第一篇：超全半導體英語——辛苦轉來貢獻大家匯總
半導體行業的英文單詞和術語
轉載于半導體技術天地
A 安全地線 safe ground wire 安全特性 security feature 安裝線 hook-up wire 按半周進行的多周期控制 multicycle controlled by half-cycle 按鍵電話機 push-button telephone set 按需分配多地址 demand assignment multiple access(DAMA)按要求的電信業務 demand telecommunication service 按組編碼 encode by group B 八木天線 Yagi antenna 白噪聲 white Gaussian noise 白噪聲發生器 white noise generator 半波偶極子 halfwave dipole 半導體存儲器 semiconductor memory 半導體集成電路 semiconductor integrated circuit 半雙工操作 semi-duplex operation 半字節 Nib 包絡負反饋 peak envelop negative feed-back 包絡延時失真 envelop delay distortion 薄膜 thin film 薄膜混合集成電路 thin film hybrid integrated circuit 保護比（射頻）protection ratio(RF)保護時段 guard period 保密通信 secure communication 報頭 header 報文分組 packet 報文優先等級 message priority 報訊 alarm 備用工作方式 spare mode 背景躁聲 background noise 倍頻 frequency multiplication 倍頻程 actave 倍頻程濾波器 octave filter 被呼地址修改通知 called address modified notification 被呼用戶優先 priority for called subscriber 本地PLMN local PLMN 本地交換機 local exchange 本地移動用戶身份 local mobile station identity(LMSI)本地震蕩器 local oscillator 比功率(功率密度)specific power 比特 bit 比特并行 bit parallel 比特號碼 bit number(BN)比特流 bit stream 比特率 bit rate 比特誤碼率 bit error rate 比特序列獨立性 bit sequence independence 必要帶寬 necessary bandwidth 閉環電壓增益 closed loop voltage gain 閉環控制 closed loop control 閉路電壓 closed circuit voltage 邊瓣抑制 side lobe suppression 邊帶 sideband 邊帶非線性串擾 sideband non-linear crosstalk 邊帶線性串擾 sideband linear crosstalk 邊帶抑制度 sideband suppression 邊角輻射 boundary radiation 編號制度 numbering plan 編解碼器 codec 編碼 encode 編碼律 encoding law 編碼器 encoder 編碼器輸出 encoder output 編碼器總工作時間 encoder overall operate time 編碼效率 coding efficiency 編碼信號 coded signal 編碼約束長度 encoding constraint length 編碼增益 coding gain 編譯程序 compiler 鞭狀天線 whip antenna 變頻器 converter 變頻損耗 converter conversion loss 變容二極管 variable capacitance diode 變形交替傳號反轉 modified alternate mark inversion 便攜電臺 portable station 便攜設備 portable equipment 便攜式載體設備 portable vehicle equipment 標稱調整率（標稱塞入率）nominal justification rate(nominal stuffing rate)標稱值 nominal value 標稱呼通概率 nominal calling probability 標準碼實驗信號 standard code test signal(SCTS)標準模擬天線 standard artificial antenna 標準頻率 standard frequency 標準時間信號發射 standard-time-signal emission 標準實驗調制 standard test modulation 標準輸出功率 standard power output 標準輸入信號 standard input signal 標準輸入信號電平standard input-signal level 標準輸入信號頻率 standard input-signal frequency 標準信躁比 standard signal to noise 表面安裝 surface mounting 表示層 presentation layer 并串變換器 parallel-serial converter(serializer)并饋垂直天線 shunt-fed vertical antenna 并行傳輸 parallel transmission 并行終端 parallel terminal 撥號錯誤概率 dialing mistake probability 撥號后延遲 post-dialing delay 撥號交換機 dial exchange 撥號線路 dial-up line 撥號音 dialing tone 撥號終端 dial-up terminal 波動強度（在給定方向上的）cymomotive force(c.m.f)波段覆蓋 wave coverage 波峰焊 wave soldering 波特 baud 泊送過程 Poisson process 補充業務 supplementary service(of GSM)補充業務登記 supplementary service registration 補充業務詢問 supplementary service interrogation 補充業務互連 supplementary service interworking 捕捉區（一個地面接收臺）capture area(of a terrestrial receiving station)捕捉帶 pull-in range 捕捉帶寬 pull-in banwidth 捕捉時間 pull-in time 不連續發送 discontinuous transmission(DTX)不連續干擾 discontinuous interference 不連續接收 discontinuous reception(DRX)不確定度 uncertainty 步談機 portable mobile station C 采樣定理 sampling theorem 采樣頻率 sampling frequency 采樣周期 sampling period 參考邊帶功率 reference side band power 參考差錯率 reference error ratio 參考當量 reference equivalent 參考點 reference point 參考結構 reference configuration 參考可用場強 reference usable fiend-strength 參考靈敏度 reference sensibility 參考頻率 reference frequency 參考時鐘 reference clock 參考輸出功率 reference output power 殘余邊帶調制 vestigial sideband modulation 殘余邊帶發射 vestigial-sideband emission 操作維護中心 operation maintenance center(OMC)操作系統 operation system(OS)側音消耗 sidetone loss 層2轉發 layer 2 relay(L2R)插入組裝 through hole pachnology 插入損耗 insertion loss 查號臺 information desk 差錯控制編碼 error control coding 差錯漏檢率 residual error rate 差分脈沖編碼調制（差分脈碼調制）differential pulse code modulation(DPCM)差分四相相移鍵控 differential quadrature phase keying(DQPSK)差分相移鍵控 differential phase keying(DPSK)差模電壓，平衡電壓 differential mode voltage, symmetrical voltage 差拍干擾 beat jamming 差頻失真 difference frequency distortion 長期抖動指示器 long-term flicker indicator 長期頻率穩定度 long-term frequency stability 場強靈敏度 field intensity sensibility 場效應晶體管 field effect transistor(FET)超長波通信 myriametric wave communication 超地平對流層傳播 transhorizon tropospheric 超地平無線接力系統 transhorizon radio-relay system 超高幀 hyperframe 超幀 superframe 超大規模集成電路 very-large scale integrated circuit(VLSI)超再生接收機 super-regenerator receiver 車載電臺 vehicle station 撤消 withdrawal 成對不等性碼（交替碼、交變碼）
paired-disparity code(alternative code, alternating code)承載業務 bearer service 城市交通管制系統 urban traffic control system 程序設計技術 programming technique 程序設計環境 programming environment 程序優化 program optimization 程序指令 program command 充電 charge 充電率 charge rate 充電效率 charge efficiency 充電終止電壓 end-of charge voltage 抽樣 sampling 抽樣率 sample rate 初級分布線路 primary distribution link 初始化 initialization 處理增益 processing gain 傳播時延 propagation delay 傳播系數 propagation coefficient 傳導干擾 conducted interference 傳導雜散發射 conducted spurious emission 傳遞函數 transfer function 傳遞時間 transfer time 傳聲器 microphone 傳輸保密 transmission security 傳輸層協議 transport layer protocol 傳輸集群 transmission trunking 傳輸結束字符 end of transmission character 傳輸媒體 transmission medium 傳輸損耗 transmission loss 傳輸損耗（無線線路的）transmission loss(of a radio link)傳輸通道 transmission path 傳輸信道 transmission channel 傳真 facsimile, FAX 船舶地球站 ship earth station 船舶電臺 ship station 船舶移動業務 ship movement service 船上通信電臺 on-board communication station ,ship communication station 船用收音機 ship radio 串并變換機 serial to parallel(deserializer)串并行變換 serial-parallel conversion 串話 crosstalk 垂直方向性圖 vertical directivity pattern 唇式傳聲器 lip microphone 磁屏蔽 magnetic shielding 次級分布線路 secondary distribution link 猝發差錯 burst error 猝發點火控制 burst firing control 存儲程序控制交換機 stored program controlled switching system D 大規模集成電路 large scale integrated circuit(LSI)大信號信躁比 signal-to-noise ratio of strong signal 帶成功結果的常規操作 normal operation with successful outcome 帶寬 bandwidth 帶內導頻單邊帶 pilot tone-in-band single sideband 帶內諧波 in-band harmonic 帶內信令 in-band signalling 帶內躁聲 in-band noise 帶通濾波器 band-pass filter 帶外發射 out-of-band emission 帶外功率 out-of-band power 帶外衰減 attenuation outside a channel 帶外信令 out-band signalling 帶狀線 stripline 單邊帶發射 single sideband(SSB)emission 單邊帶發射機 single side-band(SSB)transmitter 單邊帶調制 single side band modulation 單邊帶解調 single side band demodulation 單邊帶信號發生器 single side band signal generaltor 單端同步 single-ended synchronization 單工、雙半工 simplex, halfduplex 單工操作 simplex operation 單工無線電話機 simplex radio telephone 單呼 single call 單頻雙工 single frequency duplex 單頻信令 single frequency signalling 單相對稱控制 symmetrical control(single phase)單相非對稱控制 asymmetrical control(single phase)單向 one-way 單向的 unidirectional 單向控制 unidirectional control 單信道地面和機載無線電分系統 SINCGARS 單信道無繩電話機 single channel cordless telephone 單信號方法 single-signal method 單音 tone 單音脈沖 tone pulse 單音脈沖持續時間 tone pulse duration 單音脈沖的單音頻率 tone frequency of tone pulse 單音脈沖上升時間 tone pulse rise time 單音脈沖下降時間 tone pulse decay time 單音制 individual tone system 單元電纜段（中繼段）elementary cable section(repeater section)單元再生段 elementary regenerator section(regenerator section)單元增音段，單元中繼段 elementary repeater section 當被呼移動用戶不回答時的呼叫轉移 call forwarding on no reply(CFNRy)當被呼移動用戶忙時的呼叫轉 calling forwarding on mobile subscriber busy(CFB)當漫游到原籍PLMN國家以外時禁止所有入呼 barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country(BIC-Roam)當前服務的基站 current serving BS 當無線信道擁擠時的呼叫轉移
calling forward on mobile subscriber not reachable(CENRc)刀型天線 blade antenna 導頻 pilot frequency 導頻跌落pilot fall down 倒L型天線 inverted-L antenna 等步的 isochronous 等幅電報 continuous wave telegraph 等權網（互同步網）democratic network(mutually synchronized network)等效比特率 equivalent bit rate 等效地球半徑 equivalent earth radius 等效二進制數 equivalent binary content 等效全向輻射功率 equivalent isotropically radiated power(e.i.r.p.)等效衛星線路躁聲溫度 equivalent satellite link noise temperature 低軌道衛星系統 LEO satellite mobile communication system 低氣壓實驗 low atmospheric pressure test 低時延碼激勵線性預測編碼 low delay CELP(LD-CELP)低通濾波器 low pass filter 低溫實驗 low temperature test 低躁聲放大器 low noise amplifier 地-空路徑傳播 earth-space path propagation 地-空通信設備 ground/air communication equipment 地波 ground wave 地面連線用戶 land line subscriber 地面無線電通信 terrestrial radio communication 地面站（電臺）terrestrial station 第N次諧波比 nth harmonic ratio 第二代無繩電話系統 cordless telephone system second generation(CT-2)第三代移動通信系統 third generation mobile systems 點波束天線 spot beam antenna 點對地區通信 point-area communication 點對點通信 point-point communication
點至點的GSM PLMN連接 point to point GSM PLMN 電報 telegraphy 電報電碼 telegraph code 電波衰落 radio wave fading 電池功率 power of battery 電池能量 energy capacity of battery 電池容量 battery capacity 電池組 battery 電磁波 electromagnetic wave 電磁波反射 reflection of electromagnetic wave 電磁波饒射 diffraction of electromagnetic wave 電磁波散射 scattering of electromagnetic wave 電磁波色射 dispersion of electromagnetic wave 電磁波吸收 absorption of electromagnetic wave 電磁波折射 refraction of electromagnetic wave 電磁場 electromagnetic field 電磁發射 electromagnetic field 電磁輻射 electromagnetic emission 電磁干擾 electromagnetic interference(EMI)電磁感應 electromagnetic induction 電磁環境 electromagnetic environment 電磁兼容性 electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)電磁兼容性電平electromagnetic compatibility level 電磁兼容性余量 electromagnetic compatibility margin 電磁脈沖 electromagnetic pulse(EMP)電磁脈沖干擾 electromagnetic pulse jamming 電磁敏感度 electromagnetic susceptibility 電磁能 electromagnetic energy 電磁耦合 electromagnetic coupling 電磁屏蔽 electromagnetic shielding 電磁屏蔽裝置 electromagnetic screen 電磁騷擾 electromagnetic disturbance 電磁噪聲 electromagnetic noise 電磁污染 electromagnetic pollution 電動勢 electromotive force(e.m.f.)電話機 telephone set 電話局容量 capacity of telephone exchange 電話型電路 telephone-type circuit 電話型信道 telephone-type channel 電離層 ionosphere 電離層波 ionosphere wave 電離層傳播 ionosphere propagation 電離層反射 ionosphere reflection 電離層反射傳播 ionosphere reflection propagation 電離層散射傳播 ionosphere scatter propagation 電離層折射 ionosphere refraction 電離層吸收 ionosphere absorption 電離層騷擾 ionosphere disturbance 電流探頭 current probe 電路交換 circuit switching 電屏蔽 electric shielding 電視電話 video-telephone, viewphone, visual telephone 電臺磁方位 magnetic bearing of station 電臺方位 bearing of station 電臺航向 heading of station 電文編號 message numbering 電文隊列 message queue 電文格式 message format 電文交換 message switching 電文交換網絡 message switching network 電文結束代碼 end-of-message code 電文路由選擇 message routing 電小天線 electronically small antenna 電信管理網絡 telecommunication management network(TMN)電信會議 teleconferencing 電壓變化 voltage change 電壓變化持續時間 duration of a voltage change 電壓變化的發生率 rate of occurrence of voltage changes 電壓變化時間間隔 voltage change interval 電壓波動 voltage fluctuation 電壓波動波形 voltage fluctuation waveform 電壓波動量 magnitude of a voltage fluctuation 電壓不平衡 voltage imbalance, voltage unbalance 電壓浪涌 voltage surge 電壓驟降 voltage dip 電源 power supply 電源電壓調整率 line regulation 電源抗擾性 mains immunity 電源持續工作能力 continuous operation ability of the power supply 電源去耦系數 mains decoupling factor 電源騷擾 mains disturbance 電子干擾 electronic jamming 電子工業協會 Electronic Industries Association(EIA)電子系統工程 electronic system engineering 電子自動調諧 electronic automatic tuning 電子組裝 electronic packaging 電阻溫度計 resistance thermometer 跌落試驗 fall down test 頂部加載垂直天線 top-loaded vertical antenna 定長編碼 block code 定期頻率預報 periodical frequency forecast 定時 clocking 定時超前 timing advance 定時電路 timing circuit 定時恢復（定時抽?。﹖iming recovery(timing extration)定時截尾試驗 fixed time test 定時信號 timing signal 定數截尾試驗 fixed failure number test 定向天線 directional antenna 定型試驗 type test 動態頻率分配 dynamic frequency allocation 動態信道分配 dynamic channel allocation 動態重組 dynamic regrouping 動態自動增益控制特性 dynamic AGC characteristic 抖動 jitter 獨立邊帶 independent sideband 獨立故障 independent fault 端到端業務 teleservice 短波傳播 short wave propagation 短波通信 short wave communication 短路保護 short-circuit protection 短期抖動指示器 short-term flicker indicator 短期頻率穩定度 short-term frequency stability 短時間中斷（供電電壓）short interruption(of supply voltage)段終端 section termination 對稱二元碼 symmetrical binary code 對地靜止衛星 geostationary satellite 對地靜止衛星軌道 geostationary satellite orbit 對地同步衛星 geosynchronous satellite 對講電話機 intercommunicating telephone set 對空臺 aeronautical station 對流層 troposphere 對流層波道 troposphere duct 對流層傳播 troposphere propagation 對流層散射傳播 troposphere scatter propagation 多次調制 multiple modulation 多點接入 multipoint access 多電平正交調幅 multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)多分轉站網 multidrop network 多服務器隊列 multiserver queue 多工 multiplexing 多工器 nultiplexer 多功能系統 MRS 多級處理 multilevel processing 多級互連網絡 multistage interconnecting network 多級衛星線路 multi-satellite link 多徑 multipath 多徑傳播 multipath propagation 多徑傳播函數 nultipath propagation function 多徑分集 multipath diversity 多徑時延 multipath delay 多徑衰落 multipath fading 多徑效應 multipath effect 多路復接 multiplexing 多路接入 multiple access 多路信道 multiplexor channel 多脈沖線性預測編碼 multi-pulse LPC(MPLC)多頻信令 multifrequency signalling 多普勒頻移 Doppler shift 多跳路徑 multihop path 多信道選取 multichannel access(MCA)多信道自動撥號移動通信系統
multiple-channel mobile communication system with automatic dialing 多優先級 multiple priority levels 多幀 multiframe 多址呼叫 multiaddress call 多址聯接 multiple access 多重時幀 multiple timeframe 多用戶信道 multi-user channel E 額定帶寬 rated bandwidth 額定射頻輸出功率 rated radio frequency output power 額定使用范圍 rated operating range 額定音頻輸出功率 rated audio-frequency output power 額定值 rated value 愛爾蘭 erlang 惡意呼叫識別 malicious call identification(MCI)耳機（受話器）earphone 耳機額定阻抗 rated impedance of earphone 二十進制碼 binary-coded decimal(BCD)code 二十進制轉換 binary-to-decimal conversion 二十六進制轉換 binary-to-hexadecimal conversion 二進制碼 binary code 二進制頻移鍵控 binary frequency shift keying(BFSK)二進制數 binary figure 二頻制位 binary digit(bit)二頻制 two-frequency system 二維奇偶驗碼 horizontal and vertical parity check code 二線制 two-wire system 二相差分相移鍵控 binary different phase shift keying(BDPSK)二相相移鍵控 binary phase shift keying(BPSK)F 發報機 telegraph transmitter 發射 emisssion 發射（或信號）帶寬 bandwidth of an emission(or a signal)發射機 transmitter 發射機邊帶頻譜 transmitter sideband spectrum 發射機額定輸出功率 rated output power of transmitter 發射機合路器 transmitter combiner 發射機冷卻系統 cooling system of transmitter 發射機啟動時間 transmitter attack time 發射機效率 transmitter frequency 發射機雜散躁聲 spurious transmitter noise 發射機之間的互調 iner-transmitter intermodulation 發射機對答允許頻（相）偏
transmitter maximum permissible frequency(phase)deviation 發射類別 class of emission 發射頻段 transmit frequency band 發射余量 emission margin 發送 sending 發送響度評定值 send loudness rating(SLR)繁忙排隊/自動回叫 busy queuing/ callback 反饋控制系統 feedback control system 反射功率 reflection power 反射衛星 reflection satellite 反向話音通道 reverse voice channel(RVC)反向控制信道 reverse control channel(RECC)泛歐數字無繩電話系統 digital European cordless telephone 方艙 shelter 方向性系數 directivity of an antenna 防爆電話機 explosion-proof telephone set 防潮 moisture protection 防腐蝕 corrosion protection 防霉 mould proof 仿真頭 artificial head 仿真耳 artificial ear 仿真嘴 artificial mouth 仿真天線 dummy antenna 放大器 amplifier 放大器線性動態范圍 linear dynamic range of amplifier 放電 discharge 放電電壓 discharge voltage 放電深度 depth of discharge 放電率 discharge rate 放電特性曲線 discharge character curve 非等步的 anisochronous 非歸零碼 nonreturn to zero code(NRZ)非均勻編碼 nonuniform encoding 非均勻量化 nonuniform quantizing 非連續干擾 discontinuous disturbance “非”門 NOT gate 非強占優先規則 non-preemptive priority queuing discipline 非受控滑動 uncontrolled slip 非線性電路 nonlinear circuit 非線性失真 nonliear distortion 非線性數字調制 nonlinear digital modulation 非占空呼叫建立 off-air-call-set-up(OACSU)非專用控制信道 non-dedicated control channel 非阻塞互連網絡 non-blocking interconnection network 分貝 decibel(dB)分辨力 resolution 分布參數網絡 distributed parameter network 分布式功能 distributed function 分布式數據庫 distributed database 分別于是微波通信系統 distributed microwave communication system 分布式移動通信系統 distributed mobile communication system 分布路線 distribution link 分段加載天線 sectional loaded antenna 分機 extension 分集 diversity 分集改善系數 diversity improvement factor 分集間隔 diversity separation 分集增益 diversity gain 分集接收 diversity reception 分接器 demultiplexer 分頻 frequency division 分散定位 distributed chann
第二篇：英語典故中文版(超全)
1、Adam’s apple 亞當的蘋果 男人的喉結
the protruding part in a man’s throat According to the Bible, when deceived by the serpent, Eve and Adam ate the apple and the latter was choked by the forbidden fruit.Since then, there has been a protruding part in men?s throat, which is one of the primary physical differences between males and females.據《圣經·舊約·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第2章記載，上帝按自己的模樣造了亞當（Adam），見亞當孤單，就趁亞當熟睡從他身上取下一根肋骨，造成成一一個女人——夏娃(Eve)，亞當和夏娃從此無憂無慮地生活在伊甸園里（Garden of Eden），后來夏娃禁不住化身為蛇（serpent）的魔鬼撒旦（Satan, the Devil）的誘惑，偷吃了知善惡樹上的果子，她也讓亞當吃了，亞當從來沒吃過這樣的果子，來不及細嚼慢咽，結果果核卡在喉嚨里，吐不出咽不下，從此果核就留在亞當的喉嚨里，這就是男人的喉結，從此，亞當的子子孫孫無一幸免，只有女兒家沒有。所以，在英語里，人們用“亞當的蘋果”（Adam?s apple）表示“男人的喉結”。
上帝怕亞當和夏娃像他一樣聰明和長壽，怕他們再吃生命樹上的果子，就把他們逐出伊甸園。上帝罰男人常年勞作，卻收獲極少；罰女人忍受分娩的痛苦；罰蛇用肚皮在地上爬，終生吃土。
2、Adam’s profession 亞當的職業；園藝業；農業。agriculture, gardening 據《圣經·舊約·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第2章記載，上帝在東方的伊甸設立了一個園子，稱為伊甸園（Garden of Eden），把他造的人（亞當）安置在里面，讓他照料看守這園子（And the Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to tend and keep it.）。從此，亞當就在伊甸園除草松土，修剪樹枝，采摘果子，從事人類最早的園藝和農事活動，所以，“亞當的職業”（Adam?s profession）就指的是“園藝業；農業”。如： He has always been thinking of engaging in Adam?s profession when he retires.（他一直在想，當他退休了，就種種花，養養草。）
My neighbor has green fingers.He keeps a very beautiful small garden of roses.He has been in Adam?s profession for many years.（我的鄰居精于園藝。他有一個漂亮的小玫瑰園，他干園藝這一行有多年了。）
3、alpha and omega 阿爾法和奧米伽 全部；始終。wholeness or the most important part Revelation1:8 “I am Alpha and the Omega,” says the Lord God, “who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty.”
e.g.Rice is the alpha and omega of their diet.Alpha和Omega是希臘語和閃語（Seitic）字母表中第一和最后一個字母的名稱。在更古的時候，希臘語的最后一個字母是Tan（T），所以在中世紀英語中常說Alpha to Tan，Alpha to Tan比Alpha and Omega更常見。《圣經·新約》（Bible, New Testament）里的《啟示錄》（Revelation）據說是為遭到迫害的基督徒寫的，目的是在他們受苦受難時給予鼓勵和希望，上面說，上帝通過主耶穌（Jesus Christ）終將打敗包括魔鬼撒旦（Satan, the Devil）在內的一切敵人，給虔誠的人降福，使他們得到一個新的天堂，一個新的人間。在《啟示錄》第1章8節中，上帝說：“我是阿爾法和奧米伽，是昔在、今在、以后永在的全能者。”（“I am the Alpha and Omega, the Beginning and the End.” Says the Lord, “who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty.”）所以在英語里，alpha and omega表示 “全部；始終”。如：
A good knowledge of several languages is the alpha and omega if you are working in international business.（如果你從事國際貿易的話，通曉數門語言是非常重要的。）He knows the alpha and omega of his job.（他非常精通本職工作。）
Wheat is the alpha and omega of their diet.（他們的飲食以小麥為主。）
此外，在現代英語里，人們用英語字母表中的首尾兩個字母組成一個習語：from A to Z，意思是“由始至終；徹頭徹尾；全部”。
4、apple of Sodom 所得瑪的蘋果 華而不實的東西；徒有其表的東西。superficially clever or good but without practical use
Sodom and Gomorrah were two cities destroyed by God for people there were sinful.After the big fire that had destroyed everything, there appeared many trees on this land, which yielded pretty fruits.But if you taste these apples, they became ashes immediately.e.g.The bed he bought yesterday turned out to be an apple of Sodom.據《圣經·舊約·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第19章記載：所得瑪（Sodom）和蛾摩拉（Gomorrah）是古代死海（Dead Sea）岸邊的兩座臭名昭著的城市，那里的居民驕奢淫欲、罪孽滔天。上帝耶和華（Jehovah）降硫磺和火把一切都化為灰燼。此后，在死海這一帶出產一種蘋果，外表鮮艷可愛，食之則滿口灰味兒，可觀不可食，人們把這種蘋果稱為“所得瑪的蘋果”（apple of Sodom），又稱為“死海之果”（Dead Sea Apple），現轉喻為：華而不實的東西，虛有其表、金玉其外、敗絮其中的事物，請看例句：
The girl is pretty in appearance but hideous in mind.People who know about her regard her as nothing but an apple of Sodom.這個女孩容貌美麗但心靈丑惡。了解她的人都認為她金玉其外，敗絮其中。Nobody likes it;it?s nothing but an apple of Sodom.（沒人喜歡它，那只是個表面好看的東西罷了。）--Do you know him well enough?--But why is it said some people can fall in love at first sight?--At first sight? What in him attracts you?--He?s so handsome, so cool.--But let me tell you what.He is only the Apple of Sodom..（——你對他了解多少？
——那為什么人們說有些人可以一見鐘情？ ——一見鐘情？他身上有什么東西吸引你？ ——他那么瀟灑，那么酷。
——我告訴你吧，他只不過徒有其表而已。）
5、at one?s wit?s end 在某人智慧的末端；智窮計盡；無計可施。without effective ways to solve problem
The Psalms 107:27They reel back and forth, and stagger like a drunken man, And are at their wits' end.據《圣經·舊約·詩篇》（Bible, Old Testament，Psalms）第107章第27節記載：
上帝的威力無窮，航海者在海上體驗到了上帝所行的各種奇事。上帝一吩咐，狂風就起來，海中的波浪也揚起。航海的人搖搖晃晃，東倒西歪，好像醉酒的智慧無法施展（They reel to and fro, and stagger like drunken men, and are at their wit?s end.）。
據此，英語里用at one?s wit?s end表示“智窮計盡；無計可施”。如： Being at his wit?s end, he is asking anyone he can think of for help.（他到了山窮水盡的地步，能想到的人他都求了。）
With all three children at home all day, the mother was at her wit?s end trying to keep the house clean.（三個孩子都整天呆在家里，母親實在無法使屋子保持清潔。）
6、at the eleventh hour 在第十一個小時；還來得及at the last crucial moment 據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第20章第1至16節記載：耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）給眾人講了一個天國的比喻，他說：“天國好比下面的故事，有一個葡萄園主清早出去，雇工人到他的葡萄園工作，每天給他們一塊銀幣。然后在上午9點、中午12點、下午3點、下午5點，他又分別雇用了幾個人，收工時，園主都給了他們一塊銀幣。那些從清早就干活的人抱怨，為什么在第十一個小時才進來的人，只干了一個小時卻得到同樣的報酬，園主回答說：?朋友，我并沒有占你便宜，你不是同意每天一塊銀幣的工資嗎？拿你的錢回家去吧！我要給那最后進來的跟你的一樣，難道我無權使用自己的錢嗎？為了我待人慷慨，你就嫉妒嗎？?”耶穌用這個比喻來喻指能夠進入天國的，即使在最后時刻也來得及，凡進入天國的人，上帝都對他們一視同仁，不分先后。
在英語中，人們用at the eleventh hour指“在最后時刻”、“還來得及”，請看例句：
1.If any guest failed at the eleventh hour, Todd was asked to dine.要是有什么客人到時不能來，托德就給請來湊數。2.The tow explorers were rescued at the eleventh hour.兩個探險家在最后一刻被營救了。
3.His eleventh-hour rise to power has been described as a miracle.他在最后一刻得以上臺，被稱為是個奇跡。
7、beam in one's own eyes 自己眼中的梁木 自身特別重大的缺點 one’s own serious mistake(See Mathew 7:1-5)e.g.He is always quick to point out other peoples' faults, but can't see the beam in his own eyes.據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第7章第1—5節記載，耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）在講到評論別人時說：“你們不要論斷人，免得被人論斷。因為你們怎樣論斷人，也必怎樣被論斷。為什么看到你兄弟眼中有刺，卻不想自己眼中有梁木呢？（And why do you look at the mote in your brother's eye, but do not consider the beam in your own eye?）你自己眼中有梁木，怎能對你的弟兄說，容我去掉你眼中的刺呢。（Or how can you say to your brother, “let me remove the mote from your eye,” and look, a beam is in your own eye?）你這偽善之人，先去掉自己眼中的梁木，然后才能看得清除，去掉你兄弟眼中的刺。（Hypocrite!first remove the beam from your own eye;and then you will see clearly to remove the mote out of your brother's eye.）”這里的“你兄弟”并非單純地指門徒的親兄弟，而是指廣大的百姓，他們的父親只有一個——天父耶和華(Jehovah)，所以普天之下皆為兄弟。“你兄弟”指除你以外的“別人”；“你兄弟眼中的刺”（the mote in your brother's eye），其中的mote指“塵埃、微?！?，轉喻為“庇點”，譯作“刺”，在英語中，a mote in sb's eye指（與自己的大缺點相比之下）某人的小缺點；小過失。請看例句：
But I refuse to condemn others for the mote in their eye when there is a beam in my own..但是我不能責備別人的小缺點，因為我自己有很大的缺點?！白约貉壑械牧耗尽保╰he beam in your own eye）中的beam指船或建筑物的橫梁，一般是圓木（log），“你兄弟眼中的刺”與“你自己眼中的梁木”相比顯得微乎其微，也就是說，“別人的缺點”與“你自己的缺點”相比顯得微不足道，所以去掉“你自己的大缺點”，“別人的小缺點”也就無所謂了。英語中用“beam in one's own eyes”來比喻（與他人相比）自身特別重大的缺點；嚴重錯誤。請看例句：
1.Kelmar, if he was unconscious of the beam in his own eye, was at least silent in the matter of his brother's mote.如果說凱爾馬爾不知道自己有很大的缺點，至少他對于他的兄弟的小缺點也是不加指摘的。2.If you are unconscious of the beam in your own eye, you should at least bear other's mote.如果你不知道自己的大缺點，至少應該容忍別人的小缺點。
3.First take the beam out of your own eye, then you'll be able to see clearly the mote in your brother's eye.人必須有自知之明，才能客觀地評價他人。
8、Benjamin?s mess 便雅憫的份額 最大的份額；最豐厚的一份the dominant portion Joseph forgave his brothers and reunited with them.Before they went back to get their father Jacob to Egypt, he gave his brothers wagons, according to the commandment of Pharaoh, and gave them provision for the way.To all of them he gave each man changes of clothing, but to Benjamin he gave three hundred pieces of silver and five changes of clothing.e.g.In the joint venture, Benjamin's mess of the benefit goes to him.據《圣經·舊約·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第43章第34節記載，雅各是希伯來人（Hebrew）的第一代族長亞伯拉罕（Abraham）的孫子，他共有12個兒子，其中約瑟（Joseph）和便雅憫（Benjamin）是同胞兄弟，雅各最疼愛約瑟，這引起了其余兒子的嫉恨，他們設計把約瑟賣到埃及做奴隸，約瑟通過為法老說夢而當上了埃及的宰相。后來，約瑟的家鄉發生饑荒，雅各就派兒子們到矮及去買糧，便雅憫還小就沒讓他去。約瑟接待了他們，并設計讓哥哥回去把便雅憫帶來。兄弟們相認，悲喜交加，約瑟原諒了哥哥們。約瑟設宴招待他們，席間，約瑟把他面前的食物分出來送給他們，但便雅憫所得的是別人的五倍，他們就飲酒，和約瑟一同宴樂。（And he took and sent messes to them from before him, but Benjamin?s mess was five times as much as any of theirs.And they drank, and were merry with him.）約瑟還給哥哥們每人一套衣服，而同胞弟弟便雅憫得到5套，300個銀元。
據此，人們用“便雅憫的份額”（Benjamin?s mess）表示“最大的份額；最豐厚的一份”。如： We put the same effort in that business, but Benjamin?s mess of the outfit went to him.（在那樁生意中我們投進去的心血是一樣的，但利潤他得大頭。）In the joint venture, Benjamin?s mess of the profit will go to him.（在這個合資項目中，他將得到最大份額的利潤。）
9、build on the sand 建立在沙土上 建立于不穩固的基礎上 build on not solid foundation [See Matthew 7:24-27] e.g.His plan, like a house built on sand, has no solid foundation.據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第7章第21至27節記載，耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）在登山室訓中講到什么樣的人能進天國時，他說：“哪些稱呼我?主啊，主啊?的人并不都能進天國；只有實行我天父旨意的人才能進去。在末日來臨的時候，許多人要對我說：?主啊，主啊，我們會奉你的名傳上帝的信息，也曾奉你的名趕許多鬼，行許多奇跡！?那時候，我要對他們說：?我從來不認識你們；你們這些作惡的，走開吧！?所以，所有聽我這些話而實行的，就像一個聰明人把房子蓋在磐石上；縱使風吹雨打水沖，房子也不倒塌，因為它的基礎立在磐石上。
（Therefore whosoever hears these sayings of mine, and does them, I will liken him to a wise man, who built his house on a rock: And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat on that house;and it did not fall: for it was founded on a rock.）
可是，那聽見我這些話而不實行的，就像一個愚蠢的人把房子蓋在沙土上，一遭受風吹雨打水沖，房子就倒塌了，而且倒塌得多么慘重！”
（And every one that hears these sayings of mine, and does not do them, will be like a foolish man, who built his house on the sand;And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat on that house, and it fell;and great was the fall of it.）耶穌講完了以上這些話，眾人對他的教訓都感到十分驚奇；因為耶穌跟他們的經學教師不同，他的教訓帶有權威。眾人隨同耶穌一同下了山。在現代的英語中，人們用build on the rock表示“建立在牢固的基礎之上”；用build on the sand 表示“建立于不穩固的基礎上”。請看例句：
1.Local opinion was the rock on which，like a great tactician，he built.像一個大戰術家，他把一切建立在當地輿論的牢固基礎上。
2.Labor unions are built upon the solid rock of the material welfare of the workers.工會是建立在工人的物質福利這個堅固的基礎上。
3.I'm not surprised to learn that his company is in debt--he has very little experience of business, and the whole organization was built on sand.聽到他公司虧空負債，我一點也不感到意外——他對商業不內行，整個體制都建立在沙灘上。4.His plan, like a house built on sand, has no solid foundation.他的計劃如沙子上建房子，沒有牢固的根基。
10、by /with the skin of one?s teeth 只剩牙皮（逃脫）；僥幸；勉強；間不容發。by the skin of one’s teeth [Job]: almost fail in something or fortunate escape
God wanted to test Job and made him lose his wealth, children and suffer from illness.Job didn't make any complaint.When his friends came to see him, he said to them: “He hath put my brethren far from me, and mine acquaintance are verily estranged from me.My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar friends have forgotten me.They that dwell in mine house, and my maids, count me for a stranger: I am an alien in their sight.I called my servant, and he gave me no answer;I intreated him with my mouth.My breath is strange to my wife, though I intreated for the children's sake of mine own body.Yea, young children despised me;I arose, and they spake against me.All my inward friends abhorred me: and they whom I loved are turned against me.My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.” e.g.We drove to the station at full speed and caught the train by the skin of our teeth.該典故源于《圣經·舊約·約伯記》（Bible, Old Testament，Job）第19章第20節。富翁約伯（Job）是個義人，對上帝很虔誠，但上帝為了考驗約伯的誠心，使他接連失去所有財產和兒女，并使他渾身上下長滿毒瘡，約伯痛苦不堪，對遠道來看他的朋友嘆息道：“我的罪孽和罪過有多少呢？何以要遭受此種磨難？……”“我的熟人都不認識我了，親戚朋友與我斷絕來往。從前的客人也都把我遺忘，我的使女把我當成陌生人。我呼喚仆人，他拒絕回答，毫不理會我的苦苦哀求。我的妻子受不住我口中的氣味，自家兄弟再也不愿走近我，小孩都在藐視我嘲笑我。知心好友以厭惡的眼光看著我，連最親愛的人也與我翻臉。我的皮肉緊貼著骨頭，我只剩牙皮逃脫了（My bone cleaves to my skin and to my flesh, and I have escaped with the skin of my teeth.）?！?/p>
牙齒本沒有皮，約伯用此語是極言其險，就像我們平時所說的“只差頭發絲的距離”，約伯除了性命以外，其他全部喪失了。所以，人們用“by /with the skin of one?s teeth”（只剩牙皮）用表示“僥幸；勉強；間不容發”。如：
1.The ship broke up;several were drowned;but four sailors managed to escape by the skin of their teeth.船撞破了，有幾個人溺死，只有四個水手幸免于難。
2.I only passed the exam by the skin of my teeth.我只差一點兒就考不及格。
3.The car missed me by inches.I escaped by the skin of my teeth.汽車差一點兒就撞上我了，我幸免于難
11、cast pearls before swine.把珍珠丟給豬；明珠投暗 cast pearls before swine: choose the wrong audience
Matthew7:6 “Don't give that which is holy to the dogs, neither throw your pearls before the pigs, lest perhaps they trample them under their feet, and turn and tear you to pieces.Swine指豬、豬玀、下流胚，在口語中指令人不快的東西，如：This car is a swine to drive at slow speeds.（這輛汽車慢速行駛時真難開。）另外swine單復數同形，除了用于cast pearl before wine中外平常很少用，一般用在獸醫上，如swine fever（豬瘟）、swinepox（豬痘）、swine plague（豬出血性敗血?。┑龋匠Ｎ覀冇谩皃ig”比較多。據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第7章第6節記載，耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）上了山，對跟隨他的門徒說：“不要把圣物給狗，也不要把你們的珍珠丟在豬前，恐怕它踐踏了珍珠，轉過來咬你們?！保―o not give what is holy to dogs;nor cast your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn and tear you in pieces.）耶穌以此告誡門徒，不要不看對象就發表一些別人聽不懂的說教，不要講一些超出聽者理解水平的道理，也就是說不要“在不識好歹的人面前白費精力”；不要“把珍貴的東西給了不識貨的人”。Cast pearl before swine與漢語中的“對牛彈琴”、“對驢說經”、“明珠投暗”含義相仿，請看例句：
1.He explained the beauty of the music to her but it was casting pearls before swine.他跟她講解那音樂之美，可是這無異于對牛彈琴。
2.I won't waste good advice on John any more because he never listens to it.I won't cast pearls before swine.我不再白費口舌勸約翰了，因為他從不聽勸。我決不再對牛彈琴了。
3.Don?t waste good advice on Helen for she will never listen to it.Don?t cast pearls before swine.不要再勸海倫了，她根本不會聽，何必對牛談琴呢？
12、covenant of salt 鹽約；不可背棄的盟約。contracts never betrayed Numbers18:19All the heave-offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer to Yahweh, have I given you, and your sons and your daughters with you, as a portion forever: it is a covenant of salt forever before Yahweh to you and to your seed with you.e.g.Once you have made a covenant of salt, you should keep to it.該語來自《圣經·舊約·民數記》（Bible, Old Testament, Numbers）第18章第19節。亞倫（Aaron）是以色列民族領袖摩西（Moses）的兄長，是猶太教的第一位大祭司（Priest），上帝對他說：“凡以色列人所獻給耶和華圣物中的舉祭，我都賜給你和你的兒女，你們永遠可以享用這份祭品，這是給你和你的后裔，在耶和華面前作為永遠的鹽約?！保ˋll the heave offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer to the Lord, I have given to you and your sons and daughters with you as an ordinance forever;it is a covenant of salt forever before the Lord with you and your descendants with you.）又說“你將不會有任何的遺產，以色列的任何一塊土地都不會分配給你，你所需要的一切就是我——上帝?！?/p>
在古代，鹽是非常珍貴的，而且不會變壞的，所以，“鹽約”（covenant of salt）是“不可背棄的盟約”。如：
1.The two lovers, head over heel in love, made a covenant of salt that they would remain loyal to each other for the life.兩個熱戀中的情人信誓旦旦：彼此忠誠直到永遠。
2.Once you have made a covenant of salt, you should keep to it.一旦訂立不可違背的鹽約，就應信守不渝。
13、curious as Lot's wife 像羅德之妻一樣地好奇；非常好奇；好奇心過重。
be too curious(as the consequence of her curiosity, she was turned into a pillar of salt)好奇心是人的天性，只不過不同的人好奇心輕重不同。世界上有許多好奇心過重的人，這種好奇心，往往會給他們帶來災難。英語中有一句諺語說的是“Curiosity killed a cat.”，意思是“好奇傷身。”，《圣經》中的羅德之妻（Lot's wife）就是因為好奇心過重而丟掉了性命。據《圣經·舊經·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）記載：由于所得瑪（Sodom）和蛾摩拉（Gomorrah）兩座城市罪孽深重，上帝在毀滅這兩座城市之前，顧念所得瑪的義人羅德（Lot），就派天使告訴羅德讓他帶領親人快速離開，并囑咐他們逃走時，不管身后有什么動靜，都不要回頭看。于是，上帝降下硫磺和火，兩座城市陷入一片火海之中，羅德的妻子按捺不住女人的好奇心，回頭一看，立刻變成了一根鹽柱（a pillar of salt）。后來人們就用“像羅德之妻一樣好奇”（curious as Lot's wife）來形容某人的好奇心過重；用“羅德之妻”（Lot's wife）或“鹽柱”（a pillar of salt）表示“極度的好奇心以及由此引起的懲誡”。請看例句： 1.Curious as Lot's wife, she has made herself unpopular among her friends.她這個人好奇心太重，在朋友中不怎么受歡迎。
2.While it is ill-advised to be curious as Lot's wife, some of the inventions and discoveries are achieved out of curiosity.過分好奇固然不好，但是有一些發明與發現確實是因為好奇得來的。
14、Daniel in the den of lions 獅坑中的但以理；大難不死，僥幸逃生的人。a person of integrity stand severe tests or a fortunate survivor Daniel Daniel was a prophet and was set in higher position than satraps.Then this Daniel was distinguished above the presidents and the satraps, because an excellent spirit was in him;and the king thought to set him over the whole realm.Then the presidents and the satraps sought to find occasion against Daniel as touching the kingdom;but they could find no occasion nor fault, because he was faithful, neither was there any error or fault found in him.Then said these men, We shall not find any occasion against this Daniel, except we find it against him concerning the law of his God.Then these presidents and satraps assembled together to the king, and said thus to him, King Darius, live forever.All the presidents of the kingdom, the deputies and the satraps, the counselors and the governors, have consulted together to establish a royal statute, and to make a strong interdict, that whoever shall ask a petition of any god or man for thirty days, save of you, O king, he shall be cast into the den of lions.Now, O king, establish the interdict, and sign the writing, that it not be changed, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which doesn't alter.Therefore king Darius signed the writing and the interdict.When Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went into his house and he kneeled on his knees three times a day, and prayed, and gave thanks before his God, as he did before.Then these men assembled together, and found Daniel making petition and supplication before his God.Then they came near, and spoke before the king concerning Daniel's violation against the king's interdict.Then the king, when he heard these words, was sore displeased, and set his heart on Daniel to deliver him;and he labored until the going down of the sun to rescue him.Then these men assembled together to the king, and said to the king, Know, O king, that it is a law of the Medes and Persians, that no interdict nor statute which the king establishes may be changed.Then the king commanded, and they brought Daniel, and cast him into the den of lions.Now the king spoke and said to Daniel, Your God whom you serve continually, he will deliver you.A stone was brought, and laid on the mouth of the den;and the king sealed it with his own signet, and with the signet of his lords;that nothing might be changed concerning Daniel.Then the king went to his palace, and passed the night fasting;neither were instruments of music brought before him: and his sleep fled from him.Then the king arose very early in the morning, and went in haste to the den of lions and found Daniel safe and sound because God had sent his angel to shut the lions' mouths.Then was the king exceeding glad, and commanded that they should take Daniel up out of the den.The king commanded, and they brought those men who had accused Daniel, and they cast them into the den of lions, them, their children, and their wives;and the lions had the mastery of them, and broke all their bones in pieces, before they came to the bottom of the den.該語來自《圣經·舊約·但以理》（Bible, Old Testament, Daniel）第6章章第1-24節。但以理是古代先知（prophet），很受國王器重，被任命為大公，監督總督（governor），總督們想方設法置但以理于死地。他們知道但以理每天都要向上帝禱告，就誘騙國王下令30天之內全國上下禁止任何祈禱。但以理處于對上帝的虔誠被迫違反了這一禁令，國王只好按照禁令把但以理投入獅坑（the den of lions）。國王度過了一個不眠之夜，但第二天卻驚喜地發現但以理在獅坑中安然無恙。但以理告訴國王上帝派天使閉上了獅子的嘴，因為他是無辜的。國王下令把總督們投入獅坑，結果饑餓的獅馬上撲上去，把他們全撕碎了。
所以，在英語中人們用“Daniel in the den of lions”（獅坑中的但以理）表示“大難不死，僥幸逃生的人?！?/p>
15、David: young heroes
16、Delilah: seductive bad women
17、David and Johnthan 大衛和約拿丹；莫逆之交；生死之交；肝膽相照的朋友。bosom friends 該語源于《圣經·舊約·撒母耳記上》（Bible, Old Testament, Samuel 1）。
約拿丹（Johnthan）是以色列王掃羅（Saul）的兒子，是王位繼承人，大衛（David）是掃羅提拔的最年輕的都督，后來，大衛的才能遭到掃羅的嫉妒，他想方設法除死大衛。約拿丹非常敬佩大衛，與之結成至交，他處處保護大衛，每當父親要殺大衛時，他總是設法幫大衛脫險，甚至與父王發生激烈沖突，不惜失去王位繼承權。所以，人們用“David and Johnthan”（大衛和約拿丹）表示“莫逆之交；生死之交；肝膽相照的朋友。”如；
1.Being David and Johnthan, they always help each other when in trouble.作為生死之交，他們總是在危急時刻互相幫助。
2.It was known to all that the David and Johnthan of the establishment were David and Johnthan no longer;that war waged between them, and if all accounts were true, they were ready to fly each at the other?s throat.眾所周知，這個公司里的兩位莫逆之交已經不再莫逆了，假如人們傳說的沒有錯，他們在那場爭斗中，恨不得互相捏對方的喉嚨。
說到“莫逆之交”，在西方還廣為流傳著這樣一段佳話：達蒙（Damon）和皮西厄斯（Pythias）古時居住在意大利的一對莫逆之交，皮西厄斯冒犯了國王被處以死刑，行刑前，皮西厄斯要求回家見母親最后一面，國王不同意，怕他逃走，達蒙主動要求作為人質留下，如果皮西厄斯不回來，就把他殺死，國王允許。結果到行刑時，皮西厄斯還沒回來，達蒙被押赴刑場，就在最后關頭，皮西厄斯歷經千辛萬苦終于趕到了刑場，場面非常感人，國王也被他們的深情厚誼所感動，就下令釋放了皮西厄斯。所以，在西方，人們用“Damon Pythias”（達蒙和皮西厄斯）表示“莫逆之交”。人們這樣說；
Johnthan was to David what Damon was to Pythias;they were two typical pairs of devoted friends.（約拿丹之于大衛正像和達蒙之于皮西厄斯；他們是兩對典型的莫逆之交。）
18、double-edged sword 雙刃劍；同時具有正反兩方面作用的事物。[Proverbs 5:3-4]: something with both positive and negative functions(more stress on negative side)e.g.The argument he used to justify his position proved to be a double-edged sword which ultimately led to his own defeat.該語源于《圣經·舊約全書·詩篇》（Bible, Old Testament, Psalms）：“愿他們口中稱贊上帝為高，手里有雙刃的刀……（Let the high praises of God be in their throats and two-edged swords in their hands …）”；另外，在《圣經·舊約·箴言》（The Bible, Old Testament，Proverbs）中也提到該語：“……至終卻苦似苦艾，快如雙刃的刀……”（… but in the end she is bitter as woodworm, sharp as a two-edged sword...）?，F在，人們用“double-edged sword”（雙刃劍）表示“同時具有正反兩方面作用的事物?！钡撜Z在運用時，強調不利因素的場合要多一些。如： 1.Your decision to leave the house is a double-edged sword.You think to hamper me by such behaviour but remember at the same time you lose a home.你決定離家出走，這一招兒既害人又害己。你想用這來給我制造困難，但記住，你這樣做也就同時失去了家。
2.The argument he used to justify his position proved to be a double-edged sword which ultimately led to his own defeat.他用以證明自己立場正確的論據，結果卻成了導致他自己敗北的雙刃利劍了。
19、fall from grace 失去恩寵；失寵；墮落；誤入歧途。go astray, degenerate, or be out of favor It refers to the story that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit and were driven out of Eden, which was human beings' original sin.該語源于《圣經》（Bible）。人類始祖亞當（Adam）和夏娃（Eve）由于偷食禁果而被上帝逐出伊甸園（Garden of Eden），基督教稱之為“人的墮落（the fall of man）”。
當耶穌（Jesus Christ）的福音開始在非猶太人中傳播并廣受歡迎時，教會中開始討論要成為真基督是否必須遵守摩西（Moses）的律法的問題。圣徒保羅（St.Paul）認為沒有這個必要，但加拉太省的幾個教會中，有人反對保羅的主張，保羅就寫了書信——《加拉太書》給他們，目的是把那些接受謬誤教訓的信徒們帶回到正確的信仰和生活中。保羅在書信中指出，在只有籍著信仰，人才得以跟上帝和好，建立正確的關系。在《圣經·新約·加拉太書》（The Bible, New Testament, Galatians）第5章第1-4節，保羅是這樣寫的：“為了要使我們得自由，基督已經釋放了我們。所以，你們要挺起胸脯，不要讓奴隸的軛再控制你們！我保羅鄭重地告訴你們，如果你們接受割禮（to be circumcised）基督就對你們毫無益處。現在我再次警告你們任何一個接受割禮的人必須遵守全部的律法！想依靠遵守律法而得以跟上帝和好的人就是跟基督切斷了關系，自絕于山上帝的恩典（All of you who aim at justification by the law are severed from Christ;you have fallen away from grace.）?！?/p>
據此，人們用“fall from grace”（失去恩寵）表示“失寵；墮落；誤入歧途?！比纾?/p>
He has assisted in extricating from the consequences of their folly several young girls of good family who had fallen from grace and could not otherwise be secured.他曾幫助過幾個誤入歧途再別法挽回的好人家的姑娘，把她們從不幸的遭遇中拯救出來。
20、feet of clay 泥足；根本的弱點；致命的弱點。fatal shortcoming, famous persons? unknown defects The king of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar, was troubled by his dream in which he beheld a great image, which was mighty, and whose brightness was excellent.As for this image, its head was of fine gold, its breast and its arms of silver, its belly and its thighs of brass, its legs of iron, its feet part of iron, and part of clay.He saw until a stone was cut out without hands, which struck the image on its feet that were of iron and clay, and broke them in pieces.Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken in pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshing floors;and the wind carried them away, so that no place was found for them: and the stone that struck the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.Daniel was invited to interpret the dream.He said, the king was the head of gold with whom God endowed great power.After him shall arise another kingdom to replace his.As the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken.Since iron does not mingle with clay, the king's kingdom would be disintegrated.Then the king fell on his face, worshiped Daniel, gave him many great gifts, and made him to rule over the whole province of Babylon, and to be chief governor over all the wise men of Babylon.e.g.I discovered that my uncle had feet of clay;he had stolen money from my father.據《圣經·舊約·但以理書》（Bible, Old Testament, Daniel）第2章記載：巴比倫（Babylon）國王尼布甲尼撒（Nebuchadnezzar）做了一個夢，天下哲士無人能解，國王大怒，下令殺絕哲士，被擄到巴比倫的猶太人但以理（Daniel）自稱能圓國王的夢，被帶到國王面前，但以理說：“陛下夢見的是一個泥足巨人，他的頭是精金的，胸膛和臂膀是銀的，肚腹和腰是銅的，腿是鐵的，腳是半鐵半泥的（This image?s head was of fine gold, its chest and arms of silver, its belly and thighs of bronze, its legs of iron, its feet partly of iron and partly of clay.），當你正觀看時，突然從山上飛來一塊石頭，正好打在這巨人的腳上，把腳砸碎，嘩啦一聲巨響，金銀銅鐵泥都一同砸得粉碎，那石頭變成一座大山，充滿天下。金銀銅鐵泥象征著巴比倫國興衰的不同時期，開頭是金子做的，意味著國家繁榮昌盛，隨后的銀、銅、鐵就是逐漸弱下去的意思，及至成泥，最后這個國家必然滅亡。那塊巨石表明必然有一國，打碎滅絕一切國，從而萬古長存?！钡岳戆褖艚馔?，尼布甲尼撒王俯伏在地，向但以理下拜，賞賜許多禮物，并派他掌管巴比倫全省，掌管巴比倫的一切哲士。但以理的經歷不免讓人想起《創世紀》中曾為埃及法老（Pharaoh）圓夢的猶太人約瑟（Joseph）。
由這個故事，人們用feet of clay來比喻根本的弱點，致命的缺陷。英語中還有一個類似的成語“阿喀琉斯腳踵”（Achilles' heel）也表示唯一致命的弱點。請看例句： 1.Eric is sad because his idol has feet of clay.埃里克心里很難受，又為他所崇拜的偶像竟是泥足巨人。2.In the first days of the invasion, the defending army gave the appearance of having feet of clay.入侵開始后不久，守軍就顯出致命的弱點。
21、fig leaf 無花果樹葉；遮羞布；掩飾物。
something to hush up one?s scandal or to cover up one?s embarrassment After Adam and Eve ate the apple, both of their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked.They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.e.g.Come straight ahead;you don't have to put your idea in fig leaves.該語源于《圣經·舊約·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第3章第6-7節。
人類始祖亞當（Adam）和夏娃（Eve）在魔鬼撒旦（Satan,the Devil,）的誘惑下，違背了上帝的禁令，偷吃了知善惡樹上的果實，書中是這樣記載的：
“于是，女人見那棵樹的果子好作食物，也悅人的眼目，且是可喜愛的，能使人有智慧，就摘下果子來吃了，又給她丈夫吃了。
（So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree desirable to make one wise, she took off its fruit and ate.She also gave to her husband with her, and he ate.）”
“他們兩人的眼睛就明亮了，才知道自己赤身裸體，便那無花果樹的葉子，為自己編做裙子。（Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked;and they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves coverings.）”
據此，英語里用“fig leaf”（無花果樹葉）表示“遮羞布；掩飾物?！比纾?/p>
1.When we were small children we used to swim a lot in summer without fig leaves on in a pond by the village.我們小時候，夏天經常光著身子在村旁的池塘里游泳。
2.Come straight ahead;you don?t have to put your ideas in fig leaves.有話直說，不必遮遮掩掩。
3.Their new constitution was a fig leaf to conceal their brtrayal of the masses.他們的新憲法是一塊遮羞布，用以掩蓋他們對大眾的背叛。
22、fly in the ointment 膏油里的一只蒼蠅 美中不足之處；讓人掃興之事；一粒老鼠屎壞了一鍋粥。a blemish in an otherwise perfect thing Ecclesiastes 10:1Dead flies cause the oil of the perfumer to send forth an evil odor;so does a little folly outweigh wisdom and honor.e.g.I find the house wonderful but there is a fly in the ointment-it is too far from the town.據《圣經·舊約·傳道書》（Bible, Old Testament, Ecclesiastes）第10章第1節記載： “死蒼蠅使作香的膏油發出臭氣。這樣，一點愚昧，也能敗壞智慧和尊榮。（Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savor: so does a little folly him that is in reputation for wisdom and honor.）智慧的人心居右，愚昧的人心居左。并且愚昧人行路顯出無知，對眾人說，他是愚昧。掌權者的心若向你發怒，不要離開你的本位，因為柔和能免大過?！?/p>
在這里，把“愚昧”比作“蒼蠅”，把“智慧”和“尊榮”比作“膏油”，蒼蠅使膏油發出臭氣，一點愚昧也能敗壞“智慧和尊榮”，這與漢語中所說的“一條魚腥了一鍋湯”、“一粒老鼠屎壞了一鍋粥”有異曲同工之妙。在英語中，人們用它來表示“美中不足之處；使人掃興的（小）事”。請看例句：
1.I enjoy my job--the fly in the ointment is that I start early in the morning.我喜歡我的工作，美中不足的是我得很早動身。2.The journey was perfect;the only fly in the ointment was that on our way our car broke down and there was no repair shop nearby.旅途非常順利，唯一美中不足的是：在回家的路上，我們的車子拋錨了，而且附近沒有修理店。
3.He finds the place wonderful but there is a fly in the ointment: it is too far from the town.（他發現這地方太棒了，唯一不足的是離城里太遠了。）
4.They enjoyed their holiday very much.The only fly in the ointment was the bad weather.（他們的假期過得很愉快，唯一煞風景的是天氣不好。）
英國散文家蘭姆（Charles Lamb, 1775-1834）在他的《窮親戚》（）里對窮親戚下了一個定義，說他們在別的東西中間，就像膏油里的蒼蠅。
23、from Dan to Beersheba: from one bottom to another, all over the world Judges
Dan was the northmost city in Palestine, while Beersheba the southmost town there.So if you traveled from Dan to Beersheba, you will travel across the whole Palestine.e.g.You might travel from Dan to Beersheba without finding such a beautiful vase.24、gift of the Magi: the most precious gift
25、Goliath: gigantic person or object(See David?s story)
26、good Samaritan 善良的撒瑪利亞人；樂施好善者。kind persons ready to help others Luke10:30Jesus answered, ”A certain man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead.10:31By chance a certain priest was going down that way.When he saw him, he passed by on the other side.10:32In the same way a Levite also, when he came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side.10:33But a certain Samaritan, as he traveled, came where he was.When he saw him, he was moved with compassion, 10:34came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine.He set him on his own animal, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him.10:35On the next day, when he departed, he took out two denarii, and gave them to the host, and said to him, 'Take care of him.Whatever you spend beyond that, I will repay you when I return.' 10:36Now which of these three do you think seemed to be a neighbor to him who fell among the robbers?“ 據《圣經·新約·路加福音》（Bible, New Testament, Luke）第10章第33-34節記載：一個行人不幸落入強盜手中，被強盜打得半死扔在路旁。一個祭司和一位利末人先后路過這里，都裝做沒看見?？墒怯幸粋€撒瑪利亞人行路來到這里，看見他就動了憐憫之心，上前用油和酒倒在他的傷口上，包裹好了，扶他騎上自己的牲口，帶到店棧去照應他。
（But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was.And when he saw him, he had compassion.So he went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring in oil and wine;and he set him on his own animal.Brougt him to an inn, and took care of him.）
據此，后人用“good Samaritan”（善良的撒瑪利亞人）表示“樂施好善者。”如： 1.He begged, “You good Samaritans, have pity on me!” 他哀求道：“你們這些樂施好善的人，可憐可憐我吧！”
2.He acted as a good Samaritan, and took the poor woman to the hospital.他樂施好善，把那個貧苦的婦人送進了醫院。
3.I was really in a hurry to get home to watch a footaball match on telly but I decided to be a good Samaritan and turn back with her without saying so.我確實想急忙趕回家看一場電視足球賽，但我還是決定做個樂于助人的好人，只字不提看球賽的事，而轉回去陪她。
27、handwriting/writing on the wall 墻上的字跡；兇兆。an ill omen Daniel 5:1-19
When the ancient Babylonian king Belshazar（伯沙撒）was giving a feast in his palace, he suddenly saw a mysterious finger writing some unknown letters on the wall opposite to where he sat.The king then sent for Daniel, the imprisoned Jewish prophet, to explain for him the meaning of the handwriting on the wall.Daniel read the writing and told him it meant some disaster would soon arrive.It so happened that Belshazar was killed that very night.His kingdom was conquered by the Persians and Darius became the new king.e.g.The official saw the writing on the wall and fled the country 據《圣經·舊約·但以理書》（Bible, Old Testament, Daniel）第5 章記載：巴比倫（Babylon）王尼布甲尼撒（Nebuchadnezzar）的兒子伯沙撒（Belshazzar）繼承王位，一天晚上，王宮里舉行盛大的宴會。伯沙撒下令把他父親從耶路撒冷（Jerusalem）圣殿里搶來的金杯銀碗搬出來，用它們飲酒作樂。突然間，空中出現一只手，在燈臺對面的宮墻上寫下三個神秘的字：MENE，TEKEL，PERES。伯沙撒驚恐萬分，忙召人解謎。被擄到巴比倫的猶太人但以理（Daniel）被請來解謎，他說：“MENE就是上帝已經數算你國的年日到此完畢；TEKEL就是你被稱在天平里顯出你的虧欠；PERES就是你的國分裂，歸與瑪代人和波斯人。當夜，預言應驗：伯沙撒被殺，瑪代人大利烏（Darius）奪了巴比倫王位。
后來，人們用handwriting on the wall指兇兆；厄運臨頭的預兆；用see(read)the handwriting on the wall 來表示覺察到一種制度（或生活方式、傳統等）即將滅亡。如：
1.At times, however, the words about his having spoiled his opportunities, repeated to him as coming from Mrs.Charmond, haunted him like a handwriting on the wall.但是，查門夫人說他錯過了機會這一句話，時時盤旋在他腦海之中，象兇兆一樣。
2.John's employer had less and less work for him;John could read the handwriting on the wall and looked for another job.約翰的老板給他的工作愈來愈少，他覺察出解雇之日不遠了，于是便尋找別的工作。
28、have itching ears 耳朵發癢；好打聽；愛聽新奇的事。inquisitive or eager to know news Paul's Second letter to Timothy Paul encouraged Timothy to be faithful to Jesus in spite of the difficulties and shoulder the responsibility of a missionary.He said, For the time will come when they will not listen to the sound doctrine, but, having itching ears, will heap up for themselves teachers after their own lusts;e.g.Yesterday Mrs.Humphry asked me whether I had heard my neighbors quarrelling with each other;she has itching ears.據《圣經·新約·提摩太后書》（Bible, New Testament，2 Timothy）第4章第3節記載，耶穌（Jesus Christ）使徒保羅（Paul）勸勉其門徒提摩太（Timothy）要始終忠于耶穌，擔負起教師和傳道人的責任，他說：“要傳福音，不管時機成熟不成熟都要傳，用最大的耐心勸勉、督責、鼓勵、教導。時候將到，那時人要拒絕健全的教義，隨從自己的欲望，到處拜人為師，好來滿足他們發癢的耳朵（For the time will come when they will not endure the sound doctrine;but, having itching ears, will heap to themselves teachers after their own lusts.）。他們掩耳不聽真理的話，卻傾向荒唐的傳說。但是，你無論在任何情況下都要謹慎；要忍受苦難，做傳道人應做的工作，忠心履行上帝仆人的職務?！?/p>
據此，英語里用“have itching ears”（耳朵發癢）表示“好打聽；愛聽新奇的事；愛聽東家長西家短?！比纾?/p>
The day before yesterday, Mrs.Humphry asked me whether I had heard my neighbours quarreling with each other;she has itcing ears.前天，漢弗萊太太問我有沒有聽見我的兩家鄰居吵架，她就是愛聽個新鮮事兒。
29、heap coals of fire on sb.’s head [Proverbs 25:21-22]: make others repent by bidding good to evil
Proverbs by Solomon If your enemy is hungry, give him food to eat;/If he is thirsty, give him water to drink: /For you will heap coals of fire on his head, /And Yahweh will reward you.e.g.Frederick stole the Bishop's silver, but the Bishop heaped coals of fire on his head by giving the silver to him.30、Job: a person dogged by bad luck or an extremely patient man Job
There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job.That man was blameless and upright, and one who feared God, and turned away from evil.He had seven sons and three daughters, and a large portion of possession.Santan argued to Yahweh that Job was pious to Him just because He endowed him with numerous wealth.So Yahweh decided to test him.It fell on a day when Job's children were eating and drinking, there came a messenger to Job, and said, ”The oxen were plowing, and the donkeys feeding beside them, and the Sabeans attacked, and took them away.Yes, they have killed the servants with the edge of the sword, and I alone have escaped to tell you.“ While he was still speaking, there also came another, and said, ”The fire of God has fallen from the sky, and has burned up the sheep and the servants, and consumed them, and I alone have escaped to tell you.“ While he was still speaking, there came also another, and said, ”The Chaldeans made three bands, and swept down on the camels, and have taken them away, yes, and killed the servants with the edge of the sword;and I alone have escaped to tell you.“ While he was still speaking, there came also another, and said, ”Your sons and your daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house, 1:19and, behold, there came a great wind from the wilderness, and struck the four corners of the house, and it fell on the young men, and they are dead.I alone have escaped to tell you.“ Then Job arose, and tore his robe, and shaved his head, and fell down on the ground, and worshiped.He said, ”Naked I came out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return there.Yahweh gave, and Yahweh has taken away.Blessed be the name of Yahweh.“ In all this, Job did not sin, nor charge God with wrongdoing.Later God permitted Satan to test Job, who made Job grow malignant sores all over his body.Though painful, Job bore no complaint against God.Due to his piety, God restored him more wealth and children.31、Job?s comforter 約伯的慰問者；增加對方痛苦的安慰者。a person who fails to comfort others while make them sadder When Job's three friends heard of all the evil that had come upon him, they came every one from his own place, and they made an appointment together to come to bemoan him and to comfort him.When they lifted up their eyes afar off, and knew him not, they lifted up their voice, and wept;and they rent every one his mantle, and threw dust upon their heads toward heaven.So they sat down with him upon the ground seven days and seven nights, and none spoke a word unto him;for they saw that his grief was very great.e.g.Mrs.Baker was a Job's comforter, while sympathizing with the mother who had lost her child, she told the mother that it was her fault for not sending the child to hospital sooner.據《圣經·舊約·約伯記》（Bible, Old Testament，Job）第1 章至第2章記載：
烏斯地有個義人叫約伯，是個很有名望的富翁，他經常向上帝耶和華（Jehovah）獻全燔祭，行潔凈禮儀，約伯敬畏上帝，對上帝充滿信心。魔鬼撒旦（Satan）對耶和華說，約伯敬畏你是因為你總是保護他全家及他所有的一切，否則的話，他肯定不再敬畏上帝。為了考驗約伯對上帝的誠心，上帝同意讓撒旦使約伯失去了所有的財產和所有兒女，約伯變得一貧如洗，但他對上帝的誠心絲毫沒有動搖；撒旦又讓約伯渾身上下長滿毒瘡，流血化膿，約伯痛苦不堪。
約伯的三個朋友聽說他的遭遇，就來安慰他，他們遠遠地舉目觀看，認不出他來，就放聲大哭。各人撕裂外袍，把塵土向天揚起來，落在自己的頭上。他們同約伯七天七夜坐在地上，一個人也不向他說話，因為他們看見他極其痛苦。
好友以利法（Eliphaz）開口勸說約伯，實際上是在責備他：“……約伯啊，你呼喊吧，看看是否有誰回答你，難道某個天使會幫助你嗎？焦慮而死者實乃愚人，憂憤喪生者不足為訓。饑餓者吞食愚人的莊稼，連荊棘中的谷粒也不放過。邪惡不會從田野里走出來，災難也不會從地面冒頭。否！人生在世必遭憂患，如火星必欲上騰。”
據此，英語里用“Job?s comforter”（約伯的慰問者）表示“增加對方痛苦的安慰者?！比纾?1.Though he was a Job?s comforter, I thanked him all the same.I knew he meant well.雖然他的安慰只能使人徒增煩惱，我還是很感謝他。我知道他用心是好的。
2.Mrs Baker was a Job?s comforter, while sympathising with the mother who has lost her child, she told the mother that it was her fault for not sending the child to hospital sooner.貝克太太真不會安慰人，她一面對失去孩子的母親表示同情，一面卻責怪她沒有早點把孩子送進醫院。
32、Jonah: a person who brings bad luck Jonah
Yahweh sent Jonah to tell the wicked people in Nineveh about their coming destruction.But Jonah rose up to flee to Tarshish on a ship from the presence of Yahweh.Yahweh sent out a great wind on the sea, and there was a mighty tempest on the sea, so that the ship was likely to break up.Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man to his god.They all said to each other, ”Come, let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is on us.“ So they cast lots, and the lot fell on Jonah.Jonah had to tell them the truth.Then the men were exceedingly afraid, and said to him, ”What shall we do to you, that the sea may be calm to us?“ For the sea grew more and more tempestuous.He said to them, ”Take me up, and throw me into the sea.Then the sea will be calm for you;for I know that because of me this great tempest is on you.“ So they took up Jonah, and threw him into the sea;and the sea ceased its raging.Yahweh prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.Yahweh spoke to the fish, and it vomited out Jonah on the dry land.So Jonah arose, and went to Nineveh for Yahweh's message.e.g.He regarded Mike as his Jonah because he spoiled the whole matter at the critical moment.33、Jonah’s gourd: something with a very short life Jonah went to Nineveh and told the inhabitants about God's coming punishment.All the people were terrified.They repented and prayed for God's mercy.Yahweh agreed to forgive them, so Jonah's words didn't come true.He was very unpleasant and went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there made himself a booth, and sat under it in the shade, until he might see what would become of the city.Yahweh prepared a vine, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over his head, to deliver him from his discomfort.So Jonah was exceedingly glad because of the vine.But God prepared a worm at dawn the next day, and it chewed on the vine, so that it withered.It happened, when the sun arose, that God prepared a sultry east wind;and the sun beat on Jonah's head, so that he fainted, and requested for himself that he might die, and said, ”It is better for me to die than to live.“ God said to Jonah, ”Is it right for you to be angry about the vine?“ He said, ”I am right to be angry, even to death.“ Yahweh said, ”You have been concerned for the vine, for which you have not labored, neither made it grow;which came up in a night, and perished in a night.Shouldn't I be concerned for Nineveh, that great city, in which are more than one hu ndred twenty thousand persons who can't discern between their right hand and their left hand;and also much cattle?“
34、kick against the pricks 腳踢刺棒；自討苦吃。unprofitable rebel or ask for trouble 該語源于《圣經·新約·使徒行傳》（Bible, New Testament, Apostles）第9章第5節。保羅（Paul）原名叫掃羅（Saul），本來信仰猶太教，還曾參加迫害基督徒的行動，當虔誠的基督徒司提反（Stephen）被石頭砸死的時候，有人看見掃羅就在現場，他還挨家挨戶地搜查基督徒，把他們從家里拖出來，送進監獄。一次，掃羅在去大馬士革（Damascus）捉拿基督徒的路上，他看見從天上發出的光，就撲倒在地，只聽一個聲音對他說：“掃羅，掃羅，你為什么要迫害我？”掃羅忙問：“你是誰？”“我是受你迫害的耶穌，你用腳踢刺棒是難的（I am Jesus whom you persecuted, it is hard for you to kick against the pricks）。起來進城去吧，有人會告訴你該做什么?！睊吡_從地上爬起來，眼睛什么也看不見，這時，一個人走上前來，把他領到大馬士革。進城后，掃羅三天三夜不吃不喝，三天后，有一個人來看他，把手放在他頭上對他說：“掃羅兄弟，主耶穌派我來，讓你的眼睛恢復光明，讓圣靈充滿你的眼睛?！睆拇?，掃羅信仰改變，開始相信耶穌，并受了洗（was baptised），取名為保羅。保羅外出宣揚耶穌，傳播基督教，保羅是第一個在外國傳播耶穌思想的人，他使基督教成為一種世界性的宗教。公元64年，在一次反基督教的**中，保羅為道殉難。據此，英語里用“kick against the pricks”（腳踢刺棒）表示“自討苦吃?！比纾?1.In appealing the case again, you will just be kicking against the pricks.你再去上訴，那簡直是自討苦吃。
2.It is wise for him to make good in his retreat instead of kicking against the pricks.他安全撤出而不是以卵擊石，這才是明智的。
35、land of Nod 挪得之地；睡鄉。land of dreaming After he killed his brother, Cain went out from Yahweh's presence, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.Later the English writer, Jonathan Swift used ”going into the land of Nod“ in his work ”Polite Conversation“ to mean fall asleep.e.g.I didn't want to wake him;he looked so peaceful and happy in the land of Nod.該語源于《圣經·舊約·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）第4章第16節。
亞當（Adam）和夏娃（Eve）被上帝趕出伊甸園（Garden of Eden）后，生了兩個兒子該隱（Cain）和亞伯（Abel），該隱因為嫉妒把弟弟亞伯殺了，上帝罰該隱背井離鄉，該隱搬到伊甸園以東的挪亞之地（land of Nod）。在那里，該隱與妻子生了兒子。
英國諷刺小說家斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）在《彬彬有禮的談話》（Polite Conversation）中曾使用“going into the land of Nod”來表示“入睡”。后來，該語逐漸流行起來，“land of Nod”成為“睡鄉”的代名詞。如：
The book was so dull that it had him into the land of Nod in half an hour.這本書枯燥無味，他看了還不到半小時就睡著了。
英國歷史小說家司各特（Walter Scott, 1771-1832）在《米爾德西恩的監獄》（The Heart of Midlothian）中有這樣的描寫：
“And d?ye ken, lass,” said Madge, “there?s queer things chanced since ye have been in the land of Nod.”
（“你可知道，孩子?！泵芳f，“自你進入?挪得之地?后，發生了許多古怪的事情。”）
36、lost sheep /stray lamb 迷途的羊；誤入歧途的人；不務正業的人。a person who goes astray and makes mistakes Matthew18:12”What do you think? If a man has one hundred sheep, and one of them goes astray, doesn't he leave the ninety-nine, go to the mountains, and seek that which has gone astray? 18:13If he finds it, most assuredly I tell you, he rejoices over it more than over the ninety-nine which have not gone astray.18:14 Even so it is not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish.e.g.Many people became lost sheep because their shepherd led them astray.該語源于《圣經·新約全書·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第18章第10-14節。耶穌（Jesus Christ）在傳教時講了一個這樣的比喻一個人有100只羊，其中一只丟失了，他撇下那99只，去尋找那只迷失的羊（lost sheep），他找到了那只羊一定很高興，比他有那99只沒有迷失的羊高興多了。同樣你們的天父不愿意任何一個微不足道的人迷失。據此，英語里用“lost sheep”（迷途的羊）表示“誤入歧途的人；不務正業的人。”如： 1.Many people became lost sheep because their shepherd led them astray.許多人成了迷途知返的羔羊，因為領路人把他們引入歧途。
2.In a way we are stray lambs, for to err is human.So we constantly need guidance in our lives.從某種意義上說我們都是迷途的羔羊，因為人犯過錯，在所難免。免所以在我們一生中，經常需要指點。
美國幽默作家馬克·吐溫（Mark Twain, 1835-1910）在《哈克貝利·費恩》（The Adventures of Huchkleberry Finn, 1884）中描寫了好心的道格拉斯寡婦（Widow Douglas）收養了父親是醉鬼的哈克貝利·費恩，想把他教育成一個體面的孩子，但哈克貝利·費恩受不了各種規矩，他逃了出來，對好朋友湯姆說：“寡婦女對我大哭一場，把我叫做一只迷途知返的羔羊，還叫我別的許多名稱，不過，她絕對沒有什么惡意
37、make bricks without straw 制無草之磚；做無米之炊；做非常困難的事。do something without indispensable materials or conditions 該典故源于《圣經·舊約·出埃及記》（Bible, Old Testament，Exodus）第5章第7節。
上帝見以色列人在埃及倍受奴役，就號召以色列人摩西（Moses）帶領以色列人離開埃及。摩西請法老允許以色列人去曠野祭祀上帝。法老不僅不同意，還責備他們有意曠工，就吩咐監工：“你們不可照常把草給百姓做磚，呀叫他們自己去撿草。他們素常做磚的數目，你們你們仍舊向他們要，一點不可減少，因為他們是懶惰的，所以呼求說：?容我們去祭祀我們的神。?你們要把更重的工作加在這些人身上，叫他們忙碌，不聽虛假的言語?！币陨腥酥缓米约簱觳葜拼u，但卻完不成規定的任務。
“You shall no longer give the people straw to make brick as before.Let them go and gather straw for themsselves.And you shall lay on them the quota of bricks which they made beofore.You shall not reduce it.For they are idle;therefore they cry out, saying, ?Let us go and sacrifice to our God.? Let more work be laid on the men, that they may labor in it, and let them not regard false words.” 據此，人們用“make bricks without straw”（制無草之磚）表示“做無米之炊；做非常困難的事?！比纾?/p>
1.John could not go to a library, and writing the report was a job of making bricks without straw.約翰不能去圖書館，因此這篇報告是在缺乏資料的情況下寫就的。
2.Sheila has lovely hair anyway.The best hairdresser in the world couldn?t do much with mine.You can?t make bricks without straw.希拉有一頭漂亮的頭發，而我就這幾根稀疏的頭發，全世界最高級的理發師也拿我沒辦法。
38、make light of 不理睬；不理會；不在乎。turn a deaf ear or not mind
Matthew22:2“The Kingdom of Heaven is like a certain king, who made a marriage feast for his son, 22:3and sent out his servants to call those who were invited to the marriage feast, but they would not come.22:4Again he sent out other servants, saying, 'Tell those who are invited, ”Behold, I have made ready my dinner.My oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready.Come to the marriage feast!“' 22:5But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his own farm, another to his merchandise, 22:6and the rest grabbed his servants, and treated them shamefully, and killed them.22:7 When the king heard that, he was angry, and he sent his armies, destroyed those murderers, and burned their city.該語源于《圣經·新約全書·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第22章第5節。耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）傳教時用了一個比喻：天國好比一個國王為自己的兒子預備的婚宴，他派遣仆人催促他所邀請的客人來參加婚宴，可是他們不愿意來。國王再派遣另一批仆人去請，他們仍不理會（but they made light of it and went away…），甚至把仆人殺了。國王大為震怒，派兵去滅了他們并燒毀他們的城市。之后，國王吩咐仆人到大街上，把碰到的人無論好壞都請來赴宴，這樣，喜堂里才坐滿了客人。最后，耶穌說：“被邀請的人多，但被選上的人少！”
據此，英語里用“make light of”（不理睬）表示“不理會；不在乎?！比纾?1.They made light of their handicaps.他們對自己的不利條件并不在乎。
2.His rudeness was made light of by his wife when they were with others, but they argued violently about it when alone.別人在場時他妻子對他的粗魯舉止只當沒看見，可夫妻倆私下里卻為此大吵大鬧。
39、new wine in old bottle 舊瓶裝新酒；新事物用舊形式new content is limited by old form Matthew9:17Neither do people put new wine into old wineskins, or else the skins would burst, and the wine be spilled, and the skins ruined.No, they put new wine into fresh wineskins, and both are preserved.” Jesus meant that the Gospel of Christianity was new wine and could not be poured into the old bottle of Judaism.《圣經·新約全書》（Bible, New Testament）中關于“new wine in old bottle”有兩處記載，一處是在《馬太福音》（Matthew）第9章第17節，另一處是在《路加福音》（Luke）第5章第33至39節，兩處的記載都差不多，就讓我們看看《馬太福音》中是怎樣記載的。施洗約翰（John the Baptist）的門徒來問耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）：“我們和法利賽人（the Pharisees，敵視耶穌的人）常常禁食（fast），你的門徒都不禁食，為什么呢？”耶穌回答：“新郎還在婚宴的時候，賀喜的客人會悲傷嗎？當然不會。可是日子準到，新郎要從他們當中被帶走，那時候就要進食了。”耶穌以這個比喻說明新舊法則之間的不協調性，不要老是用舊法規去看待新法則，“禁食”也要因時而異。
耶穌又講了另一個比喻：“沒有人拿新布去補舊衣服，因為小的補丁會扯破那衣服，使裂痕更大。也沒有人拿新酒裝在舊皮袋里。這樣做的話，皮袋會脹破，酒漏掉，連皮袋也損壞了。要把新酒裝在新皮袋里；那么，兩樣就都保全了。（”Neither do men put new wine into old bottles;else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish;but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved.）
由耶穌的這兩個比喻，人們就用new wine in old bottle來比喻“新的事物用舊形式”、“舊形式適當不了新內容”。請看例句：
1.The writer was merely putting new wine in old bottles.這位作家只不過是把新酒裝進舊瓶罷了。
2.New ideas need new measures.It won't do to put new wine in old bottles.新建議需要新措施，不能穿新鞋走老路。
3.To put new wine in old bottles often does harm to literary creation.用舊瓶裝進新酒，常常有害于文學創作。
40、Noah's Ark 挪亞方舟；避難所；大難之中僅存的安全地。asylum, the only shelter in disasters 挪亞方舟（Noah's Ark）是大家比較熟悉的典故。據《圣經·舊約·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament, Genesis）記載：該隱殺弟之后，人類開始不斷地犯罪作惡，上帝后悔造人，決定以洪水滅世。上帝顧念義人挪亞，就吩咐挪亞造一只大船，這就是挪亞方舟。洪水來臨時，挪亞一家人及其一些飛禽走獸都上了方舟，世界遭到了滅頂之災。洪水逐漸退去，方舟擱淺在亞拉臘山（Mountains of Ararat），挪亞放出一只烏鴉（raven）去探聽消息，負心的烏鴉一去不再復返，挪亞又放出一只鴿子（dove），不久，鴿子飛回來了，嘴里銜著一片剛從樹上擰下的橄欖葉子（Olive leaf），挪亞由此判定地上的水已退。一片橄欖葉子表達了和平的信息，從此，鴿子和橄欖枝就成了和平的象征。挪亞一家人及其一些飛禽走獸因為躲在方舟里，才幸免于難，后來的人們就用“挪亞方舟”來比喻“避難所”、“大難之中僅存的安全地”。請看例句： 1.During the war,the little village became Noah's Arkfor the whole family.戰爭中，這個小村莊成了這一家人的“避難所”。
2.He was on the black list and had to go abroad to stayin his uncle's home,which was the only Noah's Ark.他被列在黑名單上，只好出國，柱在他伯父家里，那是他唯一安全的地方。
41、pottage of lentiles 紅豆湯；蠅頭小利；因小失大。
try to save a little only to lose a lot(See the story between Esau and Jacob)
這則典故出自《圣經·舊約·創世紀》（Bible, Old Testament,Genesis）第25章34節。猶太人祖先亞伯拉罕（Abraham）的兒子以撒（Issac）有一對孿生子：以掃（Esau）和雅各（Jacob）。以掃喜歡打獵，深得父親的喜歡；雅各常幫母親料理家務，所以母親很喜歡他。有一次，雅各正在熬紅豆湯（pottage of lentiles），以掃從外面回來，又餓又渴，就向雅各要紅豆湯喝，雅各說：“你把長子權賣給我，我就給你湯喝。”饑渴難忍的以掃同意了，就這樣，以掃因為一碗紅豆湯而失去了長子權，因小失大。
據此，英語里用“pottage of lentiles”（紅豆湯）表示“蠅頭小利；因小失大?！比纾?/p>
It was argued that by joining the Common Market Britain would be giving away her national rights and advantage for a pottage of lentiles.（有人爭辯說，加入西歐共同市場英國將失去民族權利和優勢，是因小失大。）
42、prodigal son 浪子；迷途知返的浪子。
an idle person or a person willing to correct their mistakes [It is from a parable told by Jesus] 據《圣經·新約·路加福音》（Bible, New Testament, Luke）第15章第11-32節記載：一個人有兩個兒子，大兒子在家務農，小兒子帶著分得的一份家業遠走高飛，不久他就在外面揮霍一空，生活十分窘迫，于是他帶著悔恨的心情回到家里。父親遠遠就認出了自己的兒子，便跑上去，抱著他的脖子親吻，并吩咐仆人把肥牛犢宰了。大兒子卻生氣，父親對他說：“兒呀，你常和我同住，我一切所有的都是你的；只是你這個兄弟是死而復活，失而復得的，所以我們理當歡喜快樂。”
據此，英語里用“prodigal son”（浪子）表示“迷途知返的浪子?！比纾?-“They?ve got the painters in next door.”
--“That?ll be for the return of the prodigal son.I hear that all is forgiven.”
——“他們已把油漆工叫到隔壁房間去了?！薄澳鞘菫榱擞永俗踊仡^，我聽說所有一切都被原諒了。
43、salt of the earth 世上的鹽；高尚的人backbone elements in the society e.g.An honest, hard-working man is the salt of the earth.據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（The Bible, New Testament, Matthew）第五章記載：耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）接受了施洗者約翰（John the Baptist）的施洗以后，抵擋住了魔鬼撒旦（Satan）的種種誘惑，初收門徒，開始一邊傳教，一邊給人治病，醫治好了許多疑難病癥，名聲大振，跟從他的人逐漸增多，他從中挑選了十二門徒。耶穌登上一座山，門徒和眾人都隨他上山，聽他傳道。
耶穌對門徒說：“你們是世上的鹽，鹽若失去了味，怎能叫它再咸呢？（Ye are the salt of the earth;but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted?）以后無用，不過丟在外面，被人踐踏了?！币d的這一番話，是鼓勵門徒要充分發揮他們的骨干作用，用心傳教，否則，就象失去咸味的鹽，再也不能發揮作用了。
在四方，古時候，鹽非常難得，“物以稀為貴”，鹽就顯得特別珍貴，用鹽款待朋友被看成是最高的禮遇，吃了某人的鹽（eat sb's salt）意味著“在某人處做客；受到某人款待”。同客人一塊用餐時，鹽罐放在餐桌中間，客人坐在鹽罐上首（above the salt），離主人近，視為貴賓；因此above the salt指在上席，尊為上賓；普通客人往往坐在鹽罐的下首（below the salt），離主人遠，是末座，因而below the salt指居下席，屈為末座。
由此可見，為什么耶穌把他的門徒喻作“鹽”，“世上的鹽”（salt of the earth），其中earth 指人類，salt表示象往食品中加鹽一樣，人類社會的精華賦予人類生活最偉大的價值，因而salt of the earth指“社會精華，最優秀的人，最高尚的人?！?請看例句： 1.An honest, hard-working man is the salt of the earth.誠實而勤勞的人才是社會的中堅分子。
2.We no longer accept these country gentlemen as the salt of the earth..我們再也不承認這些鄉紳為社會中堅分子。
44、separate the sheep from the goats 區分綿羊和山羊；區分好人和壞人 distinguish unqualified persons from qualified ones Matthew 25:31But when the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then he will sit on the throne of his glory.25:32Before him all the nations will be gathered, and he will separate them one from another, as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats.25:33He will set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left.e.g.The exams at the end of the first year usually separate the sheep from the goat.在以耕作業為主的中國，綿羊和山羊除了本身的特點外，并沒有寓意上的聯想，沒有什么文化內涵；但在以游牧業為主的西方各國，人們對綿羊和山羊的喜惡可就非常明顯，綿羊（sheep）能提供羊毛，換來財富，而且性格溫順，受人偏愛，是溫和、純潔和天真無邪的象征。雖然山羊也提供羊奶、羊肉、羊皮等多種有用的東西，但因其性情好動，尾部散發惡臭，常用來指劣等人、劣質物、色鬼等，在英語中，get sb's goat指使人惱怒，挫傷某人，嘲弄某人；play the giddy goat指做傻瓜；干蠢事，胡鬧。在《圣經》里，信奉上帝的人被稱作sheep，耶穌·基督被稱為“上帝的羔羊”（lamb of God），耶穌又是牧羊人（shepherd），他帶領著迷途的羔羊（lost sheep）跟從上帝。據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第25章第31至41節記載，在最后的審判（the Final Judgement）來臨時，“人子（Son of Man指耶穌·基督）作王，天使跟他一齊來臨，他要坐在榮耀的寶座上；地上萬民都要聚集在他面前。他要把他們分為兩群，好像牧羊人從山羊中把綿羊分別出來一樣。（And before him shall be gathered all nations;and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats.）他要把綿羊放在右邊，山羊放在左邊。然后，王要對在他右邊的人說：?蒙我父親賜福的人哪，你們來吧！來承受從創世以來就為你們預備的國度?！?然后，王要對在他左邊的人說：?走開！受上帝詛咒的人哪，你們離開我吧！進到那為魔鬼和他的爪牙所預備永不熄滅的火里去！……?”
由此，在英語中出現了一個成語separate the sheep from the goats，指明辨好壞，區分好人和壞人，請看例句：
1.The need for workers was so keen that the employer did not take the time to separate the sheep from the goats.由于急迫需要工人，雇主沒有時間進行挑選。
2.This examination is intended to separate the sheep from the goats.這次考試要區分程度的高低。
45、shake the dust from one's feet 抖掉腳上的塵土；憤然離去leave angrily or without any regret Matthew Whoever doesn't receive you, nor hear your words, as you go out of that house or that city, shake off the dust from your feet.Most assuredly I tell you, it will be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment than for that city.e.g.If he wants me to work for him, I'll jump at it!I'll be glad to shake the dust off this small town off my feet.據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第10章第1至15節記載：耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）把他的12門徒（Apostles）召集在一起，賜給他們驅鬼、治病的能力，要他們到各地去宣講福音，傳播上帝的道。臨行前，耶穌吩咐道：“不要到外邦人的地區，也不要進撒馬利亞（Samaritan）的城市。你們要到以色列人那些迷失的羔羊那里去，所到的地方要宣講：天國快實現了！你們要醫治病人……錢袋里不要帶金、銀、銅幣；……你們無論進哪一城，哪一村，都要打聽那里誰是好人，就住在他家……凡不接待你們，不聽你們話的人，你們離開那家或是那城的時候，就把腳上的塵土跺下去。（And whosever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, when ye depart out of that house or city, shake off the dust of your feet.）我實在告訴你們，在審判的日子，所多瑪和蛾摩拉（Sodom and Gomorrah因罪孽深重而被上帝降下硫磺和火所滅）所遭受的懲法比那些地方所受的要輕些呢！”
據說，古代西方人與朋友決裂，怒氣沖沖地走出房門，不僅要“摔門而去”，還要在房門口使勁“跺跺腳”，表示連一粒塵土也不愿帶走。耶穌也說的“把腳上的塵土跺下去”也表達了相同的意思，即與哪些“不接待你們，不聽你們話的人”要“徹底決裂，斷絕關系”、“輕蔑地離去”，那些人將會收到上帝的懲法，比所得碼和蛾摩拉所受的懲罰還要重。后來，在英語中，人們用shake the dust off one's feet表示“憤然離去”、“輕蔑地離開”，請看例句： 1.Shaking the dust of that alien land off his feet, he returned to his homeland.他憤然離開那異鄉客地，回到了祖國。
2.I had lived in the town for four months and made no friends, so I decided to shake the dust off my feet and look for a job somewhere else.我在這個城里已經住了4個月，但是一個朋友也沒交上，因此，我決定離開這個城市，到別的地方找個工作住下。
46、Sodom and Gomorrah: sinful places, the origin of sins
47、Spare the rod and spoil the child.惜了棍棒，害了兒女；孩子不打不成器。spoil the child Proverbs 13:24 One who spares the rod hates his son, /But one who loves him is careful to discipline him.e.g.The British poet Samuel Butler, in his Hudibras, wrote that “Spare the rod and spoil the child.” 《圣經·舊約·箴言》（Bible, Old Testament，Proverbs）通過一系列箴言（proverbs）陳述了一些道德和宗教方面的教義，但她不只是一部說教書，而且還是關于人的行為規范的書，下面這些箴言都來自《箴言》：不以外貌取人；白白地得來，也要白白地舍去；不要為明天憂慮，因為明天自有明天的憂慮；智慧人的眼目光明；愚昧人在黑暗里行；吃素菜，彼此相愛，強如吃肥牛，彼此相恨；相近的鄰舍，強如遠方的兄弟。
除此之外，《箴言》第13章第24節是關于怎樣調教孩子的，上面說：“He that spareth his rod hateth his son;but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes”，即“不忍用杖打兒子的，是恨惡他；疼愛兒子的隨時管教?！庇纱顺霈F一句箴言：Spare the rod and spoil the child.即惜了棍棒，害了兒女；不管不成器，棒頭底出孝子?，F實生活中，就有一些人，篤信這條“真理”，“不打不成器”，在教育孩子的問題要么狠打狠罵，要么放之任流，其實，這曲解了《圣經》所要表達的含義。《圣經》里這一句話的意思就是：要隨時管教好孩子，不可放任自流。這里的rod并非指真的“棍棒”，只是表示“嚴厲的管教”。凡事不要操之過急，教育孩子需要時間，需要選擇方式，更需要言傳身教。請看例句：
1.He believed in sparing the rod and spoiling the child, but his son left home alone and never came back.他相信“棒頭底下出孝子”，但他兒子卻離家出走，再也沒有回來。
2.The real meaning of the proverb spare the rod spoil the child is that if you don't punish your son, you don't love him;if you do love him, you will correct him.諺語“孩子不打不成器”的真正含義是：不管教孩子就是不愛他，如果你愛他，你要管教他。
The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak。
48、心靈固然愿意，肉體卻軟弱；心有余而力不足ability not equal to one?s ambition Matthew After the last supper, Jesus went to pray.When he came to the disciples, he found them sleeping, and said to Peter, “What, couldn't you watch with me for one hour? Watch and pray, that you don't enter into temptation.The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.”
e.g.I wish I could stop drinking, and the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第26章第36至46節記載： 耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）在與12門徒共進最后的晚餐（Last Supper）之后，他們唱了詩，往橄欖山（the Mount of Olives）去，來到客西馬尼園（Gethsemane），耶穌對門徒說：“你們坐在這里，等我禱告?！庇谑菐е说茫≒eter）、雅各（Jacob）和約翰（John）同去。預感到自己將死，耶穌心里非常難過，他對三個門徒說：“我心里難過得要命，你們在這里，等候警醒?！币d稍往前走，俯伏在地，禱告上帝。等他回到三個門徒那里，發現他們都睡著了，就對彼得說：“你們不能跟我一起警醒一個鐘頭嗎？要警醒禱告，免得陷入迷惑。你們心靈固然愿意，肉體卻是軟弱的。（And he(Jesus)cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them asleep, and saith unto Peter, what, could ye not watch with me one hour? Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.）”
當耶穌第三次禱告回來，見他們仍然睡著，就對他們說：“現在你們仍然睡覺安歇吧。時候到了，人子（Son of Man指耶穌自己）被賣在罪人手里了。起來，我們走吧?？茨?，賣我的人近了！” 在英語中，人們用“The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.”來表示“心有余而力不足”、“力不從心”，有時候，“the spirit is willing”和“the flesh is weak”可以單獨使用。請看例句：
1.Sorry I can not give you the job.To tell you the truth, I am not the one who have the last word.The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.對不起，我不能給你這份工作。實話告訴你吧，這里不是我說了算，我這可真是力不從心哪。2.I wish I could stop smoking;the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.但愿我能把煙戒掉，可是，思想上愿意，嘴巴跟不上。
49、still small voice 微弱的聲音；良心的呼聲。voice from the conscience Kings The King of Israel, Ahab, married a very licentious and cruel woman, Jjezebel, who worshipped the God of Baalim.In order to please her, Ahab built a temple for Baalim.They maltreated people and did a lot of evil things.Elijah accused Ahab under Yahweh's instruction and killed the prophet of Baalim.Jezebel hated him and swore to kill him, and Elijah had to flee.He hid himself in a cave.Yahweh passed by, and a great and strong wind tore the mountains, and broke in pieces the rocks before Yahweh;but Yahweh was not in the wind: and after the wind an earthquake;but Yahweh was not in the earthquake: 19:12and after the earthquake a fire;but Yahweh was not in the fire: and after the fire a still small voice.At this sound, Elijah knew that Yahweh was there, so he told Him the whole thing.該語源于《圣經·舊約·列王傳記》（Bible, Old Testament，Kings）第19章第1-18節。
以色列王亞哈（Ahab）娶了狠毒的女人耶洗別（）為王后，她崇拜巴力神，亞哈為討她的歡心，建了巴力神廟。而且他們還違背上帝的旨意，虐待百姓，為所欲為。先知以利亞（）奉上帝之命斥責亞哈王，并且率眾殺死了巴力的先知。耶洗別痛恨以利亞，想方設法殺死他，以利亞被迫四處逃命。以利亞躲到一個山洞里，上帝從這里經過，頓時狂風大作，山崩石裂，上帝卻不在風中。風后地震，上帝不在其中。地震后有火，上帝也不在其中，或后有微小的聲音（And after the earthquake afire, but the Lord was not in the fire;after the fire a stll small voice.）。聽著這微小的聲音，以利亞知道上帝在此，便向他講述情由。
據此，英語里用“still small voice”（微弱的聲音）用表示“良心的呼聲?！比纾?Everyone was encouaging me to hit him, but a still small voice warned me not to.人人都慫恿我去揍他，但我的良心警告我不要這樣做。
英國小說家史蒂文生（Robert Louis Stevenson, 1850-1894）在《失事船只》（The Wrecker）中有這樣的描寫：
Of course, I am wholly modern in sentiment, and think nothing more noble than to publish people?s private afffais at so much a line.They like it and if they don?t, they ought to.But a stll small voice keeps telling me they will not like it always, and perhaps not always stand it.（當然，我在思想感情方面是完全現代化的，所以我認為寫文章揭露人家的隱私，每行取得若干稿費是高尚的事情。他們對此表示歡迎，如果不喜歡也應該喜歡。但我的良心一直在告訴我，他們不會永遠歡迎這個，甚至不會永遠容忍這個。）
50、tower of Babel巴別塔；空中樓閣；空想的計劃。castles in the air 該語源于《圣經·舊約·創世紀》(Bible, Old Testament,Genesis）第11章第1～9節。
上帝用洪水滅世以后，幸存者諾亞（Noah）的子孫在地球上繁衍生息，人們都使用同一種語言。后來，人們往東遷移時，在示拿（Shinar）見到一片平原，就住下來，他們說：“讓我們建造一座城和一座塔，塔頂通天，為要傳揚我們的名，免得我們分散在大地上?！庇谑侨藗冮_始熱火朝天地干起來，塔越蓋越高，塔頂直沖云霄。上帝對天使們說：“看哪，他們成為一樣的人民，都用一樣的語言，如今既做起這事來，以后他們要做的事就沒有不成功的了。我們下去，在那里變亂他們的口音，使他們的語言彼此不通?！庇谑牵ㄋ娜藗冋Z言不通，彼此無法溝通，只好停工，各自離去。那沒有建成的塔就叫“巴別塔（tower of B
abel）”，在希伯來語中是“變亂”的意思。
現在，人們用“tower of Babel”（巴別塔）表示“空中樓閣；空想的計劃”。如： 1.He is more fond of empty talk than solid work, so all his plans are the tower of Babel. 他這人只愛空談，不喜歡干實事，所以他的計劃全都落空了。
2.You must give up your plan to swim across the Strait of Gibraltar.It is but the tower of Babel. 你一定要放棄游過直布羅陀海峽，那是不可能實現的。
51、voice(crying)in the wilderness 曠野里的呼聲；無人響應的號召；無人理睬的改革者主張。reformer without any support;call without response Isaiah 40:3The voice of one who cries, Prepare you in the wilderness the way of Yahweh;make level in the desert a highway for our God.40:4Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low;and the uneven shall be made level, and the rough places a plain: 40:5and the glory of Yahweh shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together;for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it.This is the voice of John, the Baptist, who preached repentance.e.g.He was a man who had some excellent ideas, but other men had greater influence in the company and he was just a voice crying in the wilderness.據《圣經·舊約·以賽亞書》（Bible, Old Testament,Isaiah）第40章第3～5節記載，上帝對先知以賽亞（Isaiah）說：“安撫我的子民，鼓勵耶路撒冷民眾，告訴他們，他們為犯下的罪已受到了懲罰，現在罪已經被赦免。”于是，在曠野里有人喊道：“預備好耶和華的路，在沙漠地為我們的主修建筆直的大道。一切山洼都要填滿，大小山岡都要削平；崎嶇不平之地要變成平原……”（The voice of one in the wilderness, “Prepare the road of the lord;make straight in the desert a highway for our God.Every valley shall be exalted and every mountain and hill brought low;the crooked places shall be made straight and the rough places smooth”）
據此，英語里用“voice（crying）in the wilderness”（曠野里的呼聲用）表示“無人響應的號召；無人理睬的改革者”。如：
1.Mr.Hopkins is used to the view of others and chases the wind and catches at shadows in doing things, so he is the voice in the wilderness.霍普金斯先生習慣于人云亦云，辦起事來捕風捉影，所以他的主張沒人相信。
2.He was a man who has some excellent ideas, but other men had greater influence in the company and he was just a voice crying in the wilderness.他有一些很好的主張，但在公司里別人更有勢力，所以他的主張是不受重視的
52、wash one's hands of: 洗手；洗手不干。break relationship with sth.;no longer do sth.據《圣經·新約·馬太福音》（Bible, New Testament，Matthew）第27章記載：耶穌·基督（Jesus Christ）被捕后，所有的祭祀長（chief priests）們和猶太人的長老商議，要處死耶穌，他們把耶穌綁起來，解交羅馬總督（the Roman governor）彼拉多（Pilate）。每逢逾越節（the Passover），總督照慣例為群眾釋放一個他們所要的囚犯，剛好有一個出名的囚犯叫耶穌·巴拉巴（Jesus Barabbas），彼拉多開庭審斷的時候，他的夫人派人來告訴他說：“那無辜者的事，你不要管，因為我昨晚夢中為他吃盡苦頭?！北死啾緛碚J為耶穌·基督沒有什么罪，就想釋放他，但祭祀長和長老唆使眾人叫嚷一定要除掉基督。彼拉多問眾人：“這兩個耶穌，你們要釋放哪一個呢？”他們回答：“巴拉巴！”彼拉多又問：“那么，我該怎樣處理那為基督的耶穌呢？”他們都喊：“把他釘十字架！”彼拉多問：“他做了什么壞事呢？”他們更大聲喊叫：“把他釘十字架！”彼拉多看那情形，知道再說也沒有用，反而可能激起暴動，就拿水在眾人面前洗手，說：“流這個人的血，罪不在我，你們自己承擔吧！”（he took some water, washed his hands in front of the crowed, and said, “I'm not responsible for the death of this man!This is your doing!”）眾人異口同聲地說：“這個人的血債由我們和我們的子孫承擔！”彼拉多只好釋放耶穌·巴拉巴，又命令把耶穌·基督鞭打了，然后交給人去釘十字架。
由此可見，“wash sb's hand”表面意思是“洗手”，深層意思是“對某事不再負責”，此外，它還表示“洗手不干某事”、“不再管某人或某事”、“和……斷絕關系”。請看例句： 1.He washed his hands of the schemers.他與那些陰謀家斷絕關系了。
2.The lawyer washed his hands of the entire case as the client still refused to cooperate.由于當事人仍然拒絕合作，律師干脆撒手不管這個案子了。3.Harrison washed his hands of politics five years ago.哈里森五年前就脫離政界了。Helen of Troy 直譯“特洛伊的海倫”，源自源自荷馬史詩Iliad中的希臘神話故事。
Helen是希臘的絕世佳人，美艷無比，嫁給希臘南部邦城斯巴達國王墨涅俄斯（Menelaus）為妻。后來，特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希臘，在斯巴達國王那里做客，他在愛與美之神阿芙羅狄蒂的幫助下，趁著墨涅俄斯外出之際，誘走海倫，還帶走了很多財寶
此事激起了希臘各部族的公憤，墨涅俄斯發誓說，寧死也要奪回海輪，報仇雪恨。為此，在希臘各城邦英雄的贊助下，調集十萬大軍和1180條戰船，組成了希臘聯軍，公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷門農（Agamemnon）為聯軍統帥，浩浩蕩蕩，跨海東征，攻打特洛伊城，企圖用武力奪回海輪。雙方大戰10年，死傷無數，許多英雄戰死在沙場。甚至連奧林匹斯山的眾神也分成2個陣營，有些支持希臘人，有些幫助特洛伊人，彼此展開了一場持久的惡斗。最后希臘聯軍采用足智多謀的奧德修斯（Odusseus）的“木馬計”，里應外合才攻陷了特洛伊。希臘人進城后，大肆殺戮，帕里斯王子也被殺死，特洛伊的婦女、兒童全部淪為奴隸。特洛伊城被掠奪一空，燒成了一片灰燼。戰爭結實后，希臘將士帶著大量戰利品回到希臘，墨涅俄斯搶回了美貌的海輪重返故土。這就是特洛伊戰爭的起因和結局。正是由于海輪，使特洛伊遭到毀滅的悲劇，真所謂“傾國傾城”，由此產生了Helen of Troy這個成語。
特洛伊戰爭的真實性，已為19世紀德國考古學家謝里曼在邁錫尼發掘和考證古代特洛伊古城廢墟所證實。至于特洛伊城被毀的真正原因，雖然眾說紛紜，但肯定決不是為了一個美女而爆發這場戰爭的，與其說是為了爭奪海輪而打了起來，毋寧說是為了爭奪該地區的商業霸權和搶劫財寶而引起戰爭的。所謂“特洛伊的海倫”，實質上是財富和商業霸權的化身。中國歷史上也有過“妲己亡商”，“西施沼吳”等傳說，以及唐明皇因寵楊貴妃而招致“安史之亂”，吳三桂“沖冠一怒為紅顏”等說法。漢語中有個“傾國傾城”的成語（語出《漢書·外戚傳》：“一顧傾人城，再顧傾人國‘。）這里的”傾“字一語雙光，既可指美艷非凡，令人傾倒；也可紙傾覆邦國。其含義與Helen of troy十分近似。
在現代英語中，Helen of Troy這個成語，除了表示a beautiful girl or woman；a beauty who ruins her country等意義外，還可以用來表示a terrible disaster brought by sb or sth you like best的意思。
g：It is unfair that historians always attribute the fall of kingdoms to Helen of Troy.She didn't think of the beautiful umbrella bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in her family.Because of this she and her husband quarreled for a long time.To meet Waterloo（倒霉，受毀滅性打擊，滅頂之災）
滑鐵盧是一代天驕拿破侖遭受殘敗的地方。遭遇滑鐵盧，對一個人來說，后果不堪設想。無怪據說二戰期間，在準備諾曼底反攻時，溫斯頓·丘吉爾和隨員冒雨去某地開會，其隨員因路滑而摔了一跤，脫口說一句“To meet Waterloo！”丘吉爾竟聯想到拿破侖兵敗滑鐵盧的典故，惱怒地斥責他：“胡說！我要去凱旋門呢！”
It's Greek to me．（我不知道）
英國人一般都不懂希臘語。這句話的直譯是：對于我這是希臘語。自然是不明白的意思。
Greek Kalends（幽默，詼諧方式表達的永遠不）
Kalends是羅馬日歷的第一天。古希臘不用羅馬日歷，永遠不會有這一天。
Castle in Spain（西班牙城堡，幻想，夢想。相當于漢語中的空中樓閣）
中世紀某一時期，西班牙是一個頗富浪漫色彩的國家，這句成語是和Castle in air（空中城堡）相齊名的。
Set the Thames on fire（火燒泰晤士河，這是何等偉大的壯舉）
但是這句成語經常是反其義應用，指那些人對某事只是夸下海口，而不是真正想去做。
From China to Peru（從中國到秘魯）
它的意義非常明白，指從世界的這一邊到世界的那一邊，相當于漢語的遠隔重洋。
Between Scylla and Charybdis（錫拉和卡津布迪斯之間———在兩個同樣危險的事物之間：一個人逃出一種危險，而又落入另一種危險）
錫拉是傳說中生活在意大利巖石的怪獸，卡津布迪斯是住在海峽中一端經常產生旋渦的另一個怪獸。水手為了躲避其中一個的危害，而常又落入另一個災難。意大利這一方的海角叫凱尼斯（Caenys），西西里島那一方的海角叫皮羅魯姆（Pelorum）。
Spoil Egyptians（掠奪埃及———迫使敵人提供自己所需要的東西）
源于圣經：上帝答應摩西，埃及人必須借給以色列他們所需要的東西。
Do in Rome as Romans Do（在羅馬，就按羅馬人的方式辦）
和我們的入鄉隨俗的意思一樣。
Carry Coals to Newcastle（把煤送到紐卡斯爾）
把某種東西送到一個人們根本不需要的地方。紐卡斯爾盛產煤，送煤到那里，豈不是多此一舉。有趣的是法國也有類似的成語“del'eau a la riviere（送水到大河里）。”
A Penelope's Web亦作The Web of Penelope故意拖延的策略；永遠做不完的工作
A Penelope's Web或The Web of Penelope，直譯為“珀涅羅珀的織物”，典故出自荷馬史詩《奧德賽》卷2.這部史詩的主人公奧德修斯是希臘半島西南邊伊大卡島（Ithaca）的國王，他有個美麗而忠誠的旗子，名叫珀涅羅珀。奧德修斯隨希臘聯軍遠征特洛伊，十年苦戰結束后，希臘將士紛紛凱旋歸國。惟獨奧德修斯命運坎坷，歸途中又在海上漂泊了10年，歷盡無數艱險，并盛傳他已葬身魚腹，或者客死異域。正當他在外流浪的最后三年間，有一百多個來自各地的王孫公子，聚集在他家里，向他的妻子求婚。堅貞不渝的珀涅羅珀為了擺脫求婚者的糾纏，想出個緩賓之策，她宣稱等她為公公織完一匹做壽衣的布料后，就改嫁給他們中的一個。于是，她白天織這匹布，夜晚又在火炬光下把它拆掉。就這樣織了又拆，拆了又織，沒完沒了，拖延時間，等待丈夫歸來。后來，奧德修斯終于回轉家園，夫妻兒子合力把那些在他家里宴飲作樂，胡作非為的求婚者一個個殺死，終于夫妻團圓了。
由于這個故事，英語中的Penelope一詞成了a chaste woman（貞婦）的同義詞，并產生了with a penelope faith（堅貞不渝）這個短語。而A Penelope's Web這個成語比喻the tactics of delaying sth on purposel；the task that can never be finished的意思
eg：Mr Jones made a long speech at the meeting.Everyone else thought it a Penelope's web.My work is something like the Penelope's web，never done，but ever in hand.Swan Song最后杰作；絕筆
Swan Song字面譯做“天鵝之歌”，源于希臘成語Kykneion asma.天鵝，我國古代叫鵠，是一種形狀似鵝而體形較大的稀有珍禽，棲息于海濱湖畔，能游善飛，全身白色。因此，英語成語black swan，用以比喻稀有罕見的人或物，類似漢語成語“鳳毛麟角”之意。
在古希臘神話中，阿波羅（Apollo）是太陽神、光明之神，由于他多才多藝，又是詩歌與音樂之神，后世奉他為文藝的保護神。天鵝是阿波羅的神鳥，故常用來比喻文藝。傳說天鵝平素不唱歌，而在它死前，必引頸長鳴，高歌一曲，其歌聲哀婉動聽，感人肺腑。這是它一生中唯一的，也是最后的一次唱歌。因此，西方各國就用這個典故來比喻某詩人，作家，作曲家臨終前的一部杰作，或者是某個演員，歌唱家的最后一次表演。即a last or farewell appearance；the last work before death之意；偶爾也可指某中最后殘余的東西。
Swan Song是個古老的成語，源遠流長。早在公元前6世紀的古希臘寓言作家伊索（Aisopos）的寓言故事中，就有“天鵝臨死才唱歌”的說法。古羅馬政治家、作家西塞羅（Cicero，公元前106-前43）在其《德斯肯倫別墅哲學談》等論文中，就使用了“天鵝之歌”來比喻臨死哀歌。在英國，喬叟，莎士比亞等偉大詩人、劇作家，都使用過這個成語典故。如：莎翁的著名悲劇《奧噻羅》（othello）中塑造的愛米莉霞的形象，她在生死關頭勇敢得站出來揭穿其丈夫的罪行。她臨死時把自己比做天鵝，一生只唱最后一次歌。
eg：All the tickets have been sold for the singer's performance in London this week——the public clearly believes that this will be her swan song
The Tempest was W.Shakespeare's swan song in 1612.8.Win/Gain Laurels獲得榮譽；贏得聲望
Look to One's Laurels愛惜名聲；保持記錄
Rest on One's Laurels坐享清福；光吃老本
Laurel（月桂樹）是一種可供觀賞的常綠喬木，樹葉互生，披針形或者長橢圓形，光滑發亮；花帶黃色，傘形花序。laurels指用月桂樹葉編成的“桂冠”。古代希臘人和羅馬人用月桂樹的樹葉編成冠冕，獻給杰出的詩人或體育競技的優勝者，作為獎賞，以表尊崇。這種風尚漸漸傳遍整個歐洲，于是laurels代表victory，success和distincion.歐洲人這種習俗源遠流長，可上朔到古希臘神話。相傳河神珀納斯（Peneus）的女兒達佛涅（Daphne）長的風姿卓約，艷麗非凡。太陽神阿波羅為她的美所傾倒，熱烈追求她，但達佛涅自有所愛，總是逃避權利很大的太陽神的追求。一天，他倆在河邊相遇，達佛涅一見阿波羅，拔腿就跑，阿波羅在后邊窮追不舍，達佛涅跑得疲乏不堪，情急之下只好請她父親把她變成一株月桂樹。阿波羅非常感傷，無限深情地表示：“愿你的枝葉四季長青，裝飾我的頭，裝飾我的琴，讓你成為最高榮譽的象征”。他小心得將這株月桂樹移植到自己神廟旁邊，朝夕相處，并取其枝葉遍成花冠戴在頭上，以表示對達佛涅的傾慕和懷念。
因此，古希臘人把月桂樹看做是阿波羅的神木，稱為“阿波羅的月桂樹”（The Laurel of Apollo）。起先，他們用月桂枝葉編成冠冕，授予在祭祀太陽神的節目賽跑中的優勝者。后來在奧林匹亞（Olympia）舉行的體育競技中，他們用桂冠贈給競技的優勝者。從此世代相傳，后世歐洲人以“桂冠”作為光榮的稱號。
由于阿波羅是主管光明。青春。音樂和詩歌之神，歐洲人又把源自“阿波羅的月桂樹”的桂冠，獻給最有才華的詩人，稱“桂冠詩人”。第一位著名的“桂冠詩人”就是歐洲文藝復興時期人文主義的先驅者。意大利詩人彼特拉克（Francesco Petrarch，1304-1374）。他的代表作<抒情詩集>，全部為14行詩體，系詩人獻給他心中的女神勞拉的情詩（彼特拉克喜歡了勞拉一輩子，但是勞拉從來都不知道），抒發他對戀人的愛情，描寫大自然的景色，渴望祖國的統一。這部被稱為西方“詩三百'的詩集，雖不能與我國古代<詩經>相提并論，但不失為世界文學的瑰寶。
中古時代英國的大學，也曾授予過“桂冠詩人”的稱好，但是這只是一種榮譽稱號，而非目前含義的類似職務，學銜的專用名稱。
作為專名的“桂冠詩人”（The Poet Laureate，也稱The Laureate），系英國王室賜予御用詩人的專用稱號，從17世紀英皇詹姆士一世（James I，1566-1625）開始，延續到現在，已歷三個世紀了。凡獲得“桂冠詩人”稱號者，可領取宮廷津貼，每遇到王室喜慶或官方盛典時，都要寫作應景詩以點綴和宣揚喜慶事件，歌功頌德，粉飾升平。17世紀，在英國被封為第一位“桂冠詩人”的是約翰·德萊頓（John Dryden，1631-1700），他一生為貴族寫作，美化君主制度，不過他創造的“英語偶句詩體”，成為英國詩歌的主要形式之一。從1670到1972這三百年間，英國王室相繼封了17位“桂冠詩人”年限最長的是19實際的浪漫詩人阿弗里德·丁尼生（Alfred Tennyson，1809-1892），他從1850年獲得這個稱號一直到逝世，長達42年，算是“終身桂冠詩人”了。英國最近的“桂冠詩人”是約翰·本杰明（John Benjamin）。其實，所謂“桂冠詩人”大部分是徒具虛名的，在英國文學史上享有盛名者極少；就象中國封建時代的“欽點狀元”，從公元960到1904（清關緒30年最后一屆科舉止）近1000年，歷代狀元341名，在中國文學史上著名的寥寥無幾。
eg：Shakespeare won laurels in the dramatic world.The student gained laurels on the football field，as well as in his studies.Tom won the broad jump，but he had to look to his laurels Getting an A in chemistry almosst cause Mike to rest on his laurels
9.Under the Rose秘密地；私下得；暗中
Under the rose直譯“在玫瑰花底下”，而實際上卻表示in secret； privately confidentially的意義，語言外殼與內涵，似乎風馬牛不相及。它源自古羅馬的神話故事和歐洲的風尚。
羅馬神話中的小愛神丘比特（Cupid），也稱希臘神話里的厄洛斯（Eros），在文藝作品中以背上長著雙翼的小男孩的形象出現，常攜帶弓箭在天空中遨游，誰中了他的金箭就會產生愛情。丘比特是戰神瑪斯（Mars）和愛與美之神維納斯（venus）所生的兒子。維納斯，也就是希臘神話里的阿芙羅狄蒂（Aphrodite），傳說她是從大海的泡沫里生出來，以美麗著稱，從宙斯到奧林匹帕斯的諸神都為起美貌姿容所傾倒。有關她的戀愛傳說很多，歐洲很多文藝作品常用維納斯做題材。小愛神丘比特為了維護其母的聲譽，給沉默之神哈伯克拉底（Harpocrates）送了一束玫瑰花，請他守口如瓶不要把維納斯的風流韻事傳播出去。哈伯克拉底受了玫瑰花就緘默不語了，成為名副其實的“沉默之神”
古羅馬人對維納斯非常尊崇，不僅奉為掌管人類的愛情?；橐?。生育的愛與美的神，而且尊為豐收女神。園藝女神。羅馬的統治者愷撒大帝甚至追搠維納斯是羅馬人的祖先。由于上述神話傳說，古羅馬人把玫瑰花當作沉沒或嚴守秘密的象征，并在日常生活中相尚成風。人們去串門做客，當看到主人家的桌子上方畫有玫瑰，客人就了解在這桌上所談的一切行為均不應外傳。于是在語言中產生了Sub rosa在玫瑰花底下這個拉丁成語。據<牛津英語詞典>解釋，英語under the rose系源自德語unter der Rosen.古代德國的宴會廳。會議室以及旅店的餐室，在天花板上常畫有或雕刻著玫瑰花，用來提醒在場者要守口如瓶，嚴守秘密，不要把玫瑰花底下的言行透露出去。這個流行于15至17世紀的德語成語反映了這種習俗。
羅馬帝國全盛時，其勢力幾乎席卷了整個歐洲，羅馬某些文化風尚也隨著他的軍事力量滲透到歐洲各國。因此，以玫瑰花象征沉默的習俗，并不限于德國??
under the rose 是個狀語性成語，在句中修飾動詞，其含義因所修飾的動詞的不同而略有不同。如：born under the rose“私生的”“非婚生的”；do under the rose“暗中進行”
eg：The senator told me under the rose that there is to be a chance in the cabinet.The matter was finally settled under the rose.Do what you like undeer the rose，but don't give a sign of what you're about??
10.The Augean Stable（s）骯臟的地方；藏垢納穢之所；積弊
The Augean Stable（s）直譯“奧吉亞斯的牛圈”，源自古希臘神話中關于赫拉克勒斯的英雄傳說。
奧吉亞斯（Augeas）是古希臘西部厄利斯（Elis）的國王。他有一個極大的牛圈，里面養了2000頭年（一說3000匹馬），30年來未清掃過，糞穢堆積如山，十分骯臟。因此，the Augean stable=very dirty place.古希臘神話中的英雄赫拉克勒斯（Heracles），亦稱海格立斯（Hercules），是宙斯同底比斯國王之女阿爾克墨涅所生的兒子，自幼在名師的傳授下，學會了各種武藝和技能，神勇無敵，成為遐邇聞名的大力士。他因受到心胸狹窄的天后赫拉的迫害，不得不替邁錫尼國王歐律斯透斯服役十幾年。赫拉克勒斯拒絕了“惡德”女神要他走享樂道路的誘惑，而聽從了“美德”女神的忠告，決心在逆境中不畏艱險，為民除害造福。他在十二年中完成了12項英勇業績，其中之一就是在一天之內將奧吉亞斯的牛圈打掃干凈。赫拉克勒斯先在牛圈的一端挖了深溝，引來附近的阿爾裴斯河和珀涅俄斯河的喝水灌入牛圈，而在另一端開一出口，使喝水流經牛圈，借用水利沖洗積糞。這樣，他在一夜之間將30年沒有打掃過的骯臟不堪的牛圈，打掃的干干凈凈。奧吉亞斯曾許諾事成之后把牛群的十分之一給赫拉克勒斯，作為勞動報酬，后來當他獲悉赫拉克勒斯是奉歐律斯透斯之命來完成這項任務的，竟自食其果，于是被赫拉克勒斯殺死
這個神話傳說反映了古代人民苦干加巧干的精神，體現了人類征服自然的力量和智慧。偉大的革命導師馬克思、恩格斯、列寧、斯大林在他們的著作中，多次引用夠這個典故。在馬列主義經典中，這個成語有時譯為“骯臟的馬廄”，有時譯為“奧吉亞斯的牛圈”。在這里，stable除了泛指地點外，還可代表某些不良的制度，下流的習俗和惡劣的作風等等。由此，人們用the Augean stable這個成語來比喻非常的地方或長期形成的積弊。它常比to clean，to cleanse，to reform等動詞連用，表示to bring about a drastic reform in some public evil的意思
eg：how to clean the Augean stables of this city remains a critical problem.Although they know it is not easy to reform the Augean stables of ths sociey，they are still trying to do it.11.A Procrustean Bed
A Procrustean Bed直譯是“普洛克路斯貳斯的床”，源自古希臘神話的典故。
在雅典國家奠基者（Theseus）的傳說中，從墨加拉到雅典途中有個非常殘暴的強盜，叫達瑪斯貳斯，綽號普洛克路斯貳斯。希臘問Procrustes的意思是“拉長者”、“暴虐者”。據公元前1世紀古希臘歷史學家狄奧多（Diodoros，約公元前80-前29年）所編《歷史叢書》記述：普洛克路斯貳斯開設黑店，攔截過路行人。他特意設置了2張鐵床，一長一短，強迫旅店躺在鐵床上，身矮者睡長床，強拉其軀體使與床齊；身高者睡短床，他用利斧把旅客伸出來的腿腳截短。由于他這種特殊的殘暴方式，人稱之為“鐵床匪”。后來，希臘著名英雄提修斯在前往雅典尋父途中，遇上了“鐵床匪”，擊敗了這個攔路大盜。提修斯以其人之道還治其人之身，強令身體魁梧的普洛克路斯貳斯躺在短床上，一刀砍掉“鐵床匪”伸出床外的下半肢，除了這一禍害。
由此，在英語中遺留下來a Procrustean bed這個成語，亦做the Procrustes' bed或the bed of Procrustes，常用以表示an arrangement or plan that produces uniformity by violent and arbitrary measures之意。按其形象意義，這個成語與漢語成語“削足適履”、“截趾穿鞋”頗相同；也類似俗語“使穿小鞋”、“強求一律”的說法
eg：I didn't put forth the plan as a Procrustean bed，to which exact conformity is to be indispensable.Don't stretch the facts to fit the Procrustean bed.12.A Gordian Knot難解的結；難題；難點
A Gordian Knot直譯“戈耳迪之結”。
戈耳迪（Gordius）是小亞細亞佛律基亞（Phrygia）的國王，傳說他原先是個貧苦的農民。一天，他在耕地的時候，有只神鷹從天而且降，落在他馬車的軛上，久不飛走。戈耳迪就趕著馬車進城去請求神示。其時，佛律基亞的老王突然去世，一國無主，上下**不安，于是人們請求神示由誰來做國王。神示說：“在通向宙斯神廟的大陸上，你們遇到的第一個乘馬車者就是新王?！鼻『眠@時戈耳迪正乘著牛車前往宙斯的神廟，人們看見巍然屹立在車軛上的神鷹，認為這是掌握政權的象征，就一致擁戴戈耳迪為國王。戈耳迪當了國王后，就把那輛象征命運的馬車獻給宙斯，放置在嬸廟中。他用繩索打了個非常復雜的死結，把車軛牢牢得系在車轅上，誰也無法解開。
由此，人們常用a Gordian knot比喻a knot difficult or impossibe to unite；the difficult problem or task.eg：We must try to solve the problem even if it is really a Gordian knot.The knot which you thought a Gordian one will untie it before you.13.Cut the Gordian Knot
Cut the Gordian Knot直譯“斬斷戈耳迪之結”，源自上篇的同一典故。
佛律基亞（Phrygia）的國王戈耳迪，用亂結把軛系在他原來使用過的馬車的轅上，其結牢固難解，神諭凡能解開此結者，便是亞洲之君主。好幾個世紀過去了，沒有人能解開這個結。公元前3世紀時，古希臘羅馬的馬其頓國王亞歷山大大帝（Alexander the Great，公元前356-323），在成為希臘各城邦的霸主后，大舉遠征東方。公元前334年，他率領進入小亞細亞，經過佛律基亞時，看到這輛馬車。有人把往年的神諭告訴他，他也無法解開這個結。為了鼓舞士氣，亞歷山大拔出利劍一揮，斬斷了這個復雜的亂結，并說：“我就是這樣解開的”因此，to cut the Gordian knot 就是意味著to solve a complicated difficulty by quick and drastic action；to end a difficulty by using a vigorous or violent method；to solve a problem by force.按其形象意義，這個成語與漢語成語“快刀斬亂麻”，“大刀闊斧，果斷處置”十分相似。
eg：They have decided to cut the Gordian knot to wipe out the enemy at a blow.Jean is afraid of everything，How can she cut the Gordian knot in her work？ 14.Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh
Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh直譯“骨中之骨，肉中之肉”，出自<圣經>中關于上帝造人的神話。
據<舊約·創世紀>第2章敘述：太初之際，混沌未開，耶和華上帝開天辟地。第一天耶和華創造了白天和夜晚；第二天創造了天空和風云；第三天創造了高山峻嶺。平原河流，以及富饒的土地和芳香的花果；第四天他又創造了太陽。月亮和星辰，確定年歲。季節。月份和日期；第五天他創造了各種形狀和大小的魚類和飛禽；第六天他才創造了各種陸上動物，然后他按照自己的形象用地上的塵土造出一個男人，名叫亞當（Adam），這就是神話中人類的始祖。后來，耶和華見押當獨居無伴侶幫助他，于是，趁亞當沉睡的時候，從他身上取下一根肋骨造成了一個女人叫夏娃（Eve），領到他面前，亞當說：“This is bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh”（這是我骨中之骨，肉中之肉）。從此兩人結為夫妻
Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh常用來比喻血緣上的親屬關系或思想上的團結一致，即as close as flesh and blood；to be inseperately linked to each other等的意思。
eg：Our army is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the people.The I.W.W was bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the floating workers.（W.Foster：Pages from a Worker's Life.）
15.Adam's Apple喉結
亞當是圣經中人類的始祖，而蘋果的歷史比人類的歷史還悠久。在世界各文明古國的民間故事和神話傳說中，蘋果都是受人喜愛的一種果實。英語中有個諺語：An apple a day keeps the doctor away.但據圣經故事上說，蘋果也給人類帶來了麻煩，男人的喉結就是因吃蘋果引起的。
《舊約。創世紀》第3章講到人類的起源，傳說上帝創造人類的始祖亞當和夏娃，在東方的伊甸（Eden）建立了一個園子給他們居住。伊甸園里生長著悅人眼目的各種樹木，樹上長著各種各樣的果實。上帝吩咐亞當說：你可以隨意吃園中的各種果子，只是不能吃那棵分別善惡樹上的果實，吃了必定要死。這種“禁果”就是apple.后來，亞當的配偶夏娃聽信蛇的誘惑，不顧神諭，吃了善惡樹上的禁果，還把這果子給它丈夫吃。亞當因心懷恐懼，吃時倉促，有一片果肉哽在吼中，不上不下，留下個結塊，就叫“亞當的蘋果”兩人吃了這果子就心明眼亮，能知善惡美丑。但是由于他們違背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸園。從此，亞當就永遠在脖子前端留下“喉結”，作為偷吃禁果的“罪證”。上帝還懲罰亞當，“必汗流滿面才能糊口”
不過也說一說是正當亞當吃的時候，上帝來了，所以亞當急忙吞下去，不料哽在喉嚨間了。
eg：Your Adam's apple isn't apparent.Adam's apple can be more clearly seen on men than women's throats.16.Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages因小失大；見利棄義
Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages直譯是：“為了一碗紅豆湯而出賣了長子繼承權”。
《舊約。創世紀》第25章記述了這樣一個故事傳說：猶太族長以撒的妻子利百加懷孕期間，感覺到2個胎兒在她腹內互相踢打，就去問耶和華，耶和華對她說：“兩國在你腹內，兩族要從你身上出來，這族必強于那族，將來大的要服小的?！?/p>
后來，利百加果然生下一對孿生兄弟，哥哥叫以掃，弟弟叫雅各。兩兄弟長大后，以掃好動，常外出打獵；雅各則常在家里幫助料理家務。有一天，以掃打獵回來，又饑又渴，看見弟弟雅各在熬豆湯，就對他說：“我餓極了，給我喝點紅豆湯吧！”雅各說：“你要喝湯，就把你的長子權賣給我。”以掃說：“你都要餓死了，要這長子權有什么用呢？”于是，他便按雅各的要求，對天起誓，把長子權賣給雅各，換來餅和紅豆湯。以掃吃飽喝足后，起身走了。他哪里想到，為了這碗紅豆湯，他的后裔便注定要服事雅各的后裔。
由此，人們用to sell one's birthright for a mess of pottage短語，來比喻to exchange something of lasting value for something that is of value for a short time only；to suffer a big loss for a little gain.這個成語?？s略為for a mess of pottage的形式。有時也可用to sell one's birthrights.eg：It was argued that joining the Common Market??would be giving away her national rights and advantages for a mess of pottage.There are many，many people who are willing to prostitute their intelligence for a mess of pottage.17.The Apple of Ones' Eye
The Apple of Ones' Eye的字面意思是“某人眼里的蘋果”，在這里，apple指的是the pupil（瞳孔，眼珠），大概因眼珠圓的象蘋果之故。瞳孔是眼睛最重要的部分，失去瞳孔，光線就無法通過虹膜中心的圓孔進入眼內而變成了瞎子。所以，這個成語常用來比喻象愛護眼珠一樣愛護某個最心愛的人或珍貴的東西，即表示a cherished person or object；sth extrmely precious to one； sb dearly loved等意
這個成語來字《舊約。申命記》（Deuteronomy）第32章“耶和華遇見他在曠野荒涼、野獸吼叫之地，就環繞他，看顧他，保護他如同保護眼里的瞳人?！痹谑ソ浧渌胤揭灿蓄愃频脑?。英文版《舊約。詩篇》（Psalm）第17章有這樣的句子：“Keep me as the apple of the eye，hide me under the shadow of the wings”
成語the apple of one's eye是固定結構，不得寫成the apple of the eye of?的形式；在搭配上，它常與動詞be，keep，care for等連用。按其想象意義，它與漢語成語“掌上明珠”頗相似，但其比喻的對象較漢語“掌珠”更廣，因“掌珠”通常指心愛的女兒，而不能用與其他場合。
eg：Little Mary is the apple of her father's eye Mind the reputation of your school as you care for the apple of your eye.19.Not an iota of沒有一點點，絲毫也不
iota是希臘字母表中第9個字母“Ｉ”的名稱。not an iota of 出自《新約。馬太福音》第5章：“律法的一點一畫都不能廢去，都要成全?！币驗閕ota是希臘字母表中最小的一個字母，它有時可以寫作一短橫置于其他字母之上；遺漏這一點點對發音并無什么影響，只按規則不能減少而已?！陡Ｒ魰匪f的律法，系指“摩西律”，意即無論何人都不允許隨便廢去這戒律哪怕是最小的一條，甚至其中的一個字母，一個小小短橫也不得更動或遺漏。
由此，在語言中遺留下來這個成語，轉義表示not a bit of ；not one jot or little；not at all等意思。iota在這里，相當于漢語“小不點兒”的意思。
Eg：Science deals with things in a practical way.Science means honest，solid knowledge，allowing not an iota of falsehood，and it involves herculean efforts and gruelling toil.There is not an iota of truth in the story.20.The Salt of the Earth社會中堅；民族精華；優秀份子
The Salt of the Earth這個成語，字面意思“世上的鹽”
鹽是飲食中不可缺少的調味品，人體若缺鹽，健康就會受到影響，出現種種疾病。鹽還有殺菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多種功用，它既是“百藥之王”，又是工業之母，確是值得珍視的東西。在許多民族的習俗匯總，鹽被當作敬客的高貴禮品。
The Salt of the Earth一詞出自《圣經》，據《新約。馬太福音》（Matthew）第5長記載：耶穌對他的門徒說：“Ye are the salt of the earth：but if the salt have lost his savor，wherewith shall it be salted？ ” 在這里，salt用于轉義，表示flavor；of the earth即of the world.這是耶穌登山垂訓論“福”，所講福音結尾的話，他把門徒比做“世上的鹽”，這是極高的稱贊。這句話在后世不斷引用變成了一個典故性成語，轉義為the most valuable members of sociey；the finest type of humanity；a person or a group of people having the best character 之意
eg： He does a lot of good jobs and is considered to be the salt of the world.You all are the salt of the earth.Our hope is placed on you
21.Cast pearls before swine對牛彈琴；白費好意
To Cast pearls before swine的意思是“珍珠頭在豬玀前面”。
swine是個舊詞，書面詞，即今為pigs，不過swine單復同行，本句為復數。
這個成語源自《新約。馬太福音》第7章：“Give not that which is holy unto the dogs，neither cast ye your pearls before swine，lest they trample them under their feet，and turn again and rend you”。由于to cast pearls efore swine，比喻確切，在后世不斷引用中而成為一個國際性成語，常用來表示to offer sth valuable or beautiful to those who can't appreciate it；to give what is precious to those who are unable to understand its value等意思，含有輕蔑嘲笑色彩。按其字面意義，這個成語與漢語成語“明珠按投”相似，但是寓意不同，基本上不對應；按一比喻意義，它相當于“對牛彈琴”，“向驢說經”“一番好意給狗吃”“狗咬呂洞賓，不識好人心”等。
She read them Shakespeare，but it was casting pearls before swine
I won't waste good advice on John any more because he never listens to it.I won't cast pearls before swine.??and when I let the upper floor to Cap'en Cuttle，oh i do a thankless thing，and cast pearls before swine
22.a wolf in sheep's clothing批著羊皮的狼；貌善心惡的人
耶穌在加利利一帶傳道布教，收了很多信徒。有一天，他對門徒說：“Beware of false prophets，which come to you in sheep's clothing，but inwardly they are ravening wolves”
eg：Mrs.Martin trusted the lawyer until she realized that he was a wolf in sheep's clothing
One who teaches morality and practises immorality is a wolf in lamb's skine
23.separate the sheep from the goats區別好壞，分清良莠
《新約。馬太福音》記述：“And before him shall be gathered all nations：and he shall separate them one from another，as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats”
由于《圣經》的影響，sheep和goat在英語中的形象截然不同，前者比喻好人，后者比喻壞人。英語中有關goat的成語，大多貶義。如：to play the goat=play the fool（瞎胡鬧）；to get sb's goat（觸動肝火）；等等。《圣經》說牧羊人要分辨綿羊和山羊，“把綿羊安置右邊，山羊左邊”。據說野山羊常混進羊群里，引誘綿羊，故牧養人必須把它們區分開來，以免混淆。
由此，人們用to separate the sheep from the goats這個成語，來比喻to separate the good from the wicked； to divide good or useful people from bad or useless
eg：We'll go through the list of members，and separate the sheep from the goats
Have faith in me，please.I can separate the sheep from the goats
To not get to first base(沒有取得初步成績)原指棒球手沒有跑到第一壘，轉義偉一開市或很快就失敗了。如： she attracted him at first sight and he made elaborate plans to court her, but he didn’t even get to first base.To have two strikes against on(三擊中已有兩擊不中)原指棒球擊球手已擊兩球不中，如第三擊再不中，就要出局。義：處境不利，形式不妙。如：when he applied for the job, he already had two strikes against him: he didn’t have a college diploma like the other applicants, and he was ten minutes late for his interview.To carry the ball（負主要責任）原指橄欖球運動員執球，轉義：對完成某項任務負主要責任。如：the negotiations are the key to the undertaking, we’d better ask Mumford to carry the ball.An armchair quarterback(坐在扶手椅上的指揮官)quarterback原指橄欖球賽指揮進攻的四分衛，加了armchair一詞，往往指局外人大談應如何做某事而未身體力行不用負任何責任。如： it?s east to be an armchair quarterback but your idea wouldn?t have worked at all.To be down and out(被困難壓倒，完全失敗)原指在拳擊中被擊倒而不能繼續比賽，轉義：雖然經過努力掙扎，但已處于絕望境地而徹底垮臺。如：he made one last effort, but it didn?t work.There was nothing left to do but close shop---he was down and out.To hit below the belt(用不正當的手段打擊別人)原指拳擊比賽中打對方下身的犯規行為，轉義在比賽或打交道時，用不正當的手段傷害對方。How could you do a thing like that? That?s hitting below the belt.A Rambo（蘭博）蘭博是80年代中期美國電影中的一個著名人物，他是在越戰中為美軍賣過命的漢子，足智多謀、沉默寡言、性情孤僻，行為有點古怪。在電影中，他歷盡艱辛，常使用暴力，又奇跡般死里逃生，他用射箭、刀砍、轟炸及火燒殺出一條血路，雖然情節令人難以置信，卻是許多美國男孩和青年心目中的當代英雄。
As American as apple pie，常說蘋果餡餅是美國人發明的食物，最流行的食物。真正美國式的。
An Ivy Leaguer(名牌大學學生)指在美國東北部八所名牌大學的學生，Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Pennsylvania, Cornell, Dartmouth, Brown.That?s something for Ripley(那簡直是里普利的奇聞)—美國有許多報紙刊登里普利寫的“信不信由你”這一專欄，所報道的都是一些稀奇古怪或異乎尋常的事，卻是真實的，經過核實的。
第三篇：英語6級作文超全模版
英語6級作文超全模版，考試你就收了吧！
2013-12-11 14:20:39 來源：網絡 編輯：huangqiaoxiao 點擊：2619次
月薪2萬的英語水平，你有嗎？ 每天2小時，學好英語不是夢！
Hot Issue型
(1)模板一
With the development of modern industry, more and more people are concerned about the problem that ____(主題問題).Accordingly, ___(伴隨主題問題出現的新問題)is becoming more and more serious.Confronted with _____(主題問題), we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing, ______(解決方法1).For another, ______(解決方法2).Finally, _____(解決方法3).As far as I am concerned, the best way out is ______(解決方法3).Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ______(解決方法3的優點和好處).(2)模板二 With the development of the society, with the advent of _____(相關事物或現象), we have to face a problem that _______(主題問題).What are the reasons for it? In the following paragraphs, I’ll venture to explore the reasons.To start with, _______(闡述原因1).Moreover, ______(闡述原因2).In addition, ______(闡述原因3).In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken.For one thing, it is high time that people all over China realized the importance of _____(解決主題問題).For another, the government should issue strict laws and regulations in order to put the situation under control.利弊型
(1)模板一
Nowadays many people prefer ______(主題)because it plays a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.On the one hand, _______(主題的優點1).On the other hand, _____(主題的優點2).But everything can be divided into two.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that _______(主題的缺點1).To make matters worse, _____(主題的缺點2).Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects.Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, ________(主題)itself is neither good nor bad.It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to our society.(2)模板二
With the development of science and human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality.Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful.The phenomenon of ________(主題現象)is an example of the former / latter one.There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.To start with, _______(原因1).Furthermore, ______(原因2).Eventually, _______(原因3).Good as _______(主題現象)is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages.The apparent example is that ________(缺點例子1).In addition, _________(缺點例子2).On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progress of the modern society.There is still a long way for us to improve / eliminate _______(主題現象)and make our life more comfortable.Currently, XX has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory---nothing is more valuable than XX It is clear that(1).If you(2), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(3).Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(4).You don’t have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know(5).It will exert a profound influence upon(6).With reference to my standpoint, I think(7).1.對立觀點式
A.有人認為X 是好事，贊成X，為什么？ B.有人認為X 是壞事，反對X，為什么？ C.我的看法。
Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一個原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一個原因。However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反對X 的第一個理由。An example can give the details of this argument: 一個例子。
There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一個壞處。2.批駁觀點式 A.一個錯誤觀點。B.我不同意。
Many people argue that 錯誤觀點。By saying that, they mean 對這個觀點的進一步解釋。An example they have presented is that 一個例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 贊成這個錯誤觀點或者受到這個錯誤觀點的影響)。
There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 與錯誤觀點相反的觀點。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下參照辯論文的議論文寫法)。3.社會問題(現象)式 A.一個社會問題或者現象。B.產生的原因
C.對社會和我們生活的影響 D.如何杜絕。(如果是問題的話)E.前景的預測。Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 調查內容說明這種現象的情況。(或者是一個例子)。There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面參照辯論式議論文的寫法。
X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.參照辯論式議論文的寫法。
A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.參照辯論式議論文的寫法。
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ……..作文布局謀篇八種常用句型
一)原因
1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.A number of factors might contribute to(lead to)(account for)the phenomenon(problem).2.The answer to this problem involves many factors.3.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...4.The factors that contribute to this situation include...5.The change in...largely results from the fact that...6.We may blame...,but the real causes are...7.Part of the explanations for it is that...One of the most common factors(causes)is that...Another contributing factor(cause)is...Perhaps the primary factor is that … But the fundamental cause is that 二)比較
1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...4.It is reasonable to maintain that...but it would be foolish to claim that...5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.6.Like anything else, it has its faults.7.A and B has several points in common.8.A bears some resemblances to B.9.However, the same is not applicable to B.10.A and B differ in several ways.11.Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.12.People used to think..., but things are different now.13.The same is true of B.14.Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.15.It is true that A..., but the chief faults(obvious defects)are...三)批駁
1)It is true that..., but one vital point is being left out.2)There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.3)Some people say..., but it does not hold water.4)Many of us have been under the illusion that...5)A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6)It makes no sense to argue for...7)Too much stress placed on...may lead to...8)Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that...9)Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that...四)后果
1.It may give rise to a host of problems.2.The immediate result it produces is...3.It will exercise a profound influence upon...4.Its consequence can be so great that...五)舉例
1)A good case in point is...2)As an illustration, we may take...3)Such examples might be given easily.4)...is often cited as an example.六)證明
1)No one can deny the fact that...2)The idea is hardly supported by facts.3)Unfortunately, none of the available data shows...4)Recent studies indicate that...5)There is sufficient evidence to show that...6)According to statistics proved by..., it can be seen that...七)開篇
1)Many nations have been faced with the problem of...2)Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3)Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4)Recently the issue has aroused great concern among...5)Nowadays there is a growing concern over...6)Never in our history has the idea that...been so popular.7)Faced with..., quite a few people argue that...8)According to a recent survey,...9)With the rapid development of...,...八)結尾
1)From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that...2)It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop...3)It is necessary that steps should be taken to...4)In conclusion, it is imperative that...5)There is no easy method, but...might be of some help.6)To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must...7)In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.8)With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.9)We might do more than identify the cause;it is important to take actions to...10)Taking all these into account, we...11)Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...使用率最高的基本句式
以下是英語四六級短文寫作中使用率最高、覆蓋面最廣的基本句式，每組句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根據自己的情況選擇其中的1-2個，做到能夠熟練正確地仿寫或套用。1.表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.2)The reasons for this are as follows.3)The reason for this is obvious.4)The reason for this is not far to seek.5)The reason for this is that...6)We have good reason to believe that...例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.注：如考生寫第一個句子沒有把握，可將其改寫成兩個句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life.There are three reasons for this.這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達失誤。新四六級備考專題：包含報考信息、四六級新題型介紹、四級滿分牛人經驗談等 2.表示好處
1)It has the following advantages.2)It does us a lot of good.3)It benefits us quite a lot.4)It is beneficial to us.5)It is of great benefit to us.例如：
Books are like friends.They ca n help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.3.表示壞處
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.2)It does us much harm.3)It is harmfulto us.例如：
However，everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi-sion.4.表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient，possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.5.表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.2)We should try our best to overcome(con quer)the difficulties.3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.例如：
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.6.表示變化
1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.例如： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.7.表示事實、現狀
1)We cannot ignore the fact that...2)No one can deny the fact that...3)There is no denying the fact that...4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5)However，that's not the case.例如：
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems，we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.8.表示比較
1)Compared with A，B...2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.3)There is a striking contrast between them.例如：
Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.新四六級備考專題：包含報考信息、四六級新題型介紹、四級滿分牛人經驗談等 9.表示數量
1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...2)The population in this city has now increased(decreased)to 800，000.3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.例如：
With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has dec reased while that spent on education has increased.10.表示看法
1)People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth.2)People have different opinions on this problem.3)People take different views of(on)the question.4)Some people believe that...Others argue that...例如：
People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However，others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.注：一個段落有時很適宜以問句開始，考生應掌握這一寫作方法。11.表示結論
1)In short，it can be said that...2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that...例如：
From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however，its method should be improved.注：例句1可用于任何一個段落的結論句;例句3則多用文章結論段的第一句。12.套語
1)It’s well known to us that...2)As is known to us，...3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that...5)As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，例如：
As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.結尾段的常用核心句型
It is high time that we placed great emphasis on the improvement of…
It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation(tendency/phenomenon)of… There is no easy solution to the problem of…, but… might be useful.Unless there is a common realization of…, it is very likely that…
It is essential that effective measures should be taken to prevent the situation.It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of… It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding(developing/improving)… Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of…
To control the tendency is not an easy job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards…
To put all into a nutshell, I…
第四篇：考研英語小作文超全
注：小作文格式比較固定，大家一定要記住格式。
如果時間比較緊張，可以只看著一個文檔，如果有時間，建議大家看下【小作文模板，稍繁復版】因為其中有很多替換句子可以使用
在看完后，就算不寫出來，也要用歷年真題或者模擬題去套用下，看能否寫出
寫作時，盡量用自己熟悉的句子，可以具體，千萬不要自己造句，不要有過于簡單的語法錯誤。
1.感謝信
Dear..., I am writing to express my appreciation to you for you and I really don’t know how to thank you enough for your timely and generous help.don’tI feel that the consequence might have been much more serious.(橫線部分和括號內的橫線部分可替換)
My gratitude is beyond the word’s description.I hope that I will have the opportunity to repay/return your kindness.(注：第二段表示感謝的原因，根據具體的題目要求，這部分可以多寫一點，可以簡單，但是要正確)
Yours Sincerely,Li Ming
2.致歉信
Dear…,第一段可以參考感謝信，只是需要替換陰影部分
Appreciation 替換為 regret或者apology
Thank替換為compensate或者make up for your loss等
第二段：第一句根據題目解釋自己犯錯的原因：the reason is that for one thing…for another(具體原因要根據題目要求來寫。比如，I have no time to spare to…； I make a mistake…；I forget to… ；I neglect that…；I haven’tinto account so that it caused so much trouble等)第二句：解決措施：，I wonder if it is possibleI hope that I can do something possible to compensate for your loss, such 第三段：Hope you can accept my sincere apology and understand my position.I am terribly sorry to have put you to so much trouble.或者I am terribly sorry for any inconvenience caused.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming
（注：第二段一定要根據題目靈活來寫，寧愿具體不要抽象，寫自己能掌控的單詞和句子）
3.慰問信：
Dear…,I heard from 某個人，比如your mother that you are suffering from(具體事情).As your close friend, I know you are sad/upsetting/painful and I do hope my consolidation can comfort you to some extent).Besides, I also want to give you a visit when it is convenient for you.第二段具體根據題目，寫出一些具體的安慰。比如失敗：I firmly believe that if you can learn from it and rebuild yourself mentally and physically, you can finally achieve it at last.What’s more, such a failure may be a bless, for experience is of great importance for us.比如看
?。篜lease take a good rest so as to recover soon.Do not worry about the work/study, I will see to it.Do follow the doctor’s instruction and take medicine on time.在這里也可以加上感謝信的某些話，比如回顧自己當時遇到相似困難，收信人如何幫助的，或者道歉信：表示很遺憾當時未能幫上忙如when it happened, I was away from here on business and couldn’t to help you）
第三段：具體期望。Hope you can recover from it soon.或者替換：I known it is hard for you to overcome/go through it, but you have to move on and I believe your positive and optimistic attitude can help you make it.也可加上Enclosed with the letter is a small gift and I hope it can comfort you to some extent.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming
4.祝賀信：這個題目2011年英語二剛考過，對于這類信件，可以看下作文特訓手冊的范文即可。
第一段寫信目的，按照感謝信替換：把thank 替換為congratulation.比如：I am writing to extend my congratulation to you for your achievement.也可以加上I heard from my parents that you have(取得的具體成就).第二段內容根據祝賀的題目要求適當替換。對取得的成就給予肯定Due to your effort and diligence, you have achieved such a great success, and you deserve the honor.You have worked for it day and night, there is no doubt that you can realize your goal.第三段再次表示祝賀。Congratulate again for your success and I am sure that you can get even more greater one in the near future.5.投訴信
Dear…,It is a great pity that I have to write to you to complain about the（一般是產品或者服務）I expect that it can meet our needs for its advertisement is so charming.However, I am sorry to find that(產品→)there are something wrong with it and it doesn’t work even though I follow the instruction.(服務→)one of the staff is impolite and rude.He refused to answer my questions and blamed me that everything is all my own fault.模板句：Needless to say, suchof the authorities concerned.I would be grateful if you could help me to solve it quickly and properly.(產品→)I hope you can change it for another one or you can send someone to repair it(服務)I hope you can make a formal apology to me and make up for my loss.I trust you will consider this matter seriously and make an effort to prevent the recurrence of this kind.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming
6.申請信
Dear…,I am writing this letter to apply for the vacant position advertised in the newspaper yesterday.I wish to be considered as an applicant for this vacancy.I bed to state my qualification as follows:
As present, I am a senior in the Department of Law at Peking University.For the past three years, due to my diligence, my GPA ranked to the top three.What’s more, my paper was admitted by one of the best professional journals in this field.My love and devotion for my major has
earned me several awards for excellent students in our university.Besides, since last year, I have been working part-time as(兼職職位)in(兼職單位)I believe my qualification and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job.Thanks for your time and consideration.I would be grateful if you would grant me a chance for interview.If you would like to give me a chance, I would be reached at 1234566.Enclosed with the letter is my resume.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming
7.推薦信
推薦信和申請信基本是一致的，只需替換
1.第一段：With reference to your requirements, I shall, without reservation,recommended…as an ideal candidate.后邊的I bed to state my qualification as follows: 把my替換為him、her即可
2.第二第三段中的I全部替換為he, she,him,her即可
8.辭職信 這類信件2005年英語一考過，所以可以把當年范文看下
Dear…,It is with high regret and anticipation that I submit this letter of resignation to resign from the position of The decision was a difficult one for me, because I have enjoyed my working relationships here.It has been my genuine pleasure to work for …二—末句：辭職原因。As you known, my primary interest has been the…Although I do enjoy work with the team, I want to make a change so that I can be put back in touch with my dream.I regret to leave here and hope we can be friends always.I hope you will understand my decision to resign.My best wishes for the company’s continued growth.Yours sincerely,Li Ming
1.They give me valuable opportunity to practice in ….2.receive invaluable experience
9.建議信2012年英語一剛考過，今年考過的可能很小，看下范文即可
10.邀請信：
Dear…,I am writing(on behalf of)to invite you to…we would be honored to have you there with us.During the party/conference/meeting, we will have lots of activates you will be interested in.firstly, secondly….(介紹活動內容，或者誰也會參加活動，活動的目的等，根據要求來寫)
If you do not have any prior appointment that day, we look forward to the pleasure of your accompany.Yours sincerely,Li Ming
第五篇：高考英語作文得分連接詞,超全。
作文常用連接詞和短語
（一）連接詞
（1）表選擇關系或對等關系的連接詞：either…or…，neither…nor, or, as well as…, and, both…and…。
（2）表因果關系或對等關系的連接詞：therefore, so, as a result, as the result of …，because of, due to …,owing to, thanks to等等
（3）表時間順序的連接詞：the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhile, at the beginning, in the end, before long, for the first（second…）time, the minute等。
（4）表轉折關系的連接詞：yet, and yet, but , while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however, at the same time（然而）等。
（5）表解釋說明的連接詞：that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for instance, and so on, etc.and the like等。
（6）表遞進關系的連接詞：not only…but(also), what，s more, what's worse, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover, above all等。
（7）表示總結的連接詞：in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all等。
（二）注意以下過渡詞的用法
1、表示時間：
at first 起初
next 接下來
then 然后
after that 那以后
later 后來
soon 不久
soon/shortly after ……之后不久
finally 最后
in the end 最后
eventually 最終
at last 終于
lately近來
recently 最近
since then 自從那時起
after that 那以后
in no time 不一會兒
after a while 一會兒
afterward 后來
to begin/start with=in the first place 首先、第一點
immediately 立即、馬上
meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期間、同時earlier, until now 直到現在suddenly=all of a sudden 突然
as a young man 當…… 是個年輕人的時候
at the age of… 在……歲的時候
as early as 早……的時候
as soon as 一……就……
before, the other day 幾天前
early in the morning 大清早
after/before dark 天黑后/前
one day 有一天
one afternoon 一天下午
one morning 一天早晨
2、表示空間：
to the right/left 朝右/左
on the right/left 在右/左邊
in the middle of 在中間
in front of 在前面
in the front of 在前面
at the back of 在后面
at the bottom of 在底部
on the edge of 在……的邊上
on top of 在……的頂部
opposite to 與……相對
close to 靠近
near to 在……附近
next to 與……相鄰
under 垂直在下
over 垂直在上
below 在下方
above 在上方
across 在……的另一邊
around 在周圍
behind 在后
before 在前
against 靠著、抵著
further on 再往前
3、表示列舉和時序：
first, second, third…finally
firstly, secondly, thirdly…finally
first of all, next then, lastly
for one thing…for another…
at the same time
at first
at last4、表示列舉：
for example 例如：……
namely 即……
for instance 例如：……
that is(to say)也就是說
such as 如……
take…for example 拿……來說
like 像……
5、表示比較或對比：
like 像
unlike 不像
similarly 同樣地
in the same way 以相同的方式
compared to 與……相比
while 而
still=nevertheless 然而
on the contrary 正相反
different from 與……不同
on(the)one hand…on the other hand 一方面……另一方面
in contrast with 與……成對比
6、表示增補：
and 而且
both…and 不但……而且
not only…but also 不但……而且
as well as 不但……而且
also=besides=furthermore=more over 此外、而且
in addition 并且
apart from 除了……之外
what's more 而且、更重要的for another 另一方面
worse still=what's worse=to make matter worse 更糟糕的是
including 包括
7、表示因果：
because 因為
since 既然
as 由于
now that 既然
therefore 因此
thus 這樣
so 所以
as a result(of)結果
because of=on account of 因為
thanks to 多虧、由于
for this reason 由于這個原因
if so 如果這樣
if not 如果不是這樣
8、表示目的：
for this purpose
in order to do
so as to do
so that…
in order that…
9、表示讓步：
though/although
no matter+疑問句
in spite of
whatever/however/whoever
even if/ even though10、表示遞進或強調：
besides 況且
what's more 更重要地是
thus 這樣
above all 首先
indeed 的確
in fact/ as a matter of fact 事實上
in other words 換句話說
in that case 那樣的話
or rather 更確切地說
particularly 特別地
11、表示轉折：
but 但是
still 然而
however 然而
while 而
12、表示總結：
in a/one word 簡言之、一句話、總之
generally speaking 一般說來
in short=in a few words 簡言之
in conclusion=lastly 最后地
on the whole=taking everything into consideration 從總體來看、大體上so 所以
therefore 因此
thus 這樣
as has been mentioned 正如所提到的it is quite clear that 很顯然
there is no doubt that 毫無疑問
it is well-known that 大家都知道
as we all know=as is known
to us all 大家都知道
as/so far as I know 據我所知
to sum up=to summarize=in summary 總之
13、表示轉折話題：
by the way 順便說
I am afraid 我恐怕
in my opinion 依我看來
to tell the truth 說實話
to be honest 誠實地說
in fact 事實上
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