言，生物資料是在未來20年實現為車輛提供安全、可持續發展和低碳排放的主要手段。Crude oil is proving to be remarkably difficult 原油將是很難被取代的。到目前為止，生物燃料是唯一可行的競爭者。我們保守地估計，到2030年生物燃料將會占到高達20%的能源市場份額。Biofuels are the only transport energy 作為交通能源的替代產品，生物燃料是唯一確實出現在像“國際能源機構的低碳”450”綱要”這樣的關于碳減排類的數據預測中的。當然，先進的生物燃料將作出越來越大的貢獻。國際能源機構450綱要的數據預測指出，到2020年先進生物燃料將占據新的生物燃料的大多數；到2030年，將占所有生物燃料的一半份額。So biofuels have a major strategic role 因此，生物燃料在未來能源戰略中將起到重大作用。我們已經開始為此努力。這將引導我們在新技術和商業模式的支持下，逐步建設一個全新的、規模龐大的行業，這是一個挑戰，也是一個很大的機遇，一個我們可以將石油和天然氣行業所獲得的技能應用的機會。That therfore this industry,perhaps more 所以，這個行業也許比任何其它行業都更需要合作才能取得成功。最近我們已經可以清楚地看到生物燃料實際上是我們的傳統核心業務的一部分。從許多方面看，生物燃料都將成為新的石油。所不同的是，它們是從鮮活的原源不斷地制造出來的，而不是源于有限的化石類生物物質。生物燃料為我們提供了一個“可再生的油井”。它們不僅僅是對汽油的簡單補充，而且是對我們的傳統核心產品的補充。

1、What is the fact of the world energy supply？

The fact is our needs on energy will rise by up to 45% in demand for energy by the year 2030.2、What is the role of bioyuels in the next 20years? Biofuels will play a role as the primary means of bringing secure,sustainable,low-carbon fuel to vehicles in the next 20 years.3、What does ‘projections’ of IEA 450 mean?

It’s the estimated statistics for the carbon emission in IEA450.4、What does ‘our journey’refer to? ‘Our journey’refers to the journey which leads us onto a realisation that the challenge of building a whole new industry,at vast scale,with a reliance on new technology and business models.5、Why is it said that biofuels industry,perhaps?

Because it relies on new technology and business models and it also needs the skills we have built up in the oil and gas business.(二十二)Coal Chemical Industry 煤化學工業

Coal chemical industry is the industry which 煤化學工業是通過化工工藝將煤轉化為氣體、液體、固體燃料和化學品，生產出各種化工產品的工業。焦化、氣化、液化、合成氣化工這些不同的煤加工技術都屬于煤化工工業。Coal gasificationis a process that converts 煤的氣化是通過催化劑將煤由固體轉化為氣體狀態的過程。煤炭氣化的產品可用作燃料、化工產品原材料，也可用于發電。

Coal gasification has a history of nearly煤氣化在煤化工工業中已有將近100年歷史。在煤氣化技術發展過程中，大多數早期煤氣化都是通過將大量煤做原料經過高壓轉化而成的，但這種方法可持續性較差。它會導致一系列問題，如：由于能量消耗高，規模較小，煤粉資源使用效率很低，還會造成嚴重的環境污染。從上世紀60年代起，煤氣化技術得到了顯著的改進，尤其在70年代，石油危機的出現以及煤燃燒帶來的環境污染問題，致使全球許多國家和研究機構對此給予了極大的關注。

The modern coal chemical industry can be 現代煤化工的工業化可以分為三個層次。首先是一次加工合成氣，就是將水煤漿或干煤粉部分氧化變成合成氣（一氧化碳和氫氣）。水煤漿氣化技術已經在中國投入工業生產。第二個層次是二次加工（合成氣加工），這主要包括三個途徑：酒精、碳水化合物及其它碳氧化合物的合成。酒精合成又包括甲醇、DIVIE、乙醇的合成還有乙二醇的進一步合成。第三個層次是深度加工，主要是對甲醇和下游烯烴產品進行深度加工。這也是煤化學工業的支柱。

1、How can coal be processed? Coal can be processed through carbonization,gasifiction,liquefaction,synthetic gas chemical engineering.2、What are gasified coal products used as? They can be used as fuels,as raw materials for chemical products and for electricity generation.3、What were some of the drawbacks of coal?

In the early stage,coal was converted in a very unsustainable way through using large amount of raw material.It can lead to ineffective utilization of powdered coal resources with energy consumption and small scale,and serious environment pollution etc.4、What initiated the significant progress in?

The petroleum crisis and the serious coal-burning environmental pollution.5、What are the three levels to industrialize?

The synthesis gas,synthetic gas processing and further processing.（二十三）Resource Curse資源詛咒 Many African countries are blessed with 非洲很多國家都擁有豐富的石油和礦物資源，這些豐厚的資源本可以徹底改變這些國家的經濟面貌。但是以往的歷史告訴我們這些資源更多倒像是個咒符而并非是個祝福。There are numerous examples of African 非洲國家中有很多這樣的例子，自然資源的發現帶來的是經濟不穩定、沖突和環境破壞。這樣的實例極其常見，以至于人們給這種現象起了個“資源詛咒”的名字。Resource curse applies specifically 資源詛咒這個說法尤其適合于一開始就沒有什么財富的貧困國家，石油或銅或金礦等重要資源的發現使得這些資源突然成了這個國家的主要財富來源。Theoretically the development of that 理論上講這些資源的開發會給擁有這一資源的國家帶來巨大的財富，但是歷史證明這些財富卻集中到了一小部分人的手中——這些人壟斷著收取礦藏和石油的開采費，使得大多數人不能從這些財富中得到任何利益。

The result is repressive government that 這樣的結果導致了壟斷資源開發收入的殘暴強權政府和貧困人口的出現，這就將引發沖突。The reource curse is by no means 資源詛咒并不僅是非洲的特別現象，但它確實在非洲大陸引發了多次重大災難和破壞。Government forces and armed groups 用出售資源換來的資金裝備的政府部隊和武裝組織一直為這些資源的控制權爭斗，使這些國家的暴力持續不斷。

Bloody conflicts in DR Congo,Liberia 在民主剛果、利比亞、象牙海巖和塞拉利昂發生的流血沖突都是由帶血的鉆石交易得來的錢資助的。

As well as promoting conflict,extracting 除了暴力沖突，開采礦藏和石油還會對環境逼睞巨大破壞，尼日利亞三角洲地區有記錄可查的6800起石油泄漏事件就是很好的例子。

1、What has the wealth of oil and minetal?

It has brought economic instability,conflict and environmental damage.2、What is the “resource curse”? Resource curse applies specifically to poor countries that don’t have a lot of sources of wealth to begin with,then there’s a discovery of a major resource-oil or copper or goid-that suddenly becomes a major source of wealth for that country.3、Who owns the wealth of resource in many? Only a few of the people.4、Is the resource curse only a problem?.No ,the resource curse is by no means limited to African countries.5、What has “extracting minerals and oil”?

Many incidents of oil spills have a devastating environmental impact on Nigeria.(二十四)Company Managemment公司管理 Management in an organization can be in 公司管理層可以分為不同級別，公司越大，所需要的管理層級也越多。一般來說，第一線經理對商品的生產和服務直接負責。根據企業的不同情況，他們可能被叫做銷售經理、部門負責人或者生產監督。他們的下級雇員直接進行企業中的基礎的商品生產或服務工作。這一層的管理是連接部門的經營和企業的其它部門之間的環節。大多數公司的第一線經理極少花時間和高層管理人員或其他企業的人在一起。他們的大部分時間都花在與他們所監督的人和其他的一線經理身上。第一線經理通常需要豐富的專業技術來指導下屬并監督他們的日常工作。

As an organization grows,however,so a 隨著企業的不斷成長，管理上就相應出現一些難題。有些大企業的經理必須集中精力來協調雇員的活動，確定生產什么產品或提供什么服務，決定如何向顧客推銷這些產品和服務。這些是中層經理們所面臨的問題。中層經理從高層經理那兒接受總體的和一般的規劃和政策，然后把它們分解成具體的目標和計劃，交給第一線經理們去實施。中層經理通常有這樣一些頭銜：比如部門主任，工廠經理和財務主任等。他們負責指導和協調第一線經理的活動。中層經理用大部分的時間來計劃、組織、領導，以便使第一線的經理和他們的部下能夠盡可能高效率地工作。

The overall direction of an organization 高層經理的責任是決定一個企業的總體方向。高層經理的典型頭銜是首席執行官、總裁和執行副總裁等，高層經理為整個企業制定目標、政策和戰略。他們確定企業奮斗目標，然后通過逐級下傳，最終到達每個工人。

1、What is the main idea of the passage? The main idea of this text is the different levels of managerment in a company.2、What are required of first-line managers? Frist-lire managers need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks.3、Wha are the first-line managers responsible to? First-line managers are responsible to the middle managers.4、In the sentence “These are the problems of middle” “Translate” here means “轉變為”、“變為”。

5、At an organization,people with what titles Chief executive officer,president,executive vice-president.（二十五）Recruitment Drives Talent from Wide Pool人才庫 Widening the pool from which top employers 在工作崗位不夠分配的當下，擴充人才庫，以便讓頂尖雇主從中招聘畢業生，頗有些不合時宜的味道。但這正是雇主團體倫敦發展局與一家招聘咨詢公司聯合發起的“Leading London”項目為自己設定的目標。

The program airms to talent-spot students 該項目旨在物色嚴自1992年后大學（即過去的技術學院）不同專業的學生，再把他們介紹給倫敦金融城的雇主和一流企業。Advocates of the program say action to 該項目的介導者表示，增進社會流動性的需求從未如此迫切。在經濟繁榮時期，雇主將少數族裔、社會收入較低的人群、以及女性等弱勢群體視為“隱藏的人才庫”。而如今，許多人才多元化項目都受到擠壓。

Leading London ,which has been piloted Leading London項目先在倫敦城市大學試點，邀請導師和在校大學生推薦那些表現出事業心和卓越領導力的大四學生，用這種新穎的方式，讓潛在的杰出人才引起項目的企業贊助商的關注。

Supporters argue that diversity is about 贊助商們認為，人才多元化的意義不僅僅在于社會公平。他們表示，企業要創新，就需要多元化的思維，而雇用生活經歷各不相同的員工，能幫助企業與客戶良好地溝通。花旗集團紐約多元化招聘主管法蒂瑪.吉列姆表示：“如果我們的客戶群十分多元化，那我們也應該擁有多元化的員工隊伍”。

How can businesses maximize the payback 企業怎樣才能使人才多元化項目的回報最大化呢？一種辦法是進行合作，分攤招聘推介活動的費用。相對于由單個雇主資助的獨立項目，這更容易讓目標群發現工作機會。

1、What’s the goal of “Leading London”? The goal of “Leading London” is to widen the pool from which top employed hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go round.2、Who are seen as “hidden talent pools”? It refers to the under-represented groups,such as ethnic minorities,lower social income groups and women.3、What is the “novel method to bring potential”

The novei method is to ask tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership.4、Why do companies need diversity? Diversity can help businesses relate to their clients since companies have diversified client base.5、How could the employers make target One of the methods is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing.（二十六）Tips for Job Seekers 找工作的秘訣

You’re in-between jobs and you want to be 如果你目前正處在找工作階段而且期望在此期間有所收獲的話，下面就是一些可以讓你忙碌起來的方法。

Get a short-term continuing education.參加一些短期繼續教育培訓。你可以報名參加模塊式學術培訓或與你的領域相關的學術研討會。比如，如果你是做銷售的，你就可以找一些有關如何談判或怎樣實現銷售目標這樣的研討會。要知道提升技能并不一定要花錢。你可以在網上找到免費的學習模塊，也可以在報紙上找到不收費的研討會學習信息，布告欄和廣播都是你發現這些學習信息的來源。只要你去找，你就會發現你可以不花一分錢就能找到豐富的學習資源和機會。Freelance.You don’t need to be employed 做一名自由職業者。謀生并不一定非要找個老板，這種情況尤其適合那些從事服務行業的人群，比如：作家、繪畫設計、室內裝修等等。從事自由職業還是一個推銷自己的最好方式。在你為很多人做項目的同時，你也拓寬了你的客戶網，說不定這些客戶當中會有你將來的老板呢。在發布招聘之前，人們一般會先考試聘用他們熟悉的人。如果你被客戶所欣賞，合作時又讓他們物有所值，當合適的時機到來時，你肯定會收到一份滿意的工作邀請。Learn a new skill.Explore your talents and 學一門新手藝。可以去開發一下你的天賦和全新的興趣。施展你的創造力。你可以學學如何去制作香燭、泰迪熊，或學學插花。不論你做什么，重要的是把時間花得有成效、有意義。掌握了這門新技術之后，你就可以考慮在這一行找份工作了。要知道有一些最成功的企業就是從業余愛好開始起步的。享受工作或把工作當成樂趣的人一般都會把工作做好。即使在將來找到了新工作，你也可以把這門新手藝當做第二職業去做。Keep up a proacyive job search.要不斷主動地尋找工作機會。現在找工作不是一件容易的事。大多數時候你寄出去的求職信要遠遠我于你所收到的回復。不要因此灰心，因為最好的機會永遠惠顧做好最充分準備的人。也不要因不斷地寄求職信和在媒體上搜索工作空缺職位而煩惱。嘗試一下招聘網站。設計自己的求職宣傳冊并親自到不同的公司做一下自我推銷，說不定哪一天你想要的工作就在那兒等著你呢。

1、What does “in-between jobs” in the first?

It possibly means you quit your old job and are now looking for a new job.2、How much money does the author? Zero.3、What does the author say the advantages?

It is one o the best ways to market yourself,because when you do projects for a lot of people,you’ll widen your network of clients and possible future employers.4、How do hobbies help people?

Some of the most successful ventures startes out as hobbies.Developing a new skill can help you enter a new job.5、How should people keep up a?

Keep sending applications and searching various mediums for job opportunities.Eearch online recruitment sites.Build your portfolio and knock on company doors.（二十七）Chinese Oil Market 中國石油市場

The wholesale oil market was opened 2006年中國石油批發市場的開放使得外國石油公司與他們的中國同行之間的合作開始發生變化。外國公司的重心從與中國公司的簡單合作轉變為在中國勘探和開發石油市場。他們正在中國建設自己的石油加工廠和儲運站而且在不斷增加他們的加油站的份額。According to the current local politcy, 根據中國現行政策，石油批發儲運站的容積不能小于4000立方米。英國石油去年與廣州發展實業控股集團股份有限公司合資建成了南沙油庫。南沙油庫是目前中國最大也是最先進的油庫，它位于廣東省珠江江巖。它可存儲360000立方米石油，可用于存儲柴油、汽油及其它化工產品。除此之外，這個油庫還配有一個8萬噸級碼頭。Apart from BP,other foreign oil 除了英國石油公司，其它外國石油巨頭也正加緊在中國建設他們的油庫。As a matter of fact,foreign companies 實際上，外國公司早已開始垂涎中國石油市場。早在1985年和1987年，殼牌公司就在深圳特區合資建立了兩家油庫。10年前，很多外國公司以合資的方式在中國建設加油加氣站。目前，英國石油公司是在中國石油天然氣領域投資最大的跨國企業之一，擁有總投資45億美元、36個加油站和很多天然氣合資工廠。殼牌公司在中國的總投資已經達到17億美元，他們在中國擁有20家合資石油企業和40個加油站。

1、What is the new focus of foreign oil?

These foreign companies are changing from cooperation with Chinese companiets to exploration and development in the Chinese market.2、What is BP’s Nansha Oil Depot?

It is built to store oil,diesel oil,gasoline and other chemical products.3、In the first sentence of Paragraph 4?

“Covet” possibly mans “are attracted by?”.4、How long have foreign oil ? It’s been more than 30 years.5、What is one of the popular ways that? To set up joint ventures.（二十八）Oil Trade石油貿易

As one might expect, the world’s three 正如人們預期的那樣，世界上最大的三個消費地區，北美洲、歐洲和亞太地區都是石油進口地。其它的地區則都是石油出口地。The middle East still exports vastly more 雖然近幾年其它地區的石油產量在不斷增加，中東地區仍比其它地區出口更多石油。全球對于中東石油的依賴使得我們不難理解中東地理政治的重要性。There is more trade internaionally in

國際貿易中石油貿易多于其它商品貿易。不論是以貿易額、貿易品價值還是以貨物運載能力為指標都是如此。每一種貿易指標都因不同原因有其穩中有降自的重要性。貿易額可以讓人們清楚地了解市場供給是不足還是飽和，以及貿易基礎設施是否能夠滿足所需的貿易量。貿易值可以使政府和經常家們確定國際貿易格局、貿易差額和貿易收支平衡。運輸能力則能使船運公司確定貿易所需的船只和所走的航線。運輸和貯存也在此起著重要的作用。它們不僅聯系著進口商和出口商，也聯系著制造商和加工商、加工商和營銷商、營銷商和消費者。它們之間產生的相關費用是決定世界貿易格局的主要因素。Generally,crude oil and petroleum products 一般來講，原油和石油產品會流入可為供應商帶來最高利益的市場。在所有條件都相同的情況下，石油首先會進入最近的市場，這是因為運輸費用最低而且會給供應商帶來最高凈收入，用石油市場的專業術語來講就是“最高凈回報”。如果這個市場不能容納所有的石油，那么剩余的石油會繼續進入下一個最近的地區，以此類推，這當然會造成運輸費用逐漸升高，直到所有的石油都被售出。

1、According to the text，what are America and European They are regarded as the world’s largest consuming regions.2、According to the text,what is the situation of oil The middle East still exports vast amount of oil while producition in other areas in recent years are growing.3、When a good is traded internationally, It is often measured by valume，valueand the carrying capacity.4、What is an immportant factor to determine

Transportation and storage and their associated costs.5、How is oil usually traded? Oil is usually traded to the nearest market and the next nearest and the next and so on..(二十九)How I Lost My Head in the Volcanic Ash Cloud令人發瘋的火山灰 Marooned in Helsinki by a rogue 當肆虐的冰島火山噴發把我困在赫爾辛基時，我注意到與我有類似遭遇的同事和那些沒有旅行計劃的同事之間存在嚴重的意見分歧。對于我，這就是世界末日。對于那些安全地待在英國的同事而言，火山灰云不過是關注歐元危機和英國大選等重要事件之余的一點談資而已。At that point,I started to muse 我開始設想一些可怕的場景。還有什么是依賴于航空的？肯尼亞的鮮花業務依賴于航空，但它對肯尼亞人的重要性要遠遠超過我們。沒有沙拉，我們同樣可以生存。但別的呢？我依賴手機，但假若手機網絡在倫敦的哈克尼出現了故障，而知道如何修理的系統工程師也被困在了赫爾辛基，該怎么辦？情況開始看上去比惹惱一些脾氣暴躁的旅客更為嚴重，特別是埃亞菲亞德拉火山可能持續爆發幾年。而附近矗立的另一座更大的火山卡特拉顯示出了在埃亞菲亞德拉火山噴發后不久也會噴發的跡象。我剛看過一幅關于冰島9座“主火山”的地圖，埃亞菲亞德拉不在其中。

Even if the ash cloud returns often, 即使火山灰云經常出現，市場經濟往往也具有驚人的活力。日本神戶大地震或者9.11恐怖襲擊等可怕事件幾乎都沒有對全球經濟產生持久性影響。盡管航空旅行的持續中斷會損害一些行業，但其它行業會從中受益。我們會用本地蔬菜替代沙拉，企業可以將核心員工遷往別處，持有更多庫存以防航空服務中斷，我們會順應環境。Or would we?In a system as complex 我們真的會嗎？在一個像歐洲經濟一樣復雜的體系中，我們很難對某一事件所產生的影響抱有絕對信心，看看對次級抵押貸款做出的明顯微小的誤判所帶來的損害吧。這就是納西姆.尼古拉斯.塔雷伯對“黑天鵝”發出警告時所傳遞的信息。一些看似不可能但又非常重要的事件時有發生。

1、What is the different impact of For the author,it was the end of the world.But for the people who stay safely in the UK,the ash could was not a very important thing at all,comparing with the Euro crisis and British election.2、Summazrize all the categories of things

The Kenyan flower business,salads,the system engineer,the components to fix certain machines and frequent flyers.3、Why have “market economies tended”

Because other sectors would benefit if some sectors would suffer from sustained disruption to air travel.4、What does the author mean by “others would”

For example,we’d substitute local vegetables for salads,while businesses would relocate essential staff and hold more inventory to allow for disruptions.5、What does “black swans” means in the Every now and then something unlikeiy but very important happens.（三十）Project Management項目管理 Project management is the application of 項目管理就是將各種知識、技能、手段和技術應用到項目活動中，以萍蹤項目的各項要求。項目管理是通過啟動、計劃、執行、監控和關閉這幾個階段的實施和整合來實現的。項目經理則是對實現項目目標負責的那個人。Management a project includes:identifying 管理一個項目包括以下幾個部分：分析項目要求，確立清晰并可實現的目標，權衡質量、范圍、時間和成本間的競爭水平，并依照行業規范和項目計劃采取相應辦法滿足利益相關者的要求和期望。

Project managers often talk of a “triple”

項目經理們經常談到的“三重制約”是指項目的范圍、時間和成本。這三者的權衡關系到項目完成的質量。高質量項目一定是在計劃的范圍、時間和預算成本之內完成并達到項目要求。這三個因素間有著密切的關系，其中一個因素的改變會影響到至少其它一個因素也發生變化。項目經理的另外一項責任就是應對項目的不確定因素。項目風險就是一種不確定的事件或條件，一旦出現風險，它可能會給至少一個項目目標帶來正面或負的影響。項目管理團隊還對客戶、組織機構和公眾等這些利益相關者負有職業責任。It is important to note that many of the processes 還需要注意的一點是項目管理的很多階段是重復發生的，這是因為在項目建設周期中需要不斷地對項目進行完善。也就是說，隨著項目管理團隊對項目了解的增多，項目管理團隊就能達到更精細化經營的水平。

1、What are the processes of project?

Initiating,planning,executing,monitoring,and controlling,and closing.2、What are the four things a project manager?

Identify the requirements;establish clear and achievable objectives;balance the competing demands for quality,scope,time and cost and adapt the specifications,plans,and approach to the different cocerns and expectations of various stakeholeders.3、What does “triple constraint” imply? “Triple Constraint” implies the project scope,time and cost.Project quality is affected by balacing these three factors.4、Who are the stakeholders to the project?

Customers ,the performing organization,and the public.5、Why are the processes of project management?

Because the project has to be progressively elaborated throughout the project’s life cycle and as a project management team learns more about a project,the team can then manage to a greater level of detail.二、英譯漢

1、There are many benefits to being happy.幸福有很多好處。越幸福的人往往越健康、越長壽、掙的錢越多。他們通常會從事更多的志愿工作、更善于處理人際關系、發出更對心理學家所說的“杜興微笑”，即真誠的微笑。我們了解不深的時，為什么幸福可以傳染。

According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis 全球暢銷書《關聯》的作者詹姆斯.福勒和尼古拉斯.格里斯塔基斯發現，如果你身邊那些重要的人際網絡中有許多幸福的朋友、家人與鄰居，那么你將來也會很幸福。他們表示，更準確的說，如果居住在離你1英里內的一個朋友生活幸福感得到顯著提升，你的生活幸福感就會增加25%。

Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses 具有同樣效果的還有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之內的兄弟姐妹（14%）和鄰居（34%）。這意味著，幸福傳播的強度似乎更取決于交往的頻繁度（與地域臨近相關），而不是社會關系的深度。可惜由于某種原因，這并不適用于工作場合。

So,why is happiness contagious?One reason may be 那么，為什么幸福能夠傳染？一個原因或許是，幸福的人會與親朋好友分享好運氣（例如，提供實際的幫助，活在經濟上慷慨解囊）。另一個原因是可能是，幸福的人往往會改善自己的行為，會對周圍的人更加友好，或減少敵意。又或許只是因為正面情緒具有高度傳染性。

2、Once at a supermarket,I read a thought-provoking 有一次在一家超市的收銀處，我看到了一則發人深思的廣告，上面寫著：本店只用塑料袋。超市聲稱：事實上生產和運輸同量的紙袋所消耗的能源和所排放的廢氣的危害大大超過了塑料帶不能進行生物降解的危害。而且紙袋所占用的空間更大，需要更多的卡車運送。因此，超市認為使用塑料袋可以減少碳足跡。該告示促使我做了進一步的思考。為什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去雜貨店時帶上重復使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了為止，你豈不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料帶鋪在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再買垃圾專用塑料袋。

3、A report,based on United Nations projections showing

一份以聯合國所做的經濟和人口緩慢增長的預期為基礎的報告顯示，到本世紀中葉，人類對自然界的需求將達到生態圈自身生產能力的兩倍。在這樣的生態“赤字”水平下，生態資源的枯竭和大規模的生態系統崩潰將成為現實。Moving towards sustainability depends on significant 想可持續發展的轉變取決于現在所采取的重大行動。人口數量的變化緩慢，而人類創造的資本，如住宅、汽車、道路、工廠或發電站等會持續幾十年。這意味著，今天所做的政策和投資決策將決定我們在21世紀的大部分時間里對資源的持續需求。

4、Our weather surely ie getting strange.天氣的確越來越反常。在人們的記憶中，龍卷風似乎更加頻繁、旱災持續更久、暴雨更大、洪災也創下紀錄、在一些地區火災史無前例。科學家告知我們，氣溫每升高一度，閃電數量就會增加10%。畢竟，在一些地區閃電至今仍然是引起特大火災的主要原因。

5、An oil spill is the acidental petroleum release 原油泄漏是指由于事故導致石油泄漏到環境中的事件。在陸地上，由于原油泄漏發生在局部地區，因此其造成的影響相對來說容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏會造成大范圍的石油污染并帶來嚴重的環境危害。約有70%的海上原油泄漏的主要原因與油輪和原油輸油管道有關，而海上鉆井和采油活動引發的原油泄漏事件則占很小的比例。泄露三萬噸以上的重大災難性原油泄漏事故并不多見，而且近幾十年來這些重大事故也在逐步減少。盡管如此，這類事故發生依然會對生態系統，尤其是海鳥和哺乳動物，造成最嚴重的危害，并且導致海岸地區長期環境失調，對海岸商業活動（如捕漁業和海洋生物養殖業）帶來經濟損失。Public concern over marine oil spills has been 公眾對于海上原油泄漏事件的關注從1967年開始明顯上升。較近的一次原油泄漏事故，即眾所周知的1989年埃克森公司“瓦爾德斯”號油輪在阿拉斯加州威廉王子灣擱淺事件。這次事故對脆弱的北冰洋生態系統造成了有史以來最為嚴重的破壞。從那以后，國際海事組織召開了眾多會議，幫助很多國家以及國際社會在處理這一問題上獲得了很好的技術、政治和法律上的經驗。

6、Over the last few decades,with their fast development 在過去的幾十年里，西方文明在迅速發展的同時也埋下了毀滅的種子。現代的生活方式以及所依賴得科學技術悄然把人們推向極其危險的境地——來自太陽表面的等離子球將摧毀我們的電網，造成毀滅性的后果。單單想想這一大災難就令人毛骨悚然。很難想象太陽就這么抹殺了我們含辛茹苦創造出來的大量成果。但是，這是很可能發生的。太陽表面釋放著大量的等離子體——高能量粒子，一些從太陽表面逃逸，以太陽風的形式在太空中穿梭。又是太陽風攜帶者10億噸的等離子球，即使一顆進入地球磁場，結果就可能是毀滅性的。

7、A group of scientists looked for many health threats 科學家們發現了手機對健康的多種危害。他們發現電磁波可以影響細胞，但是未必會對使用手機的成年人帶來特別嚴重的危害，然而對小孩并非如此。因為他們的頭骨和細胞還在生長，手機的電磁波較容易進入他們的頭顱，他們的皮膚比成年人更容易吸收輻射。The hands-free phone has many benefits including the 免提式手機有很多好處，因為他使話機和頭之間的距離更遠，降低了電磁波的輻射強度。你不用把手機放到耳朵上通話，避免增加與電磁波的接觸，只需要把手機放在膝蓋上通過耳機就能與對方通話。

8、The keyboard,being developed by the researchers 研究人員在研制這樣一種鍵盤，當用戶按下一個字母或者數字的時候，它可以做出正常的反應。用戶可以通過手指輕輕的上下觸摸鍵盤來滑動網頁；如果用力稍微重一點，則表明滑動的更快或者放大頁面的指令。這項技術有望于2010年或2011年運用于手機上。

9、Energy is avaiable in many form.Some are renewable

能源的形式多種多樣。有些能源可再生，如重力勢能可轉化為水電。另一種可再生能源。如太陽能可直接用于加熱水和給住房供暖，也可通過光電方法（直接轉化）或者利用一組反向鏡系統產生蒸汽而轉化成電力。太陽能也可供助風和波浪（例如不協蘭斯的潮汐發電站），或者利用海底和海面或地殼任意兩點之間的溫差而被間接利用。后者又被稱作地熱能。Other forms of energy are nonrenewable.These include 其它形式的能源是不可再生的，包括化石燃料如煤、石油、油砂、油頁巖和天然氣。這些燃料其它可看作是經過幾百萬年太陽能作用的產物，是一種儲存的太陽能。

10、Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s 地球大氣中的很多化合物都具有“溫室氣體”效果。這些氣體可使太陽的光弭沒有任何阻礙地進入到大氣中。陽光到達地球表面時，其中的一商品化會變為紅外線輻射（即熱量）被反射回太空。溫室氣體吸收這些紅外輻射并把熱量圈大大氣當中。日復一日，從太陽發射到地球表面的能量與反射回太空的能量應是相等的，這樣即可使地球表面的溫度基本保持恒定。Many gases exhibit these “grennhouse” properties.許多氣體都具備這些“溫室氣體”特征。這種氣體就存在于自然界中，如水蒸氣、二氧化碳、甲烷和氮氧化物，而其它的“溫室氣體”則完全是人類制造的。Levels of several important greenhouse gases 150年前開始的大規模工業化使主要溫室氣體的數量增加了25%。在過去的20年中，由人類活動排放的二氧化碳約75%都是由燃料化石燃料造成的。World carbon dioxide emissions are expected 人們預測2001年至2025年這些發展中國家的碳排放將會以平均每年1.9%的年增長率增加。這其中大部分的增長將會發生在以燃燒化石能源促進經濟發展的新興經濟體中，例如中國和印度。2001年至2025年這些發展中國家的碳排放將會以平衡每年2.7%的比例增長，這個數字大大超過了世界的年平均增長率。

11、In addition to the sewage,cities produce many tons 除了污水外，城市每天還要產生很多噸的垃圾及廢棄物。垃圾堆里大部分東西是瓶子、殘羹剩飯、塑料袋、廢紙、罐頭盒，甚至還有報廢的汽車。固體垃圾的問題越來越大。隨地倒垃圾會滋生老鼠、蒼蠅和蚊子并產生臭味。有一種處理垃圾的方法就是進行衛生填埋，將垃圾壓碎之后用土蓋上。

12、China’s investments in renewable energy in 2009 2009年中國在可再生能源上的投資首次超過了美國。2009年中國政府為開發風電、太陽能和其它可再生資源共投資346億美元，同比增長了50%，這也使得中國成為世界上最大的可再生能源的投資者。中國的這項投資幾乎相當于美國186億美元投資的兩倍。而美國，雖然人口數量要比中國和美國小很多，但在可再生能源上的投資卻排在世界第三位，他們2009年的投資額為112億美元。20國集團（G-20）對可再生資源投資所做的研究還表明，目前中國已安裝完善的可再生能源發電總量已飛速發展到525億瓦特，僅次于美國2009年534億瓦特發電總量。

China is emerging as the wotld’s clearn energy 中國已成為世界新興的清潔能源發電站。擁有強大的生產基地和龐大的出口市場，中國目前正致力于大批安裝清潔能源發電設施以滿足國內對可再生能源不斷增加的需求。僅僅在過去的六個月中，中國就已經和一些美國的太陽能公司簽署了建造擁有4000兆瓦發電能力的太陽能發電站的協議。

13、Globalization is a fact of life.全球化已成為無法回避的事實。但是我們低估了它的脆弱。問題就在于此，市場的快速擴展已超出了社會及其政治制度適應其發展的能力，更談不上引導市場發展的進程了。歷史經驗告訴我們：這種經濟、社會和政治領域的不平衡絕不會持續很久。The industrialized countries learned that lesson 工業化國家在遭遇經濟大蕭條時付出了慘重、昂貴的代價，因此而吸取了教訓。為了恢復社會和諧、政治穩定，他們采用了社會安全體系和其它一些措施，確保了不斷邁向經濟全球化而帶來的長期市場擴張。

14、Social assistance is considered a job 社會援助被看作是一個職業，這是正確的。這個領域占該國家所有就業機會的6%，是由一些不以盈利為目的的公司和組織構成的。他們的主要目標是通過教育和培訓的方式提高他們的成員或雇堝的生活質量。此外，還要提升他們的產品質量和可獲性。Many of these companies focus more specifically on 許多這樣的公司把重點專門放在那些最貧困的人群上，即那些從來沒有荏這的年輕人和長期失業的年長者，幫助他們培養最基本的工作技能。第二類群體主要是那些曾在傳統行業中工作的人們，他們發現曾經給他們帶來一定地位的那些技能已經不再被社會所需要。

15、The Internet is a giant network of computers, 互聯網是由位于世界各地相互通信的計算機連接而成的巨大的計算機網絡。The goal of your use of the Internet is exchanging 使用互聯網的目的是交換訊息或獲得信息。你只須知道你可以與互聯網上的其它計算機交換訊息并將你的計算機用作遠端計算機的遠程終端，而網絡鏈接的內容細節并不太重要，只要網絡能工作就行。若將多臺計算機連接到網絡上，每臺計算機須有唯一的地位，地址可以是一個文字或一個數字。例如Sam的計算機地址可以是Sam或一個數字。Although all these services can well satisfy the needs 雖然所有這些服務可以很好地滿足用戶對信息交換的需要，但用戶仍需具備一些特不定期的條件。用戶不僅要知道信息資源所處的位置，而且還要知道一些有關的操作命令。為了減輕用戶尋找信息的負擔，近來出現了一些方便的搜索工作，如Gopher，www.tmdps.cnmunication carriers are expanding their 電信運營商們正將銅線替換為光纖電纜以擴充數據傳輸能力，即所謂的“帶寬”。光纖電纜，通過玻璃質纖維傳導光信號，與傳統的銅線電纜相比，可使信號傳輸更快、傳輸容量也更大。在一些地區，運營商帶將光纖電纜的客戶群延伸至普通的居民中。這樣可以使他們觀看有線電視、錄像點播，以及高速因特網服務等。Wireless telecommunications carriers are deploying 為了使自己在市場中更具競爭力，無線電信運營商們正在使用一些新技術使數據傳輸更加快捷、使互聯網應用更加方便。有了更快連接速度，無線通訊可以傳送音樂、錄像、應用程序，下載其它內容并在手機上播放，還能夠使用戶獲取大量數據。另外，隨著移動技術使用的持續增加，無線通訊公司也在不斷開發下一代新技術，這將使數據傳輸更加快捷。

18、Goverments around the world could make rapid 一份最新研究稱，各國政府可通過提高能源效率，來取代雄心勃勃但代價高昂的技術解決方案，從而實現迅速且相對低成本的大規模減排。The analysis,based on data provided to 這一分析基于咨詢公司麥肯錫(McKinsey)提供的數據。該項研究認為，在抗擊全球變暖方面，節能汽車、節能照明和節能建筑等方式“更容易獲得成功）。The McKinsey analysis says that for 麥肯錫的分析稱，對美國而言，降低資料成本，將迅速抵消購買電動或混合動力汽車的前期成本，將降低車輛平衡排放量。報告估計，到2030年，通過提高車輛能效，每減排一噸二氧化碳就可節約79歐元（合119美元或合52英鎊）。通過節能照明和節能建筑的方式，相應節約數字分別為50歐元和44歐元。Carbon capture and storage,a much touted 外界大肆宣揚的碳捕集和碳存儲減排技術成本可能高出很多。在2015年美國，利用該技術從大氣中減少一噸二氧化碳的初始費用將高達76歐元，到2030年將降至每噸39歐元。US companies should also invest in energy 如果美國公司希望得到最劃算的結果，那么在從海外購買碳補償額度之前，也應投資提高能效的項目。

19、As the biggest environmental meeting 在有史以來規模最大的環境會議在哥本哈根開幕之際，以科學為依據達成一項應對人為造成的全球變暖的協議勢在必行。而英國東英吉利大學的電子郵件被盜后，引發的所謂數據的轟動，讓懷疑者振奮，也動搖了某些科學家的觀點。但“氣候門”并未改變真正的議題，即盡管存在眾多不確定性，但地球氣候發生災難性變化的種種風險，確定證明有必要采取果斷的全球行動減少碳排放。

While political realities will not allow 盡管政治現實不允許談判者在哥本哈根達成一項全面公約，但他們需要落實相關機制，以便在明年達成一個有約束力的約定。本次會議必須超越不可避免的討價還價和政治作勢并獲得實質性進展，讓世界各地的政界人士乃至數十億人相信：抗擊全球變暖是一項值得投入的事業。就商業規劃而言，也需要一條通向全球低碳經濟的可預測的路徑。Copenhagen has to make progress on 哥本哈根會議必須在多個復雜的問題上取得進展：針對發展中國家和發達國家的排放指標；資助較貧窮國家的適應與緩解措施；技術轉讓安排；以及一個管治架構，確保商定的碳排放指標得到遵守。應當傳承《京都議定書》比較成功的成果，比如其監督機制，使之成為一份新的協定，當然還要經過精心考慮措辭，讓美國能夠授受。20、The term “biomass”refers to organic matter “生物質”是指通過光合作用儲藏能量的有機物質。它既能以植物的形式存在，也可以通過食物鏈轉化到動物的身體和糞便中，通過燃燒提供人們每日所需的能量同時釋放出存在于這些物質中的二氧化碳。許多我們現在使用的生物能都來自樹木、干蔬菜、莊稼殘留物以及水生植物。在過去的20年中，生物能是人們最常使用的可再生能源之一，在發電方面的作用，僅次于水力發電。生物能的應用之所以如此廣泛，主要是因為成本低和其自然屬性。正因如此，在整個世界能源總供給中生物能就占了這5%，而在發展中國家這一比例高達35%，主要用于烹飪（煮飯）和取暖。

There are two issues that affect the evaluation 有兩大因素影響著生物能是否能成為解決能源問題的切實可行的最終方案：有農耕和生物質產量的因素，還有將生物能轉化成可用能源或電力的工廠的因素。就每一個因素而言都存在著許多對環境和經濟帶來的利益和危害。這就使人們很難將生物作為最具潛力的替代能源。例如，生物質替代煤會大大減少導致溫室效應的碳排放，但另一方面，由于使用木材和其它植物材料會出現采伐森林現象。我們都清楚伐光樹木和植物會帶來什么樣的問題：地下水污染、不可逆轉的土壤侵蝕，這些還會導致整個世界生態系統結構的徹底改變。

21、The power sector accounts for around 全球二氧化碳排放量的40%是來自電力部門。很明顯，如果我們不在電力的生產和消費的方式上做出重大轉變，我們無法贏得應對氣候變化的戰爭。隨著全球電力需求急劇增加，可再生能源技術必須盡快推出，為工業化國家和發展中國家提供零排放的可再生電力。Wind farms can be deployed at large 如果需要，風力發電場可以大規模建設：科學家確信在2020年之前，全球排放量必須達到峰值并將開始下降，迫切需要大量應用可再生能源來幫助實現這一目標。建立一個常規電廠需要10或12年以上，而一個大型幾力發電場可在幾個月之內完成。一座半竣工的風力發電場就是一個小型發電廠，當第一批渦輪機連接到電網時就可以開始發電。Wind energy is a viable alternative to

風能是一種替代燃燒產生污染的化石燃料的可靠能源——它不排放二氧化碳或其它空氣污染物。在3至6個月的運行過程中，風力渦輪機已抵消了在其建設過程中的所有排放，在其持續運行的20幾年中，幾乎完全沒有碳排放。Over 140000 wind turbines are now producing 現在全世界有超過14萬臺幾力發電機，分布在70多個國家。其中包括歐洲、非洲、亞洲、北美、拉丁美洲和澳大利亞。許多風力發電機都可以在惡劣天氣條件下，在沙漠、雪地，高海拔地區以及海上運行。風能可大規模地應用在幾乎任何地方。風能總資源足夠反復多次地為整個地球提供能源。

22、The coal chemical industry in China plays 煤化學工業對于中國是極其有意義的：它可以發揮中國煤炭資源豐富的優勢、補充其天然氣資源不足的缺陷、滿足其對化工產品的需求、推動煤化學工業領域對更清潔能源發電的使用、并促進其經濟的可持續性發展。

The products of the coal chemical industry 煤化學工業的主要產品包括：煤焦、氣化煤、液化煤和電石（鈣化碳）。經過20年的發展煤化學工業在化工領域也起著舉足輕重的作用。煤化學煤業主要通過使用煤作為原料來合成兩種基本產品：合成氨和甲醇。2005年，中國生產了2億3282萬噸煤焦，895萬噸電石，2500萬噸煤制化肥產品，約350萬噸甲醇。所有這些在世界上都處于領先地位。In recent years,the coal chemical industry近年來，由于國際石油價格的飆升，煤化工的優勢迅速顯現出來。正因如此，煤化學工業已在中國得到廣泛發展。2004年7月中國投資制度改革之后，投資項目不再需要政府特別審批，因此，在中國各個煤礦開采地區，施工規模各異的煤化工項目也應運而生。

23、Take a look at Nigeria,which has the 讓我們看看尼日利亞吧，這個國家不幸擁有超過350億桶以上的石油（主要分布于尼日爾三角洲）。去年我訪問了這個國家，當我窄虎哈科特港附近長滿矮小紅樹林的濕地時，目及之處，飛鳥幾乎絕跡，石油遍地——不僅從三角洲洲水面上矗立的銹跡斑駁的鉆臺上滴淌下來，水中、充滿石油味兒的空氣中以及燃氣的火焰（滿目瘡痍的地貌燒焦的景象）中也都是石油。由于石油鉆探引發了大量的政治和經濟災難，尼日爾三角洲不再充滿著海洋生物而是充斥著暴力沖突——部落武士們聚焦成一個個團伙發動了一場時斷時續的針對其它部落及軍隊的戰爭。

The harms sufferered by these countries 上述國家（還有其它許多國家）所遭受的損害，乃人們稱為“資源詛咒”的種種癥狀。——但一系列研究表明，那些依賴自然資源出口的國家，其經濟增長率低于非資源經濟型的國家，同時它們也遭受更大量的鎮壓與沖突。造成這一切的原因很復雜，但總的來說，對石油的依賴阻礙了對其它產業的投資，使政府較少顧及國民的需求，而助長了官員中尋求并接受不正當資金的腐敗行為。一個石油出產國幾乎可以界定為一個功能失常的國家。

24、There are many types of managers and manys 經理的種類有很多，管理工作之間兩樣存在很大差別。其中一個差別就是管理工作所包含的范圍，公司總經理從事的管理工作的范圍涉及面非常廣。Functional managers supervise employees having 職能部門經理通常管理某一專業領域的員工，如財務、人力資源、銷售、金融、市場或生產等。薪酬管理部門的主不是職能部門經理。職能部門不像公司總經理那樣有決定員工工資多少的權利，但是他們必須確保工資準時準確發放。通常而言，職能部門經理對所管理部門的工作領域都具有豐富的經驗和具體的相關知識，并且能夠熟知部門員工可能會遇到的問題以及如何把本部門工作做好所需的必要資源。General managers are responsible for the 總經理負責經營一個更加復雜的實體，比如公司。通常他們監督職能部門經理的工作。總經理們必須具備多種良好的能力才能把公司管理好。這些能力可以在正規培訓和不同工作實踐中獲取，也可以簡單地在某一領域的實際拼搏中獲得。

25、HR policy and diversity manager at Allen 安理國際律師事務所人力資源政策及多元化經理表示，那些像擰水龍頭一樣啟動和停止項目的企業，其做法是錯誤的，因為只有持久的投資，才能建立起多元化的人才庫。她表示：“擺脫衰退后，我們需要確保自己擁有最優秀的人才”。Head of graduate recruitment at KPMG, 比馬威（KPMG）是Leading London項目贊助商之一。該公司畢業生招聘主管表示，物色“校園內外”都表現出色的人才，是該計劃的一個重要組成部分。戰勝挫折是一項重要的“通用技能”。

Graduate recrtuitment partner at Herbert 史密夫律師事務所畢業生招聘合伙人表示，企業有責任高標準要求，詢問Leading London之類的項目組織者：“你登記的求職者中，有百分之幾被目標雇主雇用了？” Sponsors for Educational Opportunity, 非營利組織“教育的機會”的發起者們努力培養實習生的人際關系能力和技術理解力，使他們超越自己的同齡人。該組織在美國、倫敦和香港都設有分支機構。“An internship is effectively a 10-week”

London執行董事表示：“實習實際上就是一次為期10周的面試。我們的實習生開始實習生活時，他們的行業知識要遠遠高出你通常的預期”。Last year,SEO LondonSEO partner banks, 去年，高盛、花旗、摩根大通和摩根士丹利等SEO London的銀行合作伙伴，平均各接收了18名SEO的實習生（今年為16名），其中八成以上最后都得到了永性的職位。Employers have yet to figure out how 鑒于各國政府對待此類計劃的態度相去甚遠，雇主們仍必須弄清楚，如何才能在全球范圍內最有效地協調多元化政策。

Professor of ageing and ethnicity at the University 英國中央蘭開夏大學研究老齡化及種族問題教授表示，一些國家政府“甚至不要求公司調整員工的種族比例”。

The law firm Freshfields,Bruckhaus Deringer 律師事務所Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer也是Leading London項目的贊助商之一。該公司已指定一家全球多元化委員會，來吸引少數族裔和女性。該公司駐羅馬的合伙人表示：“企業有必要進行辦作。不過，我們無法制定一項放之四海皆準的總體規劃”。

26、The first step towards joining our company as 如果想加入我們公司工作你要做的第一件事就是到我們公司網站上的“找工作”一欄看看是否有什么空缺職位。如果你找到了你所感興趣的職位，你就可以在線填寫申請表格。48小時之內，你會收到回執確認我們已經收到了你填寫完整的申請表。在兩周內，我們會通知你是否需要來參加面試。如果你的申請成功，一般都會在申請后兩周之內收到面試的邀請。一般持續45分鐘到一小時，采取面對面或電話談話的方式。面試過程中，我們會就所申請職位的工作要求對你的經歷進行評估。面試結束前，你可以有機會向我們提出任何你感興趣的問題，比如工作性質、公司文化、工作環境等。如果面試成功，我們會在面試后三周后請你來參加最后的測評。最后測評一般要持續四個小時，包括幾個步驟——安全討論、情景模擬練習以及面試。最后，你有機會就你未來的職位、報酬以及福利等情況與我們進行進一步的交流。我們也會爭取在這之后幾天把最后的測評結果通知你。

27、As a part of its WTO commitments 作為中入世貿組織的一項承諾，中國于2005年底開放了石油零售市場。到2006年12月，中國又開放了石油批發市場，允許外國企業在中國大量銷售他們的石油并與中國的國企石油公司公開競爭。外國石油企業可以在中國建立油庫、運輸碼頭，并可以創建更大規模的銷售網絡。為了在中國獲取更大的市場份額，很多外國石油巨頭已經投資擴大他們在中國的業務并籌劃戰略措施以增加他們的競爭優勢。

28、The total monetary value of goods a nation 在一定時期內一國向國外出口商品的全部價值被稱為出口貿易總額。在一定時期內一國從國外進口商品的全部價值稱為進口貿易總額。在一定時期內出口額和進口額的差值就是貿易差額，它表明了某個國家進出口貿易額之間的關系。當出口額等于進口額時，該國處于貿易平衡狀態。當出口額大于進口額就產生貿易盈余，即貿易順差。反之，當出口額小于進口額時，就是貿易赤字即貿易逆差。貿易差額是衡量一個國家對外貿易狀況是否有利的重要標志。

29、Economic disruption caused by airspace 即便隨著冰島火山灰消散，一些航班已恢復飛行，整個歐洲北部禁飛導致的經濟破壞，昨天開始影響到全球經濟的一些局部領域。An automobile company announced 一家汽車公司宣布，從今天起它將被近停在日本生產Cube小型車、Murano運行型多功能汽車和Rogue跨界車，因為在愛爾蘭制造的一種傳感器供應中斷。德國的寶馬和奧迪也表示，由于類似原因，它們將不得不讓一些生產線停工。The carmaker’s problem are typical 空運不足導致的困難中，汽車制造商的問題頗為典型。空運行業在世界貿易量中所占比例極小，但集中于高價值、高時效性的零部件，如對于很多制造工序十分關鍵的徽處理器。Eurocontrol,the air safety

歐洲航空安全組織預計，埃亞菲亞德拉冰蓋火山的灰云團漂移出法國、瑞士和意大利部分地區后，昨天在歐洲空可執行大約1.3萬個航班，不到預定數量的一半。But British airspace remained largely 但英國航空管制機構NATS表示，出于對火山灰威脅的擔心，英國6000米以下空域仍基本禁飛，這將影響到客運企業，包括航空公司和旅游業者，也影響那些依賴及時交付關鍵零部件的工業部門。

30、All projects are planned and implemented 所有項目都是在社會、經濟和環境的背景下計劃和實施的，因此會有意無意地產生正面或負面的影響。項目管理團隊應當考慮項目所處的文化、社會、國際、政治以及自然環境。The team needs to understand how the 項目管理團隊必須懂得項目與人之間是如何相互影響的。這就需要項目管理團隊對于受項目影響的地區的經濟狀況、人口結構、教育水平、道德觀、種族、宗教和其它特點有所了解，也需要了解項目涉及到的或對項目感興趣的人群。Some team members many need to be 有一些項目管理成員還需要熟知國際、國家、地區以及當地法律法規和風俗習慣，還要了解可能對項目帶來影響的政治環境。另外，還需了解諸如時差、國家與地區節假日、舉行面對面會議時的一些出行要求與電話會議的后勤保障等問題。If the project will affect its physical 如果項目運行影響到自然環境，某些管理人員應當具備當地生態系統與自然地理的相關知識，即了解它們與項目之間的相互影響關系。

三、漢譯英

1、吵鬧的家庭的確對我們家庭不和有很大的影響。

Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2、在職場上，如果一個同事對我們表示威嚇的話，會造成難以言表的抑制情緒。Acolleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.3、我們不可能適應這種敵對關系，這種不良的人際關系會損害身心健康。

We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships,which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4、如果這種壞情緒長時間留在人們的心里，會讓人陷入無法解決的惡性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind,it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.5、我們不應當回避這些問題，而是要正確面對它們。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.6、隨著大量市民被迫遷到遙遠的郊外，汽車的需求量正在飛漲。

The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.7、生態城市將把傳統設計要素同最先進的綠色技術相結合。

The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.8、預計到2010年將有一千輛燃料電池車投入使用，而到2012年將增至一萬輛。

One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10000 by 2012.9、如今，個地方政府幾乎無一不在探討有關生態農村、生態城鎮或生態城市計劃的話題。These days,there is hardly a local governmengt that does not talk about plans for an eco-village,town or even city.10、全世界大約一半的人居住在城市，所以研究能緩解城市對環境影響的途徑勢在必行。It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world’s population is now city-dwellers.11、亞洲大陸面積占世界陸地面積的29%。

Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world’s land area.12、人口的增長是土地必須生產更多的糧食。

The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.13、我們應該先進行抽樣調查再寫報告。

We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.14、我承認我在工作中因缺乏經驗犯過這樣那樣的錯誤。I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.15、中國的現代化工業和商品經濟的發展，促進了職業流動和人口流動。

The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational and popuiation mobility.16、會議的準備工作正在順利的進行。

Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly.17、科技發展在老問題的同時也帶來了一些新問題。

As technological advancement solves old problems,it also creates new ones.18、1976年唐山大地震是歷史上最嚴重的自然災害之一。

The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disasters in history.19、近幾年來，中國、日本和美國對地震發生的時間、地點的預測取得了一定的進步。In recent years,China,Japan and U.S have made certain progress in forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur.20、地震能造成慘重的人員傷亡，毀壞建筑物，如大樓、橋梁、大壩等設施。

Earthquakes cause severe casualties and destroy constructions like buildings,dams and bridges.21、如何盡快處理墨西哥灣的原油泄漏是BP公司最為關注的問題。

How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains the biggest concern for BP.22、這起事故環保人士對生態環境有了不小的擔憂。

This accident has many environmentalists concerned about the damage it does to the ecosystem.23、原油泄漏不僅會污染海洋環境，更糟糕的是它還會給多種海洋生物帶來很大的威脅。Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean,to make things worse,they pose great threat to many species of aquatic life as well.24、所有的小動物都要依靠媽媽給她們提供食物和保護。

All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection.25、南極洲是多種企鵝的家。

Antarctica is the nayural habitat for many species of penguins.26、許多政府機構繼續執行鼓勵使用綠色電腦的標準和規定。

Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing.27、綠色設計是指設計節能和對環境無害的零件。

Green design means designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound componets.28、今年該公司將實行公司范圍內的成本削減計劃。

The company will carry out its company-wide cost-cutting plan this year.29、環保慈善和良好的員工關系是該公司成長和壯大重要原因。

Environmentalism,philanthropy and good employee relations have been important factors during the growth of the company.30、綠色使用是指減少計算機和其他信息系統的能源消耗，并盡量以環保的方式來使用。Green use means reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound manner.31、如今不管男女老少幾乎都使用手機。

Today almost everyone,men and women,old and young has a cell phone.32、這種新的網絡聯機形式能使大量的數據得以快速的傳輸。

The new type of internet connection could carry much data at a very high speed.33、電子郵件正在取代傳真、電話、快速郵遞。他縮短了科學合作者之間的距離。E-mail is starting to edge out the fax,the telephone,express mail,which shrinks distance between scientific collaborators.34、手機從發明到現在已有很長的歷史，而且在技術方面有了長足的進步。

Mobile phones have come a long way since their invenyion and have advanced by leaps and bounds in regard to technology.35、快速的數據傳輸速度可以幫助解決網絡傳輸量巨大增長的問題。

The high speed of data transmission can help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous growth in the Internet.36、這項技術是移動通訊行業長生了突破性變革。This technology revolutionized mobile communication.37、多觸摸功能是其最大的賣點之一。

The multi-touch capability is among its most eye-catching features.38、戴爾是一家跨國技術公司總部設在德克薩斯州。Dell Inc.based in Texas,is a multinational company.39、制造商經常在用戶購買新電腦的時候提供免費更換服務。

Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.40、很多多點觸控界面的產品已經出現，而且正在廣泛的應用。

Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied..41、大多數替代能源不僅可以給我們帶來清潔空氣，它們還可以再生。

Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air,they are renewable as well.42、許多生活日用品都是石油制成的。

Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.43、盡管許多國家在研發并開始使用不同的替代能源，在未來很長的一段時間化石燃料仍將是占據主導地位的能源。

Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alterantive energy,fossil will remain crucially important for a long time in the future.44、專家預計北京的汽車占有量將超過每千人200輛。

It is estimated that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.45、在未來的幾十年，世界人口仍將持續增長。這意味著能源需求將進一步增加。

World popuiation will continue ti grow in the next few decades.This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.46、在很多以煤為主要能源的發展中國家，減少碳排放是一件極具挑戰的工作。

Reducing cardon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where coal is a major source of energy.47、20世紀末的世界人口是20世紀六十年代的兩倍。

The world population by the end of the 20th century was twice as much as that of the 1960s.48、如果沒有先進的技術，環境污染無法得以控制。

Without advanced technilogy,environmental pollution could not be improved.49、過量飲食對人體帶來的危害與過量飲酒帶給人體的傷害一樣嚴重。Excessive eating could be as harmful to health as excessive drinking.50、該公司正在就如何減少二氧化碳排放做一項實驗性研究。

The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort to cut carbon emission efficiently.51、一些污染源已經通過立法得到控制。

Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation.52、用電動車來取代汽油和柴油可減少城市污染。

Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars free our cities from pollution.53、要從源頭來規范危險化學品的生產和使用。

The production and use of dangerous chemicals should be regulated at source.54、最近所發生的一切除了會造成明顯可見的短期影響外，也會導致嚴重的長期問題。In addition to the visible sgort-term impacts,what has happened recently can also cause in severe long-term problems.55、污染的海岸水域引發的死亡和疾病每年要耗費全球的經濟128億美元。

Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US$12.8 billion a year.56、環境污染和自然災害使經濟發展應付出的代價。

Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.57、化石能源的緊缺促使很多能源公司去開發替代能源。

The shortage of fossil has made many energy companies develop alternative energy soures.58、豐田汽車公司已經開始大規模生產其混合動力車，這在很大程度上超過了其他汽車制造大企業。

Toyota Auto has begun mass-producing ite hybrid model Prius,which has leapfrogged other auto giants.59、政府通過政策激勵來促使國有企業節能減排。

Goverments are boosting energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.60、隨著人口的成倍增長，世界將會對能源有如饑似渴般的需求。As population multiplies,the world will become energy-hungry.61、當今，經濟學在商業方面起著越來越大的作用。商人們清楚的認識到研究工作的重要性，他們需要通過研究來發現什么樣的條件有助于出售他們的商品，對他們的商品有什么需求，以及能夠得到什么養的國際市場等等。

Economics plays an increasingiy important part in business today.Businessmen see clearly the necessity tor research.They need research to discover what sort of conditions will help them sell their goods,what demand there will be for their goods,what foeign markets will be available and so on.62、20世紀30年代的大蕭條對大部分的美國人產生了巨大的影響。工廠倒閉，工人失業，公司和銀行破產，農民不能償付貸款并失去了他們的農場，他們中的許多人只能離開家鄉去尋找工作。20世紀30年代的大蕭條不僅影響了美國，它把整個世界攪亂了。

The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound effect on most of the population of the United States.Factories closed and workers out of work;business and banks collapsed;farmers could not repay their loans and lost their farms.Many of them had to leave their farms to search for jobs.The Great Depression of the 1930s didn’t only affect the USA alone but turned the whole world upside down.63、近幾年來，計算機不僅被越來越多的人運用于生產和技術領域，而且也用于日常生活。原因很簡單，因為計算機比人的效率高得多。他們比人有更好的記憶力，能儲存大量的信息。計算機可以做許多我們做的事情，而且做得更快、更好。他們可以在工廠里控制機器，計算出第二天的天氣，甚至可以做翻譯工作。

In recent years more and more people have used computers not only in production and technology,but also in everday life.the simple reason is that they are far more efficient than man.They have much better memories and can store lange amounts of information.Computers can do many of the things we do,but faster and better.they can ontrol machines in factories,work out tomorrow’s weather,and even do translation work..64、最初，iPad主要被當做一款媒體消費設備——用它來讀書、看視頻或翻閱帶有視頻以及文字和圖片的新型電子雜志，要比用iPhone的效果更理想。但是，與iPhone一樣，關鍵之處將在與人們如何接受它、使用它，以及應用程序開發者多快能找到利用其特性打造新體驗的方法。人們當然有理由對它持有疑慮。它的屏幕更大，因此它可能不如智能手機那么便攜；它缺少內置的鍵盤，因此作為一個輸入設備，它可能不如PC或Mac那么有用。但iPod的9.7英寸高分辨率顯示屏，將成為計算機播種夢想的下一個處女地。

Ipad used mainly as a media consumption device_a better place than the iPhone to read books,watch video,or flick through new electronic versions of magazines that offer video as well as text and pictures/But,as with iPhone,the real story will lie in how it is taken up and used-and how quickly other application developers find ways to exploit its uniqure characteristics to create new experiences.There are certainiy reasons for doubt.The larger screen may make it less portable than a smartphone,its lack of a built-in keyboard less useful as an input device than a PC or Mac.But the iPad’s 9.7 inch,high-resoluation screen is about to become the virgin territory on wich the omputer industry’s next dreams will be sketched.65、3G的全稱為第三代數字通信。1995年問世的第一代數字手機只能進行語言通話；而1996年到1997年出現的第二代數字手機便增加了接收數據的功能，如接受電子郵件或網頁；第三代與前兩代的主要區別是在傳輸聲音和數據的速度上的提升，它能夠處理圖像、音樂、視頻等多種多媒體形式，提供包括網頁瀏覽、電話會議、電子商務等多種信息服務。

3G is short for the Third Greneration Communication.The first generation of digital communcation developed in 1995 only allowed voice transmission on the phone.By 1996 and 1997,the 2G digital cellphones had a new feature that is data transmission,such as emails and access to the Internet.The biggest difference between 3G and the first two generations lies in the features that voice and data can be transmitted at a much faster speed and that photos,music,and videos can be transmitted and that it provides services like access to the Internet,teleconferencing,e-commerce and the like.66、目前，碳捕獲和存儲設施已經安裝到其他應用程序設計的部件上。以石油公司為例，幾十年來，他們已將CO2注入衰退井中以提高采收率。

Current Carbon Capture Storage facilities have been patched together with components larely designed for other applications.Oil companies,for example,have been injecting carbon dioxide into fading wells for decades in order to enhance recovery.67、一個普遍存在的問題是關于海底或地下儲存安全的長期預測是非常困難和不確定的。儲存的二氧化碳可能會泄露到大氣中。

A general problem is that long term predictions about submarine or underground storage security are very difficult and uncertain and CO2 might leak from the storage into the atmosphere.68、全球變暖主要是由于人們焚燒化石礦物以生成能量時產生的二氧化碳等多種溫室氣體導致。全球平均氣溫總體看為上升趨勢。進入20世紀八十年代后，全球氣溫明顯上身。全球變暖的后果，會使全球降水量重新分配，冰川消融，海平面上升，既危害自然生態系統的平衡，更威脅人類的食物供應和居住環境。Global warming is primarily caused by the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fueis for energy by humans.The global average temperature is generally on a rise.We’ve seen a significant rise in global temperature since the 1980s.Global warming will result in the reallocation of global rainfall,the melting of glaciers,and the rise of sea level.This will damage the balance of the ecosystem and threaten food supply and the living condition for human beings.69、清潔能源是不排放污染物的能源，它包括核能和可再生能源。可再生能源是指可以通過自然現象補充的能源，如水力發電、風力發電、太陽能、生物能、海潮能這些能源。可再生能源不存在能源耗竭的可能，因此日益受到許多國家的重視，尤其是能源短缺的國家。Clean energy refers to energy sources that release zero pollutants.This includes nuclear energy and renewable energies.Renewable energy comes from natural processes that are replenished constantly,hydroelectric power,wind power,solar power,biofuels,tidal power are all renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and therefore have attracted the attention of many countries,especially those with a great shortage of energy sources.70、生物燃料必須有四個特征。需要低成本—我們成功的基準是1美元1加侖，即每桶40-50美元。生物燃料還必須要低碳。先進的生物燃料還需要有規模效應。如果只是生產出精品類型的生物燃料，那是毫無意義的。只有大規模的生產和銷售才能夠改變局面。第四，先進的生物燃料從環境、社會和經濟效益的角度講，必須是可持續的。

Biofuels have to four qualities.They need to be low-cost-our benchmark for success is $1 agallon,$40-50 a barrel.They must be low-carbon.Advanced biofuels also need to be scalabe.There is no point making boutique biofuels.Only mass production and mass distribution can turn the dial.Fourth,advanced biofuels have to be sustainnable-environmentally,socially and economically.71、煤的氣化在煤化工中占有重要地位，用于生產各種氣體燃料，是潔凈的能源，有利于提高人民生活水平和環境保護；煤氣化生產的合成氣是合成液體燃料等多種產品的原料。煤直接液化，可以生產人造原油和化學產品。在石油短缺時，煤的液化產品將替代目前的天然石油。

Coal gasification plays an important role in the coal chemical industry.The gasified products can be used as gaseous fuels which are clean energy sources,and which can improve people’s living standards and benefit environmental protection.The synthesis gas can be used as raw materials for many chemical products.Coal can be directly liquefied and can be converted into artificial petroleum and other chemical products.At such a petroleum-short time,liquefied coal products can replace the natual oil that we are dependent on today.72、資源詛咒是一個經濟學理論，多指與礦業資源相關的經濟社會問題。豐富的自然資源可能是對經濟發展的詛咒而不是祝福，大多數自然資源豐富的國家比那些資源稀缺的國家發展的更慢。經濟學家將原因歸結為貿易條件的惡化，荷蘭病或人力資源投資不足等，主要有對某種相對豐富的資源的過分依賴導致。

Resource curse is an economic theory,usually refers to a social economic problem related to the resource of minerals.Abundant natural recources may rather be a curse than a blessing.Alot of the nations with rich resourses have a much lower economic growth than countries without an abundance of resources.Economists blamed this on terrible trade conditionss,the Dutch Disease or in other words a shorstage of investment in human capital and an overdependence on the abundance of certain resources.73、每個企業都傾盡其力來對付如何組織企業這一問題。組織結構經常需要反映出新的戰略、變化的市場條件以及創新的生產技術等方面的影響。全世界的公司都在重新構造自己，一邊在當今高度競爭的全球環境中更精干、更有效、更靈活。

Ever firm wrestles with the problemof how to organize.Reorganization often is necessary to reflect a new strategy,changing market conditions,or innovative producation technology.Companies throughout the world are restructuring to become learn,more efficient and more flexible,in today’s highly competitive global environment.74、企業像擰水龍頭一樣啟動和停止項目，這種做法是錯誤的。因為只有持久的投資，才能建立起多元化的人才庫。

Businesses that turn programs on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool can only be built through sustained investment.75、她的公司最近發起了一項開放活動，讓倫敦一些貧困的地區公立學校學生前來感受辦公室的生活。

Her firm recentiy launched an access week to bring state school students from deprived London boroughs into its offices.76、一個23歲的學生16歲初到英國時，還是一個不懂英語的避難者。后來他成為了一名社區志愿者，學習會計和金融學，并獲得了一等學位。

One 23-year-old student unable to speak English,went on to become a community volunteer,studied accounting and finance,and earned himself a first class degree.77、要想在眾多應聘者中取勝，要想讓你中意的企業也中意你，事先做好準備功夫是非常重要的環節。首先要從正確給自己定位做起。那么不妨給自己提出兩個問題：我的興趣是什么？我愛干什么？準備工作的第二步是做出好簡歷。好簡歷都具備一些共同的特點：簡潔、真實、重點突出等。

To win over the other job applicants,and to impress the company that you are interested in,getting well-prepared is vital.First,you should well position yourself.You may ask yourself these two question:What am I interested in?And what do I love doing?The second thing you need to do is to write a good resume.Good resumes constitute these characters:concise,truth-telling and attention-grabbing.78、埃克森美孚、殼牌和英國石油等石油巨頭在中國大規模建設加油站，其目的是要最大限度分享中國的巨大的成品油零售市場。據資料統計表明，中國大陸成品油消費量已經居世界第二位，在未來10年內還將以每年4.5%的速度增長。

Oil giants like ExxonMobil,Shell and BP have been building up joint-venture gas stations in China,aiming at owning a great share of the huge Chinese retail market of refined oil.Statistics show that China now ranks the second in refined oil consumption and will increase by an annual 4.5% in the next decade.79、經濟復蘇將大幅刺激中國這個第二大能源消耗國的燃料需求。2010年的中國原油進口記錄將被再次刷新。根據數據預測顯示，2010年的原油進口將增長9.1%，達到2.12億噸，平均每天達到430萬桶。與2009年的2.03億噸相比，上漲了4%。2010年中國國內石油需求增速將恢復到金融危機之前的水平。全年的石油消費量將增長5%以上，達到1.27億噸。Economic recovery will greatly boost the demand for fuels in China,the second largest energy consuming country in the world.Crude oil import will break a recong high in 2010.As statistics indicate,ctude oil import in 2010 will increase by 9.1%,reaching 212 million tons,and a daily 4.3 million barrels.Compared with 203 million tons in 2009,there will be an increase of 4%.And the demand for petroleum in China in 2010 will soon resume to the pre-finacial-crisis level.And the total petroleum consumption will see a 2% rise,reaching up to 427 million tons.80、我開始給我在倫敦的同事撰寫郵件，指出歐洲航空旅行在多年內變得完全不可靠的微小可能性，如果是這樣，那么全球經濟也有微小的可能會遭遇嚴重打擊。這可能是最近10年內最重要的事件，并非是本周第三大事件。

I started writing e-mails to my colleague in ondon pointing outthat there was a small chance that European air travel could be rendered completely unreliable for years,and if so there was a small chance of the world’s economy being dealt a shattering blow.This was potentially the biggest story of the decade rather than the third-biggest story of the week.81、隨著項目的進展，預料不到的問題一定會出現。這些偶然事件會威脅到項目的進度、預算或要求。在這種情況下，項目經理必須決定怎樣將項目的一個目標與另一個目標進行權衡。As the project progresses,uncertainties will emerge.These uncertainties will affect the proceeding,budget and requirement of the project..Project managers must decide,under this circumstance,how to balance one cbjective with another objective of the project.

第四篇：少兒英語教材綜合介紹

哪里的少兒教材比較好？

市面上的少兒英語教材品種很多，都有各自的特色，都是屬于時代的產物。我從事少兒英語教學教研工作十幾年，用過不下十套教材，現將我使用的心得與大家分享一下。少兒英語教材主要分為以下幾類：

第一大類：原版少兒教材 第二大類：版權類的少兒教材 第三大類: 本土的少兒英語教材

本土類的少兒英語教材就不多說了，比如什么洪恩、吉得堡、佳音、愛樂奇等，基本是剪刀加漿糊的產物。看著是很炫，但是沒有課程體系，長期不出學習效果，不推薦使用！

版權類的教材主要是外研社的劍橋少兒英語，英文名字是KID’S Box，簡稱KB，我使用了大概6年的時間，在那個時代的確是非常不錯的。風格有點類似新概念、Step By Step，英語基礎知識比較全面，側重閱讀，主要靠老師講解，比較少的游戲和對話互動的活動，課程氛圍會比較死板。現在市場變化這么厲害，家長和學生的需求節節高漲，要求課程趣味性、互動性都很強，要求國際視野性，這些方面KB不能滿足。去年我們全線替換成了牛津的一款少兒英語教材Everybody Up。

原版的少兒英語教材應該說是教材里面第一方隊的教材，大家聽得比較多的是Super Kids，3H，Backpack，LET’S Go，Everybody up等。

Super Kids簡稱SK，也是一套比較老的教材，引進中國有七八年的時間了，有點類似KB的風格，比較老化。

3H是一套獨特的教材，主要是故事教學法編寫的教材，也有七八年的時間了，市面上使用的人比較多。我在勵步的時候使用的就是這套教材。這套教材的優勢在于故事性比較強，但是優勢即劣勢，因為所有的單詞、語法、閱讀等的教學都依附于本單元故事的教學內容，所以很多時候很牽強，無法螺旋式上升學習。同時，故事教學過多地依賴于老師本身，老師很難駕馭，很難保證學校有一個很好的教學效果，導致學校在使用教材的時候直接跳過故事不講，直接講語言知識！

Backpack這套教材我看過，教材不錯，但是難度比較大，主要體現在閱讀和Project上。本身的體例是不錯的，閱讀的時效性很強，但是同樣優勢即劣勢，很多閱讀的內容出現的新聞、話題等遠離現在的生活，不能很好地吸引孩子學習。Backpack的配套資源比較少，加大了老師的難度。如果老師水平特別高，學生水平也特別高，可以考慮使用！

LET’S Go在全球有20多年了，個人認為教材比較簡單，之所以名氣大是因為這個名字起的好，另外加上國內上海教育出版第2版，所以很多人用過。我用過1年的時間。這個教材主要還是舊，所以編寫理念上有點落實，比如說現在提的CILI教學、Values教學、鷹架理論、批判性思維，這些理念在這個教材的設計中沒有體現，畢竟時間太久了，就像改造老房子一樣，再怎么裝修，也是舊的格局，不如新的房子的整體設計！

Everybody up是牛津大學出版社沉淀100多年來少兒英語教材研發的經驗，針對非母語國家突出聽、說，培養英語綜合運用能力為目標，編寫的一套新的教材。我們學校去年9月份全部更換成這個教材，個人感覺使用起來還是比較不錯，聽、說的內容很多，有大量的游戲、故事、歌曲、手工等，最主要的是給我們老師的配套還是很全，有教案、課件等，基本上拿來就可以使用，減輕了教研工作，還能保證課程教學效果，這點是我們最看重的！

第五篇：職稱綜合推薦材料

彬縣煤炭有限責任公司

對池琛同志申報助理工程師資格的綜合推薦意見 池琛同志，自2010年參加工作以來，在工作崗位上勤勤懇懇，兢兢業業，能全面熟練的履行職務職責，表現出了良好的職業道德和工作作風，顯示了很高的業務水平管理能力，工作成果突出，目前已成為公司一線的主要業務骨干。

一、政治方面

該同志政治立場堅定，組織觀念強。平時自覺學習馬列主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論和三個代表重要思想，理論素養很高，能認真貫徹執行黨的的政策方針，思想上與黨中央保持高度一致，具備一定辨別是非能力。同時，能以科學發展觀武裝頭腦，牢固樹立以人為本的理念，深刻領會構筑和諧社會的要求，努力為實現中國夢而奮斗。

二、能力方面

該同志主要負責煤礦生產管理工作、地測防治水工作，任職以來，由于基礎好，業務能力強，能很快的適應熟悉并掌握工作實際情況，善于處理工作中碰到的各類問題并具有個人見解，同時具有很強的文字處理能力，是一個會想事、能辦事、辦成事、辦好事的好員工。進入公司以來，均能圓滿的完成各項工作任務。

三、工作方面

該同志主在工作中腳踏實地、求真務實、作風細致、謙虛謹慎，待人熱情誠懇。在公司業務繁忙的情況下，工作主動、不畏困難，任勞任怨，經常加班加點；在與同事交流過程中獲得較好的評價。同時，在工作中始終堅持理論聯系實際的原則，將實踐中的觀點經驗加以總結，應用所學的理論知識，撰寫文章，將自己的觀點予以升華，曾多次發表論文闡述自己的觀點，并多次獲獎。

四、廉政方面

該同志能注重自身的修養，團結同志，積極參與黨內的各種學習和活動，堅持廉潔自律，至今沒有發現違紀行為。

綜上所述，該同志在任職期間能認真學習，有較強的工作責任感。參加工作以來，始終從事本專業工作，已積累了豐富的專業理論及建設管理的實踐經驗；同時，還認真鉆研業務，不斷自我更新，自我積累，從而打下了系統堅實的專業基礎理論和專業技術知識。在實際工作中，能獨立開展各項管理工作，能結合工程實際需要，積極協調相關方面，具有很強的獨立分析問題和解決問題的能力，能解決本專業專業性的技術問題，勇于創新，具有較強的業務技術管理能力。

同意推薦池琛同志機電助理工程師職稱任職資格。

二〇一七年八月十日