第一篇：剖讀《簡愛》和《傲慢與偏見》中的女權主義對比

剖讀《簡愛》和《傲慢與偏見》中的女權主義對比

【摘要】19世紀，英國文學界涌現出一批女作家，《簡愛》和《傲慢與偏見》這兩部在英國文學史上極具代表性的小說分別是由兩位具有世界影響力的英國現實主義女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特和簡·奧斯汀所寫。這兩部名著作為同一時代的產物，有許多相似的地方，但也有不同。本文就是通過對比這兩個作品，來剖析二者的異同，從而更深入地了解作品的內容。

【關鍵詞】傲慢與偏見、簡愛、伊麗莎白、個性、女權、經濟獨立、婚姻觀。

一、作品簡介及寫作背景。

《簡愛》出版于1847年，是英國著名女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作，是一部具有自傳色彩的作品。小說描寫孤女簡愛幼時受到舅母的虐待，被送到寄宿學校。從嚴厲殘暴的學校畢業后，她到桑菲爾德府當家庭教師，并與主人羅切斯特相愛。但在婚禮當天簡愛得知羅切斯特有一個瘋妻子，她不愿成為情婦，于是毅然離開了羅切斯特。故事的最后,羅切斯特因為一場大火導致殘疾，簡愛認為她和羅切斯特已經平等，于是締結了幸福的婚姻。《傲慢與偏見》出版于1813年，其作者簡·奧斯汀是英國浪漫主義文學時期杰出的女作家。這部小說講述班納特太太5個女兒出嫁的故事。文中中心主人公是中產階級青年達西和伊麗莎白。達西傲慢，卻向伊麗莎白求婚。伊麗莎白有偏見，認為達西破壞姐姐的婚姻，卻愛著達西。最后男女主人公各自克服自己的傲慢與偏見，結合到一起。

兩部著作的作者都是生活在18世紀末19世紀初的女性作家，她們的作品里都反映了那個時期英國女性的生活狀況。當時女性的社會地位極其低下，深受男權社會的壓抑，女性必須依附于男性，在經濟上不能獨立。在這種生存狀況下的女子有許多無奈和不滿，有不少女性不甘于過這種生活，奮起反抗，伊麗莎白·班納特和簡愛這兩個個性鮮明的形象塑造表現了這種反抗精神。

二、女權主義中相同的一面。

《傲慢與偏見》中伊麗莎白是班納特家的二小姐，相比她的三個姐妹，她聰明獨立，對事物有自己獨到的判斷力。在當時女權被碾壓的男權主義社會中，伊麗莎白少了一些作為小姐的含蓄，相反，她在各種場合中都語言活潑，言談機智幽默，正是因為伊麗莎白睿智的言談，才使得傲慢的達西最后愛上了她。伊麗莎白鮮明的性格特點體現了女性追求平等的向往，昭示了不同與當時時代的女性意識和人性內涵，奧斯汀通過這一形象反映了女性應該具備自我認識的能力，追求知識的理想。伊麗莎白雖然并沒有從根本上改變當時的婚姻制度，但是她敢于挑戰當時的傳統，極其重視自己在婚姻中的地位，不甘于做男人的附屬品，認為婚姻雙方當無門戶之見，要平等相待。

《簡愛》的主人公簡愛寄居在舅母家時的悲慘童年讓讀者初步了解她反抗性格和捍衛獨立人格的精神起點。與當時的女性不同，簡愛追求精神上的自由和平等。作者筆下的簡愛長相平庸，而且是當時社會上地位極其低下的家庭教師，但是簡愛卻沒有因為這些原因而感到自卑，她始終堅信人與人之間是平等的。當她發現自己愛上了主人羅切斯特時，她沒有過多的退縮，反而是大膽地去愛，去追求一份精神上平等的愛情。

伊麗莎白和簡愛都追求的是地位平等、獨立自主，堅決不成為男人的附屬品。她們具有強烈的反抗精神，勇于表達女性的主體意識和地位，反映了那個時代女性追求自由的最高呼聲。

三、女權主義中不同的一面。

《傲慢與偏見》的中心主題是愛情與婚姻。小說探討了婦女的出路：締結一門好婚姻來達到自己的理想追求。小說的婚姻觀是，為了財產和地位的婚姻是錯誤的，結婚不考慮財產也是愚蠢的。什么事情都可以隨便，沒有愛情千萬不要結婚。簡·奧斯汀強調經濟狀況對婦女愛情和婚姻的制約，她認為婚姻和金錢相互關聯、密不可分。伊麗莎白雖然向往婚姻以愛情為基礎，但依然沒有完全脫離父權思想下的戀愛模式。總之，《傲慢與偏見》中雖然表現了強烈的女權主義，但是女性一定程度上還是受到了金錢的制約，女性并未能完完全全地成為獨立的個體。

相反，夏洛蒂·勃朗特在《簡愛》中強調的是婚姻必須建立在精神、靈魂平等的基礎上。夏洛蒂探討了婦女的出路在于尋求工作以維持自己的經濟獨立和人格獨立。簡愛堅持要在經濟獨立的基礎上，進一步為婦女要求感情獨立，即性獨立。這在當時是一種革命要求。與《傲慢與偏見》相比，《簡愛》不僅僅是追求個性的獨立，還有的是經濟獨立，就是跳離了經濟條件對女性的束縛，比《傲慢與偏見》更進了一步。

伊麗莎白表現為朦朧的無意識的反抗意識，但是簡愛體現出有意識的反抗，追求平等自由的女權思想。

無論是《傲慢與偏見》還是《簡愛》都折射出了不同的女性意識，給我們展現了那個時代進步的女權思想，也給今天的我們帶來了精神上的鼓勵。通過對二者的比較，我們更深入了解了小說中的深層含義，從而反思當代人的婚姻觀。

第二篇：《簡愛》和《傲慢與偏見》對比閱讀

《簡愛》與《傲慢與偏見》對比閱讀

在圖書館，輕輕地合上這本《傲慢與偏見》，心里莫名地感到一空，總有一種感嘆：“誒，終于完了。”

在這兩個星期里，我也終于看完了這兩本書。該怎么說呢，在一個時間段內同時看完兩本同樣以愛情為主題的書，在看的時候，我便自覺或者不自覺地將兩本書進行對比了。

“It is a truth universally acknowledge, that a single man in possession of a good forture , must be in want of a wife.”

嗯，把這句英文原版中的第一段話放在這里只是想感嘆一下，它說得太對了。而且，英文的原版讀著比翻譯的有味道得多。“凡是有財產的單身漢，必定需要娶一位太太，這已經成了一條舉世公認的真理。”

好吧，其實我想談的和這一段話沒有太大的關系，只是單純地感慨一下。

老實說，我在讀著《傲慢與偏見》的前三分之一的時候，是沒有太大的感覺的，或許是我沒仔細閱讀的緣故吧。它在開局的時候沒有像《簡愛》那樣，一開始就給我們一個大的沖突。《簡愛》的開頭，簡愛和她舅媽的沖突便初步突出了簡愛的性格，便已經給了我一種震撼。但是《傲慢與偏見》沒有，如同下棋，《傲慢與偏見》在故事的前半部分，只是布局，將一些人物慢慢的放在場上，將故事后期矛盾的線索拿一部分提前告訴讀者，但是卻沒有開始進攻，在溫和的節奏中已經開始隱藏殺招。

同樣都是講愛情，我能很明顯地感受到《傲慢與偏見》的格局要比《簡愛》大。這種大主要體現在它的人物多，人物之間的關系復雜，人物的性格多樣，故事的矛盾點多。而《簡愛》雖然也在描寫簡愛和羅切斯特之余，花了一定的筆墨描寫如果舅媽、圣約翰、海倫、校長等人，但是《簡愛》當中的這些描寫只能說是為簡愛這個人物的描寫而服務，它并沒有深入到簡愛這個人的故事中，也沒有成為簡愛的故事中的矛盾的發起點。

《傲慢與偏見》不同，它描寫了好幾段婚姻，不同的婚姻當中有不同的主角，他們每個人都有著自己的性格特點。而且不同的婚姻當中的故事也成為了伊麗莎白和達西的故事當中的一部分。故事中有這么幾段婚姻，伊麗莎白的姐姐吉蒂和達西的朋友彬格萊；伊麗莎白的妹妹莉迪亞和達西兒時的玩伴韋翰；伊麗莎白的表哥柯林斯和夏綠蒂。吉蒂和彬格萊在最初的舞會上相遇后，似乎就兩兩傾心，但是因為達西和彬格萊的妹妹的設計，使他們的愛情遇到了波折；韋翰最初的時候偽裝地很好，一個勁地說達西的壞話，讓伊麗莎白對達西的印象更差的同時也讓伊麗莎白有點心動；柯林斯讓我覺得很好笑，在他打算繼承班納特先生的財產的同時居然生出了要同時娶他的一個女兒，以此來給班納特家一點補償的奇妙的想法。而伊麗莎白和達西的愛情故事便是在他們的故事的發展中而發展的。

初次相見，伊麗莎白和達西一個傲慢，一個對傲慢有偏見。然后因為韋翰的話，加上伊麗莎白本身的偏見，他對達西的印象便更差了。于是，在達西傲慢地想伊麗莎白求婚的時候，伊麗莎白斷然拒絕。同時，她也得知，她姐姐的愛情的不幸遭遇竟是達西一手促成，原因只是因為達西覺得雙方的階級差異，門第觀念。在這個時候，伊麗莎白對達西的恨達到了至高點。故事的轉折在達西給伊麗莎白的信中，信一如既往的傲慢，但是卻向伊麗莎白揭露了韋翰的偽裝，從這時候開始，伊麗莎白對他的心便開始慢慢有點認同。當她從達西的傭人那里得知達西的優點后，她對他的好感進一步上升。故事的高潮在于韋翰和莉迪亞的私奔，是達西的默默付出，才將一場私奔鬧劇轉化為一場婚姻。這個時候，其實伊麗莎白只差一個達西的表白。從初次相見，到最后走到一起，兩個以前相互瞧不上眼的人在一次次的矛盾中互相了解。伊麗莎白逐漸雖達西放心偏見，而達西最后也為了伊麗莎白慢慢的不再傲慢，故事走向圓滿的結局。

和《簡愛》一樣，男主和女主都有著等級的差距，但是在《簡愛》當中，等級其實并不是最主要的矛盾，簡愛在自己的婚姻當中始終堅信她和羅切斯特是一樣的，擁有一樣的權利，而他們之間的障礙其實只是羅切斯特的那段婚姻和簡愛的過度倔強。而當最后因為意外，羅切斯特的夫人不在以后，他們的婚姻的阻礙便自然而然地不在了。

但是在《傲慢與偏見》中，兩個人的最大的障礙其實說到底還是和等級有關。因為處于社會的貴族階層，達西從小受到的教育就是他要傲慢，他能傲慢，除了對待自己的家人外，其他的所有人都必須膜拜他。但是伊麗莎白的家庭，雖然不是社會的最底層，但是和達西仍然有一定的差距。伊麗莎白的家人仍然只擁有者世俗的俗氣，她的母親現實，且有著一種不知禮節為何物的感覺，總會在不恰當的時候說一些不恰當的話。她的妹妹，由于母親的溺愛，從小便放蕩，因此才會做出那種私奔的讓家庭的形象受到損失的事情。除了她姐姐溫和、知禮外，她的家人總會給人留下不好的印象。對于家人的無奈，她在社會的頂級階層那里總會感到一點的羞恥，說到底，這還是社會階級的原因。當達西放下自己的傲慢之后一步步地用自己的行為靠攏時，她才能夠坦然接受達西的愛。

下面呢我想說說兩者的人物，兩部作品中都在一定程度上諷刺了某種人，如同《簡愛》中的校長、舅媽等，同時，圣約翰的那種屬于牧師的婚姻觀也讓人無語。但是雖然都有諷刺，《傲慢與偏見》中的要諷刺的丑角卻明顯地比《簡愛》多，達西的姨母和彬格萊小姐的在達西面前說伊麗莎白的壞話，結果卻起到了相反的效果，這讓人有點哭笑不得；韋翰的那種恬不知恥的無賴讓人印象深刻；伊麗莎白的表哥的那種見風使舵，看到好處便厚著臉皮湊上去，碰到有災難的時候居然出言諷刺、落井下石讓人不爽；夏綠蒂的那種對婚姻的那種謀劃讓人心寒；以及班納特太太的勢利??這一個個人物的一個個特點比起《簡愛》來說更加鮮活，更加讓人印象深刻。

最后我就想再來談談女主的對比。

簡愛是一個可憐的姑娘，她的童年遭遇十分凄慘，因此她從小便十分獨立，同時，她也有著一個姑娘的善良、友愛。雖然處在社會的底層，但是，由于她內心的驕傲和獨立，雖然她偶爾也會為此而飽受苦惱，但是更多的是她無時無刻不在做著自己。當她意識到自己愛上了羅切斯特的時候，雖然雙方有著等級的差距，雖然她偶爾也會掩藏自己的內心，但是更多的時候是她能大膽地向羅切斯特表達自己的關心，表達自己的愛。比如說在她誤以為羅切斯特要迎娶別的女孩的時候，雖然不想看到那一幕，但是她還是選擇了在羅切斯特結婚前去見他，去表達她的關心。再比如，當知道羅切斯特有在世的妻子的時候，她毫不諱言自己依然愛著他，但是她在說出那一番話之后還是選擇了離開。而這些則表明，社會階級的低下并沒有在很大程度上影響簡愛的對于愛情，對于自己的生活的獨立性。

但是伊麗莎白不同，她比簡愛過得幸福。她的家庭雖然算不上是社會的頂層，但是至少是衣食無憂的。她的家庭雖然有著母親和妹妹的不爭氣，但是她的父親是寵著她的，她的姐姐依然是知書達理的。所以伊麗莎白保留了一定的自己的性格的活潑，但同時相比簡愛，她便沒了那種獨立。伊麗莎白是一個比較感性的人，雖然知理，但是她更多的時候有點女孩子的小性子。比如，當她對達西的傲慢的印象不滿時，她便對他展示了自己的偏見，我們也可以說這是一種獨立，但是這種獨立也可以說成是賭氣。再比如，當她在后面開始和達西和好的時候，她也對自己說，如果達西不再來看她，便說明達西已不再喜歡他，而她也沒有必要再理他。這種有著小女生戀愛心態的感覺在簡愛那兒是很難出現的。

因為時間的關系，暫時我也只能寫上這么多了。而在這最后，我想談一談我看書的整體感受。就我個人而言，其實我更喜歡的是那種隨著性子來，優哉游哉地讀書方式，這兩本書看得太急，以至于有的東西沒有看細，我相信當我第二次回頭重溫的時候會有一些別的味道，別的感覺。

感覺！讀書的感覺或許從某種程度上來說就是我讀書的享受吧，這種享受是由于將自己代人到書中的故事情節當中去，討厭那些讓人討厭的人，感慨那些讓人感慨的事，品味作者的語言，感受人物的喜怒哀樂并隨著他一切喜怒哀樂。這或許就是我讀書的一切。當我在讀《傲慢與偏見》的時候，前半部分我真的感到乏味，而讀到后面，當我看到作者用自己的文字，通過情節的發展，讓之前使我乏味的內容成為矛盾的線索的時候，我是由衷的感到佩服的。同時，我能很清晰地記得，從伊麗莎白的妹妹開始私奔的那個情節起，我的情感就跟著伊麗莎白一起變化了。和她一起著急，看到表哥嘲諷的信的時候忍不住想打他，知道是達西的付出讓妹妹能成功結婚時陪她一起感動。最后當伊麗莎白在達西面前耍著小性子，拿著達西以前的事情開涮的時候和她一樣輕松。情感就在這一段時間內陪她起伏、波動，最后還有的是放下書時的那種如釋重負的輕松以及一點點回味的不舍。這或許就是文學的魅力，沒有啥鑒賞不鑒賞，當你的思維，你的情感跟著作者，跟著書中的人物走上那么一走，完成了一次書中的旅行的時候，你自然而然地便會有屬于你自己的感悟，屬于你自己是收獲。這便夠了！

第三篇：《簡愛》中的女權主義意識

學科代碼：050201

貴州師范大學求是學院

（本科）畢業論文

論《簡愛》中的女權主義意識

系

別：外語系 專

業：英語教育 班

級：2010級4班 學

號： 學生姓名： 指導教師：

論《簡愛》中的女權主義意識

摘 要：《簡·愛》是現實主義時期著名的女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作品,她被認為是一位卓越的女作家。因為她在小說中描述的是與傳統不同的女主人公簡·愛勇于追求自由、平等和獨立的精神。它也是作者的自傳體小說。小說通過對簡·愛的性格進行剖析，證明了簡·愛是一個標準的女權主義者。簡·愛這個人物形象，博得讀者的愛憐，在英國文學史上是位具有代表性的人物，不僅表現在外表的樸實無華，而且還表現在她性格上的獨特魅力。簡·愛因其性格中所具有的強烈反抗意識而特別地引人注目。她堅持自己的原則去不斷反抗不公平的社會。她用盡全力去追求自由，平等，獨立和真愛。經過堅持不懈的努力她最終獲得自尊，自由和真愛。

關鍵詞：女權;反叛;獨立;平等;真愛

I

II

Analysis of the Feminism Consciousness

in Jane Eyre

Abstract:Jane Eyre is the most famous work of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered as an extraordinary woman novelist.Because the novel throbs with the heart-beats of its author, both literary critics and the readers have taken great interest in its unconventional heroine Jane Eyre, whose unconventionality is shown in the heroine’s pursuit of liberty, equality and independence.It is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.This essay attempts to prove Jane is a real feminist through the analysis of her personality.Jane Eyre is a typical and magnificent representative in English literature, not only for her plain but famous appearance but also for her character’s outstanding and alien.The image of Jane Eyre is brilliant for her rebellious character.She always insists on her principle to rebel and fight against the unjust world bravely.She still tries her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love.By unremitting efforts she finally gets dignity, freedom and true love.Key word: feminist;rebel;independence;equality;true love

III

目錄

摘要............................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。Abstract.....................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。前 言.........................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

一、作者女權主義思想的產生.........................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

（一）作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特的介紹.....................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

（二）作品《簡愛》的介紹.................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

二、《簡愛》中女權主義思想...........................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

（一）自尊心、自信心、反抗精神.....................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

（二）簡愛的愛情觀.............................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

（三）簡愛的獨立性.............................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

三、《簡愛》中女權主義反抗意識.................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

（一）為生存而戰.................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

（二）為獲得認同和尊嚴而戰.............................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

（三）為獨立平等而戰.........................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

四、結語..................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。參考文獻..................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。致謝............................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。獨 創 性 聲 明....................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。授 權 申 明.........................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

IV

前 言

當今社會，女權主義受到越來越多人的重視，女權主義泛指婦女要求平等權利的社會思潮。又稱男女平權主義、男女平等主義。女權主義是近代資產階級啟蒙思想運動和婦女解放運動的產物，提倡婦女在人類生活所有領域與男子具有同等權利。女權主義具有廣泛的文化內涵，涉及政治、經濟、法律、教育、宗教、倫理等領域。

在19世紀的英國，一位批評現實主義的文學女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特寫出了一部代表女性主義思想的小說—《簡·愛》。這部小說是夏洛蒂·勃朗特“詩意的生平寫照”。書中的主人公簡·愛是一個心地純潔、善于思考的女性。她生活在社會底層，受盡磨難，但她有倔強的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。這部小說以濃郁抒情的筆法和深刻細膩的心理描寫，引人入勝地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的愛情經歷，歌頌了擺脫一切舊習俗和偏見，扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基礎之上的深摯愛情，具有強烈的震撼心靈的藝術力量。它最為成功之處在于塑造了一個敢于反抗，敢于爭取自由和平等地位的婦女形象。

一、作者女權主義思想的產生

（一）作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特的介紹

《簡·愛》的作者--夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)，生于1816年英國北部的一個鄉村牧師家庭。她所生活的的三十年間正是英國社會動蕩的時代。資本主義正在發展并越來越暴露它內在的缺陷；勞資之間矛盾尖銳化；失業工人的貧困；大量的童工被殘酷地折磨至死。社會和時代的不幸已經讓這位女作家的家庭窮困潦倒，家庭的不幸更是讓她陷入巨大的困境當中。母親早逝，八歲的夏洛蒂被送進一所專收神職人員孤女的慈善性機構。在那里生活條件極其惡劣，她的兩個姐姐瑪麗亞和伊麗莎白因染上肺病而先后死去。于是夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米莉回到家鄉，在荒涼的約克郡山區度過了童年。

15歲時她進了伍勒小姐辦的學校讀書，幾年后又在這個學校當教師。后來她曾作家庭教師，但因不能忍受貴婦人、闊小姐對家庭教師的歧視和刻薄，放棄了家庭教

小說主要描寫了簡·愛與羅契斯特的愛情。簡·愛的愛情觀更加深化了她的個性。她認為愛情應該建立在精神平等的基礎上，而不應取決于社會地位、財富和外貌。只有男女雙方彼此真正相愛，才能得到真正的幸福。在追求個人幸福時，簡·愛表現出異乎尋常的純真、樸實的思想感情和勇往直前的勇氣。她并沒有因為自己的仆人地位而放棄對幸福的追求，她的愛情是純潔高尚的，她對羅契斯特的財富不屑一顧，她之所以鐘情于他，就是因為他能平等待人，把她視作朋友，與她坦誠相見。對羅契斯特說來，簡·愛猶如一股清新的風，使他精神為之一振。羅契斯特過去看慣了上層社會的冷酷虛偽，簡·愛的純樸、善良和獨立的個性重新喚起他對生活的追求和向往。因而他能真誠地在簡面前表達他的愿望和改過的決心。

簡·愛同情羅契斯特不幸的命運，認為他的錯誤是客觀環境造成的。盡管他其貌不揚，后來又破產成了殘廢，但她看到的是他內心的美和令人同情的不幸命運，所以最終與他結婚。小說通過羅契斯特兩次截然不同的愛情經歷，批判了以金錢為基礎的婚姻和愛情觀，并始終把簡·愛和羅契斯特之間的愛情描寫為思想、才能、品質與精神上的完全默契。

簡·愛是個不甘忍受社會壓迫、勇于追求個人幸福的女性。無論是她的貧困低下的社會地位，或是她那漂泊無依的生活遭遇，都是當時英國下層人民生活的真實寫照。作者能夠把一個來自社會下層的覺醒中的新女性擺到小說的主人公地位，并對主人公為反抗壓迫和社會偏見、力爭獨立的人格和尊嚴、為追求幸福生活所作的頑強斗爭加以熱情歌頌，這在當時的文學作品中是難能可貴的。簡·愛平凡的外表下面隱藏著不朽的靈魂，在這個平庸的世界上顯得異常珍貴，灼然奪目。她的不屈不撓，勇于抗爭的精神指明了一條女性的道路，告訴天下所有的女性：要敢于對不公的命運說不，勇敢的追求自由、平等和幸福。

二、《簡愛》中女權主義思想

（一）自尊心、自信心、反抗精神

幼年時的簡.愛由于父母雙雙染病去世，她被送到蓋茨赫德莊園，寄居在舅舅家中。可雪上加霜的是蓋茨赫德的原主人里德先生—簡愛的舅舅也過早的棄她而去。舅媽覺得她是一個“天性惡毒、想法卑劣、特別愛撒謊”的人，于是對她百般刁難。表

[2]

德府使簡愛感受到“這兒有想象中的完美無缺的家庭安樂氣氛”。事實證明了她的預感的正確性，后來她成了羅切斯特的妻子果真成了這個家庭中的成員。

這個家的主人叫羅切斯特，他是個苦命的人，頑固的封建倫理道德釀成了羅切斯特的不幸婚姻。他大學畢業后在父親的安排下他娶了心胸狹窄的梅森小姐為妻。盡管美森的外表靚麗，然而她的脾氣確實極端的壞，她與羅切斯特的志趣格格不入。羅切斯特痛苦地感覺到“我們之間根本無法進行親切的交談，因為不管我談起什么話題馬上就會從她那兒聽到既粗俗又陳腐、既乖張又愚蠢的回答”。

當羅切斯特第一次看到簡愛時他就感到了“有一種全新的東西一種新的活力和新的感覺不知不覺傳便了我的全身”。這種新的感覺其實就是羅切斯特的真愛之夢將成為現實，這種感覺和簡愛所預見的感覺一樣也是正確的。從和簡愛相見、相識到相愛的過程當中，簡愛的那種叛逆精神、自強自尊的品質深深地征服了羅切斯特，而羅切斯特的優雅風度和淵博知識同樣也征服了簡愛。

簡愛與羅切斯特的婚姻變故促使她離開了桑菲爾德府，離開了她心愛的羅切斯特。經過了寒冷饑餓的折磨無家可歸的簡愛終于進了她的人生的又一個驛站—圣約翰家。對于親情的十分看重當她從叔叔那里繼承了兩萬英鎊的遺產時，她毫不猶豫地決定和她的三個表哥、表姐平分這份遺產。可見在簡愛的眼中錢盡管很重要，但是比起親情來就顯得微不足道了。這與當時一切以錢為中心的人際關系形成了鮮明的對比。她認為“我不至于自私自利到不講情義，不講公道到不分是非，忘恩負義到不像人樣”[2]。這是她對當時的金錢社會的有力抨擊和尖銳的痛恨。

圣約翰是一個知識淵博，長相英俊的傳教士。但是他不會享受生活的樂趣，整天到晚和時間挑戰。他認為工作是高于一切的，甚至包括生命和愛情。圣約翰為了他的偉大事業到東方印度傳教，他十分痛苦地壓抑了這份欲望。簡愛對于他的選擇簡直是不可思議，有愛卻不敢愛，有了愛情卻不敢追求。另一方面當圣約翰發覺，簡愛是一個有見識、有才智的女子的時候，他就向簡愛求婚了，不是因為他愛簡愛，而是因為他知道，如果娶簡愛為妻，對他的事業將是一個很大的幫助。這是多么自私的想法。

簡愛和羅切斯特的心靈感應使他們走到了一塊，盡管當簡愛回到桑菲爾德府時她面對的是一個雙眼已瞎，一只手已經殘廢的羅切斯特。但是，在簡愛看來這些都是不重要的。只要羅切斯特愛她她也愛羅切斯特就已經足夠了。她毅然與羅切斯特結婚，當起了羅切斯特的妻子和護士。兩年以后命運垂青了，這么一對恩愛的夫妻他們有了自己的孩子。羅切斯特的一只眼睛也恢復了視力，他們過著幸福的生活。我們看到

（二）為獲得認同和尊嚴而戰

簡愛在被家人認為是“壞孩子”趕出來之后被送往孤兒院。（當時看來是慈善學校的一種）通常在這里小孩受到壓迫和非人的虐待。她的視眼變得開闊了，性格中帶著更加憤怒的火花。由此可見，簡愛為獲得認同和尊嚴而戰在羅伍德學校漸漸發展起來。融科赫斯特先生是學校里最為貪婪虛偽的代表，對簡愛的最初印象是像動物一樣大大的鼻子，突出的門牙。他在學校懲罰人的責任稱為拯救所謂的靈魂，他迫使學校所有的女孩剪掉頭發，饑寒交迫，像奴隸一樣對待她們，簡愛也不例外。當簡愛摔壞了凳子時受到公然懲罰。她被罰站在凳子上一個半小時，融科赫斯特先生不僅公然羞辱她而且宣布她是騙子。因此簡愛感到非常失望，此時此刻無法用語言表達她的痛苦。“我想變乖，在羅伍德學校我認真做事，學會尊重別人，我已經取得了顯著地進步，成為班上第一名。米莉小姐經常表揚我，疼普小姐笑著贊許我，我受到同學們的一致好評，在他們眼中我是平等的。”[2]

為什么簡愛會想離開蓋茨黑德？原因是瑞德和他的家人對她漠不關心，她想受到家人的尊重。在她看來，人與人之間是平等的。所以她反對不合理的懲罰，視它為人格的侮辱，接著她開始為尊重而戰。如果別人不愛她，她寧愿去死也不愿活在這世上。由于融科赫斯特先生的謠言她受到其他同學的鄙視，尤其是她獲得老師和同學的尊重和認可后，她絕望了以至于不能正常學習直到后來天普小姐為她澄清污名，同學像以前那樣對待她才漸漸好起來。簡愛這才認為世界是如此美麗，也不再抱怨學校的伙食，盡管很難咽下。

（三）為獨立平等而戰

簡愛的獨立意識讓她在很小的時候就開始學著獨立，簡愛經常提醒自己命運應該掌握在自己手里，她拒絕羅切斯特送給她的珠寶和衣服，認為他所送的手鐲項鏈戒指等都是奴役的象征。盡管艾比德政府提供她一年30英鎊，簡愛還是繼續過著她平庸的生活，她覺得靠自己努力賺來的錢買衣服心安理得。這些行為不僅表現了簡愛女性獨立信念而且反應了她渴望了解世界與不同人交流的思想。當她在絲絨菲爾德莊園過著簡樸的生活時，開始后悔沒有出去旅游，向其他女性表達她的情感。

我們發現簡愛的生活一開始就沒有父母，沒有金錢，地位低下，惡劣的成長環境，也不漂亮但是足夠勇敢足夠堅強。她可能是社會上微不足道的人但卻是自己的主人。

勇敢果決的走出了灰姑娘的童話，邁向一個有著新女性、真女性的文學道路的起步。簡·愛藐視財富、社會地位和宗教的威儀，她認為，“真正的幸福，在于美好的精神世界和高尚純潔的心靈。”[10]她的信念和行動展現出來的力量，深深打動了一代又一代讀者的心，使生活在金錢萬能的社會中的人們的靈魂得到凈化。簡·愛是一個對自己的思想和人格有著理性認識的女性，一個對自己的幸福和情感有著堅定追求的性，一個不再只是盲從于男人和世俗要求的女性，一個對自己的價值和情感做出了獨立判斷的女性，一個堅強獨立的女性。夏洛蒂·勃朗特創造了一個前所未有的女性形象；簡·愛發出了一個屬于女性自己的聲音—對于平等、獨立、完整、自由的堅持和追求。作品當中處處散發著女性主義的光輝，它所倡導的女性經濟獨立意識，女性自我意識以及進步的婚姻觀，至今仍然閃爍著耀眼的光芒。它像是一個風標，指引著千千萬萬的女性去追求自由、平等和幸福。

但她的思想也有一定的局限性。縱觀夏洛蒂的人生路程，可以發現自卑感是籠罩其一生的陰影，所以，她筆下的人物有時也有一種自卑感。“窮、低微、矮小、不美”是簡·愛對自己的評價，這一客觀事實也是她產生自卑的根源。在這一評價之中，既有對自身形象的哀嘆，也有對家境出身的不滿。二者都對簡·愛的人生選擇產生了巨大的影響。在自卑感作祟下，簡·愛在一定程度上認同了世俗的評價標準。所以，即使贏得了羅切斯特的愛情，簡·愛也一直處于一種患得患失的狀態，沒有足夠的信心來維系這份感情，因為她隱隱感覺到世俗的強大力量在威脅著他們。[11]所以，當知道閣樓上瘋女人的真實身份之后，簡·愛選擇了自我放逐。從心理上來說，這是一種逃避的行為，而自卑心理正是導致回避行為的主因。

她還無法擺脫的男權束縛作為女權主義的先驅者，夏洛蒂塑造的簡·愛在一定程度上突破了維多利亞時代女性存在價值的限定。但是，長期沿襲下來的男權文化和男權話語的負面影響不可能在一夜之間就徹底肅清。她只是在家庭或經濟領域內關注女性，而沒有深入更廣泛的社會領域，即政治層面。

夏洛蒂僅僅局限于表現在婚姻和家庭中，女性的遭遇以及她們對男權主義的憤怒和反抗上面，卻并沒有揭示女性問題的實質，當然也沒有指出實現女性解放的有效途徑，更無法體會到女性解放只有建立在女性價值的全面實現，建立在社會壓抑的解除和女性的徹底解放上。這樣，夏洛蒂一方而期盼著女性有獨立自主的意識，一方而卻又無法擺脫時代傳統觀念束縛。就像她的作品《簡愛》中主人公簡愛以一個“拯救者”的身份回歸家庭。這體現出了夏洛蒂女權主義思想的局限性，即她認為女人的幸福仍

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參考文獻

[1]陸揚,張艷.拉康與弗洛伊德:無意識結構的語言分析[J].西北師范大學學報,2005(7).[2]Bronte Charlotte·Jane Eyre [M].Beijing: Yili People’s Publishing House，2002：23-24.[3] 魏琴.試析女性主義意識在《簡·愛》中的體現[J].文化研究.2009(12): 249-250.[4]朱虹.《簡愛》與女性意識[J].河南大學學報，1987:5．

[5]路甬祥.簡愛的性格分析 [M].北京 : 北京大學出版社，2006:73-76.[6]吳 朋.《簡愛》中簡愛的人格魅力 [J].外語界，2001(6):16-21.[7]王惠昭．淺析《簡愛》中的女性價值觀 [M]．外語與外語教學，2001:29-31.[8]朱虹.最后一幅素描[M].天津：百花文藝出版社，2008.[9]夏洛特·勃朗特著.《簡愛》，黃源深譯.南京：意林出版社，2006(11).[10] 劉淑華.淺談筒愛的性格：反抗與獨立[J].沈陽師范學院學報，1994(4).[11] 趙海虹.《簡愛》的失敗[J].外國文學，2004.21314-

第四篇：《簡愛》中女權主義意識(英文)

青島理工大學琴島學院畢業論文用紙

摘 要

《簡·愛》是現實主義時期著名的女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作品,她被認為是一位卓越的女作家。因為她在小說中描述的是與傳統不同的女主人公簡·愛的勇于追求自由、平等和獨立精神。它也是作者的自傳體小說。通過對簡·愛的性格進行剖析，證明了簡·愛是一個標準的女權主義者。簡·愛這個人物形象，博得讀者的愛憐，在英國文學史上是位具有代表性的人物，不僅表現在外表的樸實無華，而且表現在她性格上的獨特魅力。簡·愛因其性格中所具有的強烈反抗意識而特別地引人注目。她堅持自己的原則去不斷反抗不公平的社會。她用盡全力去追求自由，平等，獨立和真愛。經過堅持不懈的努力她最終獲得自尊，自由和真愛。

關鍵詞：女權, 反叛, 獨立,平等, 真愛

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ABSTRACT

Jane Eyre is the most famous work of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered as an extraordinary woman novelist.Because the novel throbs with the heart-beats of its author, both literary critics and the readers have taken great interest in its unconventional heroine Jane Eyre, whose unconventionality is shown in the heroine‘s pursuit of liberty, equality and independence.It is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.This essay attempts to prove Jane is a real feminist through the analysis of her personality.Jane Eyre is a typical and magnificent representative in English literature, not only for her plain but famous appearance but also for her character‘s outstanding and alien thoughts.The image of Jane Eyre is brilliant for her rebellious character.She always insists on her principle to rebel and fights bravely against the unjust world.She still tries her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love.By unremitting efforts she finally gets dignity, freedom and true love.KEY WORDS: feminist, rebel, independence, equality, true love

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Contents

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..(9)Chapter One The Development of Jane Eyre‘s Resistance ……………………...(10)

1.1 Outburst period at Gateshead …………………………………………...(10)

1.2 Jane‘s resistance at Lowood Institution ………………………………(11)1.3 The perfection period at Thornfield and Moor House ………………….(13)Chapter Two Jane Eyre‘s Pursuit of Independence and Freedom ……………….(14)2.1 Jane begins to realize the importance of independence and freedom …(14)2.2 Jane gains strength from her teacher and her friend to achieve her

independence ………………………………………………………....(14)2.3 Jane develops her independence fully and learns the pleasure of it......(15)Chapter Three Jane Eyre‘s Attitude Towards Love ……………………………(18)3.1 True love should be based on equality and mutual understanding………..(18)3.2 The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love ……........(19)Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….(23)Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………(24)Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………(25)

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Introduction

Charlotte Bronte, an English writer, is a great critical realist in the 19th century.She writes lots of works in her life.She sets to work on a new novel, Jane Eyre, which is published in August, 1847.Jane Eyre is her masterpiece which is a world famous novel.Jane Eyre has been translated into many languages and is always high in reading popularity.Jane Eyre, a plain, timid, weak and pale girl who appears to be a heroine, exists in numerous people’s minds.It seems to be a strange phenomenon.How can she arouse the eminent attention of the readers throughout the world? Because Jane Eyre stands for an idealized woman in the 19th century.Charlotte Bronte aims at awakening women's consciousness and courage to equal rights and freedom.Jane Eyre cuts a completely new woman image.She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for the recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.Jane strives with all difficulties to gain women’s liberation and to pursue freedom, equality and true love.The analysis of Jane‘s personalities and her attitudes toward love has shown partly Jane‘s love — a kind of direct, enthusiastic and faithful love.The story of the independent-minded Jane and her love affair with Mr.Rochester opens up new dimension for women.She is a typical character of awakening bourgeois intellectual women.The heroine Jane moves most readers as a kind and unique image in spite of her plainness, poverty and low position.The profound meaning of Jane‘s personalities makes this novel an extremely important work lists in the history of world literature as well as in the English literature.第9頁

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Chapter One The Development of Jane Eyre’s Resistance

1.1 Outburst period at Gateshead

Jane Eyre seems to be pale, thin and weak.She is like a piece of dust, nobody pays attention to her.At any time she may disappear.She was born an orphan, with an unfortunate family and long time repressive feeling;she builds up her resistant emotion.Under this background, everyone looks down upon her.Jane asks herself ―why was I always suffering, always browbeaten, always abused, for ever condemned.‖(Bronte, 2002:13)Her reason says ―unjust!-unjust!‖(Bronte, 2002:14)A first angry voice bursts out from her deep heart.When John beats her again, she attacks him viciously.She shouts at him, ―Wicked and cruel boy!You are like a murderer —you are like a slave-driver—you are like the Roman emperors!“(Bronte, 2002:7)When Mrs.Reed tells Mr.Brocklehurst that Jane has a bad character and a deceitful disposition, she defends that ―I am not deceitful: if I were, I should say I loved you;but I declare I do not love you: I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world except John Reed;and this book about the liar, you may give it to your girl, Georgiana, for it is she who tells lies, and not I.”(Bronte, 2002:48)However, Jane is a brave soldier who dares to face up all kinds of injustice and fights against them.Before she leaves Gateshead, she rebukes her aunt‘s cruelty, ―How dare I, Mrs.Reed? How dare I? Because it is the truth.You think I have no feelings and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness;but I cannot live so: and you have no pity.I shall remember how you thrust me back—roughly and violently thrust me back—into the red-room, and locked me up there, to my dying day;though I was in agony;though I cried out, while suffocating with distress, ?Have mercy!Have mercy, Aunt Reed!‘ And that punishment you made me suffer because your wicked boy struck me—knocked me down for nothing.I will tell anybody who asks me questions, this exact tale.People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!‖(Bronte, 2002:49)Jane suffers various violent treatments by her aunt and

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cousins;she tries her best to be a good girl but only results in failure in Mrs.Reed‘s eyes.Jane resists and resists, but finally breaks out and speaks all her anger;Jane‘s courage frightens Mrs.Reed, for she knows Jane is right.In those days at Gateshead Hall, Jane's strong, brave and unbending characteristics are expressed step by step.Her every behavior shows her great indignation.Isolation, poverty, discrimination and oppression cause her to revolt against the unfair society in her own way.Jane is driven away from and escapes from Reed‘s house partly because of fearless courage.Jane fights not only for just treatment, but also for equality.This is the first step of the development of Jane Eyre‘s rebellious character.1.2 Jane’s resistance at Lowood Institution Lowood Institution is a charity school for poor clergymen‘s daughters.Jane lives here for eight years.Her rebellious sprits become mature.In fact it is a hell for poor girls.The school is like a prison dominated by cold, implacable cruelty and Brocklehurst.Children here are not supplied with enough food, clothes and good treatment of disease.Many of them die of illness.They have no love and sympathy at all, living in hunger and cold.Children must pray for God and thank for oppressors.Helen, a clever, intelligent and beautiful girl receives curse and beat, finally loses her young life.She believes in God.She says to Jane, ―I am sure there is a future state;I believe God is good;I can resign my immortal part to Him without any misgiving.God is my father;God is my friend: I love Him;I believe He loves me.‖(Bronte, 2002:121)Just because of these ideas, Helen hasn‘t a little rebel against that kind of cruel treatment.However Jane is not like Helen.She always tries to rebel, though she is still a child.She tells Helen: ―A great deal: you are good to those who are good to you.It is all I ever desire to be.If people were always kind and obedient to those who are cruel and unjust, the wicked people would have it all their own way: they would never feel afraid, and so they would never alter, but would grow worse and worse.When we are struck at without a reason, we should strike back again very hard;I am sure we

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should—so hard as to teach the person who struck us never to do it again."(Bronte, 2002:82)This rhythmic and forceful speech embodies the deep bourgeois oppression of the lower women and Jane‘s rebellious spirit.To achieve independence as an equal human, Jane never yields to fate and background.She does as she says.Her attitude towards her cousins, her aunt and Mr.Brocklehurst all proves it.Another woman, Miss Temple, is also admired and deeply loved by Jane.Miss Temple‘s learning stimulates Jane‘s longing for intelligence and Miss Temple‘s kindness stirs up her enthusiasm for ideal life.So when Miss Temple leaves Lowood, Jane can‘t put up with dullness and isolation there.She thinks that now she is left in her natural element, and begins to feel the stirring of old emotions.Jane looks forward to a new life and a free sky.No matter what will happen in the future, she will face it bravely.The rebellious fury is burnt again.Then Jane makes an advertisement and gets a governess profession at Thornfield.In this period, Jane‘s rebellious spirit is up to a new standard and catches a more profound meaning.Her fighting is not only against a person, but against the social convention.1.3 The perfection period at Thornfield and Moor House At Thornfield, Jane, as a grown-up, changes her harshness into a refined woman with good education, delicacy of feeling and gentleness of manners.At Thornfield she gets along well with everyone.Jane is mild to everyone.Adele, a girl without talent is carefully taught by Jane and made safe and happy.In such a wild world, she forgets her pain and her misery.Furthermore, she learns to be tolerant to others‘ shortcomings.Hearing that Mrs.Reed is dying, she comes back soon to Gateshead.Although she once has told Mrs.Reed that she never wants to see her again, she forgets and forgives her.Jane‘s delicate feeling is best revealed when she meets Rochester, who is hurt.She gives him a hand in a polite way.In spite of his rude rejection, she says, ―I can not think of leaving you, sir, at so late an hour, in this solitary lane, till I see you are fit to mount your horses.‖(Bronte, 2002:173)

When Jane falls in love with Rochester, she is awaken and still keeps her resistance;she makes her every effort to rebel against social prejudice and customs，第12頁

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struggling for independence and true love.She dares to say ―no‖ to anyone, including her master, Mr.Rochester who is domineering and arrogant.When she talks with Mr.Rochester, she doesn‘t avoid saying what she thinks whether Mr.Rochester is happy or not.On the wedding between Jane and Rochester, Jane is told that Rochester has married before.Bertha Mason, a mad woman is his wife who has been living in Thornfield.At the bad news, Jane knows if she lives with him, she will fall into the category of mistress and lose her respect.The dream of freedom, happiness and the independence which she was looking forward to would become fancies.The strength of reason is power over emotion.Jane leaves Thornfield resolutely to meet unknown fate in the future.When she almost starves to death, St.John helps her.Jane‘s spirit of revolt is obviously expressed by her refusal of St.John‘s offer of marriage.Jane never changes her will to follow St.John.She thinks, ―If I join St.John, I abandon half myself, if I go to India, I go to premature death‖, ―if I do make the sacrifice he urges, I will make it absolutely: I will throw all on the altar—heart, vitals, the entire victim.‖(Bronte, 2002:642)Jane says to St.John, ―I scorn your idea of love.‖(Bronte, 2002:649)Jane dares to rebel against St.John‘s offer because she thinks they are equal.She has the right to rebel against him.This period is the perfection of Jane Eyre‘s rebellions.第13頁

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Chapter Two Jane Eyre’s Pursuit of Independence and

Freedom

2.1 Jane begins to realize the importance of independence and freedom

Independence is the outstanding quality throughout the whole process of the novel.Jane Eyre is not pretty and her character is unique.She is maltreated by her cousins and aunt.One day, when Jane takes John‘s book to read, he beats her once more.John says that Jane has no business to take his books;―You have no business to take our books;you are a dependant, mama says, you have no money;your father left you none;you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemen‘s children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mama‘s expense‖.(Bronte, 2002:7)When she fights against him severely, she is sent to Red Room.In the Red Room, she is frightened, but she keeps a clear mind that she realizes she needs to be saved from her blind fear of authority and be self-reliant.Her mind is in tumult, and all her heart in insurrection, her reason says ―unjust!I never compromise to them.I shall be independent.‖(Bronte, 2002:14)She hates Gateshead, hates everyone there.She hates Mrs.Reed who is a bad, hard-hearted woman.She treats her with miserable cruelty.Gateshead is a shelter for her, which teaches her a lot of things.Only when she is independent, can she be respected by others.After all, she is a little girl, it is hard for her to be economically independent.Therefore, she decides to be independent, self-sufficient in her mind.The Reeds are really mean to her and she thinks they suck.Of course, the feeling is mutual.Therefore, she is spared from the Reeds and is sent to a low budget orphan school called Lowood Institution.2.2 Jane gains strength from her teacher and her friend to achieve her independence

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At Lowood Institution, under the hypocritical Evangelicalism of the headmaster, Mr.Brocklehurst, she suffers further privation in the austere environment.The condition there is disgusting, but Jane doesn‘t submit to it.She gains her strength from her teacher and her fellow students to achieve her independence.Maria Temple, an independent woman, is the headmaster of the Institution.She is a responsible teacher, and kind to the students, even the low students.Consequently, she gains respect and popularity from the people around her.From Maria Temple, Jane learns that independence is a very important thing for everyone.In our modern society, it seems to be more important to be independent.Jane learns the importance of duty and self-control through the friendship with Helen.At the beginning, Jane has much sympathy for Helen.Because Helen doesn‘t dare to fight against the person who insults her.When Helen is to be flogged and to be asked to stand in the middle of a room that full of people.Jane thinks that Helen should turn against others when she is bullied;she should resist against Miss Scatcherd, and dislike Miss Scatcherd.From these we can see that Jane is not obedient to anyone if someone bullies her, she will do the same thing to others.As known to all, it is not violence that best overcomes hatred, nor vengeance that most certainly heals injury.And Jane learns these from Helen.Jane is deeply moved by Helen‘s actions and words.―Yet it would be your duty to bear it, if you could not avoid it: it is weak and silly to say you cannot bear what your fate to be required to bear‖.(Bronte, 2002:79)Then through the friendship with Helen, she learns to be self-control in a certain degree.―It is far better to endure patiently a smart which nobody feels but yourself, than to commit a hasty action whose evil consequences will extend to all connected with you;and besides, the Bible bids us return good for evil‖.(Bronte, 2002:79)

Jane stays at Lowood for 8 years.She attempts to do well in all aspects.She makes rapid progress both in study and work.She becomes stronger than before in her heart.The idea of breaking out the conservative puritan life does not occur to her.She longs for a new form of life.So she gets a job by herself.第15頁

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2.3 Jane develops her independence fully and learns the pleasure of it In order to lead a life of independence, Jane works as a governess at Thornfield Hall.She is looks down upon by the rich ladies of the fashionable society, but she never despises herself, she never feels herself inferior.She is satisfied with, and even proud of her honest, independent work.She loves Rochester who is in a large possession of fortune and in a high social position, but she never thinks of relying on these things.Once she immediately answers Rochester‘s question about what else she needs, by saying, ―Your regard: and if I give mine in return, that debt will be quit.‖(Bronte, 2002:424)This kind of independence is irrevocable out of her pure soul which hasn‘t been contaminated by the earthy care at all and represented the pure uprightness.When the happiness reaches the highest point where she is about to be the dreamy person‘s wife, Jane keeps a clear mind, protecting her independence and her personality.She refuses all the precious gifts that could have been owned as a fiancee and reminded Rochester again and again of the responsibility she should continue to fulfill as a governess.As Rochester‘s bride, she continues to be Adele‘s governess;when Rochester intends to give her a lot of jewelry and beautiful clothes, she refuses.Generally, beautiful clothes and jewelries are the favorite things to women.Jane thinks that real love is not based on money and jewelry.Her love doesn‘t mix with other strange ideas.In her opinion, self-respect, independence and equal rights are the fundamental elements of one‘s love.She doesn‘t want to be the slave of money, and she doesn‘t want to rely on others.They fall in deep love with each other.Rochester doesn‘t want Jane to go on working，he wishes Jane belongs to him and considers Jane as his property．Jane refuses his suggestion without any hesitation．In her opinion，if she loses her job, she must depend on Rochester to live，thus independence says goodbye to her.She doesn‘t want to be a thing of Rochester.At last, she decides to preserve her independence.With the news coming that Rochester‘s wife is still alive, Jane is driven back to her original status.It means that Jane is just a lover to him.By this time, there are two roads in front of her: One is to be the lover of Rochester.The other is away from

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Rochester to begin a new life.Actually, it‘s very sad for Jane to leave the place she liked, and the man she deeply loved.However, Jane is the unique!She is determined to leave Thornfield without any hesitation.As we know that nothing can succeed in confining her before her resistant spirit.The powerful shout of the born independent spirit from her heart remains her independence.The natural strength of independence overwhelms her, ―still indomitable was the reply—I care for myself.The more solitary, the more friendless, and the more unsustained I can be, the more I will respect myself.‖(Bronte, 2002:467)With Jane and Rochester‘s suffering the readers‘ compassion is also aroused besides the feeling of pity.There is no defying that the blood of independence is going through Jane‘s whole body from the day she was born.Fleeing from calamity solitarily, she does not hesitate all prices to maintain her own personality, dignity, and rebellions and independence is portrayed more perfect, and richer.Nowadays, as to women, we can‘t depend on men completely.We should earn money through our efforts, we must be independent, never be subsidiary to others.In order to get dignity, freedom and independence, she runs away.At the prerequisite of maintaining her own character she doesn‘t take the jewelry and clothes which Rochester gives her.Jane arrives at the desolate crossroads of whitcross and is reduced to begging for food.Fortunately, the Rivers siblings helped her.At Moor House, Jane learns the pleasure of self-sufficiency.She lives a happy life there.She develops great affection for the ladies, Diana and Mary, and they are really nice to her.Jane becomes spiritually stronger and more confident through the friendship with Diana and Mary.She doesn‘t want to live there for a long time.She intends to find a job to support herself, so St.John finds a job for her to teach at the local school.While teaching, she gains more social respect, and her students make progress quickly.Furthermore, the students and their parents like her very much.She is very happy and satisfied with her own conditions.As a teacher, her students‘ progress and popularity are the best gifts to her.第17頁

青島理工大學琴島學院畢業論文用紙

Chapter Three

Jane Eyre’s Attitude Towards Love

3.1 True love should be based on equality and mutual understanding From the strong ego and independent personality, Jane seeks for love which should be based on mutual understanding, equality, respect and attraction.Jane is a governess, who has the profession with very low social position.Nearly no one looks up on it at that time.Being born of second class, Jane is sensitive about her position in society.She hopes that she can live with the same self-esteem as everyone in the upper class.She works very hard to be a good lady to reach the norm which is required by the upper class.Then she is eager to be admitted by the man who she loves, i.e.Rochester.Generally speaking, people are often satisfied with beloved one‘s compliment.As for Jane, things are the same.Rochester is one of the members of the upper class.Rochester is a rich gentleman with high social status and reputation.But Rochester falls in love with Jane, so does Jane.Jane doesn‘t pay much attention to the difference between their social positions, because she only admires and believes in marriage based on true love.Humble job and poverty cannot stop her loving an upper class gentleman.On this point, she shows a woman's extra strength to take a risky love with Rochester and keeps her self-esteem.She respects the mutual equality of personality.Jane‘s viewpoint shows she has clear self-awake sense of love.As a woman living in the society unequal between men and women, Jane doesn‘t follow the outmoded conventions.She believes men and women are equal even if not in property, but in personality.When Rochester tells Jane that he is going to marry Miss Ingram and he insists that Jane must stay at Thornfield.Jane is angry at it.Let us see how Jane retorts to Rochester‘s teasing.―I tell you I must go!‖ ―Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?––a machine without feelings? And I can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from

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my lips? Do you think I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? In fact you think wrong!––I have as much soul as you, and full as much heart!And if God had gifted me with some beauty.and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;it is my spirit that addressed your spirit;just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God‘s feet, equal,—as we are!‖(Bronte, 2002:396)Rochester understands fully and esteems her.Jane still maintains self-control and clear-headed when she becomes Rochester‘s fiancée.She wants to protect her honor and independence.When Rochester buys diamond necklace, bracelet, ring, etc., which means to bind her, she refuses those gifts and reminds her, ―I shall continue to act as Adele‘s governess;by that I shall earn my board and lodging, and thirty pounds a year besides.‖(Bronte, 2002:423)Thus she is such a person who regards her dignity sacredly and inviolably.Jane seeks for happiness and love, but she doesn‘t think love is supreme.She can throw away traditions to follow love, but she will never sacrifice her dignity and independence for the reason of love.Obtaining equality in life is Jane's ambition.It is equality that makes her love Rochester with all of her heart and soul;also it is equality that makes her leave Rochester with her disappointment and distress.Life is hard to Jane.On their wedding day, a secret is exposed that Rochester has a mad wife locked for several years, and then Jane resolutely gives up Rochester and is determined not to be a mistress.Jane's ambition, of course, forbids her to accept the unequal position of being the mistress of someone‘s husband.She has her self-respect and must keep her nobility.Being an illegal mistress benefits her nothing but reduces her virtue and demoralizes her personality.Then she would have to depend on Rochester and lose her quality, independence and freedom.So she chooses the distress of leaving Rochester to realize her pursuit.3.2 The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love At that time, women were first customarily dependent on their parents then upon

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husbands.Their parents tried their best to choose good husbands for their daughters.The choices of husbands and fates were determined by men‘s social positions and properties, rather than personalities and sincere emotions.Usually, women‘s rational consideration triumphed over their personal interests.A problem raises in the novel is the position of a woman in society.Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel, maintains that women should have equal rights with men.When she decides to leave her love, she is very sad.But Jane will feel unpeaceful if she does not leave and stays with Rochester as a lover.And she would not be her cousin‘s wife without love.It is very easy to choose one‘s own love in today‘s England.But it is not so easy to do it in the 18th and 19th century England.Jane thinks that it is a glorious thing to have the hope of living with him and being his wife.Jane loves him with her whole heart.They have a meeting of the mind.But in that social background, people pay too much attention to property, rank and status.If the disparity is great, a pair of lovers would suffer disagreement with their families and their friends.Mrs.Fairfax, one of Rochester‘s servants, is very surprised and feels puzzled that her master is madly clinging to Jane.In their opinion, Blanche Ingram, who is a typical representative of the rich class, is so beautifu1, rich and has the same high social position.She is regarded as Thornfield wife of Rochester in the future by most people.She is the ideal wife of Rochester.If Rochester marries Ingram, it is natura1．Because in that society，people‘s sense of love is on the basis of money.In their eyes，money is everything，money is marriage.For the sake of money they can marry anyone even though the husband or the wife is an idiot.So the marriage between Rochester and Ingram is fair and reasonable．In their opinion, Jane is an ordinary looking woman without wealth, so she can never match Rochester.But with the development of the plot，Miss Ingram is proven to be a loser．Rochester is deeply attracted by Jane and gives up Ingram.Jane defeats her though Jane has no property and beauty.Jane‘s plainness，poverty, position and disposition are contrasted to Ingram‘s obviously.Jane is kind，intelligent, sympathetic and thoughtful, while Ingram‘s minds is poor and hypocritica1.She has no sympathy at al1.She plans to

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marry Rochester only because of Rochester‘ s property，Ingram tries her best to fascinate Rochester again and again，unfortunately，she falls again and again.Jane is fully aware of it．She witnesses ―repeated failures‖．The party is the climax of the novel and the essence of the book.At the party，Jane‘s victory is complete.According to her beautiful personality and the strength of her noble spirit，Jane drives those aristocrats away from competitive stages．High position and great wealth shows by the noble class are put aside．Jane gets glorious victory．

The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love.She distains the money and hunt marriage, and looks down upon her artificial and hypocritical manners.The way she gets to know Rochester well is talking with him, observing him and getting agreements with him.She falls in love with Rochester not at the first sight but after a fairly long time of acquaintance.Before she completely knows Rochester Jane only takes him as the master and an object for talking.Every time she talks with him, her attitude to Rochester changes.Through communicating with each other by their minds, they gradually come to a harmony in spirit.Jane thinks, ―The ease of his manner freed me from painful restraint;the friendly frankness, correct as cordial，with which he heated me, drew me to him.I felt at times as if he were my relation rather than my master: yet he was imperious sometimes still;but 1 did not mind that.‖(Bronte, 2002:225)This is Jane's revelation of true feeling to Rochester.Only when Jane understands Rochester, can she appropriately analyse and accept Rochester‘s character.Understanding each other and getting harmonious in spirit，the solid base of their true love.Jane loves Rochester‘s value as a man, instead of his properties, social and family status.So, whether Rochester is a rich person in the upper-class society, or is afflicted with calamity and becomes totally-blinded disabled man;whether Jane is a poor and plain governess in Thornfield, or she becomes a rich heiress in one night.Nothing can change her steadfast love for Rochester.After leaving Rochester‘s home, Thornfield Hall, Jane walks and travels without any aim.She lives in hunger and cold.As she roams about a whit cross, she is nearly dead because she suffers terrible hardships.St.John helps her and saves her life.St

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John wants to marry Jane and takes her to India with him.Although he is a little merciful and handsome, he is also very harsh and arbitrary.He considers little of Jane‘s benefit.He does not respect her or give her selfless love.Jane says if she joins St John, she will abandon half herself and if she goes to India, she will go to premature death.Jane tells John that she does not believe in marriage without love, because she still loves Rochester deeply.Jane insists that true love should be based on equality, mutual understanding and respect.She knows that to marry such a stonehearted person is to become a tool of him to serve God, so she refuses John‘s proposal.She hears the voice of Rochester in her mind, then she comes back to look for Rochester.She learns that Thornfield Hall has been burnt down, and that Rochester, attempting vainly to save his mad wife from the fire, loses one of his hands, is blind in both eyes, and becomes a crippled man.Now Mr.Rochester is not as rich as he used to, and he is disabled.But Jane loves him more than ever.Jane decides to stay with him and look after him for all of her life.This pair of lovers comes together in the end.But in that society such a marriage is considered uncommon and untraditional.In their love affairs there exist various paradoxes and conflicts which linked equality.Through mutual understanding, they gain the love between them.Jane gets Rochester‘s love as well as equality.Their love is based on equal communication, equal understanding and equal spirit.As we know, Jane is deep in love with Mr.Rochester, but if love runs against independence and equality, she would rather choose the latter, though it would be a great sorrow for them two.The unfulfilled matrimonial ceremony, therefore, provides the reader a good chance to learn the good sense and shrewdness in making decisions.In the end, Jane‘s return to and union with Mr.Rochester(who is not only nearly blind but relieved from his mad wife,)helps the reader see her true love for Mr.Rochester and her willing sacrifice to restore their paradise.第22頁

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Conclusion

Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte‘s masterpiece;it is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.Charlotte Bronte was so poor when she was young and she nearly could not feel her parents‘ love.In addition, she is not attractive and is very short, so all of these reflect her self-humiliation.She has a strong sense of self-esteem, and she often compensates for the self-humiliation by her self-esteem.She describes Jane Eyre, in fact, she writes herself.Jane Eyre is as common as Charlotte Bronte, and she keeps going after a kind of free, bright and beautiful life because of her self-esteem.The poetic, imaginative story of the love of a young governess for her married employer also has undoubted connections with Charlotte Bronte‘s experience in Brussels.It is an immediate success with both readers and most of the critics.Jane Eyre, the heroine of this novel, struggles to acquire her self-respect, independence, dignity and self-sufficiency at every stage of her life, both in struggling with social pressure, maltreatment, discrimination and in resisting against the temptation of passion.That the author describes her leading personalities in the novel, and highly praises her spirit against the oppression and social prejudice, her pursuit of the independent personality and the dignity, and her tenacious struggle for happy life is obviously aimed at revealing the call of the people of the lower class for respect and freedom, and further to awaken them to protest against the unfair society that kills humanity.And it‘s in this sense that Jane moves most readers as a kind and unique image in spite of her plainness, poverty and low position.In my opinion, the value of a woman does not lie in her looks, her dress, and any other things that have a powerful fascination to men‘s eyes, but in her nature, her mind, her character and her sentiment.This novel embodies the indomitable struggle of the laboring class who are awakening.The author, Charlotte Bronte calls for the equality between sexes, spiritual freedom and inviolable human dignity, showing her sympathy for the laboring class.第23頁

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Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to delicate my most sincere graduate to my supervisor Liu Xueyun, for his kindness and patience, unreserved help, respectable tolerance and his valuable suggestions.Without his meticulous proofreading and revision, my thesis would not be like what it is today.Secondly, I want to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to all the respectable professors and teachers who taught me the B.A.courses during my four-year undergraduate study, Professor Liu Shifa, Professor Jiang Xiping, Miss Shi Luan, Miss Tian Yan, Miss Jia Lihong and Miss An Mei etc.I have benefited a lot from their profound knowledge and wonderful lectures which are indispensable to the accomplishment of my thesis.Thirdly, my heart-felt thanks also go to my friends, especially Liang Qian, Zhang Qian, Yu Jing with whom I have shared the joy and frustration in pursuit of knowledge.In the end, my thanks go to my parents, without whose support I could not have accomplished my study.第24頁

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Bibliography

Bronte, Charlotte.Jane Eyre Edited with an Introduction by Smith, Margaret.London: Oxford University Press, 2002.Shorter, C.K.Charlotte Bronte and Her Circle.London, 1896.Ellison, Edith.A Study of Bronte’s Novels.Green Wood Press, 1991.Wu Weiren.History and Anthology of English Literature, 1988． 簡同，《百部世界文學名著賞析》。北京：北京出版社，2001。李獻民，譯《簡·愛》。呼和浩特：內蒙古人民出版社，2002。劉炳善，英國文學簡史。上海：上海外語教育出版社，1981。田兆耀，《西方文學鑒賞》。北京：中國廣播電視出版社，2002。楊靜遠，《勃朗特姐妹研究》。北京：中國社會科學出版社, 1983。楊豈深，《外國文學名著欣賞》。哈爾濱：黑龍江人民出版社, 1984。

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第五篇：簡愛的女權主義思想試析

《簡愛》的女權主義思想試析

內容摘要：

夏洛蒂在《簡愛》中塑造的女主人公簡愛,她敢愛敢恨、敢作敢當、反抗著社會的不公,追求者平等、自尊、自強,成為傳統女性叛逆者的化身。簡愛不幸的童年和學校寄宿生活一直被鄙視、嘲諷、毒打所包圍,但是她沒有被這些所嚇到,反而激發起了她對這些丑陋人的嫉恨,她要反抗,要平等,要自尊。該文以結合夏洛蒂的經歷及作品《簡愛》的故事情節,淺析《簡愛》中的女權主義思想。關鍵詞：女權主義 愛情 男女平等 經濟獨立 自我價值

正文：

《簡愛》是19世紀英國著名的現實主義作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的成功之作，是一部真正意義上的女性文學作品。女權主義作為一種社會文化思潮在西方有著漫長的歷史。艾略特·伍爾夫、西蒙·波夫瓦等都是著名的女權主義理論家。女權主義的核心是抗議男權社會對女性的奴役，強調女性應有和男性平等的權利和地位，呼吁女性不應受制于男性社會，應有其自身的價值。顛覆男權社會的不合理性，確立和提高女性的社會地位是女權主義奮斗的目標。

簡愛以經濟獨立為基礎，以自尊自愛為人生支柱，走了一條自己為自己鋪就的人生道路，表現了強烈的自我意識，展現了女性的情感與自我。她從追求理想愛情開始，逐漸轉向對男女平等地位的要求，再深入到對女性自我價值的認證與追求，彰顯了強烈的女權主義思想。

一、夏洛蒂的女權主義思想首先表現在愛情的追求上。她反對傳統的婚姻觀，追求理想的愛情。傳統的婚姻跟愛情大都沒有太多的關系，婦女把嫁人當作衣食之計和終身經營的職業。財富和社會地位成為衡量婚姻的唯一標準，因此為了利益而結合的婚姻比比皆是，許多少女人生的唯一目標就是投機經營，攀上一門有利可圖的親事。無數的功利婚姻造就一對對怨偶。夏洛蒂通過切身感受和對當時社會現狀的深刻理解，認為這是女性可悲的墮落，并對傳統的婚姻給予強烈的鄙視。她提出婚姻應以愛情為基礎，真正的愛情不取決于任何外在的條件，是男女雙方心靈的契合和精神的交融。她把對兩性之愛的理解上升到了精神追求的崇高層次，也表達了自己對心中理想愛情的渴求。

在小說中，簡愛與羅切斯特的愛情沒有落入傳統的俗套。既不是男性對女性的征服，也不是女性對男性的誘惑。它超越了年齡、姿色、財富門第的世俗層次，是精神上的平等和相互吸引。簡愛沒有花容月貌，她矮小、瘦弱、低微，但她卻憑借著卓異的人格力量發出灼灼光華，把美麗富有的貴族小姐逐出愛情競技場，突顯了內在美不可抗拒的力量。簡從不把取悅男主人作為自己跨入上流社會的階梯。面對羅切斯特的居高臨下，她不卑不亢，從容大方，談話中直言不諱，不察言觀色迎合主人的意圖，也不為討好主人而作違心的回答。她深刻的思想和優秀的品格深深吸引了羅切斯特，并與之產生了強烈的思想共鳴。早年的羅切斯特是金錢婚姻的受害者，在情感上飽受挫折，曾在流浪中尋找安寧，在放蕩中尋找快樂，結果只能是更加的空虛和絕望。簡像一股清新的風，拂過他傷痕累累的心靈，簡巨大的精神炬火和靈魂力量點燃了他的生命之燭，崇高和純潔的情感在他心中復活與再生。對于簡愛而言，吸引她的不是羅切斯特的財富和顯赫門第，而是他的真誠、友好、坦率、放棄貴族偏見的平等作風和對金錢社會世俗觀念的蔑視，與簡在思想認識上高度的統一。

簡堅信自己與羅切斯特的精神平等和相通，所以在追求幸福的道路上也表現出一往無前的勇氣。她敢于蔑視英格拉姆小姐高貴美麗外表下的淺薄與低俗，勇敢地向羅切斯特說出“你娶了一個配不上你的人，我不相信你真正愛她”。她那句經典的人格宣言打動了無數的知識女性，“你以為我窮、低微、不美、矮小，我就沒有靈魂嗎？----我們站在上帝面前是平等的”。對愛情的追求發自內心的平等，并帶有宗教般的虔誠。這雖然是她經歷了痛苦的掙扎所發出的吶喊，但它的圣潔高尚足以讓當時虛偽的世俗社會深深的震撼。在小說的結尾，一場大火，使得桑滄巨變，羅切斯特變得一貧如洗，又瞎又殘，而此時已成為富家女的簡愛卻義無反顧的回到了他的身邊。男女雙方年齡的差距，地位的懸殊，甚至身體的缺陷，都被 高尚而深邃的感情所超越，被異乎尋常的心靈契合所升華了。

在人物塑造上，作者還突破了傳統的藝術模式。簡愛是英國小說史上第一位不借容貌贏得男性喜愛的女主人公，而羅切斯特既非英雄亦非完人，而是一位難看又有過放蕩生活經歷的人。在女權主義看來，出賣姿色的愛情是女性的拍賣，英雄崇拜的愛情是女性的臣服，只有精神和靈魂的兩相呼應與吸引才是男女平等的真正愛情。可見夏洛蒂對愛情的見解已具有女權主義的高度。

二、夏洛蒂的女權主義思想 又表現在反對傳統的角色定位，追求男女平等上。

夏洛蒂對女性問題的關注并未僅僅停留在愛情婚姻的基礎上，而是轉向更深一步的探索。

作者所處的時代是維多利亞時的英國。當時雖然實行了資產階級民主改革，不少處于小資產階級范疇的女性有幸受過文化教育，但婦女在社會上的地位并沒有改善，遠遠沒有獲得平等的權利。女性還是很少參加社會工作，過著依附于男性的封閉式家庭生活。當時的文學作品中充斥著“家庭天使”一類的女性，她們溫柔、順從、美麗、勤勞，是當時的男性作家們按照自己意愿塑造的理想女性形象。這些作家們普遍認為女性受教育的目的是為了培養良好的婦德，家庭生活才是婦女最合適的天地。他們要求女性以侍奉男人、操持家務為己任，把自己全部的身心都奉獻給自己的丈夫、孩子、及親人。生活空間的狹小，精神上的空虛與壓抑，使得“家庭天使”們已成為男子的附庸、家庭的奴隸、生育的工具。夏洛蒂以其自己的切身感受和敏銳的觀察力關注著當時婦女的悲劇命運，大膽地對男權社會強加給女性的卑微定位以狠狠的回擊。她有意拉大簡愛與“家庭天使”之間的差距，出現在讀者眼前的簡愛既沒有美麗的外表，也沒有溫順的性情，而且個性極強，對社會充滿了反叛的激情。她從不刻意裝飾自己，甚至“還沒有使女穿戴的一半那么漂亮。”當羅切斯特要用綢緞、花邊、玫瑰、珠寶把她包裝起來時，她提出了強烈的抗議。羅切斯特總想照自己的意愿把簡打造成世人眼中的“美人”，試圖培養簡溫柔順從的“天使”美德。其實男性對女性服飾裝扮的關注背后無非是男權社會對女性形象千古不變的追求，而男性對女性溫順性情的標榜則更能暴露他們希望助長女性性格中卑微特征的自私。因此追求平等的簡愛大聲疾呼：“我不是天使，我是我自己”，表達了她對男權社會最強烈的抗議。她不再承認傳統女性的“美德”，不肯再扮演傳統女性的角色，認為“女人一般被認為是極其安靜的，可是女人也和男人一樣有感覺，她們像她們的兄弟作學問時一樣，需要運用她們的才能，需要一個努力的場地；她們受到過于嚴峻的束縛、過于絕對的停滯會感到痛苦。”女性不應該僅僅局限于家庭生活的狹小空間，安分守己的充當“家庭天使”。針對這一點，恩格斯也曾指出“只要婦女仍然被排斥在社會生產勞動之外，而且限于從事家庭的私人勞動，那么婦女的解放，婦女同男子的平等，現在與將來都是不可能的。”從小說對傳統美的否定中，我們可以看到作者對內在美深刻而獨道的認識。因為女性在未走出家庭之前，“花容月貌”是衡量其價值的唯一標準。只有女性走出家庭，從事社會工作，才華才能被體現，內在美才能得到充分發揮。女性也只有參與社會勞動，取得相應的報酬，才能夠自食其力，才不會為了生存而屈附于男性。婦女的經濟地位決定了她的社會地位，要實現男女平等的核心就是要實現經濟的獨立，這也恰恰是簡苦苦堅守的原則。即使在她瀕臨死亡的時候，簡也沒有放棄這種意識，教師的職位一直是她經濟獨立的保障，桑菲爾德府是她經濟獨立意識體現最強烈的地方。面對成為莊園女主人后得到的豐厚物質財富，簡依然堅持擔任阿黛爾的家庭教師，用自己的酬勞換得自己的食宿費，自食其力得過著簡樸的生活。簡拒絕婚后被丈夫供養，不愿接受他對未來生活種種美好的設計。她認為心安理得的不勞而獲，會使自己降至男性目光的海平面之下，失去了與丈夫平等的地位，所以任何物質的饋贈都使她煩惱。也正是因為簡經濟上的獨立，所以她敢于向羅切斯特發出：“我們是平等的！”宣言。盡管在物質上他們一個貧窮，一個富有，但在社會心理上他們是兩個相對獨立的個體，他們經濟自主，人格平等。在簡愛的眼中，誠實勞動換來的面包永遠要比不勞而獲得來的香甜。

著名的女權主義理論家西蒙·波夫瓦在《第二性》中提出了一個重要觀點，她認為“在社會歷史中，男性處于主導和決定地位，女性處于被主導和被決定地位，關鍵在于女性經濟不能自立，這是極其重要的原因”。女性要解放，“首先要完成女人經濟地位的演變”。因為經濟依附，女性只能封閉于家庭，而使女人注定成為附庸的禍根就在于她沒有可能做任何事，所以擺脫低下的地位，就必須走經濟獨立的道路。“女性通過有報酬的職業可以極大地跨越同男性的距離，而女性要真正實現經濟獨立并不容易。女性必須踏上一條極為艱苦的道路。不過這又是一條最可靠的道路，每一種事物都在誘惑她走容易走的道路。”如果貪圖安逸，女性就會墮入“附屬”的生活。簡愛的辛酸歷程正說明了這一點，夏洛蒂的良苦用心也正在于此。小說對經濟因素決定婦女社會地位的揭示，表明了作者為婦女解放，為爭取與男性平等的地位所做出的努力。同時作者也為全天下受到不平等待遇的婦女指出了一條明確的出路，那就是：千千萬萬受過教育的女性只有像簡愛一樣自食其力，不依附他人，才能贏得社會的尊重和熱愛，也才能實現真正的男女平等。從這層意義上講，夏洛蒂無疑是女權主義者的先驅。

三、夏洛蒂的女權主義思想還表現在自我認證與自我價值追求上。

簡愛對女性作為社會人的角色認證以及對自我價值的追求是在一次次地反抗中得以升華的。

小說在表現生存意義和價值取向上實際已經超出對“男女平等”的要求，而達到通過反抗來證實自我、維護自我、表現自我，從而實現人生價值的更高層次的思想境界。

簡愛在幼年時代每天面對的是少爺的專橫、小姐的無禮、夫人的厭惡、女仆的歧視，盡管她每天小心翼翼，循規蹈矩，但還總是無故挨打受罵。簡覺得自己做為一個真真實實存在的人，卻沒有人顧及自己的感受，也沒人為自己申張正義，為此她不顧一切的進行反擊，為了要求公平合理的待遇。看似弱小的她在一次次非理性的、暴虐的、沒有憐惜的威脅面前，經受了恐怖、憎恨、絕望，卻依然堅強。在洛伍德學校，女學生們被強制剪掉長發，穿最粗、最丑陋的衣服，吃不飽、穿不暖，沒有足夠的休息時間，甚至受到非人的體罰。在這種惡劣的環境中，簡沒有屈服，也沒有順從，對于不公正的懲罰，表現的正氣凜然、傲骨錚錚。并且，簡通過自己的努力最終以無可挑剔的成績成為該學校的一名教師，實現了自己的價值。

簡愛的自強不息和蓬勃向上的生命力體現了生存的價值及生命的意義。簡對教育事業的熱愛說明了她對人生真諦的探索，除了精神平等和心靈契合的愛情外，還有對崇高事業的追求和對人生價值及意義的探索。她通過一系列的超越性的行動實現了她生存的價值。正如波夫瓦所闡述的“女性的真正解放應當也必將在女性通過超越性的行動實現她的真實的存在價值的基礎上才能實現。”

四、夏洛蒂的女權主義思想還表現在她的思想局限性上。在20世紀80年代以后，《簡愛》的反傳統性受到質疑，更有一些女權主義批評家們認為《簡愛》不僅沒有對傳統觀念進行沖擊，還順從了傳統文化，甚至是傳統制度的維護者。

“知人論世”是文學研究的一貫方法。我們應從作家的生活時代和生活經歷來整體把握作品，任何極端的定論都是不正確的。夏洛蒂由于身處的時代和環境的制約，肯定有其無法逾越的束縛和障礙。作者雖有對男權統治的不滿和反抗，但畢竟接受的是男權文化的教育。因此叛逆與從俗的矛盾造成了她思想的局限。

首先，簡愛始終存有精神平等和物質平等間的困惑，她主張精神平等，但對建立在精神平等上的愛情始終抱有疑慮，感到不安。她反對建立在世俗物質基礎上愛情，但又不能釋懷，所以無法快樂而幸福的擁抱愛情。簡愛拒絕接受羅切斯特一切金銀珠寶的饋贈，小心翼翼的維護著自己的尊嚴，不愿羅切斯特以“救世主”的姿態對待自己，覺得“像蘇丹在充滿幸福與溫情的時刻賜給那些用金子和寶石抬高起來的奴隸時的微笑”。婚前的日子，她的情緒中透著不安、抵觸，彌漫著淡淡的恐懼感，總懷疑是哪個地方出了問題，不相信這是真的，“像這樣的命運會落在我的頭上，那真是神話，真是幻想”。她還在不安中祈禱“要是我能有很小的一點兒獨立財產，那將是一種安慰”。這些正說明了簡對世俗的平等既敏感又在意。其次，簡愛既堅持愛情至高無上，又屈從于傳統法律條文對婚姻的定位，寧可犧牲自己的愛情，也不愿意向所謂的“法定婚姻”挑戰，把名節看得比愛情更重要，暴露出其在男權文化里順從的一面，也體現了她性格中的保守和對名份的過分重視。最后，要不是一場大火使瘋女人葬身火海，為簡愛與羅切斯特的結合掃清了障礙，那么簡愛將永遠無法超越心中名節觀念的藩籬，與羅切斯特失之交臂，帶著永遠無法磨滅的痛苦，教書終其一生，至死仍念念不忘羅切斯特。這種下場，將與《廊橋遺夢》中的弗朗西斯卡有點類似。但弗朗西斯卡卻有深愛自己的丈夫和一雙兒女，她只是由于強烈的家庭責任而沒有去尋找自己的真愛，在讀者看來會覺得情有可原。人們不是批評弗朗西斯卡的傳統與保守，相反的，是欣賞她崇高的家庭責任感和她身上體現的現代女性的堅強。弗朗西斯卡的故事是一曲愛情悲劇，但同時也是西方人重倫理、重家庭責任的寫照，從某種意義上來說是值得稱贊的。與弗朗西斯卡不同，簡愛僅看到羅切斯特的瘋太太就認定，她與羅切斯特不能相隨，從而逃離的做法，則有點盲從于封建舊秩序，她在所謂的法律約束面前完全低頭了。針對這點，韓敏中就對此作了批評：“這至高無上的原則其實只是英國改革離婚法之前現存的婚姻戒律，如果開始以反叛形象出現在小說中的簡愛此刻成了不敢越雷池半步的守法公民，豈不大大降低了小說的力度？”

最后，簡愛是一個有理想的女性。她一直追求自我價值的實現，她的教師生涯明顯地從家庭走向了社會，具有鮮明的崇高事業追求的色彩。但她最終又回歸了家庭，成了一個以侍奉殘疾丈夫為職、對生活境遇心滿意足的家庭婦女。她通過丈夫的存在而存在，這依然體現了她作為傳統女性的精神歸宿。由此看來，簡愛對自身價值的追求仍然是茫然的，最終導致她沒有逃脫男權文化的世俗巢穴。

從女權主義批評的角度來看，夏洛蒂的女權主義是不徹底的。簡愛幸福的充當了“家庭天使”，并發表了著名的“天使”宣言：“我認為自己無比幸福，幸福的難以言傳，我完全是我丈夫的生命，他也是我的生命??”，她對愛情的渴求和對男性的依賴有著“小鳥依人”的非女性獨立的意味。雖然她對男性超出了物質上的依賴，但在精神層面上卻無法真正因為“自我”而存在。“經濟因素在女性發展的演變過程中曾經是并且依舊是根本因素，但女性要想完全改變的命運，還必須擺脫愛情依附”。作者的時代局限造成了作者的目光不能夠看得很遠。由于夏洛蒂特殊的成長經歷，她出生在牧師家庭，受到了嚴格的傳統教育，并且所接觸到的幾個男性僅有父親、兄弟和文學教師埃熱，使得她對男性始終持有一種崇拜的思想。正像她自己所說：“倘若我有朝一日結婚，我對我的丈夫必須懷著崇拜的感情，且甘愿為他去死”。長期男權文化的影響，造就了她有著嚴重的男性崇拜，她認為女人最大的幸福源于家庭內部，女人一生似乎也只為愛情而生活，所以簡愛的歸宿也是作者心中的理想。從這點看，她思想的不徹底性也就不足為怪了。

夏洛蒂的女權主義思想盡管不夠完善，但她所表達的對婦女解放的追求和向往，是具有積極和進步意義的，她是開女性解放浪潮的先鋒人物，也為以后轟轟烈烈的女權主義運動提供了不盡的話題。

參考文獻：

1、韓敏中《坐在窗臺上的女人》，外國文學評論，1991年1期。

2、王珂《平權與霸權》，青海社會科學報2001年第6期。

3、高文斌《維多利亞時代女性文學的范本》，四川外語學院學報2002年1期。

4、[英]夏洛蒂·勃朗特著：《簡愛》，凌雯譯，浙江文藝出版社2003年版。

5、《圣經》，牛津大學劍橋大學聯合出版社1981年版。

6、[英]瑪麗·伊格爾頓著：《女權主義文學理論》，胡敏 陳映霞 林樹明譯，湖南文藝出版社1989年版。

7、[英]柯文垂·帕特摩爾著：《家里的天使》中國社科出版社1983年版。

8、[英]蓋斯凱爾夫人著：《夏洛蒂·勃朗特傳》，北京團結出版社2000年第1版。

9、[法]西蒙娜·波伏瓦著：《第二性》，桑竹影等譯，湖南文藝出版社1986年版。