第一篇：英語講稿英文版

(1)Now, we take a look at the smart home in the future life.Smart Home, also known as intelligent homes, is based on the future houses, which contain network communication, appliances control, automation equipment.Smart home system, using advanced computer technology, integrated wiring technology and various of subsystems associated with home life make home life more energy-efficient, safe and comfortable.(2)In the smart home system, control center is the intelligent gateway, which is directly connected to the communication between users and appliances.Users can use mobile phones, computers and other appliances to achieve video surveillance, lighting, curtains and other controlling through the gateway.Similarly appliances give real-time feedback to the users through the gateway.(3)Let's look at the composition of the system.Smart Home system consists of three parts, intelligent appliances, intelligent control center and users, and control center is the core.They communicate with each other by Bluetooth and GPRS wireless network.As shown(4), we use controller STM32 as control center, the users contain cellphone APP, computer software.They communicate with each other by the Internet, wireless network, or Bluetooth network.So you can control the entire system via phone or computer at any time and any place.(5)This is the overall structure of the system, management computer, user, and cellphone users all belong to the user part.They communicate with the intelligent control center through the Internet, telephone network, and GPRS network, and the Bluetooth wireless network connects the control center with intelligent appliances and automatic security alarm respectively, thus the whole system is connected together.(6)Now I will introduce the software design of the system.Software design uses multithreading technology, and the design mainly aims at GPRS network.Household equipment and security system are monitored by mobile phone messages.This is the overall system software flowchart, the left part of the flowchart is software design of appliances controlling, which includes remote control thread, receive information thread, access control thread, and state information, the right section is the software design of security system, including smoke alarm and broke alarm.(7)Finally I will introduce a specific software control, the control of intelligent appliances.If you want to control home appliances, open you cellphone and create remote control, the system receives control command by reading the serial data then the controller send a control signal, the control signal is amplified to drive a relay to control the state of appliance.As feedback, the state collector sends state information to users.

第二篇：中美關系英文講稿

英語國家社會與文化入門——中美關系解說稿（周長專用）

Good morning, I have been fortunate enough today to show you, because of time constraints, and I can only show some general content of the Sino-US relations,if you find something is not good,please forgive me.if you are interested in this topic ,welcome to talk about it with me after the class.As we all know,China is the world's largest developing country, the United States is the world's most developed countries, China is the world's largest exporter, the United States is the world's largest importer, so, Sino-US relations are very important.First, we take a look at the stage characteristics of the Sino-US relations, Sino-US relations is divided into three stages.First stage: the founding of New China to the early 1970s, and china and america have a full-scale confrontation in this period, this a hostility period.Phase II: In the early 1970s to the 1980s, during this period ,due to various reasons, the Sino-US relations achieved normalization,and china and america established diplomatic relations.Phase III: Since the reform and opening up, during this period China and the United States formed a strategic partnership, cooperation and friction is the topic in this period.let us take a concern about the first period, the period of hostilities, the founding of New China, the Communist Party defeated the Kuomintang which supported by the United States, China confirmed “one-sided” strategy.So,The next 20 years China has been treated with political hostility and diplomatic isolation, military threats by america.The most typical manifestation is the Korean War，here we see the video of the Korean War,in this video, Chairman Mao made ainspiring speech in the the last,from this video,not only we can get the history, but also can experience the indomitable spirit with china’s leader.But this period end of China coming back to the United Nations,this case also mean U.S.policy of isolating china failed，英語國家社會與文化入門——中美關系解說稿（周長專用）

Look at this picture ,this is a very famous picture, called qiao’s laughing,", Qiao Guanhua is the head of the Chinese delegation, the picture recorded after the victory

let's look at the second stage of normalization of the Sino-US relations in the 1970s to 1980s, and do you know why the two sides are seeking to improve relations during this period? The first should be the failure of U.S.policy of isolating China, Second, during this period, the United States on the defensive in US-Soviet hegemony, the Soviet hegemonism was a direct threat to our country in that age, from a strategic consideration, the normalization of Sino-US relations is the needs to against Soviet Union, which also gave the Soviet Union a big suprise indeed, of course, this decision is also out of the needs of the Taiwan issue.Look at this picture , Premier Zhou Enlai and President Nixon,you know, this handshake across the world's widest oceans.And This is in the state banquet,Premier Zhou Enlai take food for Nixon.Here we look at the video section of Nixon’s china visiting.I do not know did you notice the scene when Nixon took the coat for Zhou Enlai, it’s a famous detail,Premier Zhou Enlai has a very strong personality, foreign guests who have been in contact with Premier Zhou will be impressed by his sincerity, which is also worthy of our Chinese diplomat to learn.Let’s come to the final stage, period since the reform and opening up, i devid this period into three steps

The first step is the late 1970s to the late 1980s, this period is the first dacade after the normalization of Sino-US relations,the relations developed smoothly during this period, and vice-premier Deng Xiaoping visited the United States during this time.Here is a video of Deng Xiaoping's visiting to U.S..The second step of the late 1980s to the early 1990, United States began sanctions

英語國家社會與文化入門——中美關系解說稿（周長專用）

during this period, the collapse of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, China has also undergone a political storm, commonly known as the student movement.The United States believes that China's suppression of the counter-revolutionary rebellion is terrible, so america made sanctions against China.Incidentally, I personally do not agree with the student movement event, any historical event must have international and domestic background and underlying causes, and this incident precisely do not have.Ok,Return to the Sino-US relations, the third step, since the mid-1990s, the sanctions have no effect, the U.S.change the policy, cooperation accounted for the main line, such as China's accession to the WTO.Here is a video of China's accession to the WTO, Premier Zhu Rongji visited the United States.Actually,except these,i intended to show you Sino-US relations after U.S.President Barack Obama took office, such as trade friction, the United States to return to the Asia-Pacific strategy, but this problem is too complex to have the opportunity to be explained today.Why the Sino-US relations is so important and complex, only one word can describe,there is no permanent friends, no permanent enemies, only permanent interests!

Ok,This is the entire contents of the speech today ,Finally, I want to do a summary with Chinese to end the speech，中國的進步和發展奔騰向前，浩浩蕩蕩，勢不可擋。我們堅信，勤勞勇敢智慧的中國人民，在全面建設小康社會這一前無古人的偉大實踐中，一定能夠萬眾一心，奮發圖強，勇往直前地朝著宏偉目標闊步邁進，光榮完成時代賦予的崇高使命，把我國早日建設成為富強民主文明的社會主義現代化國家。最后愿我們的祖國在瞬息萬變的世界大潮中屹立不倒！愿祖國繁榮昌盛！

第三篇：英文國際會議講稿

PPT(1)大家上午好！今天我匯報的主題是：基于改進型LBP算法的運動目標檢測系統。運動目標檢測技術能降低視頻監控的人力成本，提高監控效率，同時也是運動目標提取、跟蹤及識別算法的基礎。圖像信號具有數據量大，實時性要求高等特征。隨著算法的復雜度和圖像清晰度的提高，需要的處理速度也越來越高。幸運的是，圖像處理的固有特性是并行的，尤其是低層和中間層算法。這一特性使這些算法，比較容易在FPGA等并行運算器件上實現，今天匯報的主題就是關于改進型LBP算法在硬件上的實現。

good morning everyone.My report is about a Motion Detection System Based on Improved LBP Operator.Automatic motion detection can reduce the human cost of video surveillance and improve efficiency [?'f??(?)ns?]，it is also the fundament of object extraction, tracking and recognition [rek?g'n??(?)n].In this work, efforts ['ef?ts] were made to establish the background model which is resistance to the variation of illumination.And our video surveillance system was realized on a FPGA based platform.PPT(2)

目前，常用的運動目標檢測算法有背景差分法、幀間差分法等。幀間差分法的基本原理是將相鄰兩幀圖像的對應像素點的灰度值進行減法運算，若得到的差值的絕對值大于閾值，則將該點判定為運動點。但是幀間差分檢測的結果往往是運動物體的輪廓，無法獲得目標的完整形態。

Currently, Optic Flow, Background Subtraction and Inter-frame difference are regard as the three mainstream algorithms to detect moving object.Inter-frame difference based method need not model ['m?dl] the background.It detects moving objects based on the frame difference between two continuous frames.The method is easy to be implemented and can realize real-time detection, but it cannot extract the full shape of the moving objects [6].PPT(3)

在攝像頭固定的情況下，背景差分法較為簡單，且易于實現。若背景已知，并能提供完整的特征數據，該方法能較準確地檢測出運動目標。但在實際的應用中，準確的背景模型很難建立。如果背景模型如果沒有很好地適應場景的變化，將大大影響目標檢測結果的準確性。像這副圖中，背景模型沒有及時更新，導致了檢測的錯誤。

The basic principle of background removal method is building a background model and providing a classification of the pixels into either foreground or background [3-5].In a complex and dynamic environment, it is difficult to build a robust [r?(?)'b?st] background model.PPT(4)

上述的幀間差分法和背景差分法都是基于灰度的。基于灰度的算法在光照條件改變的情況下，性能會大大地降低，甚至失去作用。

The algorithms we have discussed above are all based on grayscale.In practical applications especially outdoor environment, the grayscales of each pixel are unpredictably shifty because of the variations in the intensity and angle of illumination.PPT(5)為了解決光照改變帶來的基于灰度的算法失效的問題，我們考慮用紋理特征來檢測運動目標。而LBP算法是目前最常用的表征紋理特征的算法之一。首先在圖像中提取相鄰9個像素點的灰度值。然后對9個像素中除中心像素以外的其他8個像素做二值化處理。大于等于中心點像素的，標記為1，小于的則標記為0。最后將中心像素點周圍的標記值按統一的順序排列，得到LBP值，圖中計算出的LBP值為10001111。當某區域內所有像素的灰度都同時增大或減小一定的數值時，該區域內的LBP值是不會改變的，這就是LBP對灰度的平移不變特性。它能夠很好地解決灰度受光照影響的問題。

In order to solve the above problems, we proposed an improved LBP algorithm which is resistance to the variations of illumination.Local binary pattern(LBP)is widely used in machine vision applications such as face detection, face recognition and moving object detection [9-11].LBP represents a relatively simple yet powerful texture descriptor which can describe the relationship of a pixel with its immediate neighborhood.The fundamental of LBP operator is showed in Fig 1.The basic version of LBP produces 256 texture patterns based on a 9 pixels neighborhood.The neighboring pixel is set to 1 or 0 according to the grayscale value of the pixel is larger than the value of centric pixel or not.For example, in Fig1 7 is larger than 6, so the pixel in first row first column is set to 1.Arranging the 8 binary numbers in certain order, we get an 8 bits binary number, which is the LBP pattern we need.For example in Fig.1, the LBP is 10001111.LBP is tolerant ['t?l(?)r(?)nt] against illumination changing.When the grayscales of pixels in a 9 pixels window are shifted due to illumination changing, the LBP value will keep unchanged.PPT(6)

圖中的一些常見的紋理，都能用一些簡單的LBP向量表示，對于每個像素快，只需要用一個8比特的LBP值來表示。

There are some textures , and they can be represent by some simple 8bit LBP patterns.PPT(7)

從這幅圖也可以看出，雖然灰度發生了很大的變化，但是紋理特征并沒有改變，LBP值也沒有變化。

You can see, in these picture , although the grayscale change alot, but the LBP patterns keep it value.PPT(8)上述的算法是LBP算法的基本形式，但是這種基本算法不適合直接應用在視頻監控系統中。主要有兩個原因：第一，在常用的視頻監控系統中，特別是在高清視頻監控系統中，9個像素點覆蓋的區域很小，在如此小的區域內，各個像素點的灰度值十分接近，甚至是相同的，紋理特征不明顯，無法在LBP值上體現。第二，由于以像素為單位計算LBP值，像素噪聲會造成LBP值的噪聲。這兩個原因導致計算出的LBP值存在較大的隨機性，甚至在靜止的圖像中，相鄰兩幀對應位置的LBP值也可能存在差異，從而引起的誤檢測。

為了得到更好的檢測性能，我們采用基于塊均值的LBP算法。這種方法的基本原理是先計算出3×3個像素組成的的像素塊的灰度均值，以灰度均值作為該像素塊的灰度值。然后以3×3個像素塊（即9×9個像素）為單位，計算LBP值。

The typical LBP cannot meet the need of practical application of video surveillance for two reasons: Firstly, a “window” which only contains 9 pixels is a small area in which the grayscales of pixels are similar or same to each other, and the texture feature in such a small area is too weak to be reflected by a LBP.Secondly, pixel noise will immediately cause the noise of LBP, which may lead to a large number of wrong detection.In order to obtain a better performance, we proposed an improved LBP based on the mean value of “block”.In our algorithm, one block contains 9 pixels.Compared with original LBP pattern calculated in a local 9 neighborhood between pixels, the improved LBP operator is defined by comparing the mean grayscale value of central block with those of its neighborhood blocks(see Fig.2).By replacing the grayscales of pixels with the mean value of blocks, the effect of the pixel noise is reduced.The texture feature in such a bigger area is more significant to be described by LBP pattern.PPT(9)

運用LBP描述背景，其本質上也是背景差分法的一種。背景差分法應用在復雜的視頻監控場景中時，要解決建立健壯的背景模型的問題。駛入并停泊在監控畫面中的汽車，被搬移出監控畫面的箱子等，都會造成背景的改變。而正確的背景模型是正確檢測出運動目標并提取完整目標輪廓的基礎。如果系統能定時更新背景模型，將已經移動出監控畫面的物體“剔除”出背景模型，將進入監控畫面并且穩定停留在畫面中的物體“添加”入背景模型，會減少很多由于背景改變而造成的誤檢測。

根據前一節的介紹，幀間差分法雖然無法提取完整的運動目標，但是它是一種不依賴背景模型就能進行運動目標檢測的算法。因此，可以利用幀間差分法作為當前監控畫面中是否有運動目標的依據。如果畫面中沒有運動目標，就定期對背景模型進行更新。如果畫面中有運動目標，就推遲更新背景模型。這樣就能避免把運動目標錯誤地“添加”到背景模型中。

In practical application, the background is changing randomly.For traditional background subtraction algorithm the incapability of updating background timely will cause wrong detection.In order to solve this problem, we propose an algorithm with dynamic self updating background model.As we know, Inter-frame difference method can detect moving object without a background model, but this method cannot extract the full shape.Background subtraction method can extract the full shape but needs a background model.The basic principle of our algorithm is running a frame difference moving object detection process concurrently [k?n'k?r?ntli] with the background subtraction process.What’s time to update the background is according to the result of frame difference detection.PPT(10)

運動目標檢測系統特別是嵌入式運動目標檢測系統在實際應用中要解決實時性的問題。比如每秒60幀的1024×768的圖像，對每個像素都運用求均值，求LBP等算法，那么它的運算量是十分巨大的，為此我們考慮在FPGA上用硬件的方式實現。

If LBP algorithm is implemented in a software way, it will be very slow.FPGA have features of concurrent computation, reconfiguration and large data throughput.It is suitable to be built an embedded surveillance system.The algorithm introduced above is implemented on a FPGA board.PPT(11)

這就是我們硬件實現的系統結構圖。首先輸入系統的RGB像素信號的濾波、灰度計算及LBP計算，得到各個像素塊的LBP值。然后背景更新控制模塊利用幀差模塊的檢測結果控制背景緩存的更新。區域判定模塊根據背景差模塊的輸出結果，結合像素塊的坐標信息，對前景像素塊進行區域判定。

The structure of the system is showed in this figure.In this system, a VGA signal is input to the development board.and the LBP pattern is calculated , Frame difference module also compares the current frame and the previous frame to determine whether there is a moving object in the surveillance vision.If the surveillance vision is static for a certain amount of frame, the background model will be updated.PPT(12)圖中是LBP計算模塊。圖中所示的窗口提取結構可以實現3×3像素塊窗口的提取。像素信號按順序輸入該結構，窗口中的數據就會按順序出現在Pixel1-Pixel9這9個寄存器中，從而在最短的延時內提取出相鄰9個像素點的灰度值。行緩存的大小等于每一行圖像包含的像素個數減1。將9個像素點的灰度值通過求均值模塊，可以求出一個像素塊的像素均值。

將像素塊均值作為輸入再次通過類似的結構，可以提取出3×3個相鄰像素塊的灰度值。這時行緩存的大小為每一行包含的像素塊的個數減1。再用9個窗口的灰度值作為輸入，用比較器陣列計算出最終的LBP值。

To achieve real time computation of the LBP, a circuit structure is put forward as showed in Fig.5.Two line buffers and nine resisters are connected in the way showed in the figure.Nine neighbor pixels are extracted with minimum ['m?n?m?m] delay, and the mean value of this block is calculated by the mean value calculate module which contains some adders and shifters.The mean values of the blocks are inputted to a similar structure and extracted in a similar way, and the LBP is calculated by the consequence LBP calculate module.PPT(13)求均值模塊采用如圖3-12所示的四級流水方式實現。在算法的設計過程中，需要求出的是3×3像素塊中9個像素的均值。但是在硬件實現時，為了更合理地利用硬件資源，只計算剔除中心像素后的8個像素的均值。這樣做可以在不對計算結果造成太大影響的情況下減少加法器的使用。而且在求均值的最后一級流水，除8運算比除9運算更容易實現。因為8是2的整數冪，除8運算只需要將各個像素的和右移3位。而除9運算在FPGA中需要專用的DSP模塊來完成。PPT(14)如圖所示，塊均值計算模塊計算出的8個塊均值被圖3-11中的窗口提取模塊提取出來，并作為比較器陣列的輸入，比較器的輸出結果用0和1表示。最終的比較結果按一定的順序排列，重新拼接成一個8位的二進制數，即LBP值。LBP計算電路沒有采用流水結構，在一個時鐘周期內就能得到計算結果。

PPT(15)

這個是在系統測試中，實現對多個目標的檢測。

In this system test ,we achieve a multi-object detection.PPT(16)

這個圖是對動態背景更新的測試，在監控區域中劃定一個目標區域，把一個靜止的物體放置到目標區域中。在前3分鐘內，系統會將其當做前景目標，矩形窗口會以閃爍的形式發出報警信號。3分鐘過后，由于物體一直處于靜止狀態，系統檢測到了10800個靜止幀，于是更新背景模型。靜止的物體被當做背景的一部分，此后窗口不再閃爍。經驗證，該系統能夠正確實現背景模型更新算法。

This is the test for the auto background update.We put a statics object in the surveillance area，at the beginning this is trusted as a moving object.after 3 minutes , the system receive ten thousand static frames ,and then update the background model.Then this object is regard as a part of the background.PPT(17)

此外為了驗證系統對室外光照變化抑制能力，我們選取了大量有光照變化，并且有運動目標的視頻對系統進行了測試。

In order to verify the resistance to the varation of illumination , a certification experiment is designed, and the ROC curves of the two algorithms based on LBP and grayscale are plotted and compared.A number of short video clips with shifty and fixed illumination, including positive samples with moving objects and negative samples without moving objects.PPT(18)

測試平臺如圖所示。用一臺PC機作為測試信號的輸出源，然后在PC機中播放視頻，并將視頻VGA信號發送給運動目標檢測系統，模擬真實的監控環境。FPGA將輸入信號和區域邊框圖形相疊加后在LCD上顯示。

The picture of the certification experiment is showed in this picture.A PC acts as the source of the test signal which is input to the FPGA in the form of VGA.Passing through the FPGA board, video signal is displayed on a LCD screen.PPT(19)

并最終描繪了系統的ROC特性曲線。在沒有光照強度變化的情況下，采用基于灰度的運動目標檢測算法的性能略優于基于LBP值的運動目標檢測算法，兩種算法都能取得較好的檢測效果。但是在圖5-15中（測試集2），也就是在光照強度變化的情況下，畫面整體灰度發生較大的改變，基于灰度的檢測算法的性能大幅度下降，接近于失效。而采用LBP值的檢測算法卻能維持較好的性能。可見基于LBP的檢測算法對抑制光照強度變化造成的誤檢測有較好的效果。

This two figure are the ROC curves of the experiments using our

algorithm and traditional grayscale-based algorithm.We can see in the Fig.1 which corresponds to the condition with fixed illumination, the performance of the grayscale-based algorithm is slightly better than these of LBP-based algorithm, they can both detect moving object effectively.But in Fig.2 which corresponds to the condition with shifty illumination, grayscale based algorithm deteriorates drastically and nearly lose efficacy ?k?s?].But the improved LBP algorithm still keeps a good performance.PPT(20)

謝謝大家！

Thanks for your attention

第四篇：英文試講稿[范文模版]

We have discussed how to simplify a logic function using logic algebra.This method relies on the skill of the individual in applying the appropriate rules.Sometimes it is hard to be sure whether the logical function is already simplest form or not.Now we will introduce a new method, which is graphical, known as the Karnaugh map.It’s a tool for performing the simplification of logic function.2 first, we must know what is the K-map, and how to design it!Usually, the K-map is made up of 3 parts, and the 3 parts are variables, cells and binary numbers.Ok, we can get 2 k-maps, you should note each map includes 3 parts.Please remember the 3 parts, when you design k-maps, each of the parts is essential.we note the first map has 2 variables, it has 4cells, and the second map has 3 variables, it has 8 cells.So in an n-variable k-map, there are 2 to power n cells.4 then please observe the binary numbers on the upper and left side of the k-map.What do you discover from the changed values? Take the numbers on the upper side as example, look at the first map, the numbers is changed from 0 to 1 between adjacent cells, only one-bit is changed, of course, the number just has one-bit.On the second map, each number has 2 bits, the number is changed from 00 to 01, from 01 to 11, from 11 to 10, between the adjacent cells, there is only one-bit in the number changed.If we change the position of the 2 binary numbers, do you think this sequence is right? No!It’s not right, because the number is changed from 01 to 10, two bits are changed.So you should know there is only a single-variable value changed between adjacent cells.This is one of the K-map’s features.5 we look at other features.On the fist map, Cell 1’s adjacent cells are cell 2 and 3, it’s easy to understand.What are the cell 4’s adjacent cells? They are also cell 2 and 3.But on the second map, cell 3’s adjacent cells are cell 1, 4 and 7.This is easy to understand.Now please give the cell 1’s adjacent cells!You may list cell 2 and 3, it’s right, but it’s not all right, because you ignore the cell 5.Do you know what that is on the left side of cell 1? In fact, cell 5 is on the left side of cell 1, of course, cell 6 is on the left side of cell 2.In this case, adjacent cell include the cells located in the symmetric place.I hope everyone should note this.6 this is a 4-variable K-map.Please give the cell 11’s adjacent cells!Now you should know except cell 12 and 15, cell 3 and 9 are cell 11’s adjacent cells.Cell 3 is on the right side of the cell 11, and cell 9 is on the lower side.7 Ok, let’s summarize the feature of K-map.Fist, if a k-map has n variables, it must possess 2 to power n cells.Second, when you design a k-map, please note how to change the binary number on the upper and left side, there is only a single-variable value changed between adjacent cells.Third, it’s easy to find a cell’s adjacent cells, but I must emphasize that you don’t ignore these cells located in the symmetric place.Please care about these, it will easy for you to make use of K-map.8 after discussing K-map, let’s learn how to represent a truth table on k-map.Here is an example.This is a truth table of a 3-variable function, the knowledge about the truth table has been discussed earlier.The key step is to design a K-map, we know the function has 3 variables, the k-map also has 3-varibales, according to the features of k-map, there are 2 to power 3 cells in the K-map, they are 8 cells.Then the binary numbers will be written, you seem to note there is only single-variable value changed between adjacent cells, we have drawn a K-map.The second step is to mapping the logic function.It is an easy work for you to enter the value of the output variable Y in each cell.On the K-map, cell 0 corresponds to row 0, because the variables’ value are same, a is equal to 0, b is equal to 0, c is equal to 0, so we should enter 0 in cell 0.Cell 1 corresponds to row 1, a is equal to 0, b is equal to 0, c is equal to 0, enter 1 in cell 1.so we can draw a conclusion if all variables’ value on the map is same as those in the table, enter output value in corresponding cell.Ok, fig.5.3 gives the complete K-map of the truth table.Look at this example 2, this equation is in SOP form, first we should convert it into standard SOP, and then it can be represented on K-map.Observe this equation, this term and this term are not minterm.Although minterm and SOP form are discussed early, I think it’s necessary to review this knowledge.Minterm is also called standard product form, we look at example 2, the 3 terms are product form.This and this terms are only product form, they are not standard product form.But this term is standard product form.What’s minterm? A function has n variables, if the product term contains n variables, each variable may be in complemented form or in uncomplemented form.The product term is called a minterm or standard product form.11 of course, it’s easy to understand that if a function has n variables, there must be 2 to power n minterms.There are 3 variables A,B,C, so we can write 8 minterms.12 if the logical function is represented as a sum of minterms only, the function is said to be in standard sum of products form.This expression is not in standard SOP form, because this and this term are not minterms, and this expression is in standard SOP form.13 In fact, the logical function can be converted into standard SOP form.We know the C plus the complement of c equal 1, any term multiply 1 equal itself.So if the fist term multiplies this expression, it can be converted into two minterms, the two sides of the equal mark are equivalent.The second term can be converted into two minterms by the same way.We can get a standard SOP form.14 the represent the SOP form on K-map.15 According to minterm’s features, logical 1 corresponds to the original variable, logical 0 corresponds to complement of variable.When a equal 0, b equal 0, c equal 0, we can get this minterm, this term corresponds to this cell.In fact, the K-Map includes all minterms.16 the first term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.the second term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.the third term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.the forth term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.the fifth term corresponds to this cell, so we enter 1 in this cell.17 Ok.The equation in standard SOP form is represented on K-Map.18 this section is very important.It is well-known that K-map is perhaps the most extensively used tool for simplification of logical function.Ok, let’s look at how to simplify logical function using K-map.We will illustrate every step through a example so that you can understand this method easily.Let’s look at the fist step, Mark those cells with a 1 that correspond to the terms in expression.Here is an equation in standard SOP form.After designing a k K-map, enter 1s in corresponding cells.So we get fig 5.6.19 Form the 1s into the largest valid group.Some conditions limit the largest group.The group must be a rectangle, and must contain 2 to power i cells, i is equal 0, 1, 2, n.n is the number of variables.When you face this K-map, how to make valid group, on the left side, there are 3 ones, on the right side, there are 2 ones.The 3 ones couldn’t form a group, because it is not rectangle, and it has 3 cells, normally, the group should contain 1, 2, 3, or 8 cells.But these 2 ones can form a group, these and these also can form a group.u should remember this cell and this cell are adjacent, this cell is on the left side of this cell, this cell is in the right side of this cell, the two cells are the same.So these 4 cells should form a group, and it also satisfy the demand of form the largest group.ok we have formed two groups Step 3 each 1 on the map must be included in at least one group.The ones already in a group can be included in another group as long as the overlapping groups include noncommon ones.Please note this cell, it isn’t only in the group, but also in this group, it belongs to the two groups, these 2 groups are permitted.Because the 2 overlapping groups include noncommon ones.Except this cell , this group has this cell, this group has this, this and this cells.21 Step 4 will give us a rule about how to produce terms.Identify adjacent ones in a group, then see the values of the variable associated with these cells.If the variables will be different and they gets eliminated.Other variables will appear in ANDed form in the term.This map exist 2 groups.We observe this group first, the value of variable C is not changed, it is equal to 1.the value of A is also not changed, it’s equal to 0, but look at variable B, the value is changed from 0 to 1 between adjacent cells, variable B should be eliminated.The other two Variables A, and C will appear in ANDed form in the term, I have to emphasize that this term is written by the method of producing minterm.0 corresponds to complemented variable, 1corresponds to uncomplemented variable.So we get this term.Then we observe this group include 4 cells, the value of variable B is not changed, the others will be eliminated.We get the complemented B.two groups get 2 terms.22 step5 these terms are ORed to get the simplified equation in SOP form.This equation is previous, and this is simplified equation, in fact, it’s a simplest expression, these two equations are equivalent.Now, we have simplified a logical expression using K-map, do you find it is a simple and efficient method? Remember these 5 steps, they are useful.23 After this chapter, we should appreciate the two points.First, you must know how to design a K-map;it’s a basal and important knowledge.When you design a K-map, you should pay more attention to these details.Second, simplification a logical expression using K-map method, we know this method is simplest and most commonly used method, it’s an essential knowledge in this chapter and easy for you to be operated, I will give you some homework to practice yourselves, they are 7, 12, 16, and 18 on the page 188 and 189 respectively.Please treat them seriously, you will get promoted.

第五篇：高等教育英文講稿

Too many colleges and universities rises because of the increasing students.There are great diversities among different college education.These differences may result from the regional differences、the

triditional

teaching、the

region's economicdevelopment and so on!

Here is a paper about this kind of great diversity among several famous university in china , what’s more ,comparing them with those well-known abroad, drawing a conclusion about the cause of the diversity and the effects of these differences!

According to these effects, this paper also put forward corresponding solutions!Hoping to have some humble effects in improving our country's education model!

1.The current indication of the domestic university As a Chinese , especially a student , I have a lot to say about the education system in China now.Have to into heat such a fact that due to a large population, a lot of our system is not perfect place!

1.1the amount of colleges and students in China Now the country's amount of full-time college is 1553, the undergraduate course colleges and universities is 642 and 911 respectively!.As for the number of college students, according to China's higher education development planning(July)latest statistics is 29.6 million.And every year to 1.3 1.6% speed expansion, 2020 enrollment rate can reach 40%, higher education students can reach 50 million.1.2the employment prospect of graduates in colleges At present, the college students' employment prospects is so weak, after the financial crisis also not too optimistic.The employment outlook is very slim, this phenomenon short-term won't have too big change, unless the countries all of the education system and the change of social convention, and the society of national traditional change is beneficial to the employment of college graduates 1.3the relation between employment and education Many people believe that in the college students' employment difficult is the main reason the number of graduates too much, of course, it is a certain basis!However, we can't ignore such a fact;University education should be the situation of more responsibility.Actually the number of college students is never problem, look at all aspects of the news can know even if every year there are many college graduates to find work, our country's many enterprises are faced with “workers lack of” awkward situation.This the awkwardness of the situation is in the university education cause.Because of the college students' thinking was “university” such a bondage to the environment.2.the difference of domestic university If only said that China's university education malpractice, there is no basis.So, will the domestic university compared each other, in and overseas famous university is more, that can be very clear indication of the differences between each other and gap.2.1university’s teaching conditions are different

My own school: northeast dianli university-covers an area of 808000 square meters, the school building construction area of 490000 square meters, the fixed assets of 1.07 billion yuan.Existing each kind of has a student enrollment of 25142 people, including doctoral students, master graduate student 1500 people, the juniorcollege students, 16000, teach by correspondence students 8273 people, on-the-job graduate student 586 people project.Collection books and practice of the journal.My school is a engineering school, so it and other engineering university----university of science and technology of China compared: The university of science and technology of China(not including suzhou, Shanghai academy)campus area of 1.45 million square meters, building construction area of 920000 square meters.The campus is divided into east, west, north and south, four areas, technology university teachers and students used to east side, the west, and the north district to call each campus, campus through the campus bus between free(need to charge)is an organic whole repeatedly.Schools have assets worth 890 million yuan of advanced teaching research instrumentation equipment, the library collection of 1.8875 million books, mathematics, physics and mechanics, astronomy, biological sciences, chemical altogether six countries science basic scientific research and teaching personnel training base and A national life science and technology training base, eight level 1 discipline key national disciplines, four secondary discipline key national disciplines, two national cultivate discipline, one of A kind of anhui province key discipline, and A class B in anhui province key discipline.A national synchrotron radiation laboratory, hefei microscale material science national laboratory(raise), fire science state key laboratory, state high performance computing center(hefei), MengCheng geophysical field observation research station science such as national 34 countries and the key scientific research institution of provincial level.More than 15500 students, more than 1900 people of doctoral student, master of 6200 people, more than 7400 undergraduate students.Undergraduate students and training quality always is one of the colleges and universities all over the country.Obviously, the margin was huge!

2.2Graduates of different training direction Different school for their students have different training scheme: in the name of the school through some can see out.Such as “power university” main training of the power system for engineering students, and “medical university” main training for medicine and health industry professionals.So there are plenty of examples.Cause of this kind of phenomenon is the main reason of the mentioned teaching conditions.Each school will be according to their own schools have facilities, especially before the precious experiment equipment to determine their students' main research direction.2.3The impact of these different Since the university respective specialize in direction, can be divided into the university of technology type, agriculture, class, candidates, philosophy class, the law kind, education class, literature, history, economy class, the management of such as of November.The result is the above two points: university of the difference between them.