第一篇:世行行長金墉2014年IMF世界銀行年會演講(中英對照)
世行行長金墉2014年IMF/世界銀行年會“演講(中英對照)
―Tackling the Most Difficult Problems: Infrastructure, Ebola and Climate Change‖ ―解決最大難題:基礎設施、埃博拉和氣候變化‖ IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings 2014 2014年國際貨幣基金組織/世界銀行年會 World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim 世界銀行集團行長金墉
Washington, D.C., United States 華盛頓,美國 October 10, 2014 2014年10月10日
Chairman Pruaitch, Madame Lagarde, Governors, my friends Jim and Elaine Wolfensohn, Mrs.Robert McNamara, partners, and friends: 普魯艾奇主席,拉加德女士,各位理事,我的朋友吉姆和伊萊恩·沃爾芬森,羅伯特·麥克納馬拉夫人,各位合作伙伴,朋友們: It is wonderful to see you again.再次見到各位真是太好了。
First, I’d like to congratulate the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize, Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi.Just one year ago, Malala and I sat together on a stage at the World Bank.She is an inspiration to all of us, and gives us hope for the new generation – especially the new generation of girls.首先,我想對諾貝爾和平獎得主馬拉拉和薩蒂亞爾蒂表示祝賀。就在一年前,馬拉拉和我一起坐在世界銀行的講臺上。她對我們大家是一個鼓舞,讓我們對新一代、特別是新一代女童充滿希望。
When we were together last year, I spoke at length about the World Bank Group’s plans for its most significant reorganization in nearly two decades.Our goal was to ensure that we were fit for the purpose of meeting our twin goals: ending extreme poverty by 2030, and boosting shared prosperity for the poorest 40 percent in developing countries.在去年年會時,我詳細介紹了世界銀行近20年來最重要的改組計劃,我們的目標是確保世行能夠勝任兩大目標:到2030年終結極度貧困,促進發展中國家40%最貧困人口共享繁榮。During the last year, our reorganization has been a monumental undertaking.The World Bank Group has more than 16,000 staff, and about 7,000 of them have been transferred or remapped to new jobs.We have offices in more than 100 countries.And we made loans and investments last year totaling more than $60 billion dollars.The reorganization was launched with a clear purpose: We needed to be the best in the world at collecting and sharing development knowledge for the benefit of all our clients.在過去一年里,我們的改組工作任務繁重。世界銀行集團有員工1.6萬多人,其中約7000人被調到或重新劃分到新的工作崗位。我們在100多個國家設有辦事處,我們去年的貸款和投資總額突破600億美元。改組啟動時的目標很明確:我們需要在收集和分享發展知識惠及全體客戶方面達到最佳狀態。
Starting in July, we set up 19 different communities of experts – groups of some of the best development professionals in the world on water, finance, education, and climate, among many others.Their job is to seek out the best solutions to the most difficult development problems, and to share those solutions with our clients in a way that will further our mission to end poverty and boost shared prosperity.從7月份開始,我們建立了19個發展實踐局,集中了包括水、金融、教育和氣候等領域的一批世界頂尖的發展專業人才。他們的任務是探索針對最棘手的發展難題的最佳解決方案,并本著推進終結貧困和促進共享繁榮的使命,與我們的客戶分享這些解決方案。
At the same time, we knew that we needed to substantially increase our ability to provide financing, risk management products, and other financial services, to middle-income countries.Through the creative and intense work of our finance group, brilliantly led by Bertrand Badré, we have increased our annual lending capacity for these emerging economies, from $15 billion dollars to more than $25 billion per year.This flexibility will help us direct more resources to the areas that need them most – sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which is where most of the world’s poorest people live.與此同時,我們知道我們需要顯著提高向中等收入國家提供融資、風險管理工具以及其他金融服務的能力。通過我們財政團隊在伯特蘭·巴德爾的英明領導下開展的創造性的緊張工作,我們把對這些新興經濟體的年貸款能力從每年150億美元增加到250多億美元。這種靈活度將有助于我們向最需要的地區、即占世界貧困人口最多的撒哈拉以南非洲和南亞輸送更多的資源。
Economic growth is the most powerful tool we have to end poverty, yet without infrastructure – electricity, water, and roads – growth will never take off.As I will explain, the world’s deficit of these building blocks for growth is substantial.Just think about the fact that sub-Saharan Africa generates as much power in a year as Spain.If we are to end poverty, we need to power Africa.經濟增長是我們終結貧困的最有力的工具。但在沒有電、水和路等基礎設施的情況下,經濟增長是無法實現的。我后面會說明世界上這些經濟增長基礎的缺失有多么嚴重。只要想想這樣一個事實:撒哈拉以南非洲一年的發電量僅相當于西班牙的發電量。我們想要終結貧困,就需要為非洲提供電力。
The World Bank Group’s financing for infrastructure reached $24 billion dollars in fiscal year 2014 – nearly 40 percent of our total commitments.But our loans and projects will fall far short of what the developing world needs.The infrastructure gap is simply enormous – an estimated $1 trillion to $1.5 trillion dollars more is needed each year.To fill this gap, we need to tap into the trillions of dollars held by institutional investors – most of which is sitting on the sidelines – and direct those assets into projects that will have great benefit for a range of developing countries.世界銀行集團2014財年的基礎設施融資達到240億美元,占世行貸款總承諾額近40%。但我們的貸款和項目遠不能滿足發展中世界的需要。基礎設施的缺口巨大,據估計每年還需要再增加1萬億至1.5萬億美元。為了填補這個缺口,我們需要利用機構投資者的數萬億美元資產——其中大部分處于閑置,引導這些資產投入到能對廣大發展中國家帶來巨大效益的項目。
Today, the developing world spends about $1 trillion dollars on infrastructure, and only a small share of those projects involve private actors.Overall, private investments and public-private partnerships in developing countries totaled $150 billion dollars in 2013, down from $186 billion dollars in 2012.So it will take the commitment of all of us to help low-and middle-income countries bridge the massive infrastructure divide.今天,發展中世界投入約1萬億美元進行基礎設施建設,而這些項目中只有少數有私營部門的參與。從整體上看,2013年發展中國家的私人投資和公私合作項目投資總計1500億美元,與2012年的1860億美元相比出現下降。所以需要我們大家共同致力于幫助低收入國家和中等收入國家縮小巨大的基礎設施鴻溝。
Yesterday, we announced the creation of the Global Infrastructure Facility, which is designed to attract financing for these states’ infrastructure needs.This platform, called the GIF, will bring together institutional investors, development banks, and public officials to tackle the infrastructure deficit in new and creative ways.Together, they will create a robust pipeline of infrastructure projects for emerging markets and poor countries.昨天,我們宣布建立―全球基礎設施基金‖,其目的是為了吸引資金滿足這些國家的基礎設施需求。這個簡稱GIF的平臺將匯聚機構投資者、發展銀行和政府官員,共同以創造性的新方式解決基礎設施不足的問題。齊心協力,他們可以為新興市場和貧困國家帶來源源不斷的基礎設施項目。
While building infrastructure will help us promote growth in the long run, ending poverty by 2030 also requires us to be vigilant against threats to the growth of the global economy.In a world where natural disasters, conflict, financial shocks and epidemics are becoming more frequent and destructive, we at the World Bank Group must do everything we can to become even more relevant.Indeed, we’ve been fully engaged lately in fighting two of these global threats: the Ebola epidemic and climate change.This is no accident.It exemplifies what we want to become – an indispensable partner for both low-and middle-income countries in their efforts to solve their most difficult challenges.在通過基礎設施建設促進長期增長的同時,到2030年終結貧困的目標還要求我們對全球經濟增長面臨的威脅提高警惕。在一個自然災害、沖突、金融沖擊和流行病日益頻繁和造成破壞的世界,我們世界銀行集團必須竭盡全力凸顯我們存在的意義。的確,最近我們全力以赴對抗全球兩大威脅:埃博拉疫情和氣候變化。這絕非偶然,而是反映出我們希望達到的目標——即成為低收入國家和中等收入國家為解決最困難的挑戰所做努力中不可獲取的合作伙伴。
Ebola and climate change have a few things in common.Most importantly, we are running out of time to find solutions to both.Also, until very recently, the plans to fight them were either non-existent or inadequate.And, inaction is literally killing people – one because of the rapid spread of a deadly virus, the other from the poisoning of the atmosphere and the oceans.And finally, perhaps most critically from our point of view, resolving these problems is essential to development, whether from the perspective of human suffering, economic growth, or public health.埃博拉疫情和氣候變化有幾個共同點。最重要的一點是,解決這兩個問題已時不我待。而且直至不久前,解決這兩個問題的計劃還不存在或者不完善。無為就是殺人,一個是因為致命病毒快速擴散,另一個是因為大氣層和海洋遭到毒害。最后,也許從我們的觀點來看也是最關鍵的,就是解決這些問題對于發展至關重要,無論是從人類苦難、經濟增長還是從公眾健康的角度都是如此。
In our work on both Ebola and climate, we have not only been in the middle of pressing global concerns, we also have been working differently, and more effectively, at least partly because our reorganization and focus on innovation has made us more fit for purpose.在我們抗擊埃博拉和氣候變化的工作中,我們不僅投身于解決全球當務之急,而且是以不同的方式更有效地工作,至少其中一個原因是我們通過重組和關注創新使我們更加勝任。For Ebola, the global response has been late, inadequate and slow.Recently, the international community has made positive strides in its response, led by the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as international institutions like the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund.就埃博拉而言,全球反應遲鈍、不足和緩慢。最近國際社會在美英等國以及聯合國和IMF等國際機構的領導下邁出了積極的應對步伐。
Nonetheless, we still can do much more.Close to a year ago, just weeks after Typhoon Haiyan caused major destruction and loss of lives in the Philippines, 150 medical response teams – each with 25 to 30 people – had been deployed to the archipelago’s hardest-hit areas.But in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, the three West African countries hit hardest by the Ebola outbreak, just 30 medical response teams are on the ground, treating and caring for patients – even though we are now 11 months into this crisis.More health workers have been promised, but they’re arriving too slowly.然而,我們還有很多工作可做。將近一年前,在臺風海燕對菲律賓造成嚴重破壞和生命損失之后的數周內,150個醫療隊、每隊25至30人已經分布在菲律賓群島中受災最嚴重的地區。但是在埃博拉疫情最嚴重的三個西非國家幾內亞、利比里亞和塞拉利昂,僅僅只有30個醫療隊在實地醫治和看護患者,盡管危機爆發已有11個月之久。雖然承諾派遣更多的醫護人員,但他們姍姍來遲。
The Ebola outbreak poses one of the most complex and difficult challenges that I’ve seen in all my years as an infectious disease physician.Because of the poverty in the three most affected countries, it exceeds the capacity of their emergency, health and fiscal resources.Faced with these conditions, we must guard against approaches that are based on aspirations for these countries and the poor that are too low to treat and contain the epidemic.埃博拉疫情是我作為傳染病醫生多年來所見過的最復雜、最困難的挑戰,由于三個疫情最嚴重國家的貧困狀況,這一挑戰已經超出了他們的應急、醫療和財政資源的能力。在這種情況下,我們必須警惕那些基于對這些國家和窮人醫治和遏制病毒傳播愿望低下的做法。
Usually, the World Bank Group has worked in the medium-to long-term on development projects and helping clients build the systems necessary to promote economic growth, create jobs, educate children, and improve health.To combat Ebola, we needed to move to an emergency footing and quickly.通常,世界銀行集團從事的是中長期發展項目和幫助客戶為促進經濟增長、創造就業、教育兒童和改善健康建立必要的制度。為了抗擊埃博拉疫情,我們需要轉到立足于應急和快速響應。
第二篇:世界銀行集團行長金墉在年會全體會上的講話:一個集團,兩大目標:我們的未來之路
世界銀行集團行長金墉在年會全體會上的講話:一個集團,兩大目標:我們的未來之路
世界銀行集團行長金墉 年會全體會 華盛頓, 美國 2013年10月11日
謝謝主席先生。
主席先生,各位理事,各位貴賓,早上好。很高興今天見到各位。這是我的第二次年會,回顧過去的一年,我非常感謝各位理事、IMF總裁拉加德以及今天在座的各位給予我的建議和支持。謝謝各位。
今天,我想首先對全球經濟狀況以及展望世界銀行集團的未來我們能夠從中汲取什么教訓做一個簡要的概述。
在座的各位都很清楚,我們仍處在一個充滿不確定性的時期。
今年,我們目睹了美國、歐洲和日本的經濟增長放慢,但我們也必須看到,這是幾年來第一次這三者都在朝著積極的方向行進。發展中國家的增長今年上半年出現放緩,但初步跡象顯示三季度增長勢頭走強。
然而,目前華盛頓深陷政治僵局,美國債務上限的最后期限逐漸逼近,已經開始動搖全球市場。我們敦促華盛頓的政策制定者盡快達成解決方案,以避免一旦出現債務違約可能造成的災難性影響。僅僅兩年前,即2011年,我們就看到差點出現的債務違約造成的重大影響持續了數月之久,這一次很可能會更嚴重。不確定性和動蕩使發展中國家更難獲得所需要的融資,不僅會導致投資放慢,還會對增長造成負面影響。而受害最大的是貧困弱勢人群。
從美聯儲5月份宣布最終逐漸退出量化寬松之后,幾個月來發展中經濟體已經出現不穩。僅縮小債券認購規模就已導致幾個主要中等收入國家資本流入下降、利率上升和貨幣貶值。三周前,美聯儲宣布推遲退出量化寬松提振了市場并停止了全球長期利率上行,這也為那些最脆弱的經濟體提供了一個緩沖期。
但這種喘息空間并不意味著政策制定者可以松口氣了。相反,政策制定者應當充分利用這個小窗口,通過適當的宏觀經濟管理建立其經濟的適應能力,加強資產負債表,并將其金融體系轉移到更健全的基礎上。多年來,這正是許多國家學會欣賞的來自世界銀行集團的建議——即使落實起來難度很大。但長期以來,世界銀行本身也沒有遵循自己的建議。事實上,我們經常推遲作出困難的抉擇。這種情況正在改變。我們正在服用自己開的藥。我們正在加強財務紀律,提高效率,增加收入。正如我們對財長們所言,我們還需要做好更長遠的計劃,加強我們的收入基礎,設法節省開支,建立一個持之以恒的更強大的基礎。我們這樣做的原因很簡單:半年前,我們的理事會批準了兩大目標:到2030年終結極度貧困和促進發展中國家底層40%的人口共享繁榮。如果我們對貧困人口抱有很高的愿望,如果我們的工作與我們的目標相一致,我們必須盡可能做到高效和集中精力。
為了節省開支,我們的目標是在三年時間內每年至少降低成本4億美元。為了達到這個目標,我們將重新審視政策和流程,這包括減少出差和設施的費用,簡化官僚程序,并從戰略角度評估人員。節省下來的資金將直接用于我們的客戶,我們將重新規劃這些資源用于新的貸款。不過,我們的財務審查不局限于尋找節約成本的途徑。這也是關于改革我們作為一個集團的預算方式,使其與我們的戰略保持一致,并積極探索新的方式來增加收入,更好地服務于我們的客戶。這可以來自于開發新的金融工具,來自于加快我們面向私營部門的IFC(國際金融公司)和提供政治風險擔保的MIGA(多邊投資擔保機構)的成長。從長遠來看,我堅信世界銀行集團將在發展中發揮更大的影響,原因很簡單:我們有得天獨厚的優勢,為客戶提供跨部門、跨國家、跨議題和跨合作方的全球發展解決方案。低收入和中等收入國家的各種需求將會不斷演變,我們決心成為一個日益不可缺少的合作伙伴,幫助他們應對面臨的最大挑戰,比如創造就業和應對氣候變化。
明年春天,當我們再次見面時,這一財務審查將會產生更多的結果。明年4月,我們將提出新的融資路線圖,我們將采納增收節支、增強服務客戶的財力和提高工作效率的措施。明天,發展委員會將討論世界銀行集團的首個整合各機構部門協力推進兩大目標的新戰略。
但是,讓我們暫且退后一步,看看世界上存在的極度貧困狀態,看看需要采取什么行動來達到我們的目標。就在昨天我們發布了一份報告,顯示在世界各地深陷極貧狀態的人口中,每三人就有一個兒童,這相當于4億多兒童。我們難道還需要更大的動力來加快實現到2030年終結極度貧困的目標嗎?我們憑良心還能不竭盡全力幫助4億兒童、他們的家庭和億萬民眾擺脫貧困和獲得新生嗎?
有人說我們需要增大這個目標的緊迫感。就在兩天前,我們宣布如果想要穩步達到2030年將極貧人口比例降低到3%的目標,我們必須到2020年降低到9%。這將是一項歷史性的成就,但并非輕而易舉。我們的經濟學家發現,如果發展中國家以過去20年相同的速度增長,到2030年全球極貧人口比例將達到8%左右。這也意味著,貧困現象在許多低收入國家依然根深蒂固,貧困率之高依然令人無法接受。我們發現,對許多發展中國家而言,終結極度貧困的唯一辦法是以過去20年間達到的最快速度增長。
這說明了擺在我們面前的挑戰的真實性質,這意味著我們不能照常規行事。當我16個月前開始就職世界銀行集團時,我發現員工擁有豐富的知識和經驗,我還發現員工對這個機構灰心喪氣,很多人希望自己的工作能產生更大的影響。他們對分成六大地區部門相互隔絕、互不交流的官僚制度深惡痛絕。因此,如果你是一個國家的領導者,你面臨著醫療成本失控,而各地又不斷建設新醫院,所以你要求世行提供如何控制成本的建議,我們很樂意給你建議,但幾乎總是局限于您所在的地區。
按照我們新的組織模式,當你向我們求助時,我們會環顧整個機構,提供最先進、最尖端的全球知識和經驗,以一支實力雄厚的專家隊伍作后盾,他們了解哪些方式對世界各地都有效而哪些無效,這些專家有的來自我們機構內部,有的來自外部。半年內,負責全球實踐的新領導班子就將到位,這將啟動機構的大規模調整,涉及約4000名技術專家。
我們也致力于成為一個更容易共事的合作伙伴。去年,在東京年會期間,一位財長當著很多人的面對我說,在他就職的最初幾個月,他感到有必要花時間搞清楚我們復雜的組織結構,以便弄明白我們是怎樣工作的。他說,官僚機構實在是太復雜了,無奈之下他減少了同我們的聯系。這種事情不應該發生。在客戶感到困惑,當最寶貴的知識財富被相互隔絕、互不交流的情況下,一個發展機構是不能有效運作的。一個發展機構就像一個企業,需要找到創新解決方案,獲取最佳實踐,廣泛和盡快地分享成功經驗和失敗教訓。
這是我的承諾:世界銀行集團將與所有188個成員國、私營部門和公民社會公開分享我們的知識和經驗。
那位灰心喪氣的財長的故事也幫助我認定了成功應該是什么樣:在未來的日子里,我期望財長和發展部長們會說,我們反應快了,容易合作了,為他們提供了寶貴的全球知識來解決當地的發展挑戰。當我們在未來幾年成為這樣的世界銀行集團時,我們不僅在政府部長們的眼里是成功的,我們在那些對我們最重要的人群,即貧困和弱勢人群的眼里也是成功的。
但是,我們清楚我們必須要做的不僅僅是改變我們的結構,還必須改變我們的內部文化。對于我們的員工來說,這意味著獎勵協作、績效和問責,一切都與我們消除貧困和促進共享繁榮的目標掛鉤。我們要創造一種文化,能夠留住我們最積極、最有才華的員工,并吸引出類拔萃的人才加入世界銀行集團。我們所有人都必須擁抱變革。我們將利用我們的知識成為一個更大膽的機構。我舉一個例子:我們今天啟動了一項倡議,到2020年為所有工作年齡的成年人提供普惠金融。在全球范圍內有25億成年人沒有儲蓄機制,更不用說通過存款帳戶或手機付賬。我們相信我們可以利用多種方式和技術開辟普惠金融之路。這正是能夠有助廣大民眾特別是婦女脫貧的那類雄心勃勃的項目。
我們還將更有效地衡量我們的計劃是否成功。這意味著把交付的事情做好,也就是我們所說的交付科學,從根本上說這是一門更加嚴謹和系統地注重結果的科學。為了幫助我們取得這些結果,我正在建立一個行長交付部門,據我所知,這在多邊機構中將首開先河。
在開始階段,我們將著眼于有利考核實地和機構內部績效的幾個方面的工作,我將會親自監督。下面舉三個例子:
第一,我們知道我們必須減少行政壁壘。我們承諾將從項目構思到首筆資金撥付的交易時間縮短三分之一。
第二,我們必須成為更好的傾聽者。去年,我們34%的項目有受益人反饋。我們承諾將對所有受益人明確的項目收集反饋 ——每個項目都要收集,百分之百。
第三,我們知道我們的合作伙伴和客戶需要了解我們在哪里工作,以便更好地協調我們的集體資源。我們承諾給我們的地圖添加更多的細節,以便任何人都能上網通過點擊地圖馬上就可以了解到我們在哪里工作和做什么。
我們也重申要在脆弱和受沖突影響國家開展工作,我們將通過IFC和面向最貧困國家的IDA大幅增加資金投入。IDA在困難重重的環境中為貧困人口帶來了巨大成效,IDA17將在未來三年幫助我們加快這些工作。
在阿富汗,這意味著在與多方合作伙伴共同推進女童教育的成功基礎上再接再厲。就在12年前,阿富汗女孩在很大程度上被小學拒之門外。而今天,在IDA和其他援助方的幫助下,近300萬女童進入小學上學,大學和職業學校以及企業發展計劃中女性的入學人數也大大增加。在經過18個月動蕩后剛剛回歸民主的馬里,我們整合世界銀行集團各機構IDA、IFC和IDA ——幫助開發清潔水電潛力,增加糧食生產,改善教育,加強治理。IDA資助那些幫助被發展進程拒之門外的婦女、窮人和少數族裔的項目,對推動馬里的可持續進步發揮著重要作用。通過這些項目,我們試圖從根源上解決問題。
在處于民主過渡進程中的緬甸,我們幫助政府從國有經濟向市場化轉變。就在幾周前,我們幫助緬甸建立了一個政治上獨立的中央銀行,這將促進經濟和金融穩定。由于四分之三的公民沒有通電,我們董事會最近批準提供IDA信貸1.4億美元,用于建設一座清潔、節能的天然氣發電廠。在阿富汗、馬里和緬甸開展的這些雄心勃勃的工作,只是幾個例子來說明世界銀行集團努力成為一個面向脆弱國家的更有效的解決方案銀行。
在過去10年中,IDA產生了驚人的影響,包括資助為6億兒童接種疫苗,為大約1.2億人提供更好的供水和衛生服務。在這些工作的基礎上,為了產生變革性的影響,為了達到我們的目標,今年我們需要充足的IDA17增資。這將有助于創造更多的就業崗位,增加女童的受教育機會,應對氣候變化的風險。
IDA也幫助建立強有力的制度,包括加強自然資源收入管理和稅收管理以便解決各國自身發展的融資。但是我們需要各位的幫助。我們懇請各位在可能的情況下增加捐資額,至少也要保持上次的捐資額。我承諾將確保IDA成為國際社會在最困難的地方解決最棘手、最復雜的發展問題的最佳工具。
最后,我想指出,我們這個69年前成立的機構取得了許多偉大的成就。我們與政府和發展伙伴共同努力,幫助億萬人擺脫了極貧狀況。
我們承諾將再接再厲,更上一層樓。我們將采取大膽行動,毫不畏懼。
我們將永遠代表貧困弱勢人群大聲疾呼。正如馬丁·路德·金曾經說過,“從我們對重要的事情沉默不語的那一天起,我們的生命也開始結束。”我們的目的是明確的,我們的聲音是堅定不移的。沒有人應該生活在極貧狀態,每天靠不到1.25美元為生。在我們這個世界上極度貧困應該在道義上受到譴責,而且越來越難以容忍。我們必須齊心協力,盡快幫助10億人民擺脫極度貧困,幫助他們重拾尊嚴,幫助他們找到希望,幫助他們改變自己的生活和整個世界的未來,使其變得更加美好。謝謝各位。
第三篇:金墉在東北大學演講中文稿
約瑟夫·E·奧恩校長,尊敬的各位教職員工,2013屆畢業班的全體同學們,女士們,先生們,今天在這里與在座的各位、特別是2013屆畢業生以及你們的家人和朋友歡聚一堂,是一個莫大的榮幸。你們應該感到非常自豪,這是難以忘懷的一天,值得體味的一天,這一天我們也要對那些在兩周前勇敢面對悲劇的人們、包括東北大學的學生和員工致敬,他們為爆炸受害者提供了重要的關愛和支持。
此時此刻,我站在各位面前,正值你們即將離開這所偉大的學府,即將踏入你們的人生,人生腳本還是一張白紙之際,我深感榮幸。在我投身學術界的歲月里,我曾很喜歡畢業典禮,因為它代表著我們現代文化中那些罕見的時刻,當儀式、傳統和一點點排場照亮了我們的人生。
但是我敢肯定,你們中許多人對于未來將會帶來什么很有點擔心,我今天只是想對你們說,不僅僅是你們的未來不確定,而最大的可能性是,它遠比你所想的更不確定。你們知道嗎,這是一件好事。幾位心理學家最近在《科學》雜志上發表了一篇研究論文,他們發現人極其不擅長預測自己的未來。他們的研究顯示,例如,一個典型的20歲女性對自己未來十年人生變化的預測絕不像一個典型的30歲女性對自己在20來歲時有多大變化的回憶那么激進。換句話說,20歲的人對于自己在未來十年會有多大變化幾乎沒有概念。這種差異在受訪者中一直延續到60多歲的人。
這項研究結果基本上也是我的人生故事。事實上,即使在我出生之前,鑒于我的父母所面臨的重重障礙,事實上我都不敢預測我還會出生。我的父親在北朝鮮度過了他的童年,他在17歲那年偷越邊境逃到韓國,離開他的父母、他的兄弟姐妹、他的所有親朋好友,離開了他所熟悉的一切。他身無分文。但他還是設法進了首爾國立大學牙科學院,后來成為一名牙醫。他告訴我,他口袋里只有一點點錢,常常只能買得起街上非法小攤販賣的面條當午餐。有一次,他正在無照小攤旁邊吃面,警察來了,警察趕走了小攤販和他們的顧客。但我的父親一邊跑一邊還在吃他的面,因為他知道他還得過一段時間才能再買得起一碗面。
我的母親出生在中國上海附近的一個韓國僑民居住的小社區。回到韓國后,有一天,她永遠都不會忘記,她的母親也就是我的外祖母出去晾衣服就再也沒有回來,她可能是被北朝鮮士兵綁架或殺害了。隨著戰爭的臨近,我的母親在15歲時成了難民,為了躲避戰火,她背著她的小弟弟徒步走了200英里。幸運的是,她在南部馬山市的一頂帳篷里得以繼續學業。她是一個好學生,非常幸運地獲得了美國一個秘密婦女學會提供的獎學金,進入田納西州納什維爾的斯卡里特學院。
通過幾乎是無法想象的完全不同和不可能的路徑,我的父母最終在紐約市的一次圣誕聚會上邂逅相遇,那次圣誕聚會聚集了幾百名當時居住在美國的韓國學生。他們墜入愛河,在紐約締結良緣,生下我哥哥,然后回到韓國。
我出生在首爾,在我五歲時我的家人搬回到美國,我們最終定居在愛荷華州的馬斯卡廷,我的父親開了自己的牙科診所,我的母親在愛荷華大學研修博士學位。在上世紀60年代,受我母親熱衷于社會公正的影響,我們看到民權和反戰運動從馬斯卡廷我們家的客廳展開。你們可以想象,我們有著在愛荷華州一個小鎮的經典的美籍韓國家庭中成長的經歷,我們完全擁抱了在這個偉大國家中心地帶的生活。
正如你們可以想象,在60年代和70年代愛荷華州的亞洲人并不多,但令人高興的是,當時最受歡迎的一個節目是《功夫》,故事講的是一個少林和尚,一半中國血統,一半美國血統,到美國來尋找他的美國父親。所以,雖然我們從深層意義上講在愛荷華州屬于外人,但至少愛欺負人的孩子不招惹我們,因為他們認為所有的亞洲人都會功夫。我在高中橄欖球隊打四分衛,但別以為我們有多了不起,在我大四的時候我們是全國連敗最長的隊。一年又一年,我們一次都沒贏過,有人說,我同學的爺爺們早就為子孫后代的連敗打下了基礎。
高中畢業后,我最終考進了布朗大學,有一天我尤其記憶猶新。我從普羅維登斯飛回馬斯卡廷,我的父親到機場接我,在我們開車回家的路上,他問我,“那么你想學什么呢?” 我說我對哲學和政治學很感興趣。
我認為我可以改變這個世界,我在考慮從政。我父親打開車子的閃光燈,把車開到路邊停下。他轉過身來對坐在后座上的我說:
“瞧,你只要完成了醫生實習期,就可以做任何你想做的事情。”
你們看,我的父親十分懂得不確定性。他很清楚,一個人不可能知道自己最終會做什么,而且他很擔心自己的成功有可能會使自己的子女沒有機會深入理解從警察身邊跑開、當然同時還要吃完剩下的面條意味著什么。他希望我掌握一門本領,他希望我能夠有效地抵抗讀完醫學院、完成實習期和在生與死的情景中照顧患者的喜悅與殘酷的現實。我很感謝我的父親。
到目前為止,我告訴你們說人生是不確定的,但你們已經了解了這一點。我真正想讓你們了解的是,你們擁有大量的工具來直面這種不確定性,成就不平凡的人生,甚至超出你最瘋狂的夢想。羅伊·鮑邁斯特是一位心理學家,終生研究帶領人類成就他稱之為“積極的結果”的人類素質。在這個令人著迷的領域,研究人員發現,有兩個特質始終與成功相伴:智力和意志力。從鮑邁斯特所著的《意志力》一書中,我們了解到,雖然永久地提高智力的努力歸于失敗,但人其實是可以提高自身的意志力的。鮑邁斯特和他的同事們已經證明,采取某些行動來提高意志力,是實現更成功的人生的最可靠的途徑。此外,他們也已證明,意志力就像肌肉,可以通過鍛煉來強化,而且如果你不積極鍛煉你的意志力,你的能力就會像你的腹部肌肉一樣,在停止做仰臥起坐之后會出現萎縮。他們甚至還了解到,由于意志力與大腦的某些部位有關,保持血液里的血糖水平來滋養大腦的這個部位對于維持意志力至關重要!
從另一個角度看,一些研究人員已經證明,與天賦相比,實踐才是決定能否掌握任何技能或能力的主要因素。馬爾科姆·格拉德威爾在他的《局外人》一書中推廣的一項重要研究成果表明,達到精通之路需要10000個小時的練習,《天賦被高估了》等書的出版就是為了說明這一點。現在,我希望你們了解,這實際上是個好消息,尤其是對東北大學的畢業生來說。通過今天的畢業,你們已經向家人和世界證明,你們有足夠的智商完成你們決定去做的任何事情。意志力、紀律和專注——每個人都需要的成功的必備素質——就掌握在你們手中,靠你們去開發和建立。鮑邁斯特在他的書中揭示,你的確可以去意志力健身房,強健精神,準備好挑戰世界。
現在來談談達到精通所需要的10,000個小時。嗯,由于你們已完成在東北大學的學業,你們已經有了一個良好的開端。我個人的估計是,通過合作式教育,你們學到了課堂知識和實踐知識,你們可以至少從10,000個標準小時中扣除2000個小時。干得好,祝賀你們!
但是,除了思考不確定性和意志力之外還有一件事,我希望你們能夠用自己的意志力記住今天,我希望你們想一想怎樣才能有效地利用時間,在這個復雜的世界里持之以恒。
早在愛荷華州時,我的母親曾經讀馬丁·路德·金的著作給我聽。金博士在 “寄自伯明翰監獄的信”中寫了他對現實緊迫性的理解。他寫道與一位白人溫和派人士、民權運動盟友的交流,此人寫信給他,說他金博士過于性急,“基督的教義傳播人世,總要花費時日”。這位溫和派人士認為,非裔美國人最終——他是說最終——會獲得完全的民權。
金博士回應說,我在此引用他的話:“這樣的態度乃源自對時間的可悲誤解,源自一種不合理的奇特觀念,認為在時間之流當中,會有什么東西必將療治所有的邪惡。實際上,時間是中立的東西;它可以用于建設,也可以用于破壞。我越發覺得,邪惡的人之利用時間,將會比善良的人更其有效。我們得在這一代進行懺悔,不僅因壞人們充滿仇恨的言辭與行為,也因好人們駭人聽聞的沉默。”引語完。我集中全部的意志力,試圖將金博士所說的緊迫感帶入我今天的工作。我這樣做是因為我了解我仍不知道未來可能會帶來什么。畢竟,我沒有想到我不僅獲得了醫學學位,而且還獲得了人類學博士學位。我沒有想到,我會和我的同事保羅·法莫一起幫助創建了一個機構“健康伙伴”,并最終在全世界10個國家開展了工作。我沒有想到我在“健康伙伴”的工作經歷會導致我主管世界衛生組織的艾滋病工作,并開展了一場到2005年治療3萬名艾滋病患者的運動。我只有很少的學術管理經驗,卻擔任了達特茅斯學院的院長。最后,就如晴天霹靂一般,去年奧巴馬總統邀請我作為領導世界銀行集團的候選人之一。
雖然總是有些誠惶誠恐,但我接受了這些意外的機會,現在我發現自己做的是世界上最有意思的工作之一。世界銀行集團是一個非同尋常的機構,成立于1940年,初衷是在二戰之后重建歐洲。在其存在的66年里,它已成為世界上最大的發展機構。
就在兩周前,我們的理事會批準了一個目標,即,到2030年,從現在起在短短17年時間里終結極度貧困。我們的理事會由188個成員國的財政和發展部長組成,他們還通過一個目標,就是促進共享繁榮,使我們成員國里處于收入最底層的40%人口可以分享經濟增長的成果。我們的理事會還強調,必須讓子孫后代共享繁榮,這就意味著我們將在應對氣候變化方面發揮領導作用。氣候變化有可能使過去數十年的發展成果毀于一旦,使人民重新陷入貧困。
通過給我們的機構設定這種大膽的目標,為消除世界上的極度貧困設定期限,我們的理事會賦予我們著眼點和緊迫感。現在,我們要花時間來推進我們期望成為人類歷史上的一項標志性成就。最后,我對你們提出的挑戰是:設定大膽的目標,有意識和自覺地建立自己的意志力,用好你們的時間。你們是如此幸運,東北大學的合作教育計劃和對體驗式學習的重視,是當今世界上最具創新性的教育模式之一。合作模式已在70多個國家、各種類型的機構中推廣,這所大學為你們成為全球公民做了極好的鋪墊。世界各國、包括美國都在尋找改革高等教育的路徑,他們也在研究東北大學的案例。通過你們在過去四年的努力,你們獲得了一些特殊的資質:批判和自我批判思維的基礎,結合解決現實世界中棘手問題的實用技能。
這些都是非凡的資質,它們賦予你們力量,還有責任。
就像在首爾街頭的我的父親,雖然以不同的方式,你們都面對著一個充滿不確定性的世界。不要害怕這種不確定性,去擁抱它,去利用它。不確定性意味著沒有什么是預先確定的。不確定性意味著未來需要你們去塑造,用你們的力量,你們的意志,你們智慧的力量,你們同情心的力量。不確定性就是自由,抓住這種自由,帶著它奔跑吧,別忘了一邊跑一邊吃點面條,你需要葡萄糖。謝謝各位,祝賀畢業班的同學們!
第四篇:A Changing Global Economy, A Changing IMF(拉加德東京年會年會致辭:前路展望)(中英對照)
Annual Meetings Speech: The Road Ahead—A Changing Global Economy, A Changing IMF 年會致辭:前路展望——日益變化的全球經濟,不斷改變的基金組織
Christine Lagarde, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund 國際貨幣基金組織總裁 克里斯蒂娜·拉加德
Tokyo, Friday, October 12, 2012
東京,2012年10月12日
Introduction—the World Comes to Japan 引言——四海共聚于日本
Ohayo gozaimasu—good morning!Ohayo gozaimasu——上午好!
Mr.Chairman, governors, honored guests: on behalf of the International Monetary Fund, let me welcome you all to these Annual Meetings.Tokyo e yokoso!主席先生,各位理事,尊敬的各位來賓:首先,我謹代表國際貨幣基金組織,歡迎各位蒞臨本屆會議。東京歡迎您(Tokyo e yokoso)!
Let me acknowledge and thank His Imperial Highness, Crown Prince Naruhito, for being with us this morning.We feel deeply privileged by his presence.I would also like to thank our Japanese hosts for their incredible hospitality.And let me bid a very warm welcome to my friend President Jim Kim, who is taking part in his first Annual Meetings.I know how he feels—I was in his shoes last year!
我感謝皇太子徳仁親王今天上午出席我們的會議。對于他的到來,我深感榮幸。我想要感謝日本主辦方的盛情款待。同時,也請允許我向我的朋友金墉行長致以誠摯的歡迎。這是他首次出席年會,我可以體會他此刻的心情——去年的這個時候,我也有著同樣的心情!
When the Annual Meetings were last held in Tokyo, back in 1964, Japanese Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda said that “the vital challenge which we all face, whether domestically or internationally, is to promote stable economic growth and reduce the disparity between the rich and the poor.” As the old saying goes: the more things change, the more they stay the same(plus ?a change, plus c’est la même chose).上一次在東京舉行年會是在1964年。那屆年會上,日本首相池田勇人曾說過:“我們所有人面臨的一個重大挑戰是,要推動經濟穩步增長,并縮小貧富差距,無論在國內還是在國際層面上均如此。”而俗話說得好:變化越多,越容易保持永恒
Japan has come a long way since 1964.從1964年至今,日本走過了漫長的路程。
I have just returned from Sendai, the scene of last year’s devastating earthquake and tsunami.The scene of so many lost lives, so many shattered dreams.And yet I saw a city born anew.I saw firsthand the amazing efforts of the Japanese people in rebuilding their country and their lives.I saw courage and confidence.我不久前剛剛去過仙臺,那個城市在去年遭受了地震和海嘯的摧殘。在那里,如此多的生命被扼殺,如此多的夢想被擊碎。但是這一次,我看到了一個煥然一新的城市。我親眼看到日本人民為重建家園、挽救生命付出的巨大努力。我看到了勇氣和信心。
It is an inspiration to the world.They understood what we must all understand—only by standing together as one can we overcome the turmoil of today and improve our collective future.這是對全世界一個莫大的鼓舞。他們所了悟的也正是我們所有人都應清楚的一個道理——只有萬眾一心,攜手共進,我們才能平復今日的動蕩,改善我們共同的未來。
This morning, I would like to share some sense of what that future might look like—for the global economy, the IMF, and all of us.在這里,我想談談自己對這個未來世界的一點看法,它關乎全球經濟,關乎基金組織,也關乎我們所有人。
And so I will talk about three things: 因此,我要談談三方面問題:
A.The pace and scale of change in the global economy;全球經濟變化的速度和規模;
B.Navigating the road ahead;如何向前路挺進;
C.My sense of the Fund for the future.我對未來的基金組織的看法。
A.World in Flux—Big Sweeping Changes A.風云變幻的世界——席卷全球的巨大變化
As we grapple with the great changes happening around us, perhaps we can learn from the 1964 Tokyo Annual Meetings.我們在奮力應對周遭的巨大變化時,或許可以從1964年的東京年會中得到一些啟發。
Back then, the members who gathered here stood on the cusp of a bright new world, a golden era.Japan was in the midst of an economic rebirth and the global economy was roaring ahead.在那時,匯聚于此的成員國正處在一個美好新世界的巔峰上,一個黃金時代正在它們眼前鋪展開來。日本的經濟正在浴血重生,全球經濟也在不斷轟鳴向前。
Just look at how far we have come.Look at the remarkable rise in living standards, measured by real GDP per capita: nearly 3? times higher for the world, 4 times higher for Japan, a stunning 9? times higher for emerging Asia.World trade volumes are 16 times higher.And, led by China, half a billion people in Asia alone have pulled themselves out of poverty over the past few decades.且看一看我們的成就吧。先看看生活水平的大幅提升,若以人均實際GDP來衡量,全世界幾乎上升了3.5倍,日本上升了4倍,亞洲新興經濟體則上升了9.5倍,多么令人驚嘆的數字!再看看世界貿易量,如今已增加了16倍。另外,過去幾十年里,在以中國為首的亞洲國家中,已有5億人口脫離了貧困。
As we look ahead today, our world is being reshaped once again by a number of big megatrends.如今,當我們展望未來時,我們的世界正在諸多重大趨勢中得到重新塑造。
Big demographic changes are taking place: vast numbers of young people in rising economic regions;graying populations in advanced and major emerging economies;and more and more women participating in the economy.By 2035, Africa will have the world’s largest labor force of more than a billion people—more than India or China.But by then, there will also be more than a billion people aged over 65 in the world.人口構成正在發生巨大改變:在逐漸崛起的經濟地區,青年人口數量巨大;在先進經濟體和主要新興經濟體,人口日趨老齡化;參與經濟活動的婦女數量與日俱增。到2035年,非洲將擁有世界最大的勞動力市場,勞動人口將超過10億——多于印度或中國。但是到那時,全世界65歲以上人口也將超過10億。
Economic power is spreading from west to east, and prosperity has begun to move from north to south.Emerging markets and developing economies now account for half of world GDP, up from a quarter in 1964.經濟實力正由西向東擴散,經濟繁榮正開始從北向南轉移。如今,在全世界GDP中,新興市場和發展中經濟體已占到一半的比重,而在1964年,其比重僅有四分之一。
The communications and technology innovations are propelling our economies and societies to ever-greater heights.An infinity of interconnections binds us together, opening up a portal of a billion possibilities for every one of us.Today, nearly 3 billion people are connected to the internet—truly a worldwide web.通訊和技術革新在不斷推升經濟和社會發展。數不盡的紐帶將我們聯結在一起,為每一個人開啟了一扇通往無數可能的大門。今天,有將近30億人與互聯網相連——這的確是一個名符其實的萬維網。
In short, the sands of the global economy are shifting.總之,全球經濟的流沙正在不斷漂移。
The strength and dynamism of Asia is obvious.This also holds true for other emerging regions.When I was in Brazil earlier this year, for example, I witnessed a female president, Dilma Rousseff, absolutely determined to pursue inclusive growth and push forward her agenda of reducing inequality.We can learn a lot from those regions that had their time of trauma.亞洲呈現了明顯的實力和活力。這種實力和活力在其他新興地區也是同樣存在的。比如,今年早些時候,我在出訪巴西時了解到,巴西女總統迪爾瑪?羅塞夫已下 定決心,要實現包容性增長,并不斷推進減輕不平等方面的日程。我們能從那些經歷過創傷的地區學到很多。
Europe too is going through a historical process of integration, however laborious.Yes, the Eurozone is being severely tested, and it must keep pushing ahead with implementing the policy initiatives it has announced.But we should also recognize that deeper banking and fiscal integration, alongside deep-seated structural reforms, will fortify its economic foundations and lay the groundwork for a stronger and more resilient union in the future.歐洲也在經歷一體化的歷史進程,而這是一個艱難的過程。的確,歐元區正在經受嚴峻的考驗,必須要落實其宣布的政策倡議,不斷向前推進。但我們還應當認識到,銀行業和財政一體化程度的加深,再加上深層次的結構性改革,將增強該地區經濟基礎,為在將來建設一個更強大、更有抵御能力的聯盟鋪平道路。
The Middle East, too, is transforming.And yes, the road ahead will be fraught with difficulty.But with commitment, and with external support, I am confident that the promises of the Arab transformation will shine through as a beacon of hope.When I met with President Morsi of Egypt, he spoke to me of his resolve to pursue ambitious economic reforms underpinned by strong and democratic institutions, and he is delivering.中東地區也在不斷轉變。前進的道路確實會困難重重。但我相信,只要有了決心,有了外部的支持,阿拉伯國家轉型的前景將成為我們的希望之光。在我與埃及總統穆爾西會晤時,他向我表達了堅定的決心,即,要在強有力的民主制度的基礎上推進目標遠大的經濟改革。他正在履行這一承諾。
Sub-Saharan Africa is also breaking through—growing strongly and steadily after decades of stagnation.Of course, there is still a long way to go to win the long war against poverty.But old stereotypes are fading fast, with the rise of fast-growing “frontier markets” attracting lots of outside interest.Look at Nigeria, a country I visited earlier this year.This is a country that for many years squandered its inheritance of oil riches, but now is growing impressively—helped by dynamic reforms and strong leadership.撒哈拉以南非洲地區也取得了突破性進展——在長達幾十年的停滯之后,這一地區出現了強勁、穩定的增長。當然,要想打贏抗擊貧困的持久戰,還有很長的路要走。但是,舊時的成見在快速消退,“前沿市場”的崛起和飛速增長又引來了大量的外部關注。我們來看一下尼日利亞的情況。我曾在今年早些時候出訪過該國。很多年以來,該國一直都倚仗著豐富的石油資源,而如今,它正以令人贊嘆的速度不斷增長——這得益于充滿活力的改革和強有力的領導。
These changes are shaping our future.這些變化正在塑造我們的未來。
But there are big challenges as well.We must not get carried away.As you will have seen from our forecasts, the global recovery is still too weak.Job prospects for untold millions are still too scarce.The gap between rich and poor is still too wide.但我們也面臨著重大的挑戰。我們決不能沾沾自喜。正如我們的預測所反映的那樣,全球復蘇仍極為脆弱。幾百萬人口的就業前景仍極為渺茫。貧富差距仍極為懸殊。There is a tough road ahead to turn our optimism into reality.要想將我們的樂觀期待變為現實,我們還要經歷一段艱辛的旅途。
B.Navigating the Road Ahead B.向前路挺進
This brings to me to my second point—how do we successfully navigate that road? How do we manage this change?
由此,我要談談第二點——如何才能順利走過這條道路?我們應如何應對這一變化?
I see three milestones: 我認為,應實現三個具有里程碑意義的目標:
? Putting the crisis behind us;
??擺脫危機困境;
? Completing reform of the financial sector;and
??完成金融部門改革; ?
? Addressing inequality and building inclusive growth.??解決不平等問題,實現包容性增長。
Putting the crisis behind us 擺脫危機困境
The first priority, clearly, is to get beyond the crisis and restore growth—especially to end the scourge of unemployment.顯然,我們首要的目標就是要擺脫危機的困擾,恢復經濟增長——特別是要終結就業危機。
We know the package of policies that can get us there: accommodative monetary policy;the right pace of fiscal adjustment, mindful of not undercutting growth but with solid and realistic plans to bring debt down over the medium term;finishing the banking sector clean-up;and structural reforms to boost productivity and growth.All of this should be complemented by a rebalancing of global demand toward the dynamic emerging markets.我們清楚可以通過哪些政策來實現這個目標:采取寬松的貨幣政策;以適當步伐進行財政調整,同時注意不妨礙經濟增長,但要通過堅實的、符合實際的計劃在中期內降低債務水平;完成銀行部門的清理整頓;開展旨在促進生產力和增長的結構性改革。在采取這些政策的同時,還應當恢復全球需求的平衡,使之更多地面向充滿活力的新興市場。
Let us not delude ourselves: without growth, the future of the global economy is in jeopardy.我們決不能自欺欺人:如果沒有增長,全球經濟的未來就會岌岌可危。
Perhaps the greatest roadblock will be the huge legacy of public debt, which now averages almost 110 percent of GDP for the advanced economies—the highest level since World War II.This leaves governments highly exposed to subtle shifts in confidence.It also ties their hands, especially as they seek to build the infrastructure of the 21th century while respecting social promises.The needs of rapidly aging populations will add to these pressures.或許,最大的障礙是遺留下來的巨額公共債務,在先進經濟體,公共債務平均已接近GDP的110%,這是自二戰以來的最高水平。在此情況下,市場信心稍有波動,政府就會受到極大的影響。巨額公共債務也束縛了政府的手腳,特別是當它們試圖建設21世紀基礎設施并履行社會承諾之時。而快速老齡化人口的需求又將加重這些壓力
One lesson is clear from history—reducing public debt is incredibly difficult without growth.High debt, in turn, makes it harder to get growth.我們可以從歷史中得到一個明確的教訓——若無經濟增長,公共債務的縮減便將極難實現。而高債務水平又會給增長帶來更多障礙。
The road ahead of us is narrow and long.我們前方的道路是狹窄而漫長的。
The key now is to move from deliberation to action on the policies we know are needed, and to move together and on all fronts.We are multiple players, but it is a single game—a game of increasing complexity that can be a positive-sum game.當前的重點是,要將思考轉變為行動,真正落實我們認為必要的政策,在所有領域共同采取行動。這是一場多方參與、目標一致的游戲——一場越來越復雜、但各方最終都受益的游戲。
A better financial system 改善金融體系
My second milestone is a better financial system.We know that it is crucial to the modern global economy.第二個里程碑性的目標是要改善金融體系。我們知道,這一點對于當代全球經濟而言至關重要
But we need to move beyond the system that gave us the crisis—a financial sector where some, as the ancient Greeks might say, toyed with hubris and unleashed nemesis.但我們的行動需要超越這個給我們帶來危機的體系,按古希臘人的話來說,這個體系充滿了狂妄自大和肆意的天罰。
Today, despite some progress, the system is not yet much safer than at the time of Lehman.It is still too complex;activities are still too concentrated in large institutions;and the specter of too-important-to fail still haunts the sector.Continuing excesses and scandals show that the culture has not really changed.當前,盡管已有些許進展,但與雷曼事件時期相比,這個體系的安全程度并未顯著增強。體系本身仍過于復雜;體系內的活動仍過度集中在大型金融機構中;“太重要而不能倒閉”的問題仍像幽靈一樣逡巡于整個金融部門。持續不斷的過度做法和丑聞都在說明,我們的金融文化并未真正改變。So, as a matter of urgent priority, we must complete the agenda of financial sector reform: better regulation, better supervision, better resolution of cross-border entities, sensible incentives in financial institutions, and a level playing field for the sector.因此,我們必須將金融部門改革作為最緊迫的工作,早日完成改革日程:改善管理,改善監督,改善跨境實體的破產解決方式,建立金融機構有效的激勵機制,為該部門創造公平的競爭環境。
We are making progress, especially on the Basel III agenda for better capital and liquidity buffers.But I fear that we are losing momentum, both on implementing the agreed reforms and on making more progress in areas like derivatives, shadow banking, and too-important-to-fail institutions.我們正在不斷取得進展,特別是在有關加強資本和流動性緩沖的“巴塞爾III”日程下的進展。但我擔心,無論是實施既定改革,還是就衍生品、影子銀行和“太重要而不能倒閉”機構等問題進一步探索,這一勢頭在逐漸減弱。
Many in the industry are concerned about the costs of new regulations.Are these concerns valid? A recent IMF study shows that better regulation will nudge bank lending rates up, but by relatively little.We also found that increasing capital buffers to appropriate levels helps growth, not hurts it.Reforming financial sector taxation can also help reduce excessive risk-taking and leverage.業內很多人士都對新監管規定成本的問題憂心忡忡。這些擔憂是否必要呢?基金組織近期的一項研究表明,更好的監管將推升銀行貸款利率,但幅度相對較小。我們還發現,如將資本緩沖增加到適當水平,將有助于增長,而非遏制增長。對金融部門稅收進行的改革也可能有助于減少過度冒險和杠桿化做法
The bottom line is that the costs of reform are affordable.The costs of complacency are not.We have been there.只要改革的成本是可負擔的,就沒有超出我們的底線。但自滿帶來的成本卻遠非如此。我們曾經有過那樣的經歷。
One further point: the financial system can help ease the transition to more balanced global growth.Right now, emerging Asia accounts for about a third of world savings.Developing local financial markets can redirect more of these savings into emerging Asia’s own backyard—to the people on the edge of prosperity who need it most.另外還要說明的一點是,金融體系可能有助于推動向更均衡的全球增長的轉變。目前,在世界總儲蓄中,亞洲新興經濟體的儲蓄量約占三分之一。通過開發本地金融市場,亞洲新興經濟體可以將更多的儲蓄轉移到自己的后院,即,轉移到那些處于繁榮邊緣、最需要這些資金的人們的手中。
Inequality and inclusive growth 不平等和包容性增長
This brings me to my third milestone: inequality and the quality of growth in our future world.Really, this is about the human dimension of policymaking.我接下來要談談第三個里程碑性的目標,針對的是未來世界中的不平等問題和增長的質量。事實上,這與政策制定中人的因素有關。Growth is essential for the future global economy, but it must be a different kind of growth.A growth that is not simply the fallout from unfettered globalization.A growth that is inclusive.增長是未來全球經濟的關鍵所在,但它必須是另一種形式的增長。這種增長并非僅是不受約束的全球化進程的結果。它應是包容性的。
Recent IMF research tells us that less inequality is associated with greater macroeconomic stability and more sustainable growth.This has profound policy implications.基金組織的近期研究告訴我們,不平等程度的減輕將帶來更穩定的宏觀經濟和更可持續的增長。這里包含著深刻的政策啟示。
It means focusing on efficiency but also keeping equity in mind when setting fiscal policy.It means fairness in sharing the burden of adjustment, and protecting the weak and vulnerable.It means better financial inclusion, so that all have access to credit and financial markets.It means better transparency and governance, so that the doors of opportunity are open to all—and if they close, one knows why.它意味著,在制定財政政策時,重點是效率,同時也要關注平等問題。它意味著,在共擔財政調整負擔、保護脆弱和易受影響群體的過程中,要注意實現公平。它意味著,應增強金融包容性,以使所有人都可以進入信貸和金融市場。它意味著,要加強透明度,完善治理,以確保機會的大門向所有人敞開——如果這扇門關上了,我們知道是為什么
So again, three points on which our future global economy will turn: getting beyond the crisis, improving the financial system, building a new kind of growth.所以,我想再強調一遍,未來的全球經濟將有賴于三個目標的實現,即:擺脫危機困境,改善金融體系,實現新形式的增長。
C.The Future IMF—Serving our Members in the New World C.未來的基金組織——在新世界里服務于我們的成員國
What does all of this mean for the future of the IMF? 這些對于基金組織的未來意味著什么呢?
Transcending everything I have said so far is the need for greater cooperation.A world that is bound together must be a world that works together—a world that, in the words of the great Indian poet Tagore, “has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls”.在我之前所說的一切之上,是對加強合作的呼吁。一個緊密相連的世界同時也須是一個緊密合作的世界——正如偉大的印度詩人泰戈爾所言,這樣的一個世界“沒有被狹隘的國家圍墻分割開來”。
So while multilateral institutions were important in the past, they are even more important for our future.所以,在過去曾產生重要影響的多邊機構也將在未來發揮更重要的作用。
And the IMF is a premier forum for this kind of global cooperation.而基金組織將成為開展此類全球合作的一個重要的論壇。
This crisis has changed us—new approaches, new tools, new relevance.The key contours of the future IMF are emerging—but they are built on our past and what we were mandated to do by our founders.這場危機改變了我們——新方法、新工具、新經驗。基金組織的未來輪廓正逐漸浮現出來,但是,這建立在以往的成就之上,建立在基金組織創立者向我們賦予的職責之上。
So what should the Fund look like for the future? 那么,未來的基金組織是什么樣的呢?
First off: the IMF must always be a trusted adviser.首先:基金組織應始終是一個可信賴的顧問。
Advice is sometimes difficult—both giving and receiving!Over the past year, we made a number of big judgment calls—some controversial.The call to recapitalize European banks;the call for a larger European financial firewall;the call for a more balanced approach to fiscal adjustment;the call for urgent attention to the fiscal cliff.These were tough calls, but it is our job to make them—to be an objective, independent arbiter of economic issues, especially during hard times.有時,無論是提供建議還是接受建議,都并非易事。過去一年里,我們提出了很多項事關重大的要求——某些還引發了爭議。包括:要求對歐洲銀行注資;要求擴建歐洲金融防火墻;要求以更均衡的方式進行財政調整;要求對財政懸崖問題給予迫切關注。提出這些要求并不容易,但這卻是我們的職責所在——我們應當是一個客觀、獨立的經濟問題仲裁人,在經濟困難時期尤為如此。
Now the Fund must push ahead and adapt even more to the shifting realities and priorities of the modern global economy, the world of vast interconnections.So we are focusing more than ever on economic and policy spillovers—how what happens in one country affects others.如今,基金組織須繼續前行,更好地適應當今全球經濟不斷變化的現實和重點,更好地適應這個高度交織的世界。所以,我們將比以往更加注重經濟和政策的溢出效應,也就是說,一個國家的動向會如何影響到其他國家。
Our new Integrated Surveillance Decision, for example, will help cross-fertilize country-level and global surveillance, shining a light on cross-border effects.Our new External Sector Report sharpens our assessment of policies from a multilateral perspective, including exchange rates.And our new Financial Surveillance Strategy substantially strengthens our focus on a sector that is at the very heart of national and global stability concerns.比如,我們新出臺的綜合監督決定將使國家層面與全球層面的監督彼此促進,同時重點關注跨境效應。我們新一期的《對外部門報告》強化了多邊視角下的政策評估,包括對匯率政策的評估。我們新制定的金融監督戰略將極大增強我們對金融部門的關注,凸顯出這一部門作為國家和全球穩定問題之核心的重要地位。
Second: the IMF must have the resources necessary to stand by its membership in this world of interconnections.其次:在這個緊密相連的世界里,基金組織須擁有必要的資源以向其成員國提供支持。
So far during the crisis, we have committed $540 billion and disbursed $157 billion in 126 lending programs—57 non-concessional, 69 concessional.We are helping all kinds of countries with all kinds of problems—financing to help adjustment and transition, insurance to prevent contagion and certify good policies.And we are doing so with more flexibility and sensitivity to social conditions—for example, by calling for a longer period of fiscal adjustment in some countries.自危機爆發至今,我們已做出5400億美元貸款的承諾,并已向126項貸款計劃撥付了1570億美元。這些貸款計劃中,有57項是非優惠貸款,69項是優惠貸款。我們將幫助不同的國家解決各類不同的問題——為調整和轉型提供融資支持,為防范危機蔓延提供保險,以及認證良好政策等等。面對復雜的社會狀況,我們的行動有了更高的靈活度和反應度——例如,我們已要求某些國家延長財政調整時間。
Your decision earlier this year to boost our resources by $456 billion is a huge vote of confidence in the Fund, bringing our total lending power to over $1 trillion.And recently, using windfall profits from gold sales, you have also come through for the low-income countries—ensuring that we have enough resources in our Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust for concessional lending in the years to come.你們在今年早些時候做出了4560億美元的增資決定,這是你們向基金組織投出的一張極有份量的信任票,我們的總貸款能力由此增加到了1萬億美元以上。最近,通過利用黃金出售意外利潤,你們又成功地為低收入國家提供了資金保障——確保我們在未來幾年里有充足的資金提供減貧與增長信托項下的優惠貸款。
Rest assured, your investments will be put to good use—helping to end crises, to prevent crises, to reduce the human costs of crises.請放心,你們的出資必將用于其應有的目的——它將有助于終止危機、防范危機、減少危機帶來的人的成本。
A final but crucial point about the Fund for the future: it must truly reflect global ownership.關于未來的基金組織,還有最后一點,但也是極為重要的一點:它必須真正反映出全球共有的性質。
We need an IMF that represents the world, looks like the world, and in which the world finds a safe and comfortable home.我們所需要的基金組織應該能代表全世界,反映出全世界面貌,并為全世界人民提供安全、舒適的歸宿。
In this context, the reforms agreed in 2010 represent the biggest governance change in our history.As a result: 6 percent in quotas will shift to the dynamic emerging and developing countries, or 9 percent in total since the start of the previous 2006 reform.For the first time, Brazil, China, India, and Russia will all be among our top ten shareholders.For the first time, for any international financial institution, we will have an all-elected Executive Board.因此,在2010年商定的各項改革是我們有史以來最重要的治理改革。改革的結果:有活力的新興和發展中國家的份額將增加6%,或者說,自此前2006年改革啟動至今,份額總體增加幅度將達到9%。巴西、中國、印度和俄羅斯均首次位居前十大股東之列。我們的執董會成員將全部由選舉產生,這一制度在所有國際金融機構中還是前所未有的。
The good news is that we have made great progress toward this reform.We have reached most of the major milestones—over 75 percent of consents for the quota increase, more than 120 countries for Board reform.Now we must push ahead to get the 85 percent of voting power required to complete the Board reform and the 2010 package.令人欣慰的是,我們已朝著這一改革方向取得了長足的進展,實現了大部分具有里程碑意義的主要目標——超過75%的成員國已同意了份額增資,超過120個成員國已同意了執董會改革。如今,我們須進一步推進這一舉措,為執董會改革和2010 年一攬子改革方案的實施獲得85%表決權的同意
We can see the finish line.It is close, and today—here in Tokyo—I am again urging our membership to reach it.我們已經能看到終點線了。它就在不遠處,而今天,站在這里,我要再次敦促各成員國向著這一終點繼續奮進。
Mr.Chairman, Governors: this is the IMF we have been building, and will continue to build, with your support.It is yours.An IMF for all seasons and all peoples.A servant of the membership, of the world, of the people.主席先生,各位理事:這就是我們在你們的支持下努力構建并將不斷鞏固的基金組織。這是你們的基金組織。一個陪伴所有人度過所有不同時期的基金組織。它將服務于所有成員國,服務于全世界,服務于全人類。
Conclusion: The Spirit of Tokyo—Cooperation 結論:東京精神——合作精神
As I conclude today, let me thank and pay tribute once again to our Japanese hosts.Japan is truly the champion of multilateralism and global cooperation.It is a friend of the IMF, and we are now celebrating 60 years of partnership.在我結束今天的講話之前,請允許我再次向日本主辦方致以誠摯的謝意和敬意。日本是當之無愧的多邊主義和全球合作楷模。它是基金組織的朋友,我們雙方的合作關系如今已走到了第60個年頭。
Let me express my deep appreciation to the magnificent, world class, staff of the IMF.I have never been more impressed by a group of dedicated professionals who work day and night to support our member countries.同時也請允許我向那些能力出眾、素質一流的基金組織工作人員表達深深的謝意。我為這樣一個專業人員隊伍而贊嘆,他們日以繼夜、全情投入地工作,為成員國提供持續不斷的支持,這使我深受感動。
I also wish to thank the Fund’s Executive Directors for all their great guidance and collegiality.And I would like to thank you, the members, for your constant support, for believing in us.我還要感謝基金組織的各位執董,感謝他們的正確指導和出色管理。我還要感謝你們,所有成員國,感謝你們一如既往的支持和信任。
One final reflection: as part of these Meetings, we offered an essay contest for Japanese students to share their thoughts on the IMF and the global economy.We had many wonderful, inspiring, entries.The finalists are with us today.Could they please stand up? 最后,我還想提及一點,作為本屆年會的一個相關活動,我們舉辦了一場日本學生作文比賽,請學生們就基金組織和全球經濟話題各抒己見。我們收集到了很多文思精妙、頗具啟發性的文章。最終進入決賽的選手今天也來到了這里。可否站起來讓大家認識一下?
One essay in particular stuck in my mind.It was written by a young woman named Nao Yonemoto.有一篇文章給我的印象最為深刻。它的作者是一位名叫米本奈緒的女學生。
Nao talked about a famous incident in Japanese history, when two warlords—Shingen Takeda and Kenshin Uesugi—were fighting for supremacy.When one warlord found out that the other was short of salt—an especially valuable commodity in those days—he sent him some from his own personal supply.奈緒提到了日本歷史上一個著名的事件,兩位名將——武田信玄與上杉謙信——為了權力地位發生爭斗。在那個年代,鹽是一種價值極高的商品,當其中一人發現他的對手沒有了食鹽供應時,就從自己的供給中取出一部分送給了他。
And so we have the great Japanese proverb: “give salt to your opponent”.In other words, be generous to those in need, even if they are different from you, or not on your team.The message? Helping each other in difficult times is the only way forward.由此,就有了這樣一句日本諺語:“送鹽予敵”。也就是說,要對那些需要幫助的人慷慨相助,即使他們與你格格不入,甚或與你為敵。這說明了什么呢?在困境中,只有彼此扶持,才能不斷前行。
Mr.Chairman, Governors: the spirit of cooperation is the only way forward.I saw that spirit in Sendai the other day.I saw it as I traveled throughout our member countries over the past year.I see it again on your faces this morning.主席先生,各位理事:合作精神是推動我們向前的唯一動力。不久前,我在仙臺看到了這種精神。過去一年里,當我走訪各成員國時,也看到了這種精神。今天在這里,我從你們的神情中又再次看到了這種精神。
It is the spirit of our Meetings.May you travel back with it when you go home.這就是我們的會議所秉持的精神。希望大家把這種精神帶回去。
Thank you.謝謝。
第五篇:世界銀行行長金墉在美國東北大學2013屆畢業典禮上的演講
Commencement Address for Northeastern University’s Class of 2013 在美國東北大學2013屆畢業典禮上的演講
World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim 世界銀行行長金墉
Boston, Massachusetts, United States 馬薩諸塞州的波士頓,美國
May 3, 2013 2013年5月3日
President Joseph E.Aoun, Distinguished faculty members and administrators, Members of the Class of 2013, Ladies and gentlemen
約瑟夫·E·奧恩校長,尊敬的各位教職員工,2013屆畢業班的全體同學們,女士們,先生們,It’s a great privilege to be here today with all of you, especially the members of the Class of 2013 and your families and friends.You should be very proud.This is a day for memories, a day to savor.A day, also, to join in honoring those who two weeks ago responded so courageously in the face of tragedy—including Northeastern students and staff who provided critical care and support to victims of the attack.今天在這里與在座的各位、特別是2013屆畢業生以及你們的家人和朋友歡聚一堂,是一個莫大的榮幸。你們應該感到非常自豪,這是難以忘懷的一天,值得體味的一天,這一天我們也要對那些在兩周前勇敢面對悲劇的人們、包括東北大學的學生和員工致敬,他們為爆炸受害者提供了重要的關愛和支持。
It’s an honor for me to stand before you today just at the moment when you are leaving this great University and about to step into your life, the script of which is yet to be written.Throughout my years in the academy, I’ve loved commencements because they embody those rare moments in our modern culture when ritual, tradition and a bit of pageantry brighten our lives.此時此刻,我站在各位面前,正值你們即將離開這所偉大的學府,即將踏入你們的人生,人生腳本還是一張白紙之際,我深感榮幸。在我投身學術界的歲月里,我曾很喜歡畢業典禮,因為它代表著我們現代文化中那些罕見的時刻,當儀式、傳統和一點點排場照亮了我們的人生。
But I’m sure many of you are more than a little concerned about what the future will bring, and I just want to say to you today that not only is your future uncertain, but the overwhelming likelihood is that it’s far more uncertain than you think.And you know what, that’s a good thing.A recent study by a group of psychologists in the journal Science found that people are extremely poor at predicting their futures.The study showed that, for example, a typical 20-year-old woman’s predictions for life changes in the next decade of her life were not nearly as radical as the typical 30-year-old woman’s recollection of how much she had changed in her 20s.In other words, 20-year-olds had little idea of just how much they would change over the next ten years.This sort of discrepancy persisted among respondents all the way into their 60s.但是我敢肯定,你們中許多人對于未來將會帶來什么很有點擔心,我今天只是想對你們說,不僅僅是你們的未來不確定,而最大的可能性是,它遠比你所想的更不確定。你們知道嗎,這是一件好事。幾位心理學家最近在《科學》雜志上發表了一篇研究論文,他們發現人極其不擅長預測自己的未來。他們的研究顯示,例如,一個典型的20歲女性對自己未來十年人生變化的預測絕不像一個典型的30歲女性對自己在20來歲時有多大變化的回憶那么激進。換句話說,20歲的人對于自己在未來十年會有多大變化幾乎沒有概念。這種差異在受訪者中一直延續到60多歲的人。
This study’s findings are essentially the story of my life.In fact, even before I was born, given the obstacles my parents faced, I would never have predicted that I would, in fact, be born.My father spent his childhood in North Korea and, at the age of 17, escaped across the border into South Korea, leaving his parents, his brothers and sisters, his entire extended family--everything he had ever known – behind.He had no money.Still, he managed to enroll in the Seoul National University Dental School and became a dentist.He told me stories about how he had so little money he often could only afford to buy lunch from the illegal noodle vendors on the street.Once when he was eating his contraband pasta next to the vendor, police came and chased after the vendors and their customers.But while he ran, my father kept eating his noodles because he knew he wouldn’t be able to afford another bowl for some time.這項研究結果基本上也是我的人生故事。事實上,即使在我出生之前,鑒于我的父母所面臨的重重障礙,事實上我都不敢預測我還會出生。我的父親在北朝鮮度過了他的童年,他在17歲那年偷越邊境逃到韓國,離開他的父母、他的兄弟姐妹、他的所有親朋好友,離開了他所熟悉的一切。他身無分文。但他還是設法進了首爾國立大學牙科學院,后來成為一名牙醫。他告訴我,他口袋里只有一點點錢,常常只能買得起街上非法小攤販賣的面條當午餐。有一次,他正在無照小攤旁邊吃面,警察來了,警察趕走了小攤販和他們的顧客。但我的父親一邊跑一邊還在吃他的面,因為他知道他還得過一段時間才能再買得起一碗面。
My mother was born in China near Shanghai among a small community of Korean expatriates.After returning to Korea, on a day she will never forget, her mother--my grandmother--went outside to hang the laundry and never returned, probably either kidnapped or killed by North Korean soldiers.With the war closing in around her, at the age of 15, my mother became a refugee and literally walked, with her younger brother on her back, for 200 miles to escape the fighting.Luckily, she was able to resume her schooling in a tent in the southern city of Masan.She was a good student and with great luck she received a scholarship from a secret women’s society in the United States and was able to enroll as a freshman at Scarritt College in Nashville, Tennessee.我的母親出生在中國上海附近的一個韓國僑民居住的小社區。回到韓國后,有一天,她永遠都不會忘記,她的母親也就是我的外祖母出去晾衣服就再也沒有回來,她可能是被北朝鮮士兵綁架或殺害了。隨著戰爭的臨近,我的母親在15歲時成了難民,為了躲避戰火,她背著她的小弟弟徒步走了200英里。幸運的是,她在南部馬山市的一頂帳篷里得以繼續學業。她是一個好學生,非常幸運地獲得了美國一個秘密婦女學會提供的獎學金,進入田納西州納什維爾的斯卡里特學院。
Through almost unthinkably divergent and unlikely paths, my parents ended up meeting in New York City at a Christmas party that gathered together the few hundred Korean students who were living in the United States at that time.They fell in love, married in New York, where my older brother was born, then returned to Korea.通過幾乎是無法想象的完全不同和不可能的路徑,我的父母最終在紐約市的一次圣誕聚會上邂逅相遇,那次圣誕聚會聚集了幾百名當時居住在美國的韓國學生。他們墜入愛河,在紐約締結良緣,生下我哥哥,然后回到韓國。
I was born in Seoul and when I was five, my family moved back to the United States and we eventually settled in Muscatine, Iowa.My father opened his dental practice, and my mother set to work on her PhD in philosophy at the University of Iowa.In the late 60’s, influenced by my mother’s passion for social justice, we watched the civil rights and anti-war movements unfold from our living room in Muscatine.We lived, as you can tell, the classic All-American, Korean family grows up in a small town in Iowa story.We fully embraced our lives in the heartland of this great country.我出生在首爾,在我五歲時我的家人搬回到美國,我們最終定居在愛荷華州的馬斯卡廷,我的父親開了自己的牙科診所,我的母親在愛荷華大學研修博士學位。在上世紀60年代,受我母親熱衷于社會公正的影響,我們看到民權和反戰運動從馬斯卡廷我們家的客廳展開。你們可以想象,我們有著在愛荷華州一個小鎮的經典的美籍韓國家庭中成長的經歷,我們完全擁抱了在這個偉大國家中心地帶的生活。
As you might imagine, there weren’t a lot of Asians in Iowa in the 60’s and 70’s but happily, one of the most popular shows at that time was Kung Fu, the story of a former Shaolin priest, half-Chinese, half-American, who comes to the United States to find his American father.So while we were outsiders in Iowa in a profound sense, at least the bully kids left us alone, because they thought all Asians knew Kung Fu.I played quarterback on the high school football team--but don’t be too impressed, we had the longest losing streak in the nation by the time I was done with my senior year.Years and years went by without a single victory.It was said that grandfathers of my teammates had contributed to the multi-generational streak.正如你們可以想象,在60年代和70年代愛荷華州的亞洲人并不多,但令人高興的是,當時最受歡迎的一個節目是《功夫》,故事講的是一個少林和尚,一半中國血統,一半美國血統,到美國來尋找他的美國父親。所以,雖然我們從深層意義上講在愛荷華州屬于外人,但至少愛欺負人的孩子不招惹我們,因為他們認為所有的亞洲人都會功夫。我在高中橄欖球隊打四分衛,但別以為我們有多了不起,在我大四的時候我們是全國連敗最長的隊。一年又一年,我們一次都沒贏過,有人說,我同學的爺爺們早就為子孫后代的連敗打下了基礎。
After high school, I eventually ended up at Brown University, and I remember one particular day vividly.My father picked me up at the airport after I flew back to Muscatine from Providence, and when we were driving home, he asked me, ―So what are you thinking of studying?‖
高中畢業后,我最終考進了布朗大學,有一天我尤其記憶猶新。我從普羅維登斯飛回馬斯卡廷,我的父親到機場接我,在我們開車回家的路上,他問我,―那么你想學什么呢?‖
I told him I was excited about philosophy and political science.我說我對哲學和政治學很感興趣。
I thought I could make a difference in the world and I was thinking of going into politics.我認為我可以改變這個世界,我在考慮從政。
My father put on the blinker, pulled off the road, and turned off the car.我父親打開車子的閃光燈,把車開到路邊停下。
He turned to me in the back seat.他轉過身來對坐在后座上的我說:
―Look,‖ he said, ―once you finish your medical residency, you can do anything you want.‖ ―瞧,你只要完成了醫生實習期,就可以做任何你想做的事情。‖
You see, my father knew all about uncertainty.He knew that it’s impossible to be sure about where you might end up in life.And he worried that his own success might have deprived his children of the opportunity to understand deeply the meaning of running away from the noodle police while, of course, finishing your noodles.He wanted me to have a skill and he wanted me to butt my head up against the joy but also the hard reality of finishing medical school, finishing residency and caring for patients in life-or-death situations.你們看,我的父親十分懂得不確定性。他很清楚,一個人不可能知道自己最終會做什么,而且他很擔心自己的成功有可能會使自己的子女沒有機會深入理解從警察身邊跑開、當然同時還要吃完剩下的面條意味著什么。他希望我掌握一門本領,他希望我能夠有效地抵抗讀完醫學院、完成實習期和在生與死的情景中照顧患者的喜悅與殘酷的現實。
I’m so grateful to my father.我很感謝我的父親。
So far I’ve told you that life is uncertain, but you already knew that.What I really want you to know is that you have abundant tools to face that uncertainty and to lead an extraordinary life, even beyond your wildest dreams.到目前為止,我告訴你們說人生是不確定的,但你們已經了解了這一點。我真正想讓你們了解的是,你們擁有大量的工具來直面這種不確定性,成就不平凡的人生,甚至超出你最瘋狂的夢想。
Roy Baumeister is a psychologist who has devoted his career to studying the qualities in human beings that lead them to achieve what he calls ―positive outcomes.‖ In this fascinating field, researchers have found that two traits are most consistently associated with success: intelligence and willpower.In Baumeister’s book entitled Willpower, we learn that efforts to permanently increase intelligence have failed, but people can in fact improve their willpower.Baumeister and his colleagues have shown that taking certain actions to improve willpower is the surest way to a more successful life.Moreover, they’ve shown that willpower is like a muscle that can be built with practice, but also that if you don’t actively exercise your willpower, your capacity to do so will atrophy just like your stomach muscles if you stop doing sit-ups.They’ve even learned that because willpower is associated with a certain part of your brain, maintaining glucose levels in your blood to feed that part of your brain is critical for sustaining your willpower!
羅伊·鮑邁斯特是一位心理學家,終生研究帶領人類成就他稱之為―積極的結果‖的人類素質。在這個令人著迷的領域,研究人員發現,有兩個特質始終與成功相伴:智力和意志力。從鮑邁斯特所著的《意志力》一書中,我們了解到,雖然永久地提高智力的努力歸于失敗,但人其實是可以提高自身的意志力的。鮑邁斯特和他的同事們已經證明,采取某些行動來提高意志力,是實現更成功的人生的最可靠的途徑。此外,他們也已證明,意志力就像肌肉,可以通過鍛煉來強化,而且如果你不積極鍛煉你的意志力,你的能力就會像你的腹部肌肉一樣,在停止做仰臥起坐之后會出現萎縮。他們甚至還了解到,由于意志力與大腦的某些部位有關,保持血液里的血糖水平來滋養大腦的這個部位對于維持意志力至關重要!
Looked at from another angle, a group of researchers has shown that, more than talent, practice is what determines mastery over any given skill or ability.Malcolm Gladwell, in his book Outliers, popularized an important body of work that showed that the path to mastery required 10,000 hours of practice.Books with titles like ―talent is overrated‖ have been published to make the point.從另一個角度看,一些研究人員已經證明,與天賦相比,實踐才是決定能否掌握任何技能或能力的主要因素。馬爾科姆·格拉德威爾在他的《局外人》一書中推廣的一項重要研究成果表明,達到精通之路需要10000個小時的練習,《天賦被高估了》等書的出版就是為了說明這一點。
Now I want you to know that there’s really good news here, especially for Northeastern graduates.By graduating today, you’ve shown your families and the world that you have plenty of IQ points to accomplish anything you set out to achieve.Willpower, discipline and focus--the essential qualities for success that everyone needs--are in your hands to develop and build.As Baumeister shows in his book, you can indeed go to the willpower gym and come out mentally buff, ready to take on the world.現在,我希望你們了解,這實際上是個好消息,尤其是對東北大學的畢業生來說。通過今天的畢業,你們已經向家人和世界證明,你們有足夠的智商完成你們決定去做的任何事情。意志力、紀律和專注——每個人都需要的成功的必備素質——就掌握在你們手中,靠你們去開發和建立。鮑邁斯特在他的書中揭示,你的確可以去意志力健身房,強健精神,準備好挑戰世界。
Now about the 10,000 hours it takes to achieve mastery.Well, because you’ve studied here at Northeastern, you’ve got a head start.My own estimate is that, through your cooperative education in which you’ve received both classroom knowledge and practical knowledge, you all deserve at least a couple of thousand hours of discount off the standard 10,000.Good for you and congratulations!
現在來談談達到精通所需要的10,000個小時。嗯,由于你們已完成在東北大學的學業,你們已經有了一個良好的開端。我個人的估計是,通過合作式教育,你們學到了課堂知識和實踐知識,你們可以至少從10,000個標準小時中扣除2000個小時。干得好,祝賀你們!
But in addition to thinking about uncertainty and willpower, there’s one more thing I want you to try to will yourself to remember today.I want you to think about how you can use time effectively and for good in this complex world.但是,除了思考不確定性和意志力之外還有一件事,我希望你們能夠用自己的意志力記住今天,我希望你們想一想怎樣才能有效地利用時間,在這個復雜的世界里持之以恒。
Back in Iowa, my mother used to read to me the writings of Martin Luther King, Jr.In Dr.King’s ―Letter from a Birmingham Jail,‖ he writes about understanding the urgency of the present.He writes about an experience with a white moderate--an ally of the civil rights movement--who wrote to him saying that he, Dr.King, was in too great a hurry and that ―the lessons of Christ take time to come to earth.‖ African Americans, the moderate argued, would eventually--eventually--be granted their full civil rights.早在愛荷華州時,我的母親曾經讀馬丁·路德·金的著作給我聽。金博士在 ―寄自伯明翰監獄的信‖中寫了他對現實緊迫性的理解。他寫道與一位白人溫和派人士、民權運動盟友的交流,此人寫信給他,說他金博士過于性急,―基督的教義傳播人世,總要花費時日‖。這位溫和派人士認為,非裔美國人最終——他是說最終——會獲得完全的民權。
Dr.King responded, and I quote: “Such an attitude stems from a tragic misconception of time and a strangely irrational notion that there is something in the flow of time that will inevitably cure all ills.Actually, time itself is neutral.It can be used destructively or constructively.More and more I feel that the people of ill will have used time much more effectively than the people of goodwill.We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people, but for the appalling silence of the good people.” End quote.金博士回應說,我在此引用他的話:―這樣的態度乃源自對時間的可悲誤解,源自一種不合理的奇特觀念,認為在時間之流當中,會有什么東西必將療治所有的邪惡。實際上,時間是中立的東西;它可以用于建設,也可以用于破壞。我越發覺得,邪惡的人之利用時間,將會比善良的人更其有效。我們得在這一代進行懺悔,不僅因壞人們充滿仇恨的言辭與行為,也因好人們駭人聽聞的沉默。‖引語完。
With all the willpower I can muster, I try to bring the sense of urgency in Dr.King’s words to my work today.I do this with an understanding that I still have no idea of what the future may bring.After all, I had no idea that I would not only get my medical degree but also a PhD in anthropology.I had no idea that I would help found an organization, Partners in Health, with my colleague Paul Farmer and eventually work in 10 countries around the world.I had no idea that my experience at Partners In Health would lead to my taking charge of the World Health Organization’s HIV/AIDS efforts and starting a campaign to treat 3 million people by the year 2005.And with only minimal experience in academic administration, I became President of Dartmouth College.Finally, completely out of the blue, last year President Obama asked me to stand as a candidate to lead the World Bank Group.我集中全部的意志力,試圖將金博士所說的緊迫感帶入我今天的工作。我這樣做是因為我了解我仍不知道未來可能會帶來什么。畢竟,我沒有想到我不僅獲得了醫學學位,而且還獲得了人類學博士學位。我沒有想到,我會和我的同事保羅·法莫一起幫助創建了一個機構―健康伙伴‖,并最終在全世界10個國家開展了工作。我沒有想到我在―健康伙伴‖的工作經歷會導致我主管世界衛生組織的艾滋病工作,并開展了一場到2005年治療3萬名艾滋病患者的運動。我只有很少的學術管理經驗,卻擔任了達特茅斯學院的院長。最后,就如晴天霹靂一般,去年奧巴馬總統邀請我作為領導世界銀行集團的候選人之一。
Always with some trepidation, I embraced these unexpected opportunities, and now I find myself in one of the most interesting jobs in the world.The World Bank Group is an extraordinary organization, founded in the 1940’s to rebuild Europe after World War II.Over the 66 years of its existence, it has become the premier development institution in the world.雖然總是有些誠惶誠恐,但我接受了這些意外的機會,現在我發現自己做的是世界上最有意思的工作之一。世界銀行集團是一個非同尋常的機構,成立于1940年,初衷是在二戰之后重建歐洲。在其存在的66年里,它已成為世界上最大的發展機構。
Just two weeks ago, our governing body endorsed a target to end extreme poverty by 2030--just 17 years from now.Our Governors, who are made up of the Ministers of Finance and Development of 188 member countries, also endorsed a goal to boost shared prosperity, so that the bottom 40% of income earners in our member states can share in economic growth.Our Governors also emphasized that prosperity must be shared with future generations, which means that we will be leaders in tackling climate change.Climate change has the potential to wipe out many of the development gains of the past decades and plunge people back into poverty.就在兩周前,我們的理事會批準了一個目標,即,到2030年,從現在起在短短17年時間里終結極度貧困。我們的理事會由188個成員國的財政和發展部長組成,他們還通過一個目標,就是促進共享繁榮,使我們成員國里處于收入最底層的40%人口可以分享經濟增長的成果。我們的理事會還強調,必須讓子孫后代共享繁榮,這就意味著我們將在應對氣候變化方面發揮領導作用。氣候變化有可能使過去數十年的發展成果毀于一旦,使人民重新陷入貧困。
By setting such bold targets for our organization and setting an expiration date for extreme poverty in the world, our Governors have given us the gift of focus and urgency.We will now use time to drive forward what we hope will be a signal achievement in human history.通過給我們的機構設定這種大膽的目標,為消除世界上的極度貧困設定期限,我們的理事會賦予我們著眼點和緊迫感。現在,我們要花時間來推進我們期望成為人類歷史上的一項標志性成就。
In closing, my challenge to you is this: set bold goals, deliberately and consciously build your willpower, and use your time well.You are so fortunate.Northeastern’s co-op program and emphasis on experiential learning make this one of the most innovative educational models in the world today.With co-op options now in more than 70 countries, in all types of organizations, this University has given you an unexcelled preparation for global citizenship.As countries around the world, including the United States, search for ways to overhaul higher education, they’re looking to Northeastern’s example.Through your hard work in these past four years, you’ve acquired something exceptional: the foundations for critical and self-critical thinking, joined to the practical skills to solve tough problems in the real world.最后,我對你們提出的挑戰是:設定大膽的目標,有意識和自覺地建立自己的意志力,用好你們的時間。你們是如此幸運,東北大學的合作教育計劃和對體驗式學習的重視,是當今世界上最具創新性的教育模式之一。合作模式已在70多個國家、各種類型的機構中推廣,這所大學為你們成為全球公民做了極好的鋪墊。世界各國、包括美國都在尋找改革高等教育的路徑,他們也在研究東北大學的案例。通過你們在過去四年的努力,你們獲得了一些特殊的資質:批判和自我批判思維的基礎,結合解決現實世界中棘手問題的實用技能。
These are extraordinary qualifications.They give you power--and responsibility.這些都是非凡的資質,它們賦予你們力量,還有責任。
Like my father on the streets of Seoul--though in a different way--you face a world of uncertainty.Don’t fear that uncertainty.Embrace it.Use it.Uncertainty means that nothing is predetermined.Uncertainty means that the future is yours to shape--with the force of your will, the force of your intellect, and the force of your compassion.Uncertainty is freedom.Take that freedom and run with it.And don’t forget to eat some noodles as you go.You’ll need the glucose.就像在首爾街頭的我的父親,雖然以不同的方式,你們都面對著一個充滿不確定性的世界。不要害怕這種不確定性,去擁抱它,去利用它。不確定性意味著沒有什么是預先確定的。不確定性意味著未來需要你們去塑造,用你們的力量,你們的意志,你們智慧的力量,你們同情心的力量。不確定性就是自由,抓住這種自由,帶著它奔跑吧,別忘了一邊跑一邊吃點面條,你需要葡萄糖。
Thank you very much, and congratulations to the graduating class.謝謝各位,祝賀畢業班的同學們!