第一篇：職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生幺建華押題閱讀理解2

第四部分：閱讀理解（第31~45題，每題三分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題，每道題后面有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，從每題所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最佳答案，涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。

第十五篇

Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay1

Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill, new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill.The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a“positive emotional style”5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat6 or runny nose.“People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus, “explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Camegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.“And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.” Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional “style".Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.0ver the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected

objective data, like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.詞匯：

bay/ n．絕境，窮途末路 flu／n.流行性感冒

virus/n．病毒 disposition/ n．本性，性情 psychosomatic/adj.身心的 boost /vt＆n．提高，舉起 scratchy/adj.刺痛的，使人發(fā)癢的 runny/adj.流黏液的 Pittsburgh/n．匹茲堡（美國(guó)城市）colleague/n．同事 susceptible/adj.易感的，敏感的 catch／vt.感染到

trait / n．特質(zhì)；特性 perceive/vt.發(fā)覺(jué)，覺(jué)察；理解 energetic/adj.精力充沛的，精神飽滿的 easy-going／adj．隨和的 tense/adj．緊張的 hostile/adj.敵意的

nasal/adj．鼻的 ache/n．（長(zhǎng)時(shí)間連續(xù)的）疼痛，酸痛 sneeze/打噴嚏 congestion/n.充血

mucus／n.黏液 woe/n.痛苦，苦惱；（復(fù)）災(zāi)難，苦頭 注釋：

1．Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay：情緒樂(lè)觀的人不易患感冒o warm people原意是“熱心腸的人，情緒高昂的人”，keep/hold．．a(chǎn)t bay是“使??走投無(wú)路，不使??接近”的意思，因此本題目如果直譯則是“情緒高昂的人可能讓感冒不能得逞”或“情緒高昂的人可能遠(yuǎn)離感冒” 或“情緒高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外”。

2．staying positive：保持積極向上（的情緒）

3．exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus：使健康的志愿者接觸感冒（病毒）或流感病毒expose原意是“使暴露，使面臨”，這里expose sb.to sth．是“使??接觸??”的意思。

4．sunny disposition：樂(lè)觀開(kāi)朗的個(gè)性

5．positive emotional style：樂(lè)觀情緒型，情緒積極型 6．scratchy throat：嗓子痛

7．susceptible to：對(duì)??敏感的，容易受到??影響的 8．a(chǎn)s to：關(guān)于，至于 練習(xí): 1.According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think A.that their illness is very serious.B.that their illness is not so serious.C.that they do not get any illness at all.D.that the illness they get is not a mild one.2.People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A.happy.B.selfish.C.easy-going.D.energetic.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have? A.Hostile.B.Unhappy.C.Warm-blooded.D.Tense.4.How did the researchers test their volunteers? A.By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.B.By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.C.By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.D.By investigating everyone's characteristics, interests and hobbies.5.Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the

researchers collected? A.Mucus production.B.Aches and pains.C.Sneezing or congestion.D.Blood test.答案與題解：

1．B 本題答案來(lái)自第三段，其中第二句說(shuō)：“當(dāng)他們的確患感冒時(shí)，他們認(rèn)為病情并不太嚴(yán)重”。

2．B 選項(xiàng)A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B項(xiàng)沒(méi)提到，而且從邏輯推理，情緒樂(lè)觀的人絕不會(huì)是“自私自利”的人。

3．C 選項(xiàng)A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C項(xiàng)“熱情洋溢”也不應(yīng)屬于情緒低落、消極的人所應(yīng)有的性格特征。

4．A 第六段第一句說(shuō)的就是“研究者給這些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某種流感病毒的滴鼻劑”，這正是本題答案。

5．D 選項(xiàng)A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D項(xiàng)則不在其中之列。

第二篇：2013職稱英語(yǔ)押題閱讀理解

C級(jí)押題 Eat to Live A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‘s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary.We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don‘t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse‘s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks.The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler‘s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3.Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old —

equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice.The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production 一

probably bad news for mouse health.In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes.But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,‖ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D.C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful.―There‘s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,‖ he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver.As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example.A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn‘t sure the trade-off is worth it.―The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they‘re hungry,‖ he says.―Even seeing what a diet does, it‘s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ?I can only eat half of that,.‖

Spindler hopes we soon won‘t need to diet at all.His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.詞匯：

meager adj.不足的 youthful adj.有青春活力的

vigor n.精力，活力

metabolize vt.使（一種物質(zhì)）進(jìn)入新陳代謝過(guò)程

genetic adj.基因的 rejuvenation n.恢復(fù)活力，返老還童 注釋：

1.hang on to ：繼續(xù)保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一

it might be worth a lot of money one day.你應(yīng)該繼續(xù)保留那幅畫-----或許有一天它會(huì)值很多錢。

2.The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會(huì)逆轉(zhuǎn)老鼠在其他方面的老化，但卻有助于肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time 歲月造成的莫他方面的破壞，即―其他方面的老化‖。metabolize drugs：代謝藥物，即―使藥物參與新陳代謝以提高藥效‖。get rid of：擺脫，除去。

3.half-ration和 half-feed 都是指―老鼠飼料正常定量（normal diet)的一半‖。

4.free radical production:指體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生(形成）。

5.kick in：意為―開(kāi)始起作用‖。

如：We‘re still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in.我們還在等著空調(diào)開(kāi)始起作用。

6.be worth it：意為―值得，有益‖。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些東西很貴，但劃得來(lái)。練習(xí)：

1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C Dieting might not be needed.D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? A To describe the influence of old age on mice.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C To tell us how mice‘s liver genes behave.D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.3.What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? A They will not experience free radical production.B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4.According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?

A The mice that started dieting in old age.B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C Calorie restriction that works in people.D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.5.According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people.B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.答案與題解：

1.D第一段第一句講―節(jié)食可能不是非做不可的事‖，第二句講―即使上了年紀(jì)再節(jié)食，我們

仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力‖，因此，―我們必須從小就開(kāi)始節(jié)食‖是錯(cuò)誤的，D是答案。

2.B第二段提及―一只髙齡老鼠‖的時(shí)候，作者談到，―只要連續(xù)四周限制它進(jìn)食，它的肝臟基因就會(huì)變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力‖。據(jù)此，―為了描述節(jié)食對(duì)老鼠所產(chǎn)生的影響‖最好地回答了題干中的問(wèn)題o 3.D 第四段提到，―正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)有 46 條肝臟基因會(huì)發(fā)生變化，這種變化與炎癥和有機(jī)體組織無(wú)限激增有關(guān)‖，因此，D正確。

4.A 第四段最后一個(gè)句子講―但最驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)是那些上了年紀(jì)才開(kāi)始節(jié)食的老鼠也能從70%的基因變化中受益‖。―最驚人的‖自然是―最令研究人員感興趣的‖。

5.C 文章的最后兩段談及 Spindler 對(duì)節(jié)食的看法。首先，他不能肯定節(jié)食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的將來(lái)，我們不必節(jié)食。所以我們可以推知，他認(rèn)為節(jié)食不是得以健康長(zhǎng)壽的好辦法。參考譯文

為生存而食

粗茶淡飯或許能給你健康和長(zhǎng)壽，但這并不有趣——很有可能也沒(méi)必要。即便在年老以后才

開(kāi)始節(jié)食我們也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。

加州大學(xué) Riverside 分校的斯蒂芬?斯潘德?tīng)柤捌渫掳l(fā)現(xiàn)，只要連續(xù)四周限制一些衰老的老鼠進(jìn)食，它們的肝臟基因就會(huì)變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力。雖然老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會(huì)逆

轉(zhuǎn)它們?cè)谄渌矫娴睦匣菂s有助于這些老鼠的肝臟對(duì)藥物的新陳代謝和清除毒素。

斯潘德?tīng)柕年?duì)員們一直給其中的三只老鼠正常量的飼料，而給另外三只老鼠正常量飼料的一半，給三只 34個(gè)月大的老鼠（相當(dāng)于人類年齡的 70歲）喂了一個(gè)月的半量飼料，之前這三只老鼠的飼料量是正常的。

研究者們檢查了這些老鼠肝臟的 11,000 種基因的活性，發(fā)現(xiàn)正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠有46 種基因隨

年齡的改變而改變。這些改變都與體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)——這對(duì)老鼠的健康來(lái)說(shuō)不是什么好消息。而對(duì)于那些終身都在節(jié)食的老鼠來(lái)說(shuō)，那 46種基因中的 27 種仍然繼續(xù)保持著青春活力。但

是最令人吃驚的發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是那些只是在老年時(shí)期節(jié)食的老鼠們受益于 70%的基因變異。

―這只是第一個(gè)這些效果迅速起作用的暗示‖，來(lái)自華盛頓特區(qū)周邊的國(guó)家老年學(xué)學(xué)院的哈勃?華納說(shuō)。

至今仍然沒(méi)有人清楚卡路里的控制對(duì)人類來(lái)說(shuō)是否如同對(duì)老鼠那樣有效，但是斯潘德?tīng)枌?duì)此充滿了希望：―有足以引人注意的證據(jù)表明這同樣有效。‖ 如果這確實(shí)也對(duì)人類有效，我們有理由相信肝臟也可能恢復(fù)活力。舉個(gè)例子，隨著我們一天天衰老，我們的身體對(duì)藥物的新陳代謝越來(lái)越?jīng)]有效率。短時(shí)期內(nèi)的節(jié)食，斯潘德?tīng)栒f(shuō)到，完全足以保證藥效。

但是斯潘德?tīng)柌⒉淮_定這個(gè)方法值得嘗試。―老鼠患病少了，壽命延長(zhǎng)了，但是它們很饑餓，‖他說(shuō)，―即使能清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到節(jié)食的功效，人們?nèi)匀缓茈y在餐館中說(shuō)自己只能吃一半的食物。‖ 斯潘德?tīng)栂Ｍ覀兏揪筒挥霉?jié)食。他的公司，加利福尼亞州的壽命遺傳學(xué)公司，正在尋找有限制卡路里效能的藥物

C級(jí)押題 Common-cold Sense You can‘t beat it, but you don‘t have to join it.2 Maybe it got the name ―common cold‖ because it‘s more common in winter.The fact is, though, being cold doesn‘t have anything to do with getting one 3.Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one4.Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults – an average of about eight per year.Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple.They haven‘t had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses.There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice.Being infected by one makes you immune to it – but only it.5

Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing.From another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route.6 The highest concentration of cold viruses 7 anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces.Hygiene is your best defense.Wash your‘ hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds.But even careful hygiene won‘t ward off 8 every cold.So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose 9 strikes? The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start.But you‘ll also find some of the folk remedies10 worth trying.Hot mixtures of sugar(or honey), lemon, and water have-real benefits.詞匯：

rhinovirus ／ n.鼻病毒

preferably ／adv.更可取地，更好地 virus ／n．病毒

disinfectant／n． 消毒劑，殺菌劑

immune／adj.免疫的，有免疫力的 prescription ／n．訣竅；處方，藥infect ／vt．傳染，侵染，感染

sneeze／vi．打噴嚏

remedy ／n．治療，治療法，藥品

thumbnail／n．拇指甲 注釋：

1．標(biāo)題―common-cold sense‖實(shí)際上是在單詞―commonsense‖（常識(shí)）中插入cold（感冒）一詞，意為―關(guān)于感冒的常識(shí)‖。2．―You can‘t beat it, but you don‘t have to join it‖字面上的意思是―你無(wú)法打敗它，但你并不是非得加入它的行列不可‖，實(shí)際上指的是目前尚沒(méi)找到徹底對(duì)付感冒的辦法，但至少我們可以試圖預(yù)防感冒。

3． ．．．being cold doesn‘t have anything to do with getting one。動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)―being cold‖意思是―感到冷‖，在句中作主語(yǔ)；動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)―not have anything to do with something‖意思是―與某事無(wú)關(guān)‖，在句中作謂語(yǔ)；最后一個(gè)不定代詞―one‖指的是―一種感冒‖，作賓語(yǔ)。整句話的意思是―受涼和得感冒并沒(méi)有什么因果關(guān)系‖。

4.．．． medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one.醫(yī)學(xué)與其說(shuō)能教你如何擺脫感冒，不如說(shuō)它能告訴你如何預(yù)防感冒。

5．Being infected by one makes you immune to it--but only it.被一種病毒感染過(guò)后使你對(duì)它產(chǎn)生免疫力——但只是對(duì)這種（病毒）而言。be immune to sth．意思是―對(duì)某物有免疫力‖或―不受某事的影響‖。

6.From another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route．這是一個(gè)倒裝句，按照正常語(yǔ)序句子應(yīng)該是The most common route is from another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes，意為―最普通的（傳染）途徑是從別人的手傳到你的手中，再傳到你的鼻子或眼睛里去‖。

7．The highest concentration of cold viruses：感冒病菌最集中的地方 8．ward off:避開(kāi)，防止 9．runny nose:流鼻涕

10．folk remedies:土藥方，偏方 全文翻譯

關(guān)于感冒的常識(shí)

目前尚沒(méi)有找到徹底對(duì)付感冒的方法，但至少我們可以預(yù)防感冒。感冒這一名稱的由來(lái)是因?yàn)檫@種病癥常見(jiàn)于冬天。而事實(shí)上受涼和感冒并沒(méi)有什么因果關(guān)系。感冒是由鼻病毒的傳播引起的，而且直到今天，醫(yī)學(xué)能告訴你的只是如何去預(yù)防而不是如何根治感冒。

感冒病毒經(jīng)常通過(guò)兒童傳染給成人，因?yàn)閮和椎酶忻啊骄荒昀镉?次左右。為什么小孩比父母更加容易得感冒？答案很簡(jiǎn)單。兒童不可能對(duì)多種感冒病毒都具有免疫能力。

感冒病毒有150多種。一個(gè)人不可能兩次感染上同一病毒。被一種病毒感染后人體就會(huì)產(chǎn)生對(duì)它的免疫力。但這種免疫力只是針對(duì)這一種病毒。

感冒傳播的途徑通常不是打噴嚏和咳嗽，而是身體的直接接觸。最普通的途徑是從別人的手傳到你的手中，再傳到你的鼻子或眼睛里去。感冒病毒最集中的地方是小孩的拇指甲蓋里，盡管在皮膚等光滑表面上病毒也能存活幾個(gè)小時(shí)。

保持衛(wèi)生是最好的預(yù)防方法：經(jīng)常用消毒肥皂洗手，尤其是當(dāng)家里有小孩患感冒時(shí)。

然而即使注意衛(wèi)生也不能預(yù)防所有的感冒。當(dāng)你咳嗽、打噴嚏、流鼻涕時(shí)該怎么辦？

服兩片阿司匹林，大量喝水，睡一覺(jué)，這個(gè)老法子還是很有效的。也可以試試一些偏方，用熱開(kāi)水加糖（或蜂蜜）和檸檬汁內(nèi)服，這個(gè)方法也很管用。練習(xí)：

1.According to the essay, you may have a cold because A

the weather is too cold.B

the spread of rhinoviruses gets people infected.C another person‘s coughing passes the cold to you.D you wash your hands too often.2.The best way to keep yourself from getting colds is A to keep yourself clean.B

to use a disinfectant soap.C to take two aspirins every day.D to drink lots of water.3.Children have more colds because A

they are usually infected about eight times each year.B

they are not immune to many cold viruses yet.C

they never wash their hands so that their thumbnails are dirty.D

they don‘t like eating lemon.4.When you are having a cold, A

it is always the same kind of cold that you had last time.B

it may be the same kind of cold that ?you had last time.C

It is certainly not the same kind of cold that you had last time.D

it is probably not the same kind of cold that you had last time.5.When one is having a cold, he may often have all the following symptoms EXCEPT A coughing.B

Having a sore throat.C having a runny nose.D having a stomachache.答案與題解：

1．B 第一段雖然提到了感冒常發(fā)生于冬天，但緊接下去說(shuō)得很清楚：受涼并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致感冒，所以A不是正確答案。文章第四段第一句說(shuō)得明白：感冒通常是由于與感冒的人身體直接接觸而傳染的，而不是由打噴嚏或咳嗽傳染的，所以C項(xiàng)也不是正確答案。至于D更是錯(cuò)誤。答案B與第一段第四句的意義相吻合，因此是正確答案。

2．A 第五段的第一句話―Hygiene is your best defense‖意思是―衛(wèi)生是你的最佳防御‖，與A項(xiàng)相吻合，因此A項(xiàng)是正確答案。同一段中提到的用消毒肥皂洗手，雖然也是保持衛(wèi)生的手段之一，但僅是一個(gè)具體措施，不是全部措施，所以B項(xiàng)不是正確答案oc項(xiàng)提到的服阿司匹林是治感冒的手段之一，而非預(yù)防手段（況且沒(méi)有說(shuō)到―一天服兩片‖！）D項(xiàng)提到的多喝水在文中也指治療手段，所以C和D都不是正確答案。

3．B 第二段中提到兒童平均一年得八次感冒，這是一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)而不是兒童得感冒的原因；文中并沒(méi)有說(shuō)―兒童從不洗手‖；文中也沒(méi)有說(shuō)―兒童不喜歡吃檸檬‖；所以A、C、D都不對(duì)。B項(xiàng)與第二段最后一句意思一樣，是正確答案。4．C 第三段提到有150多種感冒病毒，而人們絕不會(huì)被同一種病毒侵害兩次，因?yàn)榈昧艘淮胃忻昂髮?duì)相應(yīng)的病毒就獲得了免疫力，所以只有C項(xiàng)才符合第三段的內(nèi)容。

5．D 本題談的是文中提及的感冒癥狀。文中并沒(méi)有提到得了感冒就胃疼，實(shí)際上文中根本就沒(méi)有―stomachache‖這個(gè)詞或相關(guān)的字眼，所以D項(xiàng)是正確答案。

C級(jí)押題

Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at

Bay Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill, new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill.The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a ―positive emotional style‖5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat6 or runny nose.―People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,‖ explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.―And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.‖

Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional ―style‖.Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.He researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.詞匯：

bay／n．絕境，窮途末路

flu／（influenza的簡(jiǎn)稱）n．流(行性)感（冒）virus ／n.病毒

disposition ／n．本性，性情

psychosomatic ／adj.心身的，身心的boost／vt．& n．提高，舉起 scratchy／adj．刺痛的，使人發(fā)癢的 runny／adj.流黏液的 Pittsburgh／n．匹茲堡（美國(guó)城市）

colleague／n．同事 susceptible／adj, 易感的，敏感的catch／vt．感染到 trait ／n.特質(zhì)；特性

perceive／vt．發(fā)覺(jué)，覺(jué)察；理解

energetic／adj.精力充沛的，精飽滿的 easy-going／adj．隨和的 tense ／adj.緊張的 hostile／adj.敵意的

nasal ／adj.鼻的 ache／n．（長(zhǎng)時(shí)間連續(xù)的）疼痛，酸痛 sneeze ／vi．打噴嚏

congestion ／n.充血

mucus ／n．黏液

woe ／n.痛苦，苦惱；（復(fù)）災(zāi)難，苦頭 注釋：

1．Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay：情緒樂(lè)觀的人不易患感冒。warm people原意是―熱心腸的人，情緒高昂的人‖，keep/hold..at bay是―使……走投無(wú)路，不使……接近‖的意思，因此本題目如果直譯則是―情緒高昂的人可能讓感冒不能得逞‖或―情緒高昂的人可能遠(yuǎn)離感冒‖或―情緒高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外‖。

2．staying positive:保持積極向上（的情緒）

3．exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus：使健康的志愿者接觸感冒（病毒）或流感病毒。expose原意是―使暴露，使面臨‖，這里expose sb．to sth．是―使……接觸……‖的意思。4．sunny disposition:樂(lè)觀開(kāi)朗的個(gè)性

5．positive emotional style:樂(lè)觀情緒型，情緒積極型 6．scratchy throat:嗓子痛

7．susceptible to:對(duì)……敏感的，容易受到……影響的 8．a(chǎn)s to: 關(guān)于，至于 全文翻譯：

樂(lè)觀情緒助你遠(yuǎn)離感冒

最新研究顯示，保持樂(lè)觀積極的情緒是預(yù)防感冒的最佳途徑。一項(xiàng)令健康受試者接觸感冒病毒的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明，積極情緒類型的受試者受感染的幾率相對(duì)較小。

這個(gè)名為―積極情緒可以幫助預(yù)防感冒及其他疾病‖的發(fā)現(xiàn)被刊登在《身心醫(yī)學(xué)》期刊上，而究其原因則分為客觀和主觀兩方面。客觀原因是積極樂(lè)觀的情緒有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)的功能，而主觀原因則是：心情快樂(lè)的人較少受到咽痛和流鼻涕的困擾。

來(lái)自匹茲堡卡內(nèi)基，梅隆大學(xué)的Sheldon Cohen博土是此研究的主要參與者，他解釋道―積極情緒類型的人對(duì)于病毒的免疫反應(yīng)可能較常人不同‖，―而且當(dāng)患感冒時(shí)，他們往往不會(huì)把自己的病情想象得太糟糕。‖

在此前一項(xiàng)更早的研究中，Cohen及其同事就曾經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，積極情緒型的人對(duì)感冒病毒似乎不太敏感，但當(dāng)時(shí)并不能確定引起這種區(qū)別的是性格特征因素。

在這次新的研究實(shí)驗(yàn)中，研究者對(duì)193名健康的受試者進(jìn)行了規(guī)范的性格測(cè)試，包括自我認(rèn)為的健康程度以及情緒類型等。其中那些更傾向于心情愉快、精力充沛且平易近人的受試者為積極情緒型，而那些總是心情不快、緊張并對(duì)旁人心存敵意的受試者則屬于消極情緒類型。研究者給每位受試者提供了含有感冒病毒或某類流感病毒的滴鼻液，在接下來(lái)的六周里，每位受試者每天匯報(bào)他們各自的身體反應(yīng)，如疼痛、鼻塞、打噴嚏等。而研究者則要統(tǒng)計(jì)各種客觀數(shù)據(jù)，如受試者每日黏液分泌物化驗(yàn)結(jié)果等。根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的一些客觀統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)（如鼻涕化驗(yàn)結(jié)果），Cohen及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，積極情緒類型的人患感冒的機(jī)會(huì)相對(duì)更小一些。練習(xí)：

1.According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think A

that their illness is very serious.B

That their illness is not so serious.C

that they do not get any illness at all.D

that the illness they get is not a mild one.2.People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A happy.B selfish.C easy-going.D energetic.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have？ A Hostile.B Unhappy.C Warm-blooded.D Tense.4.How did the researchers test their volunteers? A

By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.B

By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.C

By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.D

By investigating everyone‘s characteristics, interests and hobbies.5.Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the researchers collected? A Mucus production.B Aches and pains.C

Sneezing or congestion.D Blood test.答案與題解：

1．B 本題答案來(lái)自第三段，其中第二句說(shuō)：―當(dāng)他們的確患感冒時(shí)，他們認(rèn)為病情并不太嚴(yán)重。

2．B 選項(xiàng)A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B項(xiàng)沒(méi)提到，而且從邏輯推理，情緒樂(lè)觀的人絕不會(huì)是―自私自利‖的人。

3．C 選項(xiàng)A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C項(xiàng)―熱情洋溢‖也不應(yīng)屬于情緒低落、消極的人所應(yīng)有的性格特征。

4．A 第六段第一句說(shuō)的就是―研究者給這些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某種流感病毒的滴鼻劑‖，這正是本題答案。

5．D 選項(xiàng)A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D項(xiàng)則不在其中之列。

第三篇：2012職稱英語(yǔ)押題

To Have and have not 1.why did the writer want to to have a change of scene 2.what attracted the writer the light coming from inside 3.the writer found the stock of top quality 4.what was unusual about the she seemed to know him 5.the writer disliked the back he saw nothing he really like

Going Her Own Way 1.maria wanted to attend technical high school 2.in those days,most Italian girls did not go to high school 3.you can infer from this passage only boys usually attend 4.maria’s father probably had very traditional views 5.high school teachers in Italy in quite strict

A Tale of Scottish Rural Life 1.what is sunset song mainly

the lives of rural Scottish 2.which statement is not true she married only once

3.what is the opening section

the history of kinraddie 4.who are responsible for ewan

the germans

5.the word sunset occurring in

the end of traditional life

Pop Music in Africa

1.this passage is about how

more serious than most 2.for people outside of Africa

both familiar and different 3.the musicians mentioned in

write about serious problems 4.eric wainaina music in boston 5.witness mwaijaga writes about

she has had a difficult life

Why So Many Children 1.in a traditional agricultural

can be an advantage 2.when countries become

the birth rate generally 3.according to this passage

industrialized low birth 4.Saudi Arabia is mentioned

Factors other than the 5.In mexico,Thailand,and

Has tried to improve the

EAT to Live

1.which of the following not

we have to begin dieting 2.why does the author mention

to illustrate the effect of 3.what can be inferred about

they are more likely to suffer 4.which of the following most

the mice that started dieting 5.according to the last two

dieting is not a good method

New us Plan for Disease Prevention 1.which is not true of chronic

they often result in unhealthy 2.the author mentions all the

higher survival rate for cancer 3.the article indicates that more

much less money needed for 4.the $15 million program is

promoting disease prevention 5.early cancer screening can help

cancer death rate

The Operation of International Airlines 1.in operating airlines it is essential

cater to the need of passengers 2.the following are all mentioned

the tourist industry is experiencing

3.the improvements the airlines

showing more movies during 4.there is not much the airlines

speeding up customs procedure 5.which of the following is a bad

travel on the flight they booked

Sauna

1.ceremonial bathing various forms 2.what is understood by some

saunas with smoke

3.according to the third except

curing asthma

4.according to the fourth because

pores are cleaned by sweat 5.who are advised not to take

all of the above

Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist 1.the question raised in the first

that was never thought of before 2.the project funded by the national

was to find out why some buildings 3.the column mentioned by dr.was part of the building close to 4.A surprising discovery made by

Some floor framing systems are 5.What dr.reinhorn said in the last

Blast engineering emerges as a Americans Get Touchy 1.the word “practically”in the

nearly 2.which is not among the embrace 3.some parents tearchers excep diseases could be transmitted 4.which following is true in some countries,it’s usual 5.we can infer that

positive

Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for 1.debenhams could most a department store 2.british women are happy the climate of great britain 3.we can infer from the second most women no longer wore 4.which following statements true from the age of 23,skirt length 5.the word “zoom” in the first soar

Defending the Theory of Evolution 1.according to the first paragraph school boards oppose AIBS’s 2.which one of not the reason darwin’s theory is denied as 3.AIBS is composed

more than 80

4.According to weis in the 5th

Is fundamental to the 5.Why do people replace the

The term creationism is too

Narrow Escape

1.why was it “too late” by the

rocks loosened by melting 2.the first reason given to

that climbers above you 3.what is likely to be cailloux

rocks are falling

4.what is sarcastic in the words

being hit by a rock isn’t 5.in what sense was toby ”safe”

the overhanging rock would

Finding Enlightenment in Scotland 1.scotland is thought to have

the ideas proposed by some 2.which of the following

to find ways to improve 3.smith’s idea of “enlightened

the prosperity of all nations 4.which of the following true

it is still alive in a broad sense 5.the institute for system level

the tradition of Scottish higher

The Beginning of American Literature 1.what does “that hope” in

the hope to start a new life 2.when did American literature

long before the year 1,000 3.what can we learn from the

about the everyday life of 4.the main purpose of the last

early-day experience 5.which of the following true

some british writers had great

Older Volcanic Eruptions

1.why did older volcanic eruptions

they killed off life more 2.how did wignall calculate

by comparing the proportion 3.when did dinosaurs become

million years ago 4.what can be inferred from

the cause of their extinction 5.what is the main thesis of

older volcanic eruptions were

School Lunch

Properly

provide choose finding Standards portion examined Consume understanding increased Criticize nutritional affect habits

prevent

A Powerful Influence

Ever Curious harmful staring at

absorbed

Make word holding Steps negotiating seriously discuss

Necessarily

absolutely going

The Old Gate

Reasons diseases demolished

Stroke actual boundary storage Unfashionable maintain set up Preservation down replaced Chance job

Family History

Attracted

find

fairly

one

Going

decision quite

cause Avoided

connected

treat

for way

get

might

Helen and Martin

Would up weakened curiosity Become warning bothered Confidence ignoring through Gaining on took help quiet

第四篇：2011年職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類押題（定稿）

Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor

The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking，said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer.They said patients are younger，especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute，more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer，it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer，”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them，1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke，according to the report.However，more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term，close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about l irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.However，local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer.Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I don’t eat at home every day，I must stay in the kitchen to cook，”said Xu Li.a 45-year-old local woman.“I know the fumes are bad for the skin，but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer.I have already started frying less.’’

Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition，but was closely related to family cancer history，unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.3

“Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men，”said Dr Tan Binyong，honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University’s Medical College.“It’s true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”

He’s research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time，6 experts said.詞匯：

1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?

D Patients with lung cancer become younger，especially females.2.Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?

B Breast cancer.3.What symptoms may be complmned of by most women with lung cancer after long term.close

contact with cooking oil fumes?

A Irritated eyes and throat.4.What was the local women’s reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?

B Surprised.5.Which of the following has relatively little connection with women’s lung cancer?

D Personal health and physical condition.第十八篇

Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics

Most older people with so-called typeⅡdiabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes iust three times a week，according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet’s Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body’s ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent，the newspaper reported.This is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today，it said.Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II，all more than 60 years of age，exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months.After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects’ muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2

Associate Professor3 Dr.Hemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthv non-exercising persons.“This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups.Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes，4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms.At the same time it can put off5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment，”Dela was quoted as saying.6

Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas，controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat，but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise.Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of9 the importance of exercise，Dela added.1.How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin?

C By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week.2.Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin bv B 30 per cent.3.The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included

A elderly non-diabetic men.B elderly type II diabetic men.D both A and B.4.To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect?

A To the degree where they begin to sweat.5.According to Dela，among most diabetics the importance of exercise is the importance of watching their diet.C less understood than

Preventing Child Maltreatment

Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences.There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment.Data for many countries，especially low-and middle-income countries，are lacking.Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study.Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used.Nonetheless.international studies reveal that approximately 20%of women and 5-10%of men report being sexually abused as children，while 25-50%of all children report being physically abused.Additionally，many children are subject to1 emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).Every year，there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15.This number underestimates the true extent of the problem，as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to3 falls，bums and drowning.Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences.Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development.Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems.Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural，physical and mental health problems.Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections.4

Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment，there is an economic impact，including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.A number of risk factors for child maltreatmenthave been identified.These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment.A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated ,such as being either under four years old or an adolescent ,being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6

1.The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT according to the passage.C there is a shortage of the professional date collectors

2.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

B 25-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused.3.Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT according to the passage.B diarrhea

4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment?

A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when、he grows up.5.The maltreated chidlren often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT according to the passage.D thev often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents

第三十四篇

Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem.WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to 1imit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics，reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)，and，in particular，has raised, awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear，this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission，and to define the most effective measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments.the pharmaceutical industry，and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use，including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics：introducing or

enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures.including the use of hand-washing measures，particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies，and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO’s World Health Day 2011.練習(xí)：

1.Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest?

A.The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.2.Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases?

C A new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.3.Who of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR?

D Those who study in universities.4.All the following recommendations to the governments from WHO is true EXCEPT

D limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they Can use.5.What can you infer from the passage?

B Even with the new strains against the existing antibiotics，the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms is still under control.

第五篇：2014職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類考前押題

2014職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類考前押題（A級(jí)）[1] 2014年3月27日 來(lái)源：51Test.NET 考試必看 加入收藏

【51Test.NETa real danger in rural areas, where people live off the water on their land．The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue．Now, the “Don't Be Crude” program runs oil collection sites-tanks that hold up to 460 gallons-where people in the community can dispose of their oil.4.Five years ago.11-year-old Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream: for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water.His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn't have clean water, and that as little as $ 70 could build a well.“We really take water for granted,” says Ryan, of Kemptville, Ontario, in Canada． “In other countries, you have to plan for it.” Ryan earned the first $ 70 by doing extra chores(零工), but with the help of others, he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars.His efforts led to the start of the Ryan's Well Foundation, which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries.Paragraph 1________.A．Provide Clean Water B．Dig 0il Wells C．Save Clean Water D．Don 't Litter E．Don't Be Crude F．Protect Wildlife

24、Paragraph 2________.A．Provide Clean Water B．Dig 0il Wells C．Save Clean Water D．Don't Litter E．Don't Be Crude F．Protect Wildlife

25、Paragraph 3________.A．Provide Clean Water B．Dig 0il Wells C．Save Clean Water D．Don't Litter E．Don't Be Crude F．Protect Wildlife

26、Paragraph 4________.A．Provide Clean Water B．Dig 0il Wells C．Save Clean Water D．Don't Litter E．Don't Be Crude F．Protect Wildlife

27、oying placed the buckets at all public-access areas to________.A．make new materials B．preserve wetland and animals C．have clean air D．have clean water E．collect cigarette butte F．collect despoiled oil

28、People are grateful to Carter Dunham for his efforts to________.A．make new materials B．preserve wetland and animals C．have clean air D．have clean water E．collect cigarette butte F．collect despoiled oil

29、Disposed oil and many other items can be reused to________.A．make new materials B．preserve wetland and animals C．have clean air D．have clean water E．collect cigarette butte F．collect despoiled oil 30、Ryan, with the help of others, is fulfilling his dream of help African people to________.A．make new materials B．preserve wetland and animals C．have clean air D．have clean water E．collect cigarette butte F．collect despoiled oil 第4部分：閱讀理解(第31～45題，每題3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。

31、根據(jù)下列材料，回答31-45題 Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer

Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals.Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan(壽命,)of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodent's(嚙齒動(dòng)物)increase of fat in specific cells.This suggests that thinness--and hot necessarily diet--promotes long life in “ calorie(熱量卡)restricted” animals.“It's very cool work.” says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco.“These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer.It's like heaven.” Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents.Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet.But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer life．One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells.But Kahn's team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin(胰島素)receptor(受體)gene in lab mice--but only in their fat cells.“Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat,” explains Kahn.This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects.By three months of age, Kahn，those modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice，despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight．In addition．Their lifespan increased．The average control mouse rived 753 days，while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days．After three years，all the control mice had died，but one—quarter of the modified rodents were still alive．

“That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial，”says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology，who studies calorie restriction and aging．But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie．restricted animals．“It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life，”he points out，“and that would be very interesting．”

Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by_________． A．offering them less food B．giving them a balanced diet C．disrupting the specific genes in their fat cells D．preventing them growing larger

32、According to the passage．we do not know whether humans will benefit from taking in fewer calories partly because_________． A．humans，worms and rodents are different B．most people are not willing to be put on a strict diet C．the effect is not known D．genetic changes in tissues can not be performed on humans

33、What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply? A．People like to lose weight，but they do not like to eat less． B．People want to go to heaven．but they do not want to die． C．Mice will go to heaven if they lose weight． D．Mice enjoy losing weight．

34、The average modified mouse lived_________． A．3 years B．753 days C．More than 3 years D．887 days

35、What can be inferred from the passage about the route to long life? A．It remains to be studied． B．It has already been discovered． C．Eating more leads to long life． D．Eating less leads to long life．

36、根據(jù)下列材料，回答36-50題 Valuing Childhood

The value of childhood is easily blurred(變得模糊不清)in today’S world．Consider some recent developments．The child，murderers in the Jonesboro schoolyard shooting case were convicted and sentenced．Two boys，7 and 8，were charged in the murder of an 11一year-old girl in Chicago． Children who commit horrible crimes appear to act of their own will．Yet，as legal proceedings in Jonesboro showed，the one boy who was able to address the court couldn’t begin to explain his acts．though he tried to apologize．There may have been a motive—youthful jealousy(妒忌)and resentment．But a deeper question remains：Why did these boys and others in similar trouble apparently lack any inner，moral restraint? That question echoes for the accused in Chicago，young as they are．They wanted the girl’s bicycle，a selfish impulse common enough among kids．

Redemption(拯救)is a practical necessity．How can value be restored to young fives distorted by acts of violence? The boys in onesboro and in Chicago will be confined in institutions for a relatively short time．Despite horror at what was done，children are not—cannot be—dealt with as adults，not if a people wants to consider itself civilized．That’s why politicians’cries for adult treatment of youthful criminals ultimately miss the point．

But the moral void(真空)that invites violence has many sources．Family instability contributes，so does economic stress．That void，however，can be filled．The work starts with parents，who have to ask themselves whether they’re doing enough to give their children a firm sense of right and wrong．Are they really monitoring their activities and their developing processes of thought? Schools，t00，have a role in building character．So do youth organizations．So do youth enforcement agencies，which can do more to inform the young about laws，their meaning，and their observance(遵守)．

The goal，ultimately，is to allow all children a normal passage from childhood to adulthood(成年)，so that tragic gaps in moral judgement are less likely to occur．The relative few who fill such gaps with acts of violence hint at many others who don’t go that far，but who lack the moral foundations childhood should provide--and which progressive human society relies on． The two boys in Chicago were__________． A．shot B．murdered C．a(chǎn)ccused D．sentenced

37、The boys in Jonesboro and Chicago apparently lacked a sense of__________． A．right and wrong B．discipline C．shame D．safety

38、According to politicians，when children commit crimes，they should be treated in the same way as__________． A．murderers B．criminals C．victims D．a(chǎn)dults

39、Which of the following does the writer cite as a source of moral void? A．Official corruption． B．Social injustice． C．Family stability． D．Racial discrimination． 40、Which of the statements is NOT true according to this passage? A．Parents should strengthen moral instruction． B．Schools should help create a moral sense in children． CLaw enforcement agencies should do more to help children understand laws.D．Youth organizations play no role in building character．

41、根據(jù)下列材料，回答41-55題 The Body Thieves

In the early nineteenth century in Britain，many improvements were being made in the world of medicine．Doctors and Surgeons were becoming more knowledgeable about the human body．Illnesses that had been fatal a few years before were now curable．However，Surgeons had one problem．They needed dead bodies to cut up，or dissect(解剖)．This was the only way that they could learn about the flesh and bones inside the body，and the only way to teach new surgeons to carry out operations． The job of finding these dead bodies was carded out by an unpleasant group of people called“body snatchers”．They went into graveyards(墓地)at night and，using wooden shovels to make less noise。dug up any recently buried bodies．Then they took the bodies to the medical schools and sold them．A body could be sold for between￡5 and l0，which was a lot of money at that time．The doctors who paid the body snatchers had all agreement with them—they never asked any questions．They did not desire to know where the bodies came from，as long as they kept arriving．

The most famous of these body snatchers were two men from Edinburgh called William Burke and William Hare． Burke and Hare were different because they did not just dig Up bodies from graveyards．They got greedy and thought of all easier way to find bodies.Instead of digging them up．they killed the poorer guests in Hare’s small hotel.Dr.Knox，the respected surgeon they worked for．never asked why all the bodies they brought him had been strangled(勒死)．

For many years Burke and Hare were not caught because，unsurprisingly，the bodies of their victims were never found by the police．They were eventually arrested and put on trial in 1829．The judge showed mercy to Hare and he was released but Burke Was found guilty and his punishment was to be hanged．Appropria tely，his body Was given to the medical school and he ended up on the dissecting table，just like his victims．In one small way，Justice was done.Now, over 150 years later，surgeons do not need the help of criminals to learn their skills．However．the science of surgery could not have developed without their rather gruesome(令人毛骨悚然的)help．

The problem facing British surgeons in the early 19th century was that______· A．some illnesses remained incurable B．few people were willing to work as surgeons C．medical expenses were too high D．dead bodies were not easily available

42、The body snatchers used wooden shovels because ______ A．they did not wish to spoil the dead bodies B．they wanted to keep the bodies to themselves C．they were afraid of being caught D．they were careful not to disturb anyone

43、Burk and Hare differed from other body snatchers in that______ A．they got other people to dig up bodies for them B．they sold the bodies only to one surgeon C．they dug up bodies not just from graveyards D．they resorted to murder to get bodies

44、The bodies of Burke's and Hare's victims couldn't be found by the police because______ A．they had been stolen B．they had been strangled C．they had been dissected D．they had been buried

45、The body thieves contributed in their gruesome way to______ A．medical advancement B．legal progress C．social stability D．material wealth 第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文(第46～50題，每題2分，共10分)下面的短文有5處空白，短文后有6個(gè)句子，其中5個(gè)取自短文，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章面貌。

46、根據(jù)下列材料回答46-50題

The Dangers of Secondhand Smoke

Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health.Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases.In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancer However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes.He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage.(46).No one knows for sure why Mr.Gilson has lung cancer.Neverth eless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people's cigarettes.(47)The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke.The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals.In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker's health.(48)They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic(有毒的)chemicals in their bodies.As a matter of fact, almost all of US breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not.For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places.Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted．It is even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke．(49)Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers.The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke． People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke．(50)

______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.47、______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.48、______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.49、______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.50、______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.第6部分：完形填空(第52～65題，每題1分，共15分)下面的短文有15處空白，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容為每處空白確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。

51、根據(jù)下列材料，回答51-65題 The Greatest Mystery Of Whales

The whale is a warm-blooded, air-breahing animal, giving birth to its young alive, sucking them-and, like all mammals, originated on land．There are many front flippers(鰭狀肢), used for steering and stability, are traces of feet.(51)of this.Its Immense strength is(52)into the great body of the big whales, and in fact most of a whale's body is one gigantic muscle．The blue whale's pulling strength has been estimated(53)400 horsepower.One specimen was reported to have towed(拖)a whaling vessel for seven hours at the(54)of eight knot(節(jié)).An angry whale will(55)A famous example of this was the fate of Whaler Essex,(56)was sunk off the coast of South America early in the last century.More recently, steel ships have(57)their plates buckled(使彎曲)in the same way.Sperm whales(抹香鯨)were known to seize the old-time whaleboats in their jaws and crash them.The greatest(58)of whales is their diving ability．The sperm whale dives to the Bottom for his(59)food，the octopus(章魚)．In that search he is known to go as far Down as 3200 feet，where the．(60)is l400 pounds，to a square inch．Doing so he will(61)underwater long as one hour．Two special skills are involved in this storing up enough(62)(all whales ale air—breathed)and tolerating the great change in pressure．Just how he does it scientists have not(63)．It is believed that some of the oxygen is stored in a special(64)of blood vessels，rather than just held in the lungs．And it is believed that a special kind of oil in his head is some sort of compensating mechanism that(65)adjusts the internal pressure of his body．But since you can’t bring a live whale into the laboratory for study，no one knows just how these things work． A．a(chǎn)spects B．signs C．ways D．reasons

52、A．worked B．divided C．built D．moved

53、A．a(chǎn)l B．in C．of D．with

54、A．number B．degree C．distance D．rate

55、A．a(chǎn)bandon B．a(chǎn)ttack C．leave D．board

56、A．a(chǎn)s B．who C．which D．that

57、A．had B．operated C．Seen D．caught

58、A．interest B．job C．danger D．mystery

59、A．favorite B．fast C．new D．sufficient 60、A．depth B．pressure C．level D．size 61、A．set B．become C．remain D．rest． 62、A．heat B．energy C．food D．oxygen 63、A．witnessed B．determined C．a(chǎn)pplied D．calculated 64、A．system B．place C．a(chǎn)rrangement D．equipment 65、A．mentally B．a(chǎn)rtificially C．manually D．a(chǎn)utomatically