第一篇：對外經濟貿易大學金融學院金融專業英語試題及答案2002

對外經濟貿易大學

2002年攻讀碩士學位研究生入學考試

金融學院 金融專業英語 試題

（英譯中，五段，每段20分，共100分）

1.What is a bank?

As important as banks are to the economy as a whole and to local communities, there is much confusion about exactly what a bank is.Certainly banks can be identified by the functions(services or roles)they perform in the economy.The problem is that not only are the functions of banks changing, but the functions of their principal competitors are changing as well.Indeed, many financial institutions including leading security dealers, brokerage firms, mutual funds, and insurance companies arc trying to be as similar as possible to banks in the services they offer.Bankers, in turn, are challenging these nonblank competitors by lobbying for expanded authority to offer real estate and full-service security brokerage, insurance coverage, investments in mutual funds, and many other new services.The result of many legal and regulatory changes is a state of confusion in the public’s mind today over what is or is not a bank.The safest approach is probably to view these institutions in terms of what types of services the offer the public.Banks are those financial institutions that offer the widest range of financial services especially credit, savings, and payment services and perform the widest range of financial functions of any business form in the economy.This multiplicity of bank services and functions has led to banks being labeled“financial department store”.2.The Adoption of Indirect Instruments of Monetary Policy

In the late 1970s, industrial countries began phasing out the direct instruments some of them used to operate monetary policy-including credits controls, interest rate ceilings, and sometimes directed credits-and began moving toward full reliance on indirect instruments, such as open market operations, rediscount facilities, and reserve requirement.In more recent years, there has been also an increasing tendency for the developing countries and the economies in transition to adopt such instruments.The greater use of indirect monetary instruments can be seen as the counterpart in the monetary area to the widespread movement toward enhancing the role of price signals in the economy more generally.Both have the same objective of improving market efficiency.Perhaps even more critically, moves to indirect instruments are taking place in an increasingly more open economic environment, with widespread adoption of current account convertibility.In such an environment, direct instruments have become increasingly ineffective, leading to inefficienciesand disintermediation.In the absence of indirect instruments of monetary policy, the authorities would, therefore, be unable to counter any problems of excess liquidity, which would impede their efforts to stabilize the economy.3.Why banks are so heavily regulated?

Why are banks so closely regulated? There are number of reasons for this heavy burden of government supervision, some of them centuries old.First, banks are among the leasing repositories of the public’s savings especially the saving of individuals and families.While most of the public’s saving are placed in relatively short-term, highly liquid deposits, banks also hold large amounts of long-term savings in individual retirement accounts(IRAs).The loss of these funds due to bank failure or bank crime would be catastrophic to many individuals and families.But, many savers lack the financial expertise and depth of

information needed to correctly evaluate the riskiness of a bank.Therefore, regulatory agencies are charged with the responsibility of gathering and evaluating the information needed to assess the true financial condition of banks in order to protect the public against loss.Banks are also closely watched because of their power to create money in the form of readily spendable deposits by making loans and investments.Changes in the volume of money created by banks appear to be closely correlated with economic conditions, especially the growth of jobs and the presence or absence of inflation.Banks are also regulated because they provide individuals and businesses with loans that support consumption and investment spending.Regulatory authorities argue that the public has a keen interest in an adequate supply of loans flowing from the banking system.Moreover, where discrimination in the granting of credit is present, those individuals who are discriminated against face a significant obstacle to their personal well-being and an improved standard of living.This is especially true if access to credit is denied because of age, sex, race, national origin, or similar factors.Finally, banks have a long history of involvement with government federal, state, and local.Early in the history of the industry governments relied upon cheap bank credit and the taxation of banks to finance armies and to supply the funds they were unwilling to raise through direct taxation of their citizens.More recently, governments have relied upon banks to assist in conducting economic policy, in collecting taxes, and in dispensing government payments.4.Financial Futures

A financial futures contract is an agreement between buyer and a seller reached today that calls for the delivery of particular security in exchange for cash at some future date.The market value of a futures contract changes daily as the market price of the security to be exchanged moves over time.As a result, futures contracts are “marked to marker” each day to reflect the current value of the assets subject to eventual delivery under each futures contract, and a cash payment may have to be made(usually to a broker)by one or the other party to the contract in order to protect against possible loss.The financial futures markets are designed to shift the risk of interest rate fluctuations from risk-averse investors, such as commercial banks, to speculators willing to accept and possibly profit from such risks.Futures contracts are traded on organized exchanges(such as the Chicago Board of Trade or the London Futures Exchange), where floor brokers execute orders received from the public to buy or sell these contracts at the best prices available.Then a bank contacts an exchange broker and offers to sell futures contracts(I, e., the bank wishers to “go short” in futures), this means it is promising to deliver securities of a certain kind and quality to the buyer of those contracts on a stipulated date at a predetermined price.Conversely, a bank may enter the futures market as buyer of futures contracts(i.e., the bank chooses to “go long” in futures), agreeing to accept delivery of the particular securities named in each contract and to pay cash to the exchange clearinghouse the day the contracts mature, based on their price at that time.5.Offshore Financial Center(OFC)

An offshore financial center(OFC)may be defined as jurisdiction in which transactions with non-residents far outweigh transactions related to the domestic economy.They have developed by offering an attractive tax, legal and/or regulatory environment.In particular, the absence of inheritance, wealth, withholding or capital gains taxes can make the environment in OFCs very favorable to, for example, internationally mobile individuals.Zero or low direct taxes can make it

attractive for companies conducting business with non-residents to incorporate in OFCs.Ina similar vein, the corporate legal environment may facilitate speedy adoption of new financial products or allow greater flexibility in restructuring and refinancing options.Political and economic stability and the presence of high quality professional(eg legal and accounting)and supporting services are also important in attracting business from other major financial centers.A number of important OFCs are small island states, with few domestically owned financial institutions, a large number of “brass-plate” institutions and little non-financial economic activity.The Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands are obvious examples.But the distinction between OFCs and other financial centers is not clear-out.Some economies.Such as Hong Kong and Singapore have a significant volume of entrepot business alongside domestically orientated financial intermediation.The term “OTC” is , furthermore, sometimes also used in connection with special tax and/or regulation zones that are established within the borders of a country to attract non-resident business(for example Labuan in Malaysia, or the International Financial Services Center in Dublin).1． 銀行是什么？

無論是對于整個經濟還是對于某一地區的經濟而言，銀行都是很重要的，同樣地，人們對銀行的準確含義也充滿了困惑。當然，可以通過銀行在經濟中的職能（服務或作用）來給銀行下定義。問題在于，不僅僅銀行的職能在變化，其主要競爭對手的職能也在變化。事實上，從提供的服務上來看，許多金融機構（包括主要的證券承銷商、經紀公司、共同基金和保險公司）都類似于銀行。相反，銀行家們則通過游說方式爭取權力以便能夠開展房地產和全面證券經紀業務、保險理賠業務、共同基金投資和其他許多新的服務，藉此向非銀行競爭對手挑戰。

許多法規發生變化的結果是，導致了對于什么是銀行什么不是銀行這一問題，目前公眾心里一片茫然。根據這些機構對公眾提供服務的種類來評價，或許是最保險的做法。銀行是提供最廣泛金融服務（尤其是信貸、儲蓄和支付業務）的金融機構，并執行經濟中所有商業形式的最廣泛的金融職能。這種服務和職能的多樣性，使銀行被稱為“金融百貨公司”。

2.貨幣政策間接工具的運用

在20世紀70年代末期，有些工業化國家開始逐步摒棄一些曾經用來實施貨幣政策的直接工具，包括信貸控制，利率上限，有時是直接存款，并開始完全采用間接工具，比如，公開市場操作、再貼現和準備金要求。在最近幾年，發展中國家和過渡經濟體也開始采用這些間接工具，而且呈上升趨勢。

間接貨幣政策在貨幣領域里發揮著日益重要的作用，就如同經濟中價格信號的功能日益廣泛一樣。二者有著共同的目標：提高市場效率。或許更為重要的是，轉向間接工具的行為發生在一個日益開放的經濟環境里，“經常性項目可兌換”被廣泛采用。在這樣一種環境下，直接工具的效果越來越差，最終會導致完全無效和非居間化投資。如果沒有貨幣政策的間接工具，管理當局就沒有辦法解決任何過剩流動性帶來的問題，而過剩的流動性會妨礙他們穩定經濟的努力。

3.為什么要對銀行進行嚴格管制？

為什么要對銀行進行嚴格管制？有很多理由可以解釋政府監管這一重負，這已經有幾個世紀的歷史了。

首先，銀行是公眾儲蓄（尤其是個人和家庭儲蓄）的出租倉庫。大多數公眾儲蓄都屬于短期存放，屬于高流動性的存款，而銀行也掌握了大量來自個人退休賬戶的長期存款。銀行破產和犯罪行為會導致銀行存款的損失，這對于許多個人和家庭來說，將是巨大的災難。

但是，許多存款人缺乏正確評價銀行風險的金融知識和足夠的信息。因此，監管機構有義務收集和評價那些用來評估銀行真實財務狀況的信息，以保護公眾免受損失。

對銀行密切監管的另一個重要原因是，銀行有創造貨幣的權力，而這些貨幣通過貸款和投資就可以直接放出。看上去，銀行所創造的貨幣量的變化與經濟狀況密切相關，尤其是與就業的增長和通貨膨脹的存在與否有關。

要對銀行進行管制還因為它們對個人和企業貸款以支持消費和投資。監管當局聲稱，公眾對銀行系統能夠提供足夠的貸款供給非常感興趣。尤其是，當信貸條件存在歧視的時候，那些被歧視人的個人福利和已經得到改善的生活水平將會遇到嚴重的影響。如果信貸的權利因為年齡、性別、種族、民族等類似原因而被拒絕的話，這種影響尤其明顯。

最后，銀行與政府（聯邦政府，州政府和地方政府）的糾纏由來已久。在工業化的早期，政府就依靠銀行成本低廉的信貸和銀行的稅收為軍隊籌措資金，并向他們不愿意通過公民的直接稅收籌資的基金提供支持。更近一些時候，政府依靠銀行幫助實施其經濟政策，征繳稅收，發放政府支付款。

4.金融期貨

金融期貨合約指買賣者雙方達成的協議，協議規定了在未來的某個日期以現金交換某一特定的證券。由于被交易的證券的市場價格不斷地隨著時間變化，期貨合約的市場價值也每天都發生變化。因此，期貨合約每天都進行逐日結算，以便可以反映該筆合約最終將要交割的資產的當前價值。為了避免可能的損失，合約的一方或者另一方必須采用現金結算（通常是支付給經紀人）的方式。

金融期貨市場的目的在于，把利率波動風險從風險規避型的投資者（如商業銀行）轉移給那些為了得到利潤而愿意承擔風險的投機者。期貨合約交易是在有組織的交易所（如芝加哥期貨交易所或倫敦期貨交易所）內進行的。在那里，場內經紀人執行由公眾發出的以可能的最好價格買入或者賣出合約的指令。一家銀行與一個經紀人取得聯系，發出出售合約（例如，銀行希望可以做空某期貨），這意味著它承諾在一個事先確定的價位上、在規定的日期把確定品種和數量的證券出售給合約購買者。相反，一家銀行也可以以期貨合約購買者的身份進入期貨市場（例如，銀行希望能夠持有某種期貨的多頭），承諾在合約到期的時候，按照合約規定的價格買入合約中所規定的證券，并將現金支付給交易清算所。

5．離岸金融中心（OFC）

當某一市場中由非本國居民所進行的金融交易遠超過與本國經濟相關的交易時，這個市場就可以稱為離岸金融中心。它們通過提供優惠的稅收政策、法律和/或規范的交易環境得到了很大的發展。特別地，由于OFC不對遺產、財富、預提款和資本利得征稅，OFC對那些諸如國際流動人口等一類人來說非常具有吸引力。零稅收或者很低的直接稅收能夠吸引那些與非本國居民從事商業往來的公司進駐OFC。同理，這樣的公司法律環境能夠催生新的金融產品，并允許公司在重組和募資的選擇上擁有更大的彈性。穩定的政治與經濟環境、高質量的專業人才（如法律和會計人才）以及相關的配套服務對于OFC能夠從其他主要金融中心吸引企業也是很重要的。

許多重要的OFC都是一些島國，當地的金融機構很少，而“黃銅板”機構很多，非金融經濟活動卻很少。開曼群島和英屬維京群島就是很典型的例子。但是，OFC和其他金融中心的區別并不是很明確。諸如香港和新加坡除了作為世界上很繁榮的貿易中心的同時，它們也擁有大量的本土金融業務。此外，OFC作為一個專有名詞，有時也與這樣的地區相聯系的，它們往往是建立在一國之內，卻執行特定的規章制度和/或者稅收政策，其設立的目的在于吸引非本土的企業（例如，馬來西亞的納閩島，或者是都柏林的國際金融服務中心）。

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第二篇：對外經濟貿易大學2002年考研經貿專業英語試題

對外經濟貿易大學2002年考研經貿專業英語試題

2008-11-19 17:46

頁面功能 【字體：大 中 小】【打印】【關閉】

本試題為英譯中，共五段，每段二十分。

1.The True,Peaceful Face of Islam

There are 1.2 billion Muslims in the world,and Islam is the world's fastest-growing religion.If the evil carnage we witnessed on Sept.11 were typical of the faith,and Islam truly inspired and justified such violence,its growth and the increasing presence of Muslims in both Europe and the U.S.would be a terrifying prospect.Fortunately,this is not the case.The very word Islam,which means surrender,is related to the Arabic salam,or peace.When the Prophet Muhammad brought the inspired scripture known as Koran to the Arabs in the early 7th century A.D.,a major part of his mission was devoted precisely to bringing an end to the kind of mass slaughter we witnessed in New York City and Washington.Pre-Islamic Arabia was caught up in a vicious cycle of warfare,in which tribe fought tribe in a pattern of vendetta and counter-vendetta.Muhammad himself survived several assassination attempts,and the early Muslin community narrowly escaped extermination by the powerful city of Mecca.The Prophet had to fight a deadly war in order to survive,but as soon as he felt his people were probably safe,he devoted his attention to building up a peaceful coalition of tribes and achieved victory by an ingenious and inspiring campaign of non-violence.When he died in 632,he had almost single-handedly brought peace to war-torn Arabia.Because the Koran was revealed in the context of an all-out war,several passages deal with the conduct of armed struggle.Warfare was a desperate business on the Arabian Peninsula.A chieftain was not expected to spare survivors after a battle,and some of the Koran injunctions seem to share this spirit.Muslims are ordered by God to slay [enemies] wherever you find them！。Extremists such as Osama bin laden like to quote such verses but do so selectively.They do not include the exhortation to peace,which in almost every case follow these more ferocious passages： Thus,if they let you be,and do not make war on you,and offer you peace,God does not allow you to harm them.Islam is not addicted to war,and jihad is not one of its pillars,or essential practices.The primary meaning of the word jihad is not holy war but struggle。It refers to the different effort that is needed to put God's will into practice at every level-personal and social as well as political.A very important and much quoted tradition has Muhammad telling his companions as they go home after a battle.We are returning from the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad，the far more urgent and momentous task of extirpating wrongdoing from one’s own society and one's own heart.——Time,October 1st 2001.2.Women at work

Throughout American history,the proportion of women who work to provide for themselves or their families has always very high,What has changed——and has changed dramatically——is how many women earn a wage.After the rise of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century,men increasingly sold their labor on the market.Most American women,however,continued to work without pay inside the home or on the family farm.This has changed.Most Americans now regard the rigidly enforced isolation of women from the labor force as out of step with contemporary business and culture.For over a century,at any given time more than 80 percent of men have earned a wage or salary.One hundred years ago,only about 20 percent women earned a wage or salary.Today,over 70percent do.Historians will report that the entrance of large numbers of women into the labor force was the most profound shift in the demographic composition of U.S.workers in the twentieth century.Indeed,it could be argued soundly that it was the century's preeminent sociocultural change as well.Wage-earning women in the industrial democracies today have greater earning power than women have ever had in the history of the West.Many see the World War II ear,with its tight labor market and Rosie the Riveter campaigns as the watershed period for women's first beginning to work for wages in large numbers.Such exclusive attention to the temporary upsurge cause by the war,though,risks ignoring how there has been a trend toward increasing labor force participation throughout the development of the American market economy.There can be little doubt that,on balance,a woman's expectation to earn a wage has been liberating.The labor power of today’s women allows personal and professional choices to be made that were unavailable in the past.Some worry,however,that the economic agency that women have gained by entering the labor force is culturally hollow,At very least,the grand social transformation that many feminists hoped would follow after large number of hours outside the home still earn less on average than their male coworkers and are often excluded from positions of authority,yet continue to bear disproportionate responsibility for completing household chores.——America by the Numbers

3.The Knowledge Economy

Economists continue to search for the foundations of economic growth.Traditional production functions focus on labor,capital,materials and energy； knowledge and technology are external influences on production.Now analytical approaches are being developed so that knowledge can be included more directly in production functions.Investments in knowledge can increase the productive capacity of the other factors of production as well as transform them into new products and processes.And since these knowledge investments are characterized by increasing(rather than decreasing)returns,they are the key to long-term economic growth.The most visible sign of the knowledge-based economy is the emergence of the information society。Information technology has speeded up the codification of knowledge,transforming it into a market commodity:large chunks of knowledge can be codified and transmitted over computer and communications networks.The use of personal computers has more than doubled in the last decade.These computers can be linked nationally and internationally.Through computer networks,knowledge is more accessible to a wider group of people and cheaper to acquire.Knowledge itself is becoming a more marketable product,and its spread is transforming other goods and services and creating new markets.The spiraling number of information services available on the Internet,raging from job searches to medical advice,is one example.The transformation of several disciplines—measurements,navigation,chemistry,music,surgery,telecommunications—by laser technology is another.And as the stock of knowledge accessible to the world economy swells,it is driving economic growth.The increase in knowledge accessibility and lower barriers to entry are also enhancing the role of the entrepreneur.——The Knowledge Economy

4.Capacity to Be a Principal

Nor every person or entity may be a principal.To be a principal,one must have the capacity to execute a contract.Minors,incompetents,and other natural persons with limited contractual capacity may be restricted in their ability to be a principal or even prohibited entirely from becoming a principal.Adult persons of limited mental capacities or adults who are temporarily incapacitated(for example,while intoxicated)are not permitted to appoint agents freely.Under modern legal theory,minors have contractual capacity for necessities and thus may be principals and appoint agents for any item deemed to be necessary(food,shelter,and so on）。This complicated by the fact that there is no uniform definition of what falls within the term necessary。Consequently,the practical result is that very few people are willing to contract with minors for anything,and even fewer people will deal with the agent of minor.A corporation has contractual capacity and can be a principal.The corporation's ability to appoint an agent is limited to the scope of activities authorized in its articles of incorporation.This caused some problems in the past because lawyers used to draft the articles of incorporation to encompass only those activities contemplated by the incorporations(for example,to operate a railroad）。However,since modern legal practice is to create a corporation with the ability to conduct any business the law allows,there are few limitations on a corporation’s capacity to act as a principal.Partnerships can usually act as principals,although there are two legal theories to explain how.Where the law does not treat a partnership as a legal entity,the partnership itself is not technically capable of being a principal.In these jurisdictions,because the partnership lacks

contractual capability,the individual partners are deemed to be the principal and the partnership's agent is really the agent of the partners.In the jurisdictions where a partnership is a legal entity,this fiction need not be observed,and the partnership can act directly as a principal through its agents.——McGill's Legal Aspects of Life Insurance

5.Financial Derivatives

In the past two decades,we have witnessed the revolutionary period in the trading of financial derivatives or contingent claims in financial markets around world.A derivative security may be defined as a security whose value depends on the values of other more basic underlying variables,which may be the prices of traded securities,prices of commodities or stock indices.The two most common derivative securities are futures and options.A forward contract(called a futures contract if traded on exchange)is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a predetermined price while an option gives the holder the right(but not the obligation)to buy or sell an asset by a certain date for a predetermined price.Options are classified either as a call option or a put option.A call(or put)is a contract which gives the holder the right to buy(or sell)a prescribed asset,known as the underlying asset,by a certain date(expiration date)for a predetermined price(commonly called the exercise price or the strike price）。Since the holder is given the right,but not the obligation,to buy or sell the asset,he will make the decision depending on whether the deal is favorable to him or not.The option is said to be exercised on the expiration date,then the option is called a European option,while the exercise is allowed at any time prior to the expiration date,then it is called an American option(these term have nothing to do with their continental origins）。The simple call and put options with no special features are commonly called plain vanilla options.Also,we have options coined with names like Asian option,lookback option,barrier option etc.The other party to the holder of the option in the contract is called the writer of the option.The holder and the writer are said to be in the long and short positions of the option contract,respectively.Unlike the holder,he writer does have an obligation with regard to the option contract,say,the writer must sell the asset if the holder chooses in his favor to buy the asset.This is zero-sum game.The holder gains from the loss of writer or vice versa.——Mathematical models of financial derivatives

第三篇：對外經濟貿易大學

對外經濟貿易大學

一：學校簡介

對外經濟貿易大學是教育部直屬的全國重點大學，國家“211工程”首批重點建設高校，坐落在首都北京朝陽區。學校校園規劃精致，環境優雅，是中國社會主義經濟建設事業人才培養和科學研究的重要基地之一。

學校前身為“高級商業干部學校”，創建于1951年，受中央貿易部和教育部雙重領導。1952年，中央貿易部撤銷，學校劃歸對外貿易部，受對外貿易部和教育部雙重領導。1953年，學校更名為北京對外貿易專科學校，由教育部委托對外貿易部領導。1954年，中國人民大學貿易系對外貿易專業并入北京對外貿易專科學校，以北京對外貿易專科學校為基礎成立北京對外貿易學院。1984年，學校更名為對外經濟貿易大學。2000年6月，原中國金融學院與原對外經濟貿易大學合并成立新的對外經濟貿易大學，劃歸教育部直屬。2010年12月，教育部與商務部正式簽署協議，共建對外經貿大學。學校現任黨委書記王玲，校長施建軍。

歷經幾代師生員工的艱苦創業和努力奮斗，對外經濟貿易大學已經發展成為一所擁有經、管、法、文、理五大門類，以國際經濟與貿易、法學（國際經濟法）、金融學、工商管理、外語（商務外語）等優勢專業為學科特色的多科性財經外語類大學。目前，學校下設研究生院及16個學院，并設有思政部、體育部和文化藝術教學部；擁有國家級重點學科2個，國家級人文社會科學重點研究基地1個，教育部戰略研究（培育）基地1個、教育戰略與規劃研究中心1個，北京市重點學科7個，北京市哲學社會科學研究基地1個，博士后流動站4個，一級學科博士點5個，一級學科碩士點8個，專業碩士學位授權點10個，本科專業39個。

學校現有教職工1600余人，其中專任教師950余人，學校還聘請一定數量的兼職教師及外國專家。這是一處群英薈萃之地，老教授中名家耀眼，中青年教師里新秀輩出。大批獲得政府特殊津貼、受聘擔任政府學術機構成員的專家學者工作在教學科研第一線；大部分中青年教師在國外留學或進修過，教學科研水平高，許多人被評為省部級學科帶頭人和骨干教師，入選國家優秀人才培養工程。

學校現有在校學生1.6萬余人，其中本科生8000余人，研究生4300余人，來華留學學歷生2100余人。學校培養的學生一直以專業知識和技能扎實、外語嫻熟、思維活躍、實踐能力強而受到社會的普遍歡迎，畢業生遍布全國各地的外貿、金融、三資等行業領域及國家機關、中國駐外商務機構，為我國經濟與社會發展，尤其是經貿事業的發展發揮著重要的作用。

學校的學術研究在我國對外經貿科研領域占有重要地位，設有100多個研究單位，其中中國WTO研究院是全國唯一的研究世界貿易組織的國家級人文社科重點研究基地。學校圖書館文獻總量150余萬冊（件）。學校主辦并公開發行多種學術刊物，其中《國際貿易問題》、《國際商務——對外經濟貿易大學學報》、《日語學習與研究》、《Journal of WTO and China》（WTO與中國）等享有較高的學術地位。學校出版社每年出書百余種，在高校出版社中享有較高聲譽。學校也是國家培訓高級經濟管理干部的基地之一，設有政府委托或與外國合辦的多個高級在職培訓機構。

學校于1989年11月在國內率先成立了校董會。李嵐清為首任校董會主席，榮毅仁、霍英東等任名譽主席，吳儀為第二任校董會主席。2011年9月，校董會第三屆會議選舉施建軍為第三任校董會主席，石廣生、劉鴻儒、陳元為榮譽主席。校董會的建立，對于學校的建設發展發揮了重要作用。

學校在發展過程中受到海內外廣泛關注和支持：政府機構、企業家、財團、大公司等紛

紛向學校捐資設立基金或獎學金，許多國際著名的跨國企業成為學校的贊助團體。目前，社會力量在學校設立的獎學金、獎教金等已達20多項，院系級基金則更多。學校與美、英、法、德、日、俄、意、澳等40多個國家和地區的100多所著名大學和研究機構建立合作交流關系，不斷開展的對外交流與合作，使對外經濟貿易大學面向世界辦學的特色更加鮮明。面對新時期我國全面實現小康社會建設目標，加快社會主義現代化建設的新形勢，學校堅持走內涵式發展的道路，倡導追求卓越、創造精品的精神，把建設國際競爭力、影響力顯著增強的國際知名的有特色高水平大學作為自己的長期愿景和歷史使命。二：專業介紹

專業介紹

專業類型 專業名稱 專業層次 專業名稱 專業層次

文學類 漢語言文學 本科 英語 本科

法學類

俄語 朝鮮語 商務英語 對外漢語 西班牙語 葡萄牙語 法學

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

德語 日語 翻譯 法語 意大利語 阿拉伯語 國際政治

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

理學類 信息與計算科學 本科工商管理

本科

管理學類 信息管理與信息系統 本科

經濟學類

電子商務 會計學 人力資源管理 公共事業管理 工商管理 經濟學

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

市場營銷 財務管理 行政管理 公共管理 勞動與社會保障 國際經濟與貿易

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

金融學 金融工程 經濟學

本科 本科 本科

保險 投資學

本科 本科

三：2014年研究生招生簡章

2014年研究生招生簡章：見附錄一。

碩士研究生入學考試參考書目：見附錄二。四：專業碩士生導師介紹博士生導師名單（97人）區域經濟學(2)王強洪俊杰 財政學(2)

孔淑紅 鄭俊田 國際貿易學(23)

王林生 王紹熙 薛榮久 林桂軍 白樹強黃曉玲 唐宜紅郭飛盧進勇楊長春夏友富趙忠秀 王健葛盈劉東升孫玉琴朱明俠賴平耀 殷曉鵬王強洪俊杰裴長洪*張宏霖*金融學專業(28)

劉亞邱兆祥吳軍陳進于瑾孫華妤 蔣先玲丁建臣葉陳剛王國軍齊天翔郭敏 郭紅玉丁志杰奉立城劉立新王穩呂文棟 吳衛星陳欣門明史燕平劉園劉樹林 徐信忠*蔡浩儀*胡懷邦*張曉慧*產業經濟學(10)

趙忠秀張新民林漢川夏友富陳進邵祥林* 王微* 王強黃曉玲魏巍賢 企業管理專業(18)

賈懷勤徐子健 馬春光 余恕蓮范黎波林漢川 張新民張建平雷光勇王斌王玉榮湯谷良 鄭建明張杰王秀麗蔣屏傅慧芬尹建華 世界經濟專業(10)

張漢林桑百川戴長征華曉紅楊榮珍楊言紅 陳文敬*李鋼*張金生*李琨* 國際法學(8)

沈四寶王 軍黃勇丁丁石靜霞鮑祿 高西慶*焦津洪* 民商法學(6)

梅夏英冀宗儒蘇號朋徐海燕李玫王曉川 注：姓名后帶“*”號的為外聘導師。碩士生指導教師名單

金融學(47)

楊曉泉 劉 園 史燕平黃敬陽 門 明 孫華妤 吳 青 于 瑾 蔣先玲 郝旭光 姚得驥許施智丁建臣朱忠明 馮 彬 羅 興劉 亞邱兆祥 吳 軍郭紅玉 粟 勤 高清霞 李 琦 嚴渝軍 郭 敏 史 薇 奉立城 陶存文 曾立新 鄒亞生 孫東升 高 潔 齊天翔 宋國良白 薇 王國軍 丁志杰王 穩張 穎荊濤衛新江何自云何麗芬田秀娟趙霜卓劉光燦劉立新國際貿易學(64)

薛榮久 李 詩 楊逢華 宋 沛 石玉川 于俊年 朱明俠夏友富 鄭俊田 林桂軍 李 青 王福明王偉力鄭寶銀 盧進勇章昌裕許文凱 孫秀峰 趙秀臣 楊長春 梁 蓓 杜奇華 黃曉玲 王 健 張漢林 舒玉敏 韓 琪 蔣德恩 劉東升 何曉兵趙 蘇張 瑋 白樹強 冷柏軍 王全火 孫玉琴 薛書武 孔淑紅 施 丹 劉曉惠 唐宜紅 趙忠秀 桑百川 金 燕 劉樹林 劉文麗 華曉紅 郭 飛 趙京霞 曹紅月 王 強 葉東亞 徐進亮 葉 梅 張家瑾 魏鐵梅 韓立華 楊榮珍 賈保華 陳永紅 高 巍 俞雄飛 王曉東 潘紅宇

產業經濟學（18）

蔣漢生 李大豐 李 肖 曹 健 陳恭和 王麗娟 趙杏梅 席寧華 鄒志紅 王朝培 劉瑞林 曹淑燕 陳立波 陳 進楊尚群 趙杰民 張福德 徐嘉震國際法學(20)

沈四寶 高西慶 陸志芳 王 軍 焦津洪 王曉川 孫 利 金渝林 張 紅唐麗子 盛建明 黃 勇 丁 丁 鮑 祿 石敬霞 李 玫 李 莘劉剛仿 李 俊邊永民 民商法學(4)

冀宗儒 王國平徐海燕 董 靈 英語專業(43)

黃震華 程海波 陳蘇東 吳 芬 王關富 李正中 王恩冕 蔣顯璟 趙中源 李柱國 陳準民 趙賀田 常 力 賈文浩

隋 云閻善明李平謝毅斌 岑 華 張 靜 常玉田黃 豪 陳俐麗 左放軍 陳小全 張佐成 張翠萍 蒲衛寧 江 春羨錫彪 楊玉功俞利軍丁崇文沈素萍竇衛霖 金冰康 晉王淑芳魏嘯飛周 玲張海森武姜生朱美慧（英語）外語專業(31)

黃美波 張 晶 鄭文彬 劉寶義 張 萍 劉 軍（法語）(6)楊言洪 葛鐵鷹 葉文樓(阿拉伯語)(3)

徐永彬 金秉運 洪成一 樸淑子（朝鮮語）(4)朱 凱楊仲林趙雪梅(西班牙語)(3)張 宓 王天清 周莉莉（意大利語）(3)

陳健平任國強 李伯杰 杜景林 盧 諶 潘亞玲 黃燎宇

戴英杰 史世偉 馮小虎 日語語言文學(6)

姚莉萍 李愛文 李二敏 企業管理(22)

馬春光 賈懷勤 徐子建 張 杰 杜學孔 劉耀威 蔣 屏 高 懿 熊 偉 郭銘華 王正富（德語）(12)傅 蔭馬 駿郭德玉 傅慧芬 余恕蓮 張新民 張建平安玉華 楊恭輔 王玉榮 王秀麗 范黎波 劉寶成 劉子安劉春英

劉玉新 會計學(6)

張學謙 吳 革 李相志 導師簡介見附錄三

于守華錢愛民孔寧寧

第四篇：對外經濟貿易大學2000年考研國際貿易學專業英語試題

對外經濟貿易大學2000年考研國際貿易學專業英語試題

2008-11-20 11:35

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1.The Battle to Be Your Online Bill Collector

-------------Bankers hope cyberbilling can give them a toehold on the Net

Every year,American business sends out 29 billion bills.And by any measure,the exercise isn't much fun.For companies,printing,processing and posting a tipical consumer bill runs about

90.And for recipients ,there's not only a demand for payment,there 's a wad of solicitations that nearly everyone throws away.But for banks trying to make it on the Internet,bills are cool.Bankers see bills as surefire eyeball-grabbers in an environment where it's tough to command consumer attention——and a key to protecting their existing business managing cash for big companies.Increasingly,banks are battling high-tech competitors for control of Internet billing,or electronic-bill presentment,as it is called.To be sure,this is a fight over a business that is in its infancy.Few bills are now sent via the Net,and online payment systems often involve a paper check.But the technology exists to send bills from business to customers and route payments back on the Net.By the end of next year,industry analysts estimate upwards of 4.5 million households will be receiving bills online.What's more, sending and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% cheaper than paper delivery, says the Gartner Group, a research firm in Stamford, Conn.The question is who will become the bill collector on the Net.Bankers reckon that if they can turn their Web sites into mailboxes for electronic bills ,they can become key entry points on the Net-portals,even.That would enable them to sell other financial services online.The fear is that existing portals,such as Yahoo！or even American Online,will become centers of bill payment and , in turn ,siphon off existing bank business.banks have been slow to get into this, says Kenneth J.Kerr,a Garter analyst in Durham,N.C.But they realize there is a threat here and they need to get aboard.Banks have their advantages.They can offer custumers simultaneous access to their bills and their money.Banks have long relationships with the billers,such as utilities and retailers,and centuries of experience in protecting people's money.Big banks also are worried that technology companies offering bill presentment could muscle into one of their fastest-growing business-managing cash for big companies.After all ,distributing and collecting bills is a close cousin to cash management.At this point,predicting how the industry will shake out is premature.Banks and technology

companies already have formed several alliances aimed a delivering bills on the net.More combinations are likely.What's clear, though , is the banks know they are running out of time to get their Internet billing act together._____From Business Week/July 19,1999

2.Principles of Regulation

The following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects individuals and businesses participating in a market.All market and transactions are in practice regulated by some kind of government laws or regulations , and without regulations of any kind,most markets and types of transactions would cease to exist.Without laws, the terms of many types of agreement and transaction between individuals would be unenforceable and would cease.The choice facing individuals and society is not between regulation and no regulation ； it is how much regulation and what kinds of regulation are desirable.This description portrays regulation as fully encompassing the systems of government and law with the power to control all markets and transactions.Economists and politicians would typically take a much narrower view of regulation,concentrating more on the targets of regulatory action or the regulatory process itself.An economist, focusing on thetargets of regulatory action, might describe regulation as government policy that exerts control over a firm to elicit a desired behavior as a producer of goods or employer of labor.An economist or politician focusing on regulatoty process, however, might express a view similar to the following：

Through regulation,society attempts to substitute the decidion-making process of a regulatory commission for the action of the market mechanism……It is clear that the'process' of regulation is to substitute administrative judgment for market-place judgement.In effect, an economic environment of legal rules and regulations is used as a surrogate for the free market,and economic decisions are made by a political process.The above description portrays regulation as a political process, substituting asministrative judgement for marketplace judgement.The description identifies the important interaction between regulation and the market and raised an important issue：when, if at all, should marketplace judgment be replaced with as ministrative judgement？

Various answers to this question have been proposed.Of primary importance is the market being considered.Different market require different amounts and types of regulation.____From The Regulation of Insurance

3.Intervention Arrangements in the European Monetary System

Bilateral exchange rates within the European Monetary System have never been literally fixed； rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called margins.Since August 1993 the margins for most bilateral exchange rates have been +_15 percent,although they were narrower before then.Each participating currency is also assigned a central exchange rate against the European Union currencies.When a currency's market xchange rate against the ECU diverges sufficiently from its cegogo the currency is expected to intervene and possibly take other actions to correct the situation.In return for contributing 20 percent of their gold and dollar holdings to a European Monetary Institute,central bank in the EMS receive equivalent holding of ECUs.ECUs can be used, along with other types of international reserves, to purchase domestic currency from member central banks that acquire it in intervention opertations but do not wish to hold it.Intervention burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need not be.If the French franc depreciates to its lower limit against the DM, for example,the French central bank must rectify the situation by selling DM reserves； at the same time, the German central bank must lend the necessary DM to the Bank of France.EMS rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedure when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weak-currency country loses reserves and the other gains them.Much intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however,and such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take action.If the bank of France buys DM assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, the Bundesbank is not require to intervene as long as the franc stays within its margins.In addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is no guarantee that the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are symmetric.There is little at present to prevent a central bank from trying to shift the burden of monetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign intervention.________From c Economics-Theory and Policy,4th Edition

4.Freedom of Contract

The main principle of the law relating to commercial transactions is based on the freedom of the contracting parties to agree as they wish.This principle comprises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at all, the freedom to choose one's contracting party and to agree on the contents of the contract and its general and specific terms.However, any freedom of contract is necessarily controlled by some fundamentals principles of the applicable national law which determine how contractual rights come into being and the effect on contractual undertaking of fraud, misleading statements, duress,coercion, mistake or other invalidating causes.It should also be observed that it may be impossible to obtain enforcement of some contracts and that the modalities of enforcement may differ in different jurisdictions.Generally one cannot expect enforcement of contracts which are illegal in the jurisdiction concerned or which may have such an object that redress to enforcement authorities is unavailable.This is true for most illegal contracts as one cannot very well expect organs of the state to extend a helpful hand to those who have engaged in prohibited of undesirable activities.The same reluctance may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a nature that the contracting parties should have to arrange their affairs without the assistance of the authorities, e.g.wagering contract or games for money.In modern commerce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting parties individually negotiate each and every contract term.Instead, they would in most cases use ready-made texts appearing in different standard forms or clauses.It is also possible to use computerized texts available for different types of contracts.If so, it is only theoretically possible to base contract interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parties themselves.Such standardised text have to be interpreted objectively and reference to contractual intent represents no more than a lip-service to the traditional paradigm of deriving the contents of contract solely from the will of the parties.The standard to be used is to assess how a reasonable person would understand the text rather than to examine how the actual contracting parties understood it, if they even thought about it at all.Such standardised texts originate from different sources.In some cases they are unilaterally prepared by one of the contracting parties and, in other cases,they are elaborated under the auspices of various trade organisations usually only representing one of the parties in a particular type of contractual relationship.However, trade organisations representing both parties in the contractual relationship may also have agreed on a standardised text, which is then usually called an agreed document.International organisations,such as the International Chamber of Commerce, Promote the elaboration of standard texts and principles which could be incorporated into commercial contracts by reference, In some cases, such standardised texts and principles could attain the status of international usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed to govern the contracting relationship even in the absence of express reference.________From Igogo, by ICC

第五篇：2012對外經濟貿易大學國際貿易專業經驗

2012年考研已落下帷幕，想起自己一年前在論壇上網羅前輩們的經驗，我覺得我應該寫點什么了。就簡單說一下自己這一年來走的路吧。

一 擇校

我的擇校過程相當坎坷。去年大概三月份的時候，就進入了考研準備。當時在晚上搜集了不少信息，初步決定報考南開大學的世界經濟學。剛開始時，大家都是熱血澎湃，非名校不選，我當時也處于這個狀態。而最終準備了半年后，壓力太大而放棄了。實際上現在回過頭來想想，當時有些好笑。經濟類好的985高校只有那么幾所，北大、清華、復旦、人大、南開、武大、廈大，再其次是中山、南京大學，其他的985要么偏工要么偏理，而如北大、清華等名校，競爭壓力大，除非你實力強大，很難考上。再說理工類985，雖然有名氣，但就業不一定比211財經類高校好。所以，像我這樣出身不好的同學，如果不想冒險，211財經類學校是好的選擇。財經類首推地理位置好、就業也很好的對外、央財、上財，其次是西財、中南財經、暨南大學等。我當時九月份就是這樣確定考對外的，現在想想我的選擇很對，對外很適合我。

二 初試

數學

報考經濟類院校，可謂成也數學，拜也數學。從一開始準備考研，數學就是重點。我最終數學考了136，雖然沒過140，倒也不差。我是三月份開始看數學教材，高數用的是同濟的，概統是浙大的，線性代數也是同濟的，這基本教材很經典，當時我系統的把書看了一遍，并且很認真的把課后習題做了一遍。看教材的過程中，我們不僅是把忘了的基礎知識撿回來，還是鍛煉自己運算能力的時候。我當時做過的題都堅持計算出結果，事實證明，這個好習慣很好，后來我基本不會在計算上出錯。我用了一個多月把教材看完了，然后就開始啃李永樂的復習全書。這本書我從四月中旬開始看，到六月底才看完一遍，進度有點慢（當時還要準備本科考試）。第一遍我強迫自己不看解答，動手做題，確實不會的再看答案，分析自己到底是哪里出了問題。就這樣一個學期就過去了，暑假來了。暑假兩個月是我效率最低的兩個月，也最終導致了我換學校考貿大。當時報了政治和數學輔導班，光上課就用了一個月時間。再加上我中間回家一趟，壓力大病了半個月，我最后暑假只把數學全書再看了一遍，效率之低，可見之。其實暑期強化班完全可以不上，也學不到什么東西，還浪費了不少時間，還不如自己鉆研。

我覺得我的數學真正得到提高是在暑假后九月份開始。九月后，學校確定后，我也定下心來，開始進入狀態。當時做了一套真題測試，我大受打擊，開始著急。我自己又看不進去全書，于是買了李的660題，想通過做題鞏固。當時我很認真的做了每一道題，雖然全是客觀題，我都寫上解答過程，做得很踏實、認真。實際上，就是把這本書做完，我開始看到希望。對660題進行整理后，很快到了十月。我開始做數學真題，用的還是老李的真題。我從97年往前做，第一天卡時間模擬做完后打分，然后分析錯題，再自己試圖做一遍，然后才看答案，第二天再整理錯題。我大約用了一個月把真題做完了，剛開始做得不是很順利，但后來感覺越來越好，每套都接近140分，當時很興奮，信心就上來了。做完真題，就是400題了。這也是李的很經典的模擬題，難度很大，但做完后，就會脫胎換骨。這套題一共有十套，我是每套用三天時間，第一天卡時間做，第二天對完答案重新做不會的和做錯的，第三天總結，把以前做過的真題和400題一起總結。做完400題就到了十一月底了。十二月是沖刺的一個月，早就聽別人說真題很重要，至少要做兩遍，才能體會其精髓，我也不敢怠慢。于是將真題拿出，這次我是分版塊做的，不是一套套做，李的出后半部分已幫你分好

快，很好。我又仔仔細細的將真題做了一遍，總結規律、題型、解法，大約用了半個多月吧。此后，我又將400題拿出來一套套做，并且將大題解答過程工工整整的寫在本子上。這樣就到了考試了。

英語

關于英語我沒有多少經驗。因為自開始備考到最后，我沒有背過單詞，做很多閱讀。因為一直英語不錯，我沒有花多少時間做英語。上半年就買了張劍的150基礎版做了，就開始做真題，真題第一遍做得很仔細，期間也買過張劍的150篇沖刺版閱讀，不過沒做多少。總之，英語真題很重要，至少要做三遍以上。

政治

可以說政治是我準備得最沒底的一門，最終考了73完全是幸運。政治大綱解析是9月中旬出的，我從那時開始準備的。買了大綱解析后，在買了徐之明的梯度，看一節大綱做一節習題。大綱很繁瑣，做題幫助我們增強理解和記憶。徐的書分基礎篇和提高篇，我看第一遍大綱解析是做的基礎篇，用了一個月才把書看完了一遍。此時已是十月中旬，我開始看第二遍，并把提高篇做完。經過這個過程，我已經對政治有個框架，基礎的選擇題會做。政治100分，選擇題50分，主觀題一般人只能拿30分左右，所以要過70，選擇題很重要。可以說準備政治的初期，就是狂做選擇題。我在十一月份時又買了任汝芬的序列三，上面有時事和選擇題，不錯的一本書。選擇題，尤其是哲學選擇題要靠做題理解。有的人說那大題怎么辦？其實，大題比選擇題簡單。考前半個月會有肖秀榮的最后四套題、任汝芬的最后四套題和海天的小冊子，把那上面狂背，大題30分以上沒問題。我當時那幾本書一下來，我每天下午只背政治。

815經濟學

有的人說，考貿大專業課很難。其實這只是相對而言，因人而異。如果您英語底子很好，那么你就比別人有更大的優勢。因為50分翻譯，你只需考前一個月訓練一下，完全沒問題，不會給你拉分。

再說經濟學，有四本指定參考書。其實就三本，多恩的宏觀，沒時間不看也行，有時間，大致看一下就行，基本不會考的。

關鍵是另外三本。高的兩本，通俗易懂，而且脈絡清晰。初期將這兩本書弄透，基礎就打好了。到了十月份時，就該買歷年真題，真題會告訴你哪些是重點。仔細分析真題，將重點章節標記，仔細看。平迪克的書很厚，但不是每章都是重點，但是重點章節是每年都考，因此要有技巧地看、學。